1
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Abstract
Color and color pattern are critical for animal camouflage, reproduction, and defense. Few studies, however, have attempted to identify candidate genes for color and color pattern in squamate reptiles, a colorful group with over 10,000 species. We used comparative transcriptomic analyses between white, orange, and yellow skin in a color-polymorphic species of anole lizard to 1) identify candidate color and color-pattern genes in squamates and 2) assess if squamates share an underlying genetic basis for color and color pattern variation with other vertebrates. Squamates have three types of chromatophores that determine color pattern: guanine-filled iridophores, carotenoid- or pteridine-filled xanthophores/erythrophores, and melanin-filled melanophores. We identified 13 best candidate squamate color and color-pattern genes shared with other vertebrates: six genes linked to pigment synthesis pathways, and seven genes linked to chromatophore development and maintenance. In comparisons of expression profiles between pigment-rich and white skin, pigment-rich skin upregulated the pteridine pathway as well as xanthophore/erythrophore development and maintenance genes; in comparisons between orange and yellow skin, orange skin upregulated the pteridine and carotenoid pathways as well as melanophore maintenance genes. Our results corroborate the predictions that squamates can produce similar colors using distinct color-reflecting molecules, and that both color and color-pattern genes are likely conserved across vertebrates. Furthermore, this study provides a concise list of candidate genes for future functional verification, representing a first step in determining the genetic basis of color and color pattern in anoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Longo Hollanda de Mello
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Paul M Hime
- Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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2
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Boccia CK, Swierk L, Ayala-Varela FP, Boccia J, Borges IL, Estupiñán CA, Martin AM, Martínez-Grimaldo RE, Ovalle S, Senthivasan S, Toyama KS, Del Rosario Castañeda M, García A, Glor RE, Mahler DL. Repeated evolution of underwater rebreathing in diving Anolis lizards. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2947-2954.e4. [PMID: 33984265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air-based respiration limits the use of aquatic environments by ancestrally terrestrial animals. To overcome this challenge, diving arthropods have evolved to respire without resurfacing using air held between their cuticle and surrounding water.1-4 Inspired by natural history observations in Haiti (unpublished data) and Costa Rica,5,6 we conducted experiments documenting routine air-based underwater respiration in several distantly related semi-aquatic Anolis lizard species. Semi-aquatic anoles live along neotropical streams and frequently dive for refuge or food,7-12 remaining underwater for up to 18 min. While submerged, these lizards iteratively expire and re-inspire narial air bubbles-underwater "rebreathing." Rebreathed air is used in respiration, as the partial pressure of oxygen in the bubbles decreases with experimental submersion time in living anoles, but not in mechanical controls. Non-aquatic anoles occasionally rebreathe when submerged but exhibit more rudimentary rebreathing behaviors. Anole rebreathing is facilitated by a thin air layer (i.e., a "plastron," sensu Brocher13) supported by the animal's rugose skin upon submergence. We suggest that hydrophobic skin, which we observed in all sampled anoles,14,15 may have been exaptative, facilitating the repeated evolution of specialized rebreathing in species that regularly dive. Phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that specialized rebreathing is adaptive for semi-aquatic habitat specialists. Air-based rebreathing may enhance dive performance by incorporating dead space air from the buccal cavity or plastron into the lungs, facilitating clearance of carbon dioxide, or allowing uptake of oxygen from surrounding water (i.e., a "physical gill" mechanism4,16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Boccia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Lindsey Swierk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, New York, NY 13902, USA; Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, State University of New York, New York, NY 13902, USA
| | - Fernando P Ayala-Varela
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, 12 de Octubre y Roca, Quito, Ecuador
| | - James Boccia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Isabela L Borges
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, 3700 E. Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA
| | - Camilo Andres Estupiñán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alexandra M Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, New York, NY 13902, USA
| | - Ramón E Martínez-Grimaldo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sebastian Ovalle
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Shreeram Senthivasan
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ken S Toyama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | | | - Andrés García
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 21, San Patricio-Melaque, Jalisco, México
| | - Richard E Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - D Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
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3
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Abstract
AbstractCryptic species – genetically distinct species that are morphologically difficult to distinguish – present challenges to systematists. Operationally, cryptic species are very difficult to identify and sole use of genetic data or morphological data can fail to recognize evolutionarily isolated lineages. We use morphometric data to test species boundaries hypothesized with genetic data in the North Caribbean bark anole (Anolis distichus), a suspected species complex. We use univariate and multivariate analyses to test if candidate species based on genetic data can be accurately diagnosed. We also test alternative species delimitation scenarios with a model fitting approach that evaluates normal mixture models capable of identifying morphological clusters. Our analyses reject the hypothesis that the candidate species are diagnosable. Neither uni- nor multivariate morphometric data distinguish candidate species. The best-supported model included two morphological clusters; however, these clusters were uneven and did not align with a plausible species divergence scenario. After removing two related traits driving this result, only one cluster was supported. Despite substantial differentiation revealed by genetic data, we recover no new evidence to delimit species and refrain from taxonomic revision. This study highlights the importance of considering other types of data along with molecular data when delimiting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences & Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Pietro L H de Mello
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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4
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Abstract
