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Chapman FA, Maguire JJ, Newby DE, Davenport AP, Dhaun N. Targeting the apelin system for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2683-2696. [PMID: 37956047 PMCID: PMC10757586 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Its prevalence is rising due to ageing populations and the increasing incidence of diseases such as chronic kidney disease, obesity, and diabetes that are associated with elevated cardiovascular risk. Despite currently available treatments, there remains a huge burden of cardiovascular disease-associated morbidity for patients and healthcare systems, and newer treatments are needed. The apelin system, comprising the apelin receptor and its two endogenous ligands apelin and elabela, is a broad regulator of physiology that opposes the actions of the renin-angiotensin and vasopressin systems. Activation of the apelin receptor promotes endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and inotropy, lowers blood pressure, and promotes angiogenesis. The apelin system appears to protect against arrhythmias, inhibits thrombosis, and has broad anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions. It also promotes aqueous diuresis through direct and indirect (central) effects in the kidney. Thus, the apelin system offers therapeutic promise for a range of cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases. This review will discuss current cardiovascular disease targets of the apelin system and future clinical utility of apelin receptor agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Chapman
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Neeraj Dhaun
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Popov SV, Maslov LN, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Kurbatov BK, Gorbunov AS, Kilin M, Azev VN, Khlestkina MS, Sufianova GZ. Apelin Is a Prototype of Novel Drugs for the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Adverse Myocardial Remodeling. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031029. [PMID: 36986889 PMCID: PMC10056827 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is 5-6%. Consequently, it is necessary to develop fundamentally novel drugs capable of reducing mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Apelins could be the prototype for such drugs. Chronic administration of apelins mitigates adverse myocardial remodeling in animals with myocardial infarction or pressure overload. The cardioprotective effect of apelins is accompanied by blockage of the MPT pore, GSK-3β, and the activation of PI3-kinase, Akt, ERK1/2, NO-synthase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, matrix metalloproteinase, the epidermal growth factor receptor, Src kinase, the mitoKATP channel, guanylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, the Na+/H+ exchanger, and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The cardioprotective effect of apelins is associated with the inhibition of apoptosis and ferroptosis. Apelins stimulate the autophagy of cardiomyocytes. Synthetic apelin analogues are prospective compounds for the development of novel cardioprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Popov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Cardiology Research Institute, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyevskaya 111A, Tomsk 634012, Russia
| | - Leonid N Maslov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Cardiology Research Institute, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyevskaya 111A, Tomsk 634012, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Mukhomedzyanov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Cardiology Research Institute, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyevskaya 111A, Tomsk 634012, Russia
| | - Boris K Kurbatov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Cardiology Research Institute, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyevskaya 111A, Tomsk 634012, Russia
| | - Alexandr S Gorbunov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Cardiology Research Institute, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyevskaya 111A, Tomsk 634012, Russia
| | - Michail Kilin
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Cardiology Research Institute, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyevskaya 111A, Tomsk 634012, Russia
| | - Viacheslav N Azev
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Maria S Khlestkina
- Department of Pharmacology, Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen 625023, Russia
| | - Galina Z Sufianova
- Department of Pharmacology, Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen 625023, Russia
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Deepika F, Bathina S, Armamento-Villareal R. Novel Adipokines and Their Role in Bone Metabolism: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020644. [PMID: 36831180 PMCID: PMC9953715 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing burden of obesity and osteoporosis is a major public health concern. Emerging evidence of the role of adipokines on bone metabolism has led to the discovery of novel adipokines over the last decade. Obesity is recognized as a state of adipose tissue inflammation that adversely affects bone health. Adipokines secreted from white adipose tissue (WAT) and bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) exerts endocrine and paracrine effects on the survival and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. An increase in marrow fat is implicated in osteoporosis and, hence, it is crucial to understand the complex interplay between adipocytes and bone. The objective of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of different adipokines on bone metabolism. METHODS This is a comprehensive review of the literature available in PubMED and Cochrane databases, with an emphasis on the last five years using the keywords. RESULTS Leptin has shown some positive effects on bone metabolism; in contrast, both adiponectin and chemerin have consistently shown a negative association with BMD. No significant association was found between resistin and BMD. Novel adipokines such as visfatin, LCN-2, Nesfatin-1, RBP-4, apelin, and vaspin have shown bone-protective and osteoanabolic properties that could be translated into therapeutic targets. CONCLUSION New evidence suggests the potential role of novel adipokines as biomarkers to predict osteoporosis risk, and as therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fnu Deepika
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Disease, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (R.A.-V.); Tel.: +1-713-794-1414 (R.A.-V.)
