1
|
Fischer JH, Wittmer HU, Kenup CF, Parker KA, Cole R, Debski I, Taylor GA, Ewen JG, Armstrong DP. Predicting harvest impact and establishment success when translocating highly mobile and endangered species. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JH Fischer
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington New Zealand
- Aquatic Unit Department of Conservation Wellington
| | - HU Wittmer
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington New Zealand
| | - CF Kenup
- Wildlife Ecology Group Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | | | - R Cole
- Murihiku District Office Department of Conservation Invercargill
| | - I Debski
- Aquatic Unit Department of Conservation Wellington
| | - GA Taylor
- Aquatic Unit Department of Conservation Wellington
| | - JG Ewen
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
| | - DP Armstrong
- Wildlife Ecology Group Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fromant A, Arnould JPY, Delord K, Sutton GJ, Carravieri A, Bustamante P, Miskelly CM, Kato A, Brault-Favrou M, Cherel Y, Bost CA. Stage-dependent niche segregation: insights from a multi-dimensional approach of two sympatric sibling seabirds. Oecologia 2022; 199:537-548. [PMID: 35606670 PMCID: PMC9309125 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Niche theory predicts that to reduce competition for the same resource, sympatric ecologically similar species should exploit divergent niches and segregate in one or more dimensions. Seasonal variations in environmental conditions and energy requirements can influence the mechanisms and the degree of niche segregation. However, studies have overlooked the multi-dimensional aspect of niche segregation over the whole annual cycle, and key facets of species co-existence still remain ambiguous. The present study provides insights into the niche use and partitioning of two morphologically and ecologically similar seabirds, the common (CDP, Pelecanoides urinatrix) and the South Georgian diving petrel (SGDP, Pelecanoides georgicus). Using phenology, at-sea distribution, diving behavior and isotopic data (during the incubation, chick-rearing and non-breeding periods), we show that the degree of partitioning was highly stage-dependent. During the breeding season, the greater niche segregation during chick-rearing than incubation supported the hypothesis that resource partitioning increases during energetically demanding periods. During the post breeding period, while species-specific latitudinal differences were expected (species specific water mass preference), CDP and SGDP also migrated in divergent directions. This segregation in migration area may not be only a response to the selective pressure arising from competition avoidance between sympatric species, but instead, could reflect past evolutionary divergence. Such stage-dependent and context-dependent niche segregation demonstrates the importance of integrative approaches combining techniques from different fields, throughout the entire annual cycle, to better understand the co-existence of ecologically similar species. This is particularly relevant in order to fully understand the short and long-term effects of ongoing environmental changes on species distributions and communities.This work demonstrates the need of integrative multi-dimensional approaches combining concepts and techniques from different fields to understand the mechanism and causal factors of niche segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Fromant
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia ,grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Karine Delord
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Grace J. Sutton
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Alice Carravieri
- grid.11698.370000 0001 2169 7335Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- grid.11698.370000 0001 2169 7335Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France ,grid.440891.00000 0001 1931 4817Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Colin M. Miskelly
- grid.488640.60000 0004 0483 4475Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand
| | - Akiko Kato
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Maud Brault-Favrou
- grid.11698.370000 0001 2169 7335Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- grid.452338.b0000 0004 0638 6741Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS–La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fischer JH, Debski I, Taylor GA, Wittmer HU. Consistent offshore artificial light at night near the last breeding colony of a critically endangered seabird. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Fischer
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
- Aquatic Unit, Department of Conservation Wellington New Zealand
| | - Igor Debski
- Aquatic Unit, Department of Conservation Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Heiko U. Wittmer
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Preparing for translocations of a Critically Endangered petrel through targeted monitoring of nest survival and breeding biology. ORYX 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605320000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The population of the recently-described Whenua Hou diving petrel Pelecanoides whenuahouensis comprises c. 200 adults that all breed in a single 0.018 km2 colony in a dune system vulnerable to erosion. The species would therefore benefit from the establishment of a second breeding population through a translocation. However, given the small size of the source population, it is essential that translocations are informed by carefully targeted monitoring data. We therefore modelled nest survival at the remaining population in relation to potential drivers (distance to sea and burrow density of conspecifics and a competitor) across three breeding seasons with varying climatic conditions as a result of the southern oscillation cycle. We also documented breeding phenology and burrow attendance, and measured chicks, to generate growth curves. We estimated egg survival at 0.686, chick survival at 0.890, overall nest survival at 0.612, and found no indication that nest survival was affected by distance to sea or burrow density. Whenua Hou diving petrels laid eggs in mid October, eggs hatched in late November, and chicks fledged in mid January at c. 86% of adult weight. Burrow attendance (i.e. feeds) decreased from 0.94 to 0.65 visits per night as chicks approached fledging. Nest survival and breeding biology were largely consistent among years despite variation in climate. Nest survival estimates will facilitate predictions about future population trends and suitability of prospective translocation sites. Knowledge of breeding phenology will inform the timing of collection of live chicks for translocation, and patterns of burrow attendance combined with growth curves will structure hand-rearing protocols. A tuhinga whakarāpopoto (te reo Māori abstract) can be found in the Supplementary material.