Tissue sample databases housed in biodiversity archives represent a vast trove of genetic resources, and these tissues are often destructively subsampled and provided to researchers for DNA extractions and subsequent sequencing. While obtaining a sufficient quantity of DNA for downstream applications is vital for these researchers, it is also important to preserve tissue resources for future use given that the original material is destructively and consumptively sampled with each use. It is therefore necessary to develop standardized tissue subsampling and loaning procedures to ensure that tissues are being used efficiently. In this study, we specifically focus on the efficiency of DNA extraction methods by using anuran liver and muscle tissues maintained at a biodiversity archive. We conducted a series of experiments to test whether current practices involving coarse visual assessments of tissue size are effective, how tissue mass correlates with DNA yield and concentration, and whether the amount of DNA recovered is correlated with sample age. We found that tissue samples between 2 and 8 mg resulted in the most efficient extractions, with tissues at the lower end of this range providing more DNA per unit mass and tissues at the higher end of this range providing more total DNA. Additionally, we found no correlation between tissue age and DNA yield. Because we find that even very small tissue subsamples tend to yield far more DNA than is required by researchers for modern sequencing applications (including whole genome shotgun sequencing), we recommend that biodiversity archives consider dramatically improving sustainable use of their archived material by providing researchers with set quantities of extracted DNA rather than with the subsampled tissues themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Tuschhoff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Carl R. Hutter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Richard E. Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute, Lawrence, KS, USA
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5
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Reynolds RG, Kolbe JJ, Glor RE, López-Darias M, Gómez Pourroy CV, Harrison AS, de Queiroz K, Revell LJ, Losos JB. Phylogeographic and phenotypic outcomes of brown anole colonization across the Caribbean provide insight into the beginning stages of an adaptive radiation. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:468-494. [PMID: 31872929 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most important insights into the ecological and evolutionary processes of diversification and speciation have come from studies of island adaptive radiations, yet relatively little research has examined how these radiations initiate. We suggest that Anolis sagrei is a candidate for understanding the origins of the Caribbean Anolis adaptive radiation and how a colonizing anole species begins to undergo allopatric diversification, phenotypic divergence and, potentially, speciation. We undertook a genomic and morphological analysis of representative populations across the entire native range of A. sagrei, finding that the species originated in the early Pliocene, with the deepest divergence occurring between western and eastern Cuba. Lineages from these two regions subsequently colonized the northern Caribbean. We find that at the broadest scale, populations colonizing areas with fewer closely related competitors tend to evolve larger body size and more lamellae on their toepads. This trend follows expectations for post-colonization divergence from progenitors and convergence in allopatry, whereby populations freed from competition with close relatives evolve towards common morphological and ecological optima. Taken together, our results show a complex history of ancient and recent Cuban diaspora with populations on competitor-poor islands evolving away from their ancestral Cuban populations regardless of their phylogenetic relationships, thus providing insight into the original diversification of colonist anoles at the beginning of the radiation. Our research also supplies an evolutionary framework for the many studies of this increasingly important species in ecological and evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KA, USA
| | | | | | - Alexis S Harrison
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin de Queiroz
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liam J Revell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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7
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Ingram T, Harrison A, Mahler DL, Castañeda MDR, Glor RE, Herrel A, Stuart YE, Losos JB. Comparative tests of the role of dewlap size in Anolis lizard speciation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.2199. [PMID: 28003450 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic traits may be linked to speciation in two distinct ways: character values may influence the rate of speciation or diversification in the trait may be associated with speciation events. Traits involved in signal transmission, such as the dewlap of Anolis lizards, are often involved in the speciation process. The dewlap is an important visual signal with roles in species recognition and sexual selection, and dewlaps vary among species in relative size as well as colour and pattern. We compile a dataset of relative dewlap size digitized from photographs of 184 anole species from across the genus' geographical range. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to test two hypotheses: that larger dewlaps are associated with higher speciation rates, and that relative dewlap area diversifies according to a speciational model of evolution. We find no evidence of trait-dependent speciation, indicating that larger signals do not enhance any role the dewlap has in promoting speciation. Instead, we find a signal of mixed speciational and gradual trait evolution, with a particularly strong signal of speciational change in the dewlaps of mainland lineages. This indicates that dewlap size diversifies in association with the speciation process, suggesting that divergent selection may play a role in the macroevolution of this signalling trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Ingram
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexis Harrison
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - D Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, 3031, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - María Del Rosario Castañeda
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Yoel E Stuart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station C0990, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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8
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MacGuigan DJ, Geneva AJ, Glor RE. A genomic assessment of species boundaries and hybridization in a group of highly polymorphic anoles ( distichus species complex). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3657-3671. [PMID: 28616163 PMCID: PMC5468153 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Delimiting young species is one of the great challenges of systematic biology, particularly when the species in question exhibit little morphological divergence. Anolis distichus, a trunk anole with more than a dozen subspecies that are defined primarily by dewlap color, may actually represent several independent evolutionary lineages. To test this, we utilized amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) genome scans and genetic clustering analyses in conjunction with a coalescent‐based species delimitation method. We examined a geographically widespread set of samples and two heavily sampled hybrid zones. We find that genetic divergence is associated with a major biogeographic barrier, the Hispaniolan paleo‐island boundary, but not with dewlap color. Additionally, we find support for hypotheses regarding colonization of two Hispaniolan satellite islands and the Bahamas from mainland Hispaniola. Our results show that A. distichus is composed of seven distinct evolutionary lineages still experiencing a limited degree of gene flow. We suggest that A. distichus merits taxonomic revision, but that dewlap color cannot be relied upon as the primary diagnostic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J MacGuigan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - Anthony J Geneva
