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Serino-Silva C, Bittencourt Rodrigues CF, Miyamoto JG, Hatakeyama DM, Kavazoi VK, Da Rocha MMT, Tanaka AS, Tashima AK, de Morais-Zani K, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Proteomics and life-history variability of Endogenous Phospholipases A2 Inhibitors (PLIs) in Bothrops jararaca plasma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295806. [PMID: 38319909 PMCID: PMC10846723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the genus Bothrops is responsible for most ophidian accidents. Snake venoms have a wide variety of proteins and peptides exhibiting a broad repertoire of pharmacological and toxic effects that elicit systemic injury and characteristic local effects. The snakes' natural resistance to envenomation caused by the presence of inhibitory compounds on their plasma have been extensively studied. However, the presence of these inhibitors in different developmental stages is yet to be further discussed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ontogeny of Bothrops jararaca plasma inhibitor composition and, to this end, plasma samples of B. jararaca were obtained from different developmental stages (neonates, youngs, and adults) and sexes (female and male). SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, affinity chromatography, and mass spectrometry were performed to analyze the protein profile and interaction between B. jararaca plasma and venom proteins. In addition, the presence of γBjPLI, a PLA2 inhibitor previously identified and characterized in B. jararaca serum, was confirmed by Western blotting. According to our results, 9-17% of plasma proteins were capable of binding to venom proteins in the three developmental stages. The presence of different endogenous inhibitors and, more specifically, different PLA2 inhibitor (PLI) classes and antihemorrhagic factors were confirmed in specimens of B. jararaca from newborn by mass spectrometry. For the first time, the αPLI and βPLI were detected in B. jararaca plasma, although low or no ontogenetic and sexual correlation were found. The γPLI were more abundant in adult female, than in neonate and young female, but similar to neonate, young and adult male according to the results of mass spectrometry analysis. Our results suggest that there are proteins in the plasma of these animals that can help counteract the effects of self-envenomation from birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Koiti Kavazoi
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aparecida Sadae Tanaka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Alonazi M, Krayem N, Alharbi MG, Khayyat AIA, Alanazi H, Horchani H, Ben Bacha A. Functional Characterization and Anti-Tumor Effect of a Novel Group II Secreted Phospholipase A 2 from Snake Venom of Saudi Cerastes cerates gasperetti. Molecules 2023; 28:6517. [PMID: 37764293 PMCID: PMC10536776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 are snake-venom proteins with many biological activities, notably anti-tumor activity. Phospholipases from the same snake type but different geographical locations have shown similar biochemical and biological activities with minor differences in protein sequences. Thus, the discovery of a new phospholipase A2 with unique characteristics identified in a previously studied venom could suggest the origins of these differences. Here, a new Group II secreted phospholipase A2 (Cc-PLA2-II) from the snake venom of Saudi Cerastes cerastes gasperetti was isolated and characterized. The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of 13.945 kDa and showed high specific activity on emulsified phosphatidylcholine of 1560 U/mg at pH 9.5 and 50 °C with strict calcium dependence. Interestingly, stability in extreme pH and high temperatures was observed after enzyme incubation at several pH levels and temperatures. Moreover, a significant dose-dependent cytotoxic anti-tumor effect against six human cancer cell lines was observed with concentrations of Cc-PLA2 ranging from 2.5 to 8 µM. No cytotoxic effect on normal human umbilical-vein endothelial cells was noted. These results suggest that Cc-PLA2-II potentially has angiogenic activity of besides cytotoxicity as part of its anti-tumor mechanism. This study justifies the inclusion of this enzyme in many applications for anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alonazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.G.A.); (A.I.A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Najeh Krayem
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Route de Soukra 3038, Sfax BP 1173, Tunisia;
| | - Mona G. Alharbi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.G.A.); (A.I.A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Arwa Ishaq A. Khayyat
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.G.A.); (A.I.A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Humidah Alanazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.G.A.); (A.I.A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Habib Horchani
- Science Department, College of Rivière-Du-Loup, Rivière-Du-Loup, QC G5R 1R1, Canada;
| | - Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.G.A.); (A.I.A.K.); (H.A.)