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fromant A, Bost CA, Bustamante P, Carravieri A, Cherel Y, Delord K, Eizenberg YH, Miskelly CM, Arnould JPY. Temporal and spatial differences in the post-breeding behaviour of a ubiquitous Southern Hemisphere seabird, the common diving petrel. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200670. [PMID: 33391785 PMCID: PMC7735348 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The non-breeding period plays a major role in seabird survival and population dynamics. However, our understanding of the migratory behaviour, moulting and feeding strategies of non-breeding seabirds is still very limited, especially for small-sized species. The present study investigated the post-breeding behaviour of three distant populations (Kerguelen Archipelago, southeastern Australia, New Zealand) of the common diving petrel (CDP) (Pelecanoides urinatrix), an abundant, widely distributed zooplanktivorous seabird breeding throughout the southern Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. The timing, geographical destination and activity pattern of birds were quantified through geolocator deployments during the post-breeding migration, while moult pattern of body feathers was investigated using stable isotope analysis. Despite the high energetic cost of flapping flight, all the individuals quickly travelled long distances (greater than approx. 2500 km) after the end of the breeding season, targeting oceanic frontal systems. The three populations, however, clearly diverged spatially (migration pathways and destinations), and temporally (timing and duration) in their post-breeding movements, as well as in their period of moult. Philopatry to distantly separated breeding grounds, different breeding phenologies and distinct post-breeding destinations suggest that the CDP populations have a high potential for isolation, and hence, speciation. These results contribute to improving knowledge of ecological divergence and evolution between populations, and inform the challenges of conserving migratory species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Fromant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alice Carravieri
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Yonina H. Eizenberg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Colin M. Miskelly
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Myers TC, de Mello PLH, Glor RE. A morphometric assessment of species boundaries in a widespread anole lizard (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCryptic species – genetically distinct species that are morphologically difficult to distinguish – present challenges to systematists. Operationally, cryptic species are very difficult to identify and sole use of genetic data or morphological data can fail to recognize evolutionarily isolated lineages. We use morphometric data to test species boundaries hypothesized with genetic data in the North Caribbean bark anole (Anolis distichus), a suspected species complex. We use univariate and multivariate analyses to test if candidate species based on genetic data can be accurately diagnosed. We also test alternative species delimitation scenarios with a model fitting approach that evaluates normal mixture models capable of identifying morphological clusters. Our analyses reject the hypothesis that the candidate species are diagnosable. Neither uni- nor multivariate morphometric data distinguish candidate species. The best-supported model included two morphological clusters; however, these clusters were uneven and did not align with a plausible species divergence scenario. After removing two related traits driving this result, only one cluster was supported. Despite substantial differentiation revealed by genetic data, we recover no new evidence to delimit species and refrain from taxonomic revision. This study highlights the importance of considering other types of data along with molecular data when delimiting species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences & Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Pietro L H de Mello
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramos R, Paiva VH, Zajková Z, Precheur C, Fagundes AI, Jodice PGR, Mackin W, Zino F, Bretagnolle V, González-Solís J. Spatial ecology of closely related taxa: the case of the little shearwater complex in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Seabirds inhabiting vast water masses provide numerous examples where opposing phenomena, such as natal and breeding philopatry vs. vagility have dug cryptic taxonomic boundaries among closely related taxa. The taxonomy of little shearwaters of the North Atlantic Ocean (Little–Audubon’s shearwater complex, Puffinus assimilis–lherminieri) still remains unclear, and complementary information on non-breeding distributions and at-sea behaviour becomes essential to unravel divergent local adaptations to specific habitats. Using miniaturized light-level geolocators from seven study areas in the North Atlantic, we evaluate the spatial and habitat segregation, estimate the timing of their key life-cycle events and describe the at-sea behaviour of three taxa of these little shearwaters year-round to distinguish ecological patterns and specializations that could ultimately unravel potential lineage divergences. We also assess morphometric data from birds that were breeding at each study area to further discuss potential adaptations to specific habitats. Our results show that, while birds from different taxa segregated in space and habitats, they share ecological plasticity, similar annual phenology and diel foraging behaviour. These ecological inconsistencies, while defining the evolutionary stressors faced by these taxa, do not suggest the existence of three Evolutionary Significant Units. However, they confirm the recent evolutionary divergence among the three little shearwaters of the North Atlantic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raül Ramos