| | - Siresha Bathina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Disease, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Disease, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (R.A.-V.); Tel.: +1-713-794-1414 (R.A.-V.)
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4
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Thromboinflammatory Processes at the Nexus of Metabolic Dysfunction and Prostate Cancer: The Emerging Role of Periprostatic Adipose Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071679. [PMID: 35406450 PMCID: PMC8996963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As overweight and obesity increase among the population worldwide, a parallel increase in the number of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer was observed. There appears to be a relationship between both diseases where the increase in the mass of fat tissue can lead to inflammation. Such a state of inflammation could produce many factors that increase the aggressiveness of prostate cancer, especially if this inflammation occurred in the fat stores adjacent to the prostate. Another important observation that links obesity, fat tissue inflammation, and prostate cancer is the increased production of blood clotting factors. In this article, we attempt to explain the role of these latter factors in the effect of increased body weight on the progression of prostate cancer and propose new ways of treatment that act by affecting how these clotting factors work. Abstract The increased global prevalence of metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes is mirrored by an increased incidence of prostate cancer (PCa). Ample evidence suggests that these metabolic disorders, being characterized by adipose tissue (AT) expansion and inflammation, not only present as risk factors for the development of PCa, but also drive its increased aggressiveness, enhanced progression, and metastasis. Despite the emerging molecular mechanisms linking AT dysfunction to the various hallmarks of PCa, thromboinflammatory processes implicated in the crosstalk between these diseases have not been thoroughly investigated. This is of particular importance as both diseases present states of hypercoagulability. Accumulating evidence implicates tissue factor, thrombin, and active factor X as well as other players of the coagulation cascade in the pathophysiological processes driving cancer development and progression. In this regard, it becomes pivotal to elucidate the thromboinflammatory processes occurring in the periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), a fundamental microenvironmental niche of the prostate. Here, we highlight key findings linking thromboinflammation and the pleiotropic effects of coagulation factors and their inhibitors in metabolic diseases, PCa, and their crosstalk. We also propose several novel therapeutic targets and therapeutic interventions possibly modulating the interaction between these pathological states.