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3
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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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4
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Regner PI, Saggese MD, de Oliveira VC, Lanari LC, Desio MA, Quaglia AIE, Wiemeyer G, Capdevielle A, Zuñiga SN, de Roodt CJI, de Roodt AR. Neutralization of "Chaco eagle" (Buteogallus coronatus) serum on some activities of Bothrops spp. venoms. Toxicon 2022; 216:73-87. [PMID: 35714890 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several species of reptiles and mammals have components in their sera that can neutralize toxic components present in snake venoms. In this manuscript, we studied the neutralizing capacity of Chaco eagle's (Buteogallus coronatus) serum. This South American bird of prey eats snakes as a regular part of its diet and has anatomical features that protect from snakes' bites. The neutralizing potency of the Chaco eagle's serum was tested on lethal, hemorrhagic, procoagulant, and phospholipase activities of the venom of "yarará grande" (Bothrops alternatus) and on phospholipase activity of "yarará ñata" (Bothrops ammodytoides) venom; both snakes are known to be the prey of Chaco eagle. Sera of crested caracara (Caracara plancus-a scavenger, omnivorous pan-American bird of prey), secretary bird (Saggitarius serpentarius-an omnivorous bird of prey from Africa that can include venomous snakes in its diet), common hen (Gallus gallus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), mouse (Mus musculus), horse (Equus caballus), and dog (Canis lupus familiaris) were also tested to compare the inhibitory capacity of neutralization. To test isologous and xenologous neutralization, sera from Bothrops alternatus and white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris), respectively, were used due to their known inhibitory activity on Bothrops venoms. As a control for the neutralization activity, antibothropic antivenom was used. Chaco eagle's serum neutralized hemorrhagic and phospholipasic activity and slightly neutralized the coagulation and the lethal activity of Bothrops spp. venom. The neutralizing capacity was present in the non-immunoglobulin fraction of the serum, which showed components of acidic characteristics and lower molecular weight than IgY, in correspondence with the characteristics of PLA2s and SVMPs inhibitors described in sera from some snakes and mammals. These studies showed that Chaco eagle's serum neutralizes all toxic activities tested at a higher level than sera from animal species in which inhibitors of snake venoms have not been described (p < 0.05), while it is lower or similar in neutralizing capacity to white-eared opossum and B. alternatus sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo I Regner
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Cátedra de Medicina, Producción y Tecnologías de Fauna Acuática y Terrestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina
| | - Miguel D Saggese
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa C de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina
| | - Laura C Lanari
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Desio
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Agustín I E Quaglia
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Wiemeyer
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Capdevielle
- Ecoparque Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Ambiente y Espacio Público, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carolina J I de Roodt
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina
| | - Adolfo R de Roodt
- Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Caba, Argentina; Área Investigación y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Caba, Argentina.
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5
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Frihling BEF, Boleti APDA, de Oliveira CFR, Sanches SC, Cardoso PHDO, Verbisck N, Macedo MLR, Rita PHS, Carvalho CME, Migliolo L. Purification, Characterization and Evaluation of the Antitumoral Activity of a Phospholipase A2 from the Snake Bothrops moojeni. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060724. [PMID: 35745643 PMCID: PMC9230114 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature presents a wide range of biomolecules with pharmacological potential, including venomous animal proteins. Among the protein components from snake venoms, phospholipases (PLA2) are of great importance for the development of new anticancer compounds. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the PLA2 anticancer properties from Bothrops moojeni venom. The crude venom was purified through three chromatographic steps, monitored by enzymatic activity and SDS-PAGE (12%). The purified PLA2 denominated BmPLA2 had its molecular mass and N-terminal sequence identified by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation, respectively. BmPLA2 was assayed against human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2), human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung (NCI-H292), using human fibroblast cells (MRC-5) and microglia cells (BV-2) as a cytotoxicity control. BmPLA2 presented 13,836 Da and a 24 amino acid-residue homologue with snake PLA2, which showed a 90% similarity with other Bothrops moojeni PLA2. BmPLA2 displayed an IC50 of 0.6 µM against Caco-2, and demonstrated a selectivity index of 1.85 (compared to MRC-5) and 6.33 (compared to BV-2), supporting its selectivity for cancer cells. In conclusion, we describe a new acidic phospholipase, which showed antitumor activity and is a potential candidate in the development of new biotechnological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Emanuel Farias Frihling
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ana Paula de Araújo Boleti
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Caio Fernando Ramalho de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79603-011, MS, Brazil; (C.F.R.d.O.); (M.L.R.M.)