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Herpetology Division Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
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9
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Ng J, Ossip-Klein AG, Glor RE. Adaptive signal coloration maintained in the face of gene flow in a Hispaniolan Anolis Lizard. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:193. [PMID: 27650469 PMCID: PMC5029017 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of geographic variation can provide insight into the evolutionary processes involved in the early stages of biological diversification. In particular, multiple, replicated cases of geographic trait divergence present a powerful approach to study how patterns of introgression and adaptive divergence can vary with geographic space and time. In this study, we conduct replicated, fine-scaled molecular genetic analyses of striking geographic dewlap color variation of a Hispaniolan Anolis lizard, Anolis distichus, to investigate whether adaptive trait divergence is consistently associated with speciation, whereby genetic divergence is observed with neutral markers, or whether locally adapted traits are maintained in the face of continued gene flow. Results We find instances where shifts in adaptive dewlap coloration across short geographic distances are associated with reproductive isolation as well as maintained in the face of gene flow, suggesting the importance of both processes in maintaining geographic dewlap variation. Conclusion Our study suggests that adaptive dewlap color differences are maintained under strong divergent natural selection, but this divergence does not necessarily lead to anole speciation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0763-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne Ng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | | | - Richard E Glor
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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10
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Mahler DL, Lambert SM, Geneva AJ, Ng J, Hedges SB, Losos JB, Glor RE. Discovery of a Giant Chameleon-Like Lizard (Anolis) on Hispaniola and Its Significance to Understanding Replicated Adaptive Radiations. Am Nat 2016; 188:357-64. [PMID: 27501092 DOI: 10.1086/687566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We report a new chameleon-like Anolis species from Hispaniola that is ecomorphologically similar to congeners found only on Cuba. Lizards from both clades possess short limbs and a short tail and utilize relatively narrow perches, leading us to recognize a novel example of ecomorphological matching among islands in the well-known Greater Antillean anole radiation. This discovery supports the hypothesis that the assembly of island faunas can be substantially deterministic and highlights the continued potential for basic discovery to reveal new insights in well-studied groups. Restricted to a threatened band of midelevation transitional forest near the border of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, this new species appears to be highly endangered.
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11
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Falk BG, Glor RE, Perkins SL. Clonal reproduction shapes evolution in the lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium floridense. Evolution 2015; 69:1584-1596. [PMID: 25959003 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preponderant clonal evolution hypothesis (PCE) predicts that frequent clonal reproduction (sex between two clones) in many pathogens capable of sexual recombination results in strong linkage disequilibrium and the presence of discrete genetic subdivisions characterized by occasional gene flow. We expand on the PCE and predict that higher rates of clonal reproduction will result in: (1) morphologically cryptic species that exhibit (2) low within-species variation and (3) recent between-species divergence. We tested these predictions in the Caribbean lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium floridense using 63 single-infection samples in lizards collected from across the parasite's range, and sequenced them at two mitochondrial, one apicoplast, and five nuclear genes. We identified 11 provisionally cryptic species within P. floridense, each of which exhibits low intraspecific variation and recent divergence times between species (some diverged approximately 110,000 years ago). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that clonal reproduction can profoundly affect diversification of species capable of sexual recombination, and suggest that clonal reproduction may have led to a large number of unrecognized pathogen species. The factors that may influence the rates of clonal reproduction among pathogens are unclear, and we discuss how prevalence and virulence may relate to clonal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Falk
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York, 10024.,U.S. Geological Survey, Daniel Beard Center, Everglades National Park, 40001 SR 9336, Homestead, Florida, 33034
| | - Richard E Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas, 2041 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Susan L Perkins
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York, 10024
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12
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Geneva AJ, Hilton J, Noll S, Glor RE. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses of Hispaniolan and Bahamian trunk anoles (distichus species group). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 87:105-17. [PMID: 25772800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The distichus species group includes six species and 21 subspecies of trunk ecomorph anoles distributed across Hispaniola and its satellite islands as well as the northern Bahamas. Although this group has long served as a model system for studies of reproductive character displacement, adaptation, behavior and speciation, it has never been the subject of a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. Our goal here is to generate a multilocus phylogenetic dataset (one mitochondrial and seven nuclear loci) and to use this dataset to infer phylogenetic relationships among the majority of the taxa assigned to the distichus species group. We use these phylogenetic trees to address three topics about the group's evolution. First, we consider longstanding taxonomic controversies about the status of several species and subspecies assigned to the distichus species group. Second, we investigate the biogeographic history of the group and specifically test the hypotheses that historical division of Hispaniola into two paleo-islands contributed to the group's diversification and that Bahamian and Hispaniolan satellite island populations are derived from colonists from the main Hispaniolan landmass. Finally, third, we use comparative phylogenetic analyses to test the hypothesis that divergence between pale yellow and darkly pigmented orange or red dewlap coloration has occurred repeatedly across the distichus species group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Geneva
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States.
| | - Jared Hilton
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States.
| | - Sabina Noll
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States.
| | - Richard E Glor
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States.