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Palmer ES, Irwin N, O’Harte FPM. Potential Therapeutic Role for Apelin and Related Peptides in Diabetes: An Update. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 15:11795514221074679. [PMID: 35177945 PMCID: PMC8844737 DOI: 10.1177/11795514221074679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an epidemic with an ever-increasing global prevalence. Current treatment strategies, although plentiful and somewhat effective, often fail to achieve desired glycaemic goals in many people, leading ultimately to disease complications. The lack of sustained efficacy of clinically-approved drugs has led to a heightened interest in the development of novel alternative efficacious antidiabetic therapies. One potential option in this regard is the peptide apelin, an adipokine that acts as an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor. Apelin exists in various molecular isoforms and was initially studied for its cardiovascular benefits, however recent research suggests that it also plays a key role in glycaemic control. As such, apelin peptides have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and lower circulating blood glucose. Nevertheless, native apelin has a short biological half-life that limits its therapeutic potential. More recently, analogues of apelin, particularly apelin-13, have been developed that possess a significantly extended biological half-life. These analogues may represent a promising target for future development of therapies for metabolic disease including diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Palmer
- Ethan S Palmer, Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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de Oliveira AA, Vergara A, Wang X, Vederas JC, Oudit GY. Apelin pathway in cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases: Therapeutic role of apelin analogs and apelin receptor agonists. Peptides 2022; 147:170697. [PMID: 34801627 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The apelin/apelin receptor (ApelinR) signal transduction pathway exerts essential biological roles, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Disturbances in the apelin/ApelinR axis are linked to vascular, heart, kidney, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, the apelinergic system has surfaced as a critical therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases (including pulmonary arterial hypertension), kidney disease, insulin resistance, hyponatremia, preeclampsia, and erectile dysfunction. However, apelin peptides are susceptible to rapid degradation through endogenous peptidases, limiting their use as therapeutic tools and translational potential. These proteases include angiotensin converting enzyme 2, neutral endopeptidase, and kallikrein thereby linking the apelin pathway with other peptide systems. In this context, apelin analogs with enhanced proteolytic stability and synthetic ApelinR agonists emerged as promising pharmacological alternatives. In this review, we focus on discussing the putative roles of the apelin pathway in various physiological systems from function to dysfunction, and emphasizing the therapeutic potential of newly generated metabolically stable apelin analogs and non-peptide ApelinR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ander Vergara
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaopu Wang
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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7
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Li Z, Wang S, He Y, Li Q, Gao G, Tong G. Regulation of Apelin-13 on Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 and Its Effects on Adipocyte Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:1687919. [PMID: 34603462 PMCID: PMC8486539 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1687919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of apelin-13 on the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 factors and the apoptosis of adipocytes were studied at the cellular and animal levels. METHODS 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured and grouped. The third-generation cells were added to the control DMSO solvent and amidation-modified apelin-13. The expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were detected. The cell growth viability and cell apoptosis were detected. DOI model rats were established. The effects of apelin-13 on DOI rat biochemical indicators, the expression of Bcl-2, caspase-3, and cell apoptosis were investigated by injecting amidation-modified apelin-13 through the tail vein. RESULT In in vitro experiments, amidation-modified apelin-13 can significantly reduce the growth viability of adipocytes and the expression of Bcl-2, increase the expression of caspase-3, and promote the apoptosis of adipocytes. Animal experiments also show that apelin-13 modified by amidation can adjust the abnormal biochemical indicators of DOI rats, decrease the expression of Bcl-2 in adipose tissue, increase the expression of caspase-3, and promote the apoptosis of adipocytes. CONCLUSION Amidation of apelin-13 can promote fat cell apoptosis and reduce the incidence of obesity. The mechanism may be accomplished by inhibiting Bcl-2 and caspase-3 factors. This study helps us understand the effect of apelin-13 on fat cell apoptosis and hopes to provide a basis for the development of antiobesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, Hunan Province, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yiwei He
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guoying Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guoxiang Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, Hunan Province, China