| | - Simone Camargo Sanches
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | | | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79603-011, MS, Brazil; (C.F.R.d.O.); (M.L.R.M.)
| | - Paula Helena Santa Rita
- Biotério e Serpentário, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Cristiano Marcelo Espinola Carvalho
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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A comparative study of endogenous phospholipase A 2 inhibitors in the serum of Brazilian pit vipers. Toxicon 2022; 213:87-91. [PMID: 35487313 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work compared the presence of phospholipase A2 inhibitors (PLIs) in the serum of 19 snake species maintained at Instituto Butantan to better understand the mechanisms of venom resistance in snakes and improve the treatment of snakebite. PLI was isolated from blood of 19 snake species by one-step chromatography and identified in all samples, besides its identity was confirmed through the interaction with both phospholipase A2 and anti-γPLI. These findings highlight the diversity of snake serum PLIs and emphasize the importance of structure-function studies.
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7
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Enriquez-Ochoa D, Meléndez-Martínez D, Aguilar-Yáñez JM, Licona-Cassani C, Mayolo-Deloisa K. Development of aqueous two-phase systems-based approaches for the selective recovery of metalloproteases and phospholipases A 2 toxins from Crotalus molossus nigrescens venom. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:136. [PMID: 38650265 PMCID: PMC10992436 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are rich sources of proteins with potential biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. Among them, metalloproteases (MPs) and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are the most abundant. Their isolation involves a multistep chromatographic approach, which has proven to be effective, however implies high operating costs and long processing times. In this study, a cost-effective and simple method based on aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) was developed to recover MPs and PLA2 from Crotalus molossus nigrescens venom. A system with PEG 400 g mol-1, volume ratio (VR) 1, tie line length (TLL) 25% w/w and pH 7 showed the best performance for PLA2 recovery. In systems with PEG 400 g mol-1, VR 1, TLL 15% w/w, pH 7 and 1 and 3% w/w of NaCl, selective recovery of MP subtype P-III was achieved; whereas, in a system with PEG 400 g mol-1, VR 1, TLL 25% w/w and pH 8.5, MP subtypes P-I and P-III were recovered. Due to their low costs, ethanol-salt systems were also evaluated, however, failed to differentially partition PLA2 and MPs. The use of ATPS could contribute to the simplification and cost reduction of protein isolation processes from snake venoms and other toxin fluids, as well as potentially aid their biochemical, proteomic and biological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Enriquez-Ochoa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - David Meléndez-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Aguilar-Yáñez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtemoc Licona-Cassani
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
- Tecnologico de Monterrey The Institute for Obesity Research, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
| | - Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
- Tecnologico de Monterrey The Institute for Obesity Research, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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8
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Rodrigues CR, Molina Molina DA, de Souza DLN, Cardenas J, Costal-Oliveira F, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Biological and proteomic characterization of the venom from Peruvian Andes rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. Toxicon 2021; 207:31-42. [PMID: 34968566 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Peruvian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus is a venomous species that is restricted to the Peruvian Departments of Puno and Madre de Dios. Although clinically meaningful in this region, Crotalus durissus venom composition remains largely elusive. In this sense, this work aimed to provide a primary description of Peruvian C. durissus venom (PCdV). The enzymatic activities (SVMP, SVSP, LAAO, Hyaluronidase and PLA2) of PCdV were analyzed and compared to Brazilian Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (BCdtV). PCdV showed higher PLA2 activity when compared to the Brazilian venom. PCdV also showed cytotoxicity in VERO cells. For proteomic analysis, PCdV proteins were separated by HPLC, followed by SDS-PAGE. Gel bands were excised and tryptic digested for MALDI-TOF/TOF identification. Approximately 21 proteins were identified, belonging to 7 families. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 66.63%) were the most abundant proteins of the venom, followed by snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 13.37%), C-type lectins (Snaclec, 8.98%) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs, 7.13%), crotamine (2.98%) and phosphodiesterase (PDE, 0.87%). Moreover, antivenom recognition assays indicated that both Brazilian and Peruvian antivenoms recognize PCdV, indicating the presence of antigenically related proteins in crotalic venoms. The results reported here, may impact in the venom selection for the production of effective Pan-American crotalic antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis A Molina Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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9
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Abdullah NAH, Rusmili MRA, Zainal Abidin SA, Shaikh MF, Hodgson WC, Othman I. Isolation and Characterization of A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, a Secretory Phospholipase A 2 from Malaysian Spitting Cobra ( Naja sumatrana) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120859. [PMID: 34941697 PMCID: PMC8709200 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins are one of the main toxin families found in snake venom. PLA2 toxins are associated with various detrimental effects, including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemostatic disturbances, nephrotoxicity, edema, and inflammation. Although Naja sumatrana venom contains substantial quantities of PLA2 components, there is limited information on the function and activities of PLA2 toxins from the venom. In this study, a secretory PLA2 from the venom of Malaysian N. sumatrana, subsequently named A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, was isolated, purified, and characterized. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was purified using a mass spectrometry-guided approach and multiple chromatography steps. Based on LC-MSMS, A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was found to show high sequence similarity with PLA2 from venoms of other Naja species. The PLA2 activity of A2-EPTX-Nsm1 was inhibited by 4-BPB and EDTA. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was significantly less cytotoxic in a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) compared to crude venom and did not show a concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study that characterizes and investigates the cytotoxicity of an Asp49 PLA2 isolated from Malaysian N. sumatrana venom in a human neuroblastoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Atiqah Haizum Abdullah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (N.A.H.A.); (I.O.)
| | - Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, Kuantan Campus, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Wayne C. Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
- Correspondence: or (N.A.H.A.); (I.O.)
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10
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Antibiofilm Activity of Acidic Phospholipase Isoform Isolated from Bothrops erythromelas Snake Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090606. [PMID: 32962193 PMCID: PMC7551604 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bacterial resistance is a worldwide public health problem, requiring new therapeutic options. An alternative approach to this problem is the use of animal toxins isolated from snake venom, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2), which have important antimicrobial activities. Bothropserythromelas is one of the snake species in the northeast of Brazil that attracts great medical-scientific interest. Here, we aimed to purify and characterize a PLA2 from B. erythromelas, searching for heterologous activities against bacterial biofilms. Methods: Venom extraction and quantification were followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) in C18 column, matrix-assisted ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry, and sequencing by Edman degradation. All experiments were monitored by specific activity using a 4-nitro-3-(octanoyloxy) benzoic acid (4N3OBA) substrate. In addition, hemolytic tests and antibacterial tests including action against Escherichiacoli, Staphylococcusaureus, and Acinetobacterbaumannii were carried out. Moreover, tests of antibiofilm action against A. baumannii were also performed. Results: PLA2, after one purification step, presented 31 N-terminal amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 13.6564 Da, with enzymatic activity confirmed in 0.06 µM concentration. Antibacterial activity against S. aureus (IC50 = 30.2 µM) and antibiofilm activity against A. baumannii (IC50 = 1.1 µM) were observed. Conclusions: This is the first time that PLA2 purified from B. erythromelas venom has appeared as an alternative candidate in studies of new antibacterial medicines.