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13
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Abstract
To explain the frequency and distribution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the lizard genus Anolis, we compared the relative roles of sex chromosome conservation versus turnover of sex-determining mechanisms. We used model-based comparative methods to reconstruct karyotype evolution and the presence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes onto a newly generated Anolis phylogeny. We found that heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved multiple times in the genus. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of repetitive DNA showed variable rates of Y chromosome degeneration among Anolis species and identified previously undetected, homomorphic sex chromosomes in two species. We confirmed homology of sex chromosomes in the genus by performing FISH of an X-linked bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and quantitative PCR of X-linked genes in multiple Anolis species sampled across the phylogeny. Taken together, these results are consistent with long-term conservation of sex chromosomes in the group. Our results pave the way to address additional questions related to Anolis sex chromosome evolution and describe a conceptual framework that can be used to evaluate the origins and evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in other clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Gamble
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455; Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 10 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.
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14
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Ng J, Kelly AL, MacGuigan DJ, Glor RE. The role of heritable and dietary factors in the sexual signal of a Hispaniolan Anolis lizard, Anolis distichus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 104:862-73. [PMID: 24078680 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of sexual signals is astounding, and divergence in these traits is believed to be associated with the early stages of speciation. An increasing number of studies also suggest a role for natural selection in driving signal divergence for effective transmission in heterogeneous environments. Both speciation and adaptive divergence, however, are contingent on the sexual signal being heritable, yet this often remains assumed and untested. It is particularly critical that the heritability of carotenoid-based sexual signals is investigated because such traits may instead be phenotypically plastic indicators of an individual's quality that exhibit no or little heritable variation. We present the first study to investigate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the striking diversity of dewlap color and pattern in Anolis lizards. Using a breeding experiment with Anolis distichus populations exhibiting different dewlap phenotypes, we raise F1 offspring in a common garden experiment to assess whether dewlap color is inherited. We follow this with carotenoid supplementation to investigate the influence of dietary pigments to dewlap color variation. We find significant differences in several aspects of dewlap color and pattern to persist to the F1 generation (fathers: N = 19; F1 males: N = 50; P < 0.01) with no change in dewlap phenotype with carotenoid supplementation (N = 52; P > 0.05). These results strongly support that genetic differences underlie dewlap color variation, thereby satisfying a key requirement of natural selection. Our findings provide an important stepping-stone to understanding the evolution of an incredibly diverse signal important for sexual selection and species recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne Ng
- the Department of Biology, University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627. Richard Glor is now at the Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
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15
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Wollenberg KC, Wang IJ, Glor RE, Losos JB. DETERMINISM IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF HISPANIOLAN TRUNK-GROUND ANOLES (ANOLIS CYBOTESSPECIES COMPLEX). Evolution 2013; 67:3175-90. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C. Wollenberg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
- Current address: School of Science; Engineering and Mathematics; Bethune-Cookman University; 640 Dr Mary McLeod Bethune Blvd Daytona Beach Florida 32114
| | - Ian J. Wang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
| | - Richard E. Glor
- Department of Biology; University of Rochester; River Campus Box 270211 Rochester New York 14627
| | - Jonathan B. Losos
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
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Ascher JM, Geneva AJ, Ng J, Wyatt JD, Glor RE. Phylogenetic analyses of novel squamate adenovirus sequences in wild-caught Anolis lizards. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60977. [PMID: 23593364 PMCID: PMC3622691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus infection has emerged as a serious threat to the health of captive snakes and lizards (i.e., squamates), but we know relatively little about this virus' range of possible hosts, pathogenicity, modes of transmission, and sources from nature. We report the first case of adenovirus infection in the Iguanidae, a diverse family of lizards that is widely-studied and popular in captivity. We report adenovirus infections from two closely-related species of Anolis lizards (anoles) that were recently imported from wild populations in the Dominican Republic to a laboratory colony in the United States. We investigate the evolution of adenoviruses in anoles and other squamates using phylogenetic analyses of adenovirus polymerase gene sequences sampled from Anolis and a range of other vertebrate taxa. These phylogenetic analyses reveal that (1) the sequences detected from each species of Anolis are novel, and (2) adenoviruses are not necessarily host-specific and do not always follow a co-speciation model under which host and virus phylogenies are perfectly concordant. Together with the fact that the Anolis adenovirus sequences reported in our study were detected in animals that became ill and subsequently died shortly after importation while exhibiting clinical signs consistent with acute adenovirus infection, our discoveries suggest the need for renewed attention to biosecurity measures intended to prevent the spread of adenovirus both within and among species of snakes and lizards housed in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Ascher
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America.