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Griffiths PR, Lolait SJ, Paton JFR, O'Carroll AM. Circumventricular Organ Apelin Receptor Knockdown Decreases Blood Pressure and Sympathetic Drive Responses in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. Front Physiol 2021; 12:711041. [PMID: 34421653 PMCID: PMC8373520 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The central site(s) mediating the cardiovascular actions of the apelin-apelin receptor (APJ) system remains a major question. We hypothesized that the sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), interfacing between the circulation and deeper brain structures, are sites where circulating apelin acts as a signal in the central nervous system to decrease blood pressure (BP). We show that APJ gene (aplnr) expression was elevated in the CVOs of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared to normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls, and that there was a greater mean arterial BP (MABP) decrease following microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin-13 to the CVOs of SHRs compared to WKY rats. Lentiviral APJ-specific-shRNA (LV-APJ-shRNA) was used to knockdown aplnr expression, both collectively in three CVOs and discretely in individual CVOs, of rats implanted with radiotelemeters to measure arterial pressure. LV-APJ-shRNA-injection decreased aplnr expression in the CVOs and abolished MABP responses to microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin-13. Chronic knockdown of aplnr in any of the CVOs, collectively or individually, did not affect basal MABP in SHR or WKY rats. Moreover, knockdown of aplnr in any of the CVOs individually did not affect the depressor response to systemic [Pyr1]apelin-13. By contrast, multiple knockdown of aplnr in the three CVOs reduced acute cardiovascular responses to peripheral [Pyr1]apelin-13 administration in SHR but not WKY rats. These results suggest that endogenous APJ activity in the CVOs has no effect on basal BP but that functional APJ in the CVOs is required for an intact cardiovascular response to peripherally administered apelin in the SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Griffiths
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Lolait
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie O'Carroll
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Fernandez KX, Fischer C, Vu J, Gheblawi M, Wang W, Gottschalk S, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortés C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Metabolically stable apelin-analogues, incorporating cyclohexylalanine and homoarginine, as potent apelin receptor activators. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1402-1413. [PMID: 34458742 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure and consequential cardiovascular diseases are among the top causes of death worldwide. The apelinergic (APJ) system has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of cardiovascular issues, especially prevention of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury after a heart attack or stroke. However, rapid degradation of the endogenous apelin peptides in vivo limits their use as therapeutic agents. Here, we study the effects of simple homologue substitutions, i.e. incorporation of non-canonical amino acids l-cyclohexylalanine (l-Cha) and l-homoarginine (l-hArg), on the proteolytic stability of pyr-1-apelin-13 and apelin-17 analogues. The modified 13-mers display up to 40 times longer plasma half-life than native apelin-13 and in preliminary in vivo assay show moderate blood pressure-lowering effects. The corresponding apelin-17 analogues show pronounced blood pressure-lowering effects and up to a 340-fold increase in plasma half-life compared to the native apelin-17 isoforms, suggesting their potential use in the design of metabolically stable apelin analogues to prevent IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleinberg X Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jennie Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Mahmoud Gheblawi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Samantha Gottschalk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM 1050 Paris F-75005 France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France Paris F-75005 France.,CNRS UMR 7241 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortés
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM 1050 Paris F-75005 France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France Paris F-75005 France.,CNRS UMR 7241 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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Obesity-induced changes in human islet G protein-coupled receptor expression: Implications for metabolic regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107928. [PMID: 34174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that are the targets for many different classes of pharmacotherapy. The islets of Langerhans are central to appropriate glucose homeostasis through their secretion of insulin, and islet function can be modified by ligands acting at the large number of GPCRs that islets express. The human islet GPCRome is not a static entity, but one that is altered under pathophysiological conditions and, in this review, we have compared expression of GPCR mRNAs in human islets obtained from normal weight range donors, and those with a weight range classified as obese. We have also considered the likely outcomes on islet function that the altered GPCR expression status confers and the possible impact that adipokines, secreted from expanded fat depots, could have at those GPCRs showing altered expression in obesity.