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11
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Fortes-Dias CL, Macedo DHF, Barbosa RP, Souza-Silva G, Ortolani PL. Identification and characterization of the first endogenous phospholipase A 2 inhibitor from a non-venomous tropical snake, Boa constrictor (Serpentes: Boidae). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190044. [PMID: 32231698 PMCID: PMC7092641 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endogenous phospholipase A2 inhibitors from snake blood (sbPLIs) have been isolated from several species around the world, with the primary function of self-protection against the action of toxic phospholipases A2. In American snakes, sbPLIs were solely described in pit vipers, in which the natural protection role is justified. In this study, we described a sbPLI in Boa constrictor (popularly known as jiboia), a non-venomous snake species from America. Methods PLA2 inhibitory activity was tested in the blood plasma of B. constrictor using C. d. terrificus venom as the enzyme source. Antibodies developed against CNF, a sbγPLI from Crotalus durissus terrificus, were used to investigate the presence of homologues in the blood plasma of B. constrictor. A CNF-like molecule with a PLA2 inhibitory activity was purified by column chromatography. The encoding gene for the inhibitor was cloned from B. constrictor liver tissue. The DNA fragment was cloned, purified and sequenced. The deduced primary sequence of interest was aligned with known sbγPLIs from the literature. Results The blood plasma of B. constrictor displayed PLA2 inhibitory activity. A CNF-like molecule (named BcNF) was identified and purified from the blood plasma of B. constrictor. Basic properties such as molecular mass, composing amino acids, and pI were comparable, but BcNF displayed reduced specific activity in PLA2 inhibition. BcNF showed highest identity scores (ISs) with sbγPLIs from pit vipers from Latin America (90-100%), followed by gamma inhibitors from Asian viperid (80-90%). ISs below 70% were obtained for BcNF and non-venomous species from Asia. Conclusion A functional sbγPLI (BcNF) was described in the blood plasma of B. constrictor. BcNF displayed higher primary identity with sbγPLIs from Viperidae than to sbγPLIs from non-venomous species from Asia. The physiological role played by sbγPLIs in non-venomous snake species remains to be understood. Further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo L Fortes-Dias
- Research & Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Souza-Silva
- Research & Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Ladeira Ortolani
- Research & Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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12
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Discovery of the Gene Encoding a Novel Small Serum Protein (SSP) of Protobothrops flavoviridis and the Evolution of SSPs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030177. [PMID: 32178380 PMCID: PMC7150969 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small serum proteins (SSPs) are low-molecular-weight proteins in snake serum with affinities for various venom proteins. Five SSPs, PfSSP-1 through PfSSP-5, have been reported in Protobothrops flavoviridis (“habu”, Pf) serum so far. Recently, we reported that the five genes encoding these PfSSPs are arranged in tandem on a single chromosome. However, the physiological functions and evolutionary origins of the five SSPs remain poorly understood. In a detailed analysis of the habu draft genome, we found a gene encoding a novel SSP, SSP-6. Structural analysis of the genes encoding SSPs and their genomic arrangement revealed the following: (1) SSP-6 forms a third SSP subgroup; (2) SSP-5 and SSP-6 were present in all snake genomes before the divergence of non-venomous and venomous snakes, while SSP-4 was acquired only by venomous snakes; (3) the composition of paralogous SSP genes in snake genomes seems to reflect snake habitat differences; and (4) the evolutionary emergence of SSP genes is probably related to the physiological functions of SSPs, with an initial snake repertoire of SSP-6 and SSP-5. SSP-4 and its derivative, SSP-3, as well as SSP-1 and SSP-2, appear to be venom-related and were acquired later.