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Lambert SM, Geneva AJ, Luke Mahler D, Glor RE. Using genomic data to revisit an early example of reproductive character displacement in HaitianAnolislizards. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:3981-95. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shea M. Lambert
- University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
- University of Rochester; Rochester NY 14627 USA
| | | | - D. Luke Mahler
- Center for Population Biology; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Hertz PE, Arima Y, Harrison A, Huey RB, Losos JB, Glor RE. ASYNCHRONOUS EVOLUTION OF PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY INANOLISLIZARDS. Evolution 2013; 67:2101-13. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Hertz
- Department of Biological Sciences; Barnard College; 3009 Broadway, New York New York 10027
| | - Yuzo Arima
- Emerging Disease Surveillance and Response Unit; Division of Health Security and Emergencies; Western Pacific Regional Office; World Health Organization; P.O. Box 2932 (United Nations Avenue), 1000 Manila Philippines
| | - Alexis Harrison
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
| | - Raymond B. Huey
- Department of Biology; University of Washington; Box 351800 Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Jonathan B. Losos
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
| | - Richard E. Glor
- Department of Biology; University of Rochester; River Campus Box 270211, Rochester New York 14627
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Wang IJ, Glor RE, Losos JB. Quantifying the roles of ecology and geography in spatial genetic divergence. Ecol Lett 2012; 16:175-82. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Wang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge; MA; 02138; USA
| | - Richard E. Glor
- Department of Biology; University of Rochester; Rochester; NY; 14627; USA
| | - Jonathan B. Losos
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge; MA; 02138; USA
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Ng J, Landeen EL, Logsdon RM, Glor RE. Correlation between Anolis lizard dewlap phenotype and environmental variation indicates adaptive divergence of a signal important to sexual selection and species recognition. Evolution 2012; 67:573-82. [PMID: 23356628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of signals involved in species recognition and sexual selection to speciation is widely recognized, the processes that underlie signal divergence are still a matter of debate. Several possible processes have been hypothesized, including genetic drift, arbitrary sexual selection, and adaptation to local signaling environments. We use comparative analyses to investigate whether the remarkable geographic variation of dewlap phenotype in a Hispaniolan trunk Anolis lizard (A. distichus) is a result of adaptive signal divergence to heterogeneous environments. We recover a repeated pattern of divergence in A. distichus dewlap color, pattern, and size with environmental variation across Hispaniola. These results are aligned with ecological models of signal divergence and provide strong evidence for dewlap adaptation to local signaling environments. We also find that A. distichus dewlaps vary with the environment in a different manner to other previously studied anoles, thus expanding upon previous predictions on the direction dewlaps will diverge in perceptual color space in response to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne Ng
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
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Abstract
If island biogeography has a sweet spot, it's where islands generate their own species diversity rather than merely taking on mainland immigrants. In birds and other highly dispersive taxa, however, this 'zone of radiation', may be vanishingly small. Darwin's finches and Hawaiian Honeycreepers are among only a handful of examples of island radiation in birds (Price 2008), suggesting that winged powers of dispersal make sufficient isolation from mainland colonists unlikely, while also hindering speciation within and among isolated islands. Nevertheless, two studies in this issue of Molecular Ecology join a string of other recent analyses suggesting that island radiation in birds remains under-appreciated (see also Moyle et al. 2009; Kisel & Barraclough 2010; Rosindell & Phillimore 2011). Melo et al. (2011) use a phylogenetic analysis of white-eyes on islands in the Gulf of Guinea to identify two previously overlooked island radiations, and reveal replicated adaptive divergence on islands where species occur in pairs. Sly et al. (2011), meanwhile, consider possible explanations for speciation and geographic differentiation within a large island, and find the same type of oceanic barriers that are critical to bird speciation across archipelagos may also contribute to divergence that appears to have occurred within a single island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Glor
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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Melville J, Ritchie EG, Chapple SNJ, Glor RE, Schulte JA. Evolutionary origins and diversification of dragon lizards in Australia's tropical savannas. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 58:257-70. [PMID: 21145401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Australia's monsoonal tropics are dominated by the largest and least modified savanna woodlands in the world, and they are globally significant for their high biodiversity and regional endemism. Despite this, there have been very few molecular studies of the evolutionary origins and diversification of vertebrates in this region. The semi-arboreal dragon lizards of Lophognathus and Amphibolurus are widely distributed in the savanna and dry sclerophyll woodlands of Australasia, including the monsoon tropics. We sequenced a ~1400 bp region of mitochondrial DNA and a ~1400 bp nuclear gene (RAG1) to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and phylogeographic structuring of all seven species of Lophognathus and Amphibolurus. Our analyses show that there is a higher level of species and generic diversity in the monsoon tropics than previously thought, and a full morphological review and taxonomic revision of these genera is required. Relaxed molecular clock analyses indicate that species across both genera originated in the late Miocene and early Pliocene, with significant phylogeographic structure within species. We did not find any evidence that the monsoon tropics species were a monophyletic group that had diversified within the region; instead Amphibolurus and Lophognathus represent at least three independent evolutionary colonizations of the monsoon tropics. It is probable that the origins and phylogeographic patterns of the northern Lophognathus species have evolved under the climatic influence of the Australian monsoon, rather than being either an ancient Gondwanan lineage that pre-dates the monsoon or the result of a more recent dispersal event across Wallace's Line.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Melville
- Department of Sciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Glor
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627;