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vitor H Paiva
- University of Coimbra, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zuzana Zajková
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accés Cala St. Francesc 14, Blanes, Spain
| | - Carine Precheur
- CEBC, UMR, CNRS & Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
- Laboratoire Biologie marine (EA926), Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Ana Isabel Fagundes
- Portuguese Society for the Study of Birds (SPEA), Avenida Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrick G R Jodice
- US Geological Survey, South Carolina Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University, SC 29634 Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Francis Zino
- Freira Conservation Project (FCP), Avenida do Infante, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | | | - Jacob González-Solís
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fischer JH, Taylor GA, Cole R, Debski I, Armstrong DP, Wittmer HU. Population growth estimates of a threatened seabird indicate necessity for additional management following invasive predator eradications. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Fischer
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - G. A. Taylor
- Aquatic Unit Department of Conservation Wellington New Zealand
| | - R. Cole
- Murikihu District OfficeDepartment of Conservation Invercargill New Zealand
| | - I. Debski
- Aquatic Unit Department of Conservation Wellington New Zealand
| | - D. P. Armstrong
- Wildlife Ecology Group Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - H. U. Wittmer
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fischer JH, McCauley CF, Armstrong DP, Debski I, Wittmer HU. Contrasting responses of lizard occurrences to burrowing by a critically endangered seabird. COMMUNITY ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/168.2019.20.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Fischer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - C. F. McCauley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - D. P. Armstrong
- Wildlife Ecology Group, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - I. Debski
- Aquatic Unit, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - H. U. Wittmer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tizard J, Patel S, Waugh J, Tavares E, Bergmann T, Gill B, Norman J, Christidis L, Scofield P, Haddrath O, Baker A, Lambert D, Millar C. DNA barcoding a unique avifauna: an important tool for evolution, systematics and conservation. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:52. [PMID: 30744573 PMCID: PMC6369544 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA barcoding utilises a standardised region of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene to identify specimens to the species level. It has proven to be an effective tool for identification of avian samples. The unique island avifauna of New Zealand is taxonomically and evolutionarily distinct. We analysed COI sequence data in order to determine if DNA barcoding could accurately identify New Zealand birds. RESULTS We sequenced 928 specimens from 180 species. Additional Genbank sequences expanded the dataset to 1416 sequences from 211 of the estimated 236 New Zealand species. Furthermore, to improve the assessment of genetic variation in non-endemic species, and to assess the overall accuracy of our approach, sequences from 404 specimens collected outside of New Zealand were also included in our analyses. Of the 191 species represented by multiple sequences, 88.5% could be successfully identified by their DNA barcodes. This is likely a conservative estimate of the power of DNA barcoding in New Zealand, given our extensive geographic sampling. The majority of the 13 groups that could not be distinguished contain recently diverged taxa, indicating incomplete lineage sorting and in some cases hybridisation. In contrast, 16 species showed evidence of distinct intra-species lineages, some of these corresponding to recognised subspecies. For species identification purposes a character-based method was more successful than distance and phylogenetic tree-based methods. CONCLUSIONS DNA barcodes accurately identify most New Zealand bird species. However, low levels of COI sequence divergence in some recently diverged taxa limit the identification power of DNA barcoding. A small number of currently recognised species would benefit from further systematic investigations. The reference database and analysis presented will provide valuable insights into the evolution, systematics and conservation of New Zealand birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Tizard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Selina Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - John Waugh
- Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erika Tavares
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcox Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Present address: Laboratory Research Project Manager, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute for Animal Ecology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brian Gill
- Associate Emeritus, Auckland War Memorial Museum, Private Bag 92018, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Janette Norman
- Molecular Biology Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
- Present address: Graduate School, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Les Christidis
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Scofield
- Canterbury Museum, Rolleston Ave, Christchurch, 8001, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Haddrath
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcox Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Allan Baker
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcox Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - David Lambert
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Craig Millar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|