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13
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Rodrigues CFB, Serino-Silva C, Morais-Zani KD, Kavazoi VK, Carvalho MPN, Grego KF, Chiarelli T, Tashima AK, Toyama MH, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. BoaγPLI: Structural and functional characterization of the gamma phospholipase A2 plasma inhibitor from the non-venomous Brazilian snake Boa constrictor. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229657. [PMID: 32106235 PMCID: PMC7046197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma in several organisms has components that promote resistance to envenomation by inhibiting specific proteins from snake venoms, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). The major hypothesis for inhibitor’s presence would be the protection against self-envenomation in venomous snakes, but the occurrence of inhibitors in non-venomous snakes and other animals has opened new perspectives for this molecule. Thus, this study showed for the first time the structural and functional characterization of the PLA2 inhibitor from the Boa constrictor serum (BoaγPLI), a non-venomous snake that dwells extensively the Brazilian territory. Therefore, the inhibitor was isolated from B. constrictor serum, with 0.63% of recovery. SDS-PAGE showed a band at ~25 kDa under reducing conditions and ~20 kDa under non-reducing conditions. Chromatographic analyses showed the presence of oligomers formed by BoaγPLI. Primary structure of BoaγPLI suggested an estimated molecular mass of 22 kDa. When BoaγPLI was incubated with Asp-49 and Lys-49 PLA2 there was no severe change in its dichroism spectrum, suggesting a non-covalent interaction. The enzymatic assay showed a dose-dependent inhibition, up to 48.2%, when BoaγPLI was incubated with Asp-49 PLA2, since Lys-49 PLA2 has a lack of enzymatic activity. The edematogenic and myotoxic effects of PLA2s were also inhibited by BoaγPLI. In summary, the present work provides new insights into inhibitors from non-venomous snakes, which possess PLIs in their plasma, although the contact with venom is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tassia Chiarelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Aguiar WDS, Galizio NDC, Serino-Silva C, Sant’Anna SS, Grego KF, Tashima AK, Nishiduka ES, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Comparative compositional and functional analyses of Bothrops moojeni specimens reveal several individual variations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222206. [PMID: 31513632 PMCID: PMC6742229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures with different biological activities that can act in both their preys and human victims. Many of these proteins play a role in prey capture and in the digestive process of these animals. It is known that some snakes are resistant to the toxicity of their own venom by mechanisms not yet fully elucidated. However, it was observed in the Laboratory of Herpetology of Instituto Butantan that some Bothrops moojeni individuals injured by the same snake species showed mortalities caused by envenoming effects. This study analyzed the biochemical composition of 13 venom and plasma samples from Bothrops moojeni specimens to assess differences in their protein composition. Application of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed distinct venom protein profiles, but very homogeneous plasma profiles. Western Blotting (WB) was performed with plasma samples, which were submitted to incubation with the respective venom. Some individuals showed an immunorecognized band zone around 25 kDa, indicating interaction between the same individual plasma and venom proteins. Crossed-WB assay using non-self-plasma and venom showed that this variability is due to venom protein composition instead of plasma composition. These venoms presented higher caseinolytic, collagenolytic and coagulant activities than the venoms without these regions recognized by WB. Mass spectrometry analyses performed on two individuals revealed that these individuals present, in addition to higher protein concentrations, other exclusive proteins in their composition. When these same two samples were tested in vivo, the results also showed higher lethality in these venoms, but lower hemorrhagic activity than in the venoms without these regions recognized by WB. In conclusion, some Bothrops moojeni specimens differ in venom composition, which may have implications in envenomation. Moreover, the high individual venom variability found in this species demonstrates the importance to work with individual analyses in studies involving intraspecific venom variability and venom evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslei da Silva Aguiar
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zhang D, Li J, Sun S, Huang C. The inhibitory effect of saPLIγ, a snake sourced PLA 2 inhibitor on carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Toxicon 2018; 151:89-95. [PMID: 30003915 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SaPLIγ is a natural phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, isolated from Sinonatrix annularis, that has been demonstrated to protect against envenomation by other venomous snakes. As snake venom PLA2s and mammalian secretory PLA2s are similar, saPLIγ is thought to have potential to alleviate inflammatory reactions in which PLA2s act as a key enzyme for arachidonic acid release. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of saPLIγ in an animal model of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. The results indicated that saPLIγ inhibited PLA2 subtypes extensively, especially IIA-PLA2, in a dose-dependent manner. Paw swelling in mice was reduced markedly by intraperitoneal saPLIγ 2.5 mg/kg, and the effect was significantly better than observed with dexamethasone at the same dose. Lower neutrophil infiltration and tissue edema was observed in the paws of saPLIγ-treated mice. Additionally, carrageenan-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) were also significantly down-regulated by saPLIγ in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that saPLIγ had effective anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, and these were produced by blocking mammalian IB, IIA, V and X sPLA2 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Shimin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Jiangxi province, China.
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