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11
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Wang S, Gao G, He Y, Li Q, Li Z, Tong G. Amidation-Modified Apelin-13 Regulates PPAR γ and Perilipin to Inhibit Adipogenic Differentiation and Promote Lipolysis. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:3594630. [PMID: 34054938 PMCID: PMC8123992 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3594630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the adjustment of human diet and lifestyle changes, the prevalence of obesity is increasing year by year. Obesity is closely related to the excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT), which can synthesize and secrete a variety of adipokines. Apelin is a biologically active peptide in the adipokines family. Past studies have shown that apelin plays an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of diseases such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, and endocrine system. Apelin is also closely related to diabetes and obesity. Therefore, we anticipate that apelin-13 has an effect on lipometabolism and intend to explore the effect of apelin-13 on lipometabolism at the cellular and animal levels. In in vitro experiments, amidation-modified apelin-13 can significantly reduce the lipid content; TG content; and the expression of PPARγ, perilipin mRNA, and protein in adipocytes. Animal experiments also show that amidation modification apelin-13 can improve the abnormal biochemical indicators of diet-induced obesity (DOI) rats and can reduce the average diameter of adipocytes in adipose tissue, the concentration of glycerol, and the expression of PPARγ and perilipin mRNA and protein. Our results show that apelin-13 can affect the metabolism of adipose tissue, inhibit adipogenic differentiation of adipocytes, promote lipolysis, and thereby improve obesity. The mechanism may be regulating the expression of PPARγ to inhibit adipogenic differentiation and regulating the expression of perilipin to promote lipolysis. This study helps us understand the role of apelin-13 in adipose tissue and provide a basis for the elucidation of the regulation mechanism of lipometabolism and the development of antiobesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Guoying Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Yiwei He
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Guoxiang Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
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Abstract
Diabetes is on the rise across the globe affecting more than 463 million people and crucially increasing morbidities of diabetes-associated diseases. Urgent and immense actions are needed to improve diabetes prevention and treatment. Regarding the correlation of diabetes with many associated diseases, inhibition of the disease progression is more crucial than controlling symptoms. Currently, anti-diabetic drugs are accompanied by undesirable side-effects and target confined types of biomolecules. Thus, extensive research is demanding to identify novel disease mechanisms and molecular targets as probable candidates for effective treatment of diabetes. This review discusses the conventional molecule targets that have been applied for their therapeutic rationale in treatment of diabetes. Further, the emerging and prospective molecular targets for the future focus of library screenings are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Tanday N, Irwin N, Moffett RC, Flatt PR, O'Harte FPM. Beneficial actions of a long-acting apelin analogue in diabetes are related to positive effects on islet cell turnover and transdifferentiation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:2468-2478. [PMID: 32844576 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The current study has tested the hypothesis that the positive effects of apelin receptor activation in diabetes are linked to benefits on islet cell apoptosis, proliferation and transdifferentiation using Ins1Cre/+ ;Rosa26-eYFP transgenic mice and induction of diabetes-like syndromes by streptozotocin (STZ) or high-fat feeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups (n = 6-8) of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice received once-daily injection (25 nmol/kg) of the long-acting acylated apelin-13 analogue, pGlu(Lys8 Glu-PAL)apelin-13 amide, for 10 or 12 days, respectively. RESULTS pGlu(Lys8 Glu-PAL)apelin-13 amide treatment partly reversed body weight loss induced by STZ and normalized circulating insulin. There was no effect of pGlu(Lys8 Glu-PAL)apelin-13 amide on these variables in HFD-fed mice, but an increase in pancreatic insulin content was observed. pGlu(Lys8 Glu-PAL)apelin-13 amide also fully, or partially, reversed the detrimental effects of STZ and HFD on plasma and pancreatic glucagon concentrations. In HFD-fed mice, the apelin analogue decreased dietary-induced elevations of islet, β- and α-cell areas, whilst reducing α-cell area in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In terms of islet cell lineage, pGlu(Lys8 Glu-PAL)apelin-13 amide effectively reduced β- to α-cell transdifferentiation and helped maintain β-cell identity, which was linked to elevated Pdx-1 expression. These islet effects were coupled with decreased β-cell apoptosis and α-cell proliferation in both models, and there was an accompanying increase of β-cell proliferation in STZ-induced diabetic mice. CONCLUSION Taken together these data demonstrate, for the first time, that pancreatic islet benefits of sustained APJ receptor activation in diabetes are linked to favourable islet cell transition events, leading to maintenance of β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Tanday
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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14