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Glor RE, Laport RG. Are subspecies of Anolis lizards that differ in dewlap color and pattern also genetically distinct? A mitochondrial analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 64:255-60. [PMID: 21075209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Subspecies of Anolis lizards are often defined on the basis of geographic variation in the color and pattern of the dewlap, an extensible throat fan considered central to species recognition and sexual selection. Among the most impressive examples of this phenomenon are two species of trunk anoles found across Hispaniola and the Bahamas: Anolis distichus is divided into 16 subspecies with dewlap colors ranging from deep wine red to pale yellow while Anolis brevirostris is divided into three subspecies with dewlaps ranging from pale yellow to orange. Limited sampling of allozyme data indicates some genetic divergence among subspecies and suggests that they may deserve recognition at the species-level. Our goal here is to use more comprehensive geographic sampling of mtDNA haplotypes to test whether the five subspecies of A. distichus and three subspecies of A. brevirostris that occur in the Dominican Republic correspond with genetically distinct populations that may warrant recognition under the general lineage concept. We obtain an aligned dataset of 1462bp comprised of the genes encoding ND2 and adjacent tRNAs from 76 individuals of A. distichus from 28 localities and 12 individuals of A. brevirostris from five localities. We find that haplotypes sampled from each Dominican subspecies of A. distichus form well-supported and deeply divergent clades (>10% uncorrected sequence divergence). Strong concordance between mtDNA haplotype structure and previously diagnosed phenotypic variation in traits central to interspecific communication (i.e., the dewlap) leads us to hypothesize that each of the presently recognized Dominican subspecies of A. distichus and A. brevirostris deserves elevation to full species status under the general lineage concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Glor
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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Mahler DL, Revell LJ, Glor RE, Losos JB. ECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY AND THE RATE OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF GREATER ANTILLEAN ANOLES. Evolution 2010; 64:2731-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe Dominican Republic faces multiple threats to biodiversity. A list of native species of amphibians and reptiles (excluding sea turtles) is presented. Some may have become extinct recently, substantial populations of others have been extirpated, some have greatly reduced numbers, and others appear to be rare or have restricted ranges. Most of the 13 taxa listed are relatively large, vulnerable to human exploitation or introduced predators, and/or have limited distributions and specific habitat requirements. To be listed, evidence must exist that: (1) populations are dwindling, (2) the range is shrinking, or (3) a species must be vulnerable to exploitation and historically rare. Two iguanas (Cyclura cornuta, C. ricordii), two turtles (Trachemys decorata, T. stejnegeri vicina), and one crocodilian (Crocodylus acutus) have been exploited extensively and have long been recognized as threatened or endangered. The ranges of Cyclura ricordii and T. decorata are very localized and the previously widespread ranges of the others have shrunk or become fragmented. A toad (Bufo fluviaticus), a large galliwasp (Celestus anelpistus), and a snake (Alsophis melanichnus) have not been collected recently. Only a few specimens of another galliwasp (C. carraui) and a dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus cochranae) have been taken recently. In addition, extensive portions of the habitats of these species have been severely altered. Three other snakes (Alsophis anomalus, laltris agyrtes, I. dorsalis) are rare and may never have been common. Their size and habits render them vulnerable to predation by the introduced mongoose and to decimation by humans who fear and dislike them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Warren
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Kolbe JJ, Glor RE, Schettino LR, Lara AC, Larson A, Losos JB. Multiple sources, admixture, and genetic variation in introduced anolis lizard populations. Conserv Biol 2007; 21:1612-25. [PMID: 18173485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species are classically thought to suffer from reduced within-population genetic variation compared to their native-range sources due to founder effects and population bottlenecks during introduction. Reduction in genetic variation in introduced species may limit population growth, increase the risk of extinction, and constrain adaptation, hindering the successful establishment and spread of an alien species. Results of recent empirical studies, however, show higher than expected genetic variation, rapid evolution, and multiple native-range sources in introduced populations, which challenge the classical scenario of invasive-species genetics. With mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data, we examined the molecular genetics of 10 replicate introductions of 8 species of Anolis lizards. Eighty percent of introductions to Florida and the Dominican Republic were from multiple native-range source populations. MtDNA haplotypes restricted to different geographically distinct populations in the native range of a species commonly occurred as intrapopulation polymorphisms in introduced populations. Two-thirds of introduced populations had two or more sources, and admixture elevated genetic variation in half of the introduced populations above levels typical of native-range populations. The mean pairwise sequence divergence among haplotypes sampled within introduced populations was nearly twice that within native-range populations (2.6% vs. 1.4%). The dynamics of introductions from multiple sources and admixture explained the observed genetic contrasts between native and introduced Anolis populations better than the classical scenario for most introduced populations. Elevated genetic variation through admixture occurred regardless of the mode or circumstances of an introduction. Little insight into the number of sources or amount of genetic variation in introduced populations was gained by knowing the number of physical introductions, the size of a species' non-native range, or whether it was a deliberate or accidental introduction. We hypothesize that elevated genetic variation through admixture of multiple sources is more common in biological invasions than previously thought. We propose that introductions follow a sequential, two-step process involving a reduction in genetic variation due to founder effects and population bottlenecks followed by an increase in genetic variation if admixture of individuals from multiple native-range sources occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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Glor RE, Johnson MA, Larson A. Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Puerto Rican crested anole (Anolis cristatellus) and their amplification in related Puerto Rican species. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Recent advances in ecological niche modeling (ENM) algorithms, in conjunction with increasing availability of geographic information system (GIS) data, allow species' niches to be predicted over broad geographic areas using environmental characteristics associated with point localities for a given species. Consequently, the examination of how niches evolve is now possible using a regionally inclusive multivariate approach to characterize the environmental requirements of a species. Initial work that uses this approach has suggested that niche evolution is characterized by conservatism: the more closely related species are, the more similar are their niches. We applied a phylogenetic approach to examine niche evolution during the radiation of Cuban trunk-ground anoles (Anolis sagrei group), which has produced 15 species in Cuba. We modeled the niche of 11 species within this group using the WhyWhere ENM algorithm and examined the evolution of the niche using a phylogeny based on approximately 1500 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA. No general relationship exists between phylogenetic similarity and niche similarity. Examination of species pairs indicates some examples in which closely related species display niche conservatism and some in which they exhibit highly divergent niches. In addition, some distantly related species exhibit significant niche similarity. Comparisons also revealed a specialist-generalist sister species pair in which the niche of one species is nested within, and much narrower than, the niche of another closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Knouft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Colorado Museum, UCB 265, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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Revell LJ, Harmon LJ, Glor RE. Underparameterized model of sequence evolution leads to bias in the estimation of diversification rates from molecular phylogenies. Syst Biol 2006; 54:973-83. [PMID: 16385778 DOI: 10.1080/10635150500354647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Revell
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 1229, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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Abstract
Overwater dispersal and subsequent allopatric speciation contribute importantly to the species diversity of West Indian Anolis lizards and many other island radiations. Here we use molecular phylogenetic analyses to assess the contribution of overwater dispersal to diversification of the Anolis carolinensis subgroup, a clade comprising nine canopy-dwelling species distributed across the northern Caribbean. Although this clade includes some of the most successful dispersers and colonists in the anole radiation, the taxonomic status and origin of many endemic populations have been ambiguous. New mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from four species occurring on small islands or island banks (Anolis brunneus, Anolis longiceps, Anolis maynardi, Anolis smaragdinus) and one species from the continental United States (A. carolinensis) are presented and analysed with homologous sequences sampled from related species on Cuba (Anolis allisoni and Anolis porcatus). Our analyses confirm that all five non-Cuban species included in our study represent distinct, independently evolving lineages that warrant continued species recognition. Moreover, our results support Ernest Williams's hypothesis that all of these species originated by overseas colonization from Cuban source populations. However, contrary to Williams's hypothesis of Pleistocene dispersal, most colonization events leading to speciation apparently occurred earlier, in the late Miocene-Pliocene. These patterns suggest that overwater dispersal among geologically distinct islands and island banks is relatively infrequent in anoles and has contributed to allopatric speciation. Finally, our results suggest that large Greater Antillean islands serve as centres of origin for regional species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Glor
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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Glor RE, Gifford ME, Larson A, Losos JB, Schettino LR, Chamizo Lara AR, Jackman TR. Partial island submergence and speciation in an adaptive radiation: a multilocus analysis of the Cuban green anoles. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 271:2257-65. [PMID: 15539351 PMCID: PMC1691862 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympatric speciation is often proposed to account for species-rich adaptive radiations within lakes or islands, where barriers to gene flow or dispersal may be lacking. However, allopatric speciation may also occur in such situations, especially when ranges are fragmented by fluctuating water levels. We test the hypothesis that Miocene fragmentation of Cuba into three palaeo-archipelagos accompanied species-level divergence in the adaptive radiation of West Indian Anolis lizards. Analysis of morphology, mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) and nuclear DNA in the Cuban green anoles (carolinensis subgroup) strongly supports three pre dictions made by this hypothesis. First, three geographical sets of populations, whose ranges correspond with palaeo-archipelago boundaries, are distinct and warrant recognition as independent evolutionary lineages or species. Coalescence of nuclear sequence fragments sampled from these species and the large divergences observed between their mtDNA haplotypes suggest separation prior to the subsequent unification of Cuba ca. 5 Myr ago. Second, molecular phylogenetic relationships among these species reflect historical geographical relationships rather than morphological similarity. Third, all three species remain distinct despite extensive geographical contact subsequent to island unification, occasional hybridization and introgression of mtDNA haplotypes. Allopatric speciation initiated during partial island submergence may play an important role in speciation during the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Glor
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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Kolbe JJ, Glor RE, Rodríguez Schettino L, Lara AC, Larson A, Losos JB. Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by a Cuban lizard. Nature 2004; 431:177-81. [PMID: 15356629 DOI: 10.1038/nature02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A genetic paradox exists in invasion biology: how do introduced populations, whose genetic variation has probably been depleted by population bottlenecks, persist and adapt to new conditions? Lessons from conservation genetics show that reduced genetic variation due to genetic drift and founder effects limits the ability of a population to adapt, and small population size increases the risk of extinction. Nonetheless, many introduced species experiencing these same conditions during initial introductions persist, expand their ranges, evolve rapidly and become invasive. To address this issue, we studied the brown anole, a worldwide invasive lizard. Genetic analyses indicate that at least eight introductions have occurred in Florida from across this lizard's native range, blending genetic variation from different geographic source populations and producing populations that contain substantially more, not less, genetic variation than native populations. Moreover, recently introduced brown anole populations around the world originate from Florida, and some have maintained these elevated levels of genetic variation. Here we show that one key to invasion success may be the occurrence of multiple introductions that transform among-population variation in native ranges to within-population variation in introduced areas. Furthermore, these genetically variable populations may be particularly potent sources for introductions elsewhere. The growing problem of invasive species introductions brings considerable economic and biological costs. If these costs are to be mitigated, a greater understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of biological invasions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA.