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Guo YY, Li T, Liu H, Tang L, Li YC, Hu HT, Su YF, Lin Y, Wang YY, Li C, Huang HF, Jin L, Liu XM. Circulating levels of Elabela and Apelin in the second and third trimesters of pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:890-894. [PMID: 32208782 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1739264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We design this study to detect levels of Elabela (ELA) and Apelin (APLN) in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the second and third trimesters, and to identify whether there is any association between ELA, APLN, and metabolic parameters. Seventy-nine GDM and 80 control subjects in the second trimester and 87 GDM and 88 healthy subjects in the third trimester were included. In the second trimester, lower ELA levels [(14.1 versus 16.9) ng/ml, p = .025] and higher APLN levels [(1021.8 versus 923.5) pg/ml, p = .046] were observed in GDM patients compared to controls. ELA levels were positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (r = 0.423, p < .001) in the control group, and APLN levels were negatively correlated with triglycerides (TG) (r = -0.251, p = .025) in the control group and total cholesterol (TC) (r = -0.227, p = .044) in the GDM group. ELA appeared to be related to glucose metabolism and APLN is involved in lipid metabolism during pregnancy. The expression of ELA is significantly downregulated from the second trimester to the third trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Guo
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Li
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Liu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Tang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chen Li
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Tao Hu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Fei Su
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Lin
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin-Yu Wang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Mei Liu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Banerjee A, Singh J. Remodeling adipose tissue inflammasome for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment: Current perspective and translational strategies. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10150. [PMID: 32440558 PMCID: PMC7237149 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by low-grade chronic systemic inflammation that arises primarily from the white adipose tissue. The interplay between various adipose tissue-derived chemokines drives insulin resistance in T2DM and has therefore become a subject of rigorous investigation. The adipocytokines strongly associated with glucose homeostasis include tumor necrosis factor-α, various interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, adiponectin, and leptin, among others. Remodeling the adipose tissue inflammasome in obesity-associated T2DM is likely to treat the underlying cause of the disease and bring significant therapeutic benefit. Various strategies have been adopted or are being investigated to modulate the serum/tissue levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines to improve glucose homeostasis in T2DM. These include use of small molecule agonists/inhibitors, mimetics, antibodies, gene therapy, and other novel formulations. Here, we discuss adipocytokines that are strongly associated with insulin activity and therapies that are under investigation for modulation of their levels in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth Dakota
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth Dakota
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16
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Fischer C. A patent review of apelin receptor (APJR) modulators (2014-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:251-261. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1731473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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18
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Lafferty RA, Gault VA, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Effects of 2 Novel PYY(1-36) Analogues, (P 3L 31P 34)PYY(1-36) and PYY(1-36)(Lys 12PAL), on Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function, Growth, and Survival. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2019; 12:1179551419855626. [PMID: 31244528 PMCID: PMC6580715 DOI: 10.1177/1179551419855626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a beneficial role for peptide tyrosine tyrosine
(PYY) on pancreatic beta-cell function and survival. These effects are linked to
the activation of neuropeptide Y1 receptors (NPYR1s) by PYY(1-36). However,
PYY(1-36) is subject to rapid degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4),
resulting is the loss of NPYR1 activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
develop 2 enzymatically stable PYY(1-36) analogues, namely,
(P3L31P34)PYY(1-36) and
PYY(1-36)(Lys12PAL), with further structural modifications to
enhance NPYR1 specificity. As expected,
(P3L31P34)PYY(1-36) was fully resistant to
DPP-4-mediated degradation in vitro, whereas PYY(1-36) and
PYY(1-36)(Lys12PAL) were both liable to DPP-4 breakdown.
PYY(1-36) and (P3L31P34)PYY(1-36) induced
significant reductions in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from BRIN
BD11 cells, but only PYY(1-36) diminished alanine-stimulated insulin secretion.
In contrast, PYY(1-36)(Lys12PAL) had no impact on GSIS or
alanine-induced insulin release. All 3 PYY peptides significantly enhanced
proliferation in BRIN BD11 and 1.1B4 beta-cell lines, albeit only at the highest
concentration examined, 10-6 M, for
(P3L31P34)PYY(1-36) and
PYY(1-36)(Lys12PAL) in BRIN BD11 cells. Regarding the protection
of beta-cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis, PYY(1-36) induced clear
protective effects. Both (P3L31P34)PYY(1-36)
and PYY(1-36)(Lys12PAL) offered some protection against apoptosis in
BRIN BD11 cells, but were significantly less efficacious than PYY(1-36).
Similarly, in 1.1B4 cells, both PYY analogues (10-6 M) protected
against cytokine-induced apoptosis, but
(P3L31P34)PYY(1-36) was significantly less
effective than PYY(1-36). All 3 PYY peptides had no impact on refeeding in
overnight fasted mice. These data underline the beta-cell benefits of PYY(1-36)
and highlight the challenges of synthesising stable, bioactive, NPYR1-specific,
PYY(1-36) analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Lafferty
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.,Diabetes Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Victor A Gault
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
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Apelin-13 attenuates early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage via suppressing neuronal apoptosis through the GLP-1R/PI3K/Akt signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Feng J, Zhao H, Du M, Wu X. The effect of apelin-13 on pancreatic islet beta cell mass and myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism of experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Peptides 2019; 114:1-7. [PMID: 30954534 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a new identified adipokine, and its G protein-coupled receptor named APJ are widely expressed in various tissues. Apelin has been found to play important roles in the physiopathology of multiple diseases. Our aim is to assess the effect of long-term apelin treatment on serum insulin level and pancreatic islet beta-cell mass in the late stage of type 2 diabetes without hyperinsulinemia and to investigate the role of apelin in myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism. In the present study, the high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced experimental type 2 diabetic rats were given once daily intraperitoneal injection of apelin-13 (0.1 μmol/kg) for 10 weeks. We observed that apelin significantly improved serum insulin reduction and reduced hyperglycemia. Histologic analysis showed that long-term apelin treatment significantly increased pancreatic islet beta cell mass. Exogenous apelin failed to change dyslipidaemia of type 2 diabetic rats. Apelin treatment markedly decreased elevated myocardial FFA and glycogen content. Treatment of type 2 diabetic rats with apelin markedly reduced increased gene expressions of the cardiac fatty acid transporter CD36, CPT-1, and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. Whereas the gene levels of citrate synthase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1-α), a transcriptional coactivator, mediating mitochondrial biogenesis in heart were unaltered in response to exogenous apelin. Taken together, longer-term apelin treatment prevented pancreatic beta-cell loss or failure in experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Apelin can regulate myocardial metabolism. Apelin reduced myocadial fatty acid uptake and oxidation through inhibiting PPAR-α but did not affect myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Feng
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Mengze Du
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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21
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Rezg R, Abot A, Mornagui B, Knauf C. Bisphenol S exposure affects gene expression related to intestinal glucose absorption and glucose metabolism in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3636-3642. [PMID: 30523531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S, an industrial chemical, has raised concerns for both human and ecosystem health. Yet, health hazards posed by bisphenol S (BPS) exposure remain poorly studied. Compared to all tissues, the intestine and the liver are among the most affected by environmental endocrine disruptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular effect of BPS on gene expression implicated in the control of glucose metabolism in the intestine (apelin and its receptor APJ, SGLT1, GLUT2) and in the liver (glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis key enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)) and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α and IL-1β)). BPS at 25, 50, and 100 μg/kg was administered to mice in water drink for 10 weeks. In the duodenum, BPS exposure reduces significantly mRNA expression of sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), apelin, and APJ mRNA. In the liver, BPS exposure increases the expression of G6Pase and PEPCK, but does not affect pro-inflammatory markers. These data suggest that alteration of apelinergic system and glucose transporters expression could contribute to a disruption of intestinal glucose absorption, and that BPS stimulates glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis in the liver. Collectively, we reveal that BPS heightens the risk of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rezg
- High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology and Valorisation BIOLIVAL, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Anne Abot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL, Toulouse, France
| | - Bessem Mornagui
- Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et valorisation des bioressources des zones arides, LR18ES36, University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL, Toulouse, France
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22