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Glor RE, Kolbe JJ, Powell R, Larson A, Losos J. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION IN HISPANIOLAN TRUNK-GROUND ANOLES (ANOLIS CYBOTES GROUP). Evolution 2003; 57:2383-97. [PMID: 14628926 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anolis lizards in the Greater Antilles partition the structural microhabitats available at a given site into four to six distinct categories. Most microhabitat specialists, or ecomorphs, have evolved only once on each island, yet closely related species of the same ecomorph occur in different geographic macrohabitats across the island. The extent to which closely related species of the same ecomorph have diverged to adapt to different geographic macrohabitats is largely undocumented. On the island of Hispaniola, members of the Anolis cybotes species group belong to the trunk-ground ecomorph category. Despite evolutionary stability of their trunk-ground microhabitat, populations of the A. cybotes group have undergone an evolutionary radiation associated with geographically distinct macrohabitats. A combined phylogeographic and morphometric study of this group reveals a strong association between macrohabitat type and morphology independent of phylogeny. This association results from long-term morphological evolutionary stasis in populations associated with mesic-forest environments (A. c. cybotes and A. marcanoi) and predictable morphometric changes associated with entry into new macrohabitat types (i.e., xeric forests, high-altitude pine forest, rock outcrops). Phylogeographic analysis of 73 new mitochondrial DNA sequences (1921 aligned sites) sampled from 68 geographic populations representing 12 recognized species and subspecies diagnoses 16 allopatric or parapatric groupings of populations differing from each other by 5-18% sequence divergence. At least some of these groupings appear to have attained species-level divergence from others. Evolutionary specialization to different macrohabitat types may be a major factor in the evolutionary diversification of Greater Antillean anoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Glor
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA.
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Losos JB, Leal M, Glor RE, De Queiroz K, Hertz PE, Rodríguez Schettino L, Lara AC, Jackman TR, Larson A. Niche lability in the evolution of a Caribbean lizard community. Nature 2003; 424:542-5. [PMID: 12891355 DOI: 10.1038/nature01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2003] [Accepted: 05/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Niche conservatism--the tendency for closely related species to be ecologically similar--is widespread. However, most studies compare closely related taxa that occur in allopatry; in sympatry, the stabilizing forces that promote niche conservatism, and thus inhibit niche shifts, may be countered by natural selection favouring ecological divergence to minimize the intensity of interspecific interactions. Consequently, the relative importance of niche conservatism versus niche divergence in determining community structure has received little attention. Here, we examine a tropical lizard community in which species have a long evolutionary history of ecological interaction. We find that evolutionary divergence overcomes niche conservatism: closely related species are no more ecologically similar than expected by random divergence and some distantly related species are ecologically similar, leading to a community in which the relationship between ecological similarity and phylogenetic relatedness is very weak. Despite this lack of niche conservatism, the ecological structuring of the community has a phylogenetic component: niche complementarity only occurs among distantly related species, which suggests that the strength of ecological interactions among species may be related to phylogeny, but it is not necessarily the most closely related species that interact most strongly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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Glor RE, Kolbe JJ, Powell R, Larson A, Losos JB. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION IN HISPANIOLAN TRUNK-GROUND ANOLES (ANOLIS CYBOTES GROUP). Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/02-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
We present a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype phylogeny for Amazonian Anolis lizards, including geographical sampling within four species distributed across the Amazon basin (A. fuscoauratus, A. nitens, A. ortonii and A. punctatus). Approximately 1500 bp of mtDNA encoding ND2, COI and four transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are reported for 39 specimens representing four to five populations of each widespread species, plus eight outgroups. These new sequences are aligned with eight previously published sequences, yielding 914 variable characters and 780 parsimony-informative characters. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood reject the hypothesis that Amazonian anoles form a monophyletic group excluding Central American and Caribbean anoles, and suggest multiple faunal exchanges among these regions. Haplotype divergence among geographical populations of A. nitens, whose variation was influential in formulating the Pleistocene refuge hypothesis of Amazonian speciation, is very large (13-22% sequence difference), suggesting that these populations separated well before the Pleistocene. Haplotype divergences among geographical populations of A. fuscoauratus (3-4%), A. punctatus (4-9%) and A. ortonii (6-8%) also indicate pre-Pleistocene differentiation within each species, but temporally incongruent patterns among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Glor
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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Sproston AL, Glor RE, Hartley LM, Censky EJ, Powell R, Parmerlee JS. Niche Differences among Three Sympatric Species of Ameiva (Reptilia: Teiidae) on Hispaniola. J HERPETOL 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/1565554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zippel KC, Glor RE, Bertram JE. On caudal prehensility and phylogenetic constraint in lizards: The influence of ancestral anatomy on function inCorucia andFurcifer. J Morphol 1999; 239:143-155. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199902)239:2<143::aid-jmor3>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zug GR, Glor RE. Estimates of age and growth in a population of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Indian River lagoon system, Florida: a skeletochronological analysis. CAN J ZOOL 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/z98-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Indian River lagoon system harbors a dynamic population of juvenile green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). This foraging or developmental population occupies the lagoon year-round and periodically experiences cold-stunning events that kill a portion of the population. A sample of 59 C. mydas (28-74 cm straight carapace length) from the December 1989 cold-stunning event was aged by skeletochronology, yielding age estimates of 3-14 years. Mean growth-rate estimates range from 30 to 52 mm/year for most age and size classes, with means for the 6- to 11-year age classes (44-49 mm/year) not significantly different but greater than those of the youngest and oldest classes (3-5 and 12 years old, respectively) (32-38 mm/year). Because of the lack of adults and near-adults in the sample, growth models (e.g., Gompertz) do not yield biologically realistic asymptotes, hence they do not provide accurate estimates of age at sexual maturity. The age estimates suggest that the western Atlantic C. mydas change from a pelagic to a neritic life predominantly as 5- to 6-year-olds and, in central Florida, juveniles may live in a developmental habitat for 6 or more years.
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Zug GR, Glor RE. Estimates of age and growth in a population of green sea turtles ( Chelonia mydas) from the Indian River lagoon system, Florida: a skeletochronological analysis. CAN J ZOOL 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-76-8-1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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