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Castan-Laurell I, Masri B, Valet P. The apelin/APJ system as a therapeutic target in metabolic diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:215-225. [PMID: 30570369 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1561871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apelin, a bioactive peptide, is the endogenous ligand of APJ, a G protein-coupled receptor which is widely expressed in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system. The apelin/APJ system is involved in the regulation of various physiological functions and is a therapeutic target in different pathologies; the development of APJ agonists and antagonists has thus increased. Area covered: This review focuses on the in vitro and in vivo metabolic effects of apelin in physiological conditions and in the context of metabolic diseases. Expert opinion: In experimental models, novel APJ agonists are efficient in vivo, to treat metabolic diseases and associated complications. However, more clinical trials are necessary to determine whether molecules that target APJ could become an alternative therapeutic strategy in the treatment of metabolic diseases and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Castan-Laurell
- a Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM U1048 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Bernard Masri
- a Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM U1048 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Philippe Valet
- a Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM U1048 , Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
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23
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Gao LR, Zhang NK, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Zhu Y, Tang HH. Overexpression of apelin in Wharton' jelly mesenchymal stem cell reverses insulin resistance and promotes pancreatic β cell proliferation in type 2 diabetic rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:339. [PMID: 30526660 PMCID: PMC6286553 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apelin plays a key beneficial role in energy metabolism by increasing glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity; however, apelin has a short half-life because it is rapidly cleared from the circulation limiting its therapeutic benefit. The aim of this study is to create a new approach to treat type 2 diabetes by inducing prolonged expression of apelin in Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs). Methods A type 2 diabetic rat model was given a high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The human WJ-MSCs were isolated and subsequently transduced with apelin-expressing lentiviral particles (WJMSCs-apelin), and expression was verified by flow cytometry, Western blot, ELISA, and RT-PCR analysis. Type 2 diabetic rats were infused with either WJMSCs-apelin (2 × 106 cells) or an equivalent dose of saline through the tail vein injection 7 days after STZ injection. The therapeutic effects of each infusion group were evaluated by monitoring plasma glucose levels and performing glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), insulin tolerance tests (IPITTs), confocal microscopy, and immunocytochemical analysis for quantitating islet beta cells. Plasma inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and anti-inflammatory factors adiponectin were measured as well. Results Type 2 diabetic rats infused with WJ-MSCs-apelin significantly decreased levels of blood glucose (from 26.03 ± 2.83 to 15.85 ± 2.13 mmol/L on 7 days P < 0.001, and to 9.41 ± 2.05 on 14 days, P < 0.001). Infusion of WJMSCs-apelin not only improved significantly insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal, but also promoted endogenous pancreatic ß cell proliferation (9.6-fold increase compared to the control group). Furthermore, infusion of the WJMSCs-apelin consistently increased insulin and C-peptide levels in the plasma, and the above effects persisted up to 42 days. The inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased, whereas anti-inflammatory factor adiponectin was significantly increased after WJ-MSC-apelin infusion. Conclusion In this study, we report a novel approach to treat type 2 diabetic rats that combines apelin gene therapy with WJ-MSC cell therapy, which could provide a promising therapeutic option for management of type 2 diabetes clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ru Gao
- Center of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of P.L.A. General Hospital (Former Navy General Hospital), NO.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Kun Zhang
- Center of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of P.L.A. General Hospital (Former Navy General Hospital), NO.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of P.L.A. General Hospital (Former Navy General Hospital), NO.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Center of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of P.L.A. General Hospital (Former Navy General Hospital), NO.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The 413th Hospital of P.L.A. 98 Wenhua Road Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Center of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of P.L.A. General Hospital (Former Navy General Hospital), NO.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Hong Tang
- Center of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of P.L.A. General Hospital (Former Navy General Hospital), NO.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing, Haidian District, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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