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Petpiroon N, Netkueakul W, Sukrak K, Wang C, Liang Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Li Q, Kamran R, Naruse K, Aueviriyavit S, Takahashi K. Development of lung tissue models and their applications. Life Sci 2023; 334:122208. [PMID: 37884207 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are important organs that play a critical role in the development of specific diseases, as well as responding to the effects of drugs, chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Due to the ethical concerns around animal testing, alternative methods have been sought which are more time-effective, do not pose ethical issues for animals, do not involve species differences, and provide easy investigation of the pathobiology of lung diseases. Several national and international organizations are working to accelerate the development and implementation of structurally and functionally complex tissue models as alternatives to animal testing, particularly for the lung. Unfortunately, to date, there is no lung tissue model that has been accepted by regulatory agencies for use in inhalation toxicology. This review discusses the challenges involved in developing a relevant lung tissue model derived from human cells such as cell lines, primary cells, and pluripotent stem cells. It also introduces examples of two-dimensional (2D) air-liquid interface and monocultured and co-cultured three-dimensional (3D) culture techniques, particularly organoid culture and 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, it reviews development of the lung-on-a-chip model to mimic the microenvironment and physiological performance. The applications of lung tissue models in various studies, especially disease modeling, viral respiratory infection, and environmental toxicology will be also introduced. The development of a relevant lung tissue model is extremely important for standardizing and validation the in vitro models for inhalation toxicity and other studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinrat Petpiroon
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Woranan Netkueakul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sukrak
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Thailand Network Center on Air Quality Management: TAQM, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chen Wang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yin Liang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mengxue Wang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yun Liu
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Qiang Li
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rumaisa Kamran
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sasitorn Aueviriyavit
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Talukdar SN, McGregor B, Osan JK, Hur J, Mehedi M. RSV infection does not induce EMT. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532506. [PMID: 36993657 PMCID: PMC10055011 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection does not cause severe disease in most of us despite suffering from multiple RSV infections in our lives. However, infants, young children, older adults, and immunocompromised patients are unfortunately vulnerable to RSV-associated severe diseases. A recent study suggested that RSV infection causes cell expansion, resulting in bronchial wall thickening in vitro. Whether the virus-induced changes in the lung airway resemble epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is still unknown. Here, we report that RSV does not induce EMT in three different in vitro lung models: the epithelial A549 cell line, primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells, and pseudostratified airway epithelium. We found that RSV increases the cell surface area and perimeter in the infected airway epithelium, which is distinct from the effects of a potent EMT inducer, TGF-β1-driven cell elongation-indicative of cell motility. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed that both RSV and TGF-β1 have distinct modulation patterns of the transcriptome, which suggests that RSV-induced changes are distinct from EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattya N. Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brett McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jaspreet K. Osan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Masfique Mehedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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Crossen AJ, Ward RA, Reedy JL, Surve MV, Klein BS, Rajagopal J, Vyas JM. Human Airway Epithelium Responses to Invasive Fungal Infections: A Critical Partner in Innate Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:40. [PMID: 36675861 PMCID: PMC9862202 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung epithelial lining serves as the primary barrier to inhaled environmental toxins, allergens, and invading pathogens. Pulmonary fungal infections are devastating and carry high mortality rates, particularly in those with compromised immune systems. While opportunistic fungi infect primarily immunocompromised individuals, endemic fungi cause disease in immune competent and compromised individuals. Unfortunately, in the case of inhaled fungal pathogens, the airway epithelial host response is vastly understudied. Furthering our lack of understanding, very few studies utilize primary human models displaying pseudostratified layers of various epithelial cell types at air-liquid interface. In this review, we focus on the diversity of the human airway epithelium and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of oncological cell lines, immortalized epithelial cells, and primary epithelial cell models. Additionally, the responses by human respiratory epithelial cells to invading fungal pathogens will be explored. Future investigations leveraging current human in vitro model systems will enable identification of the critical pathways that will inform the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for pulmonary fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J. Crossen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Reedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manalee V. Surve
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bruce S. Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ito K. Inhaled antifungal therapy: benefits, challenges, and clinical applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:755-769. [PMID: 35634895 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2084530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disease due to pulmonary infection with Aspergillus, and other emerging opportunistic fungi remains a significant unmet need. Existing antifungal medicines are predominantly dosed either orally or systemically, but because of limited exposure to the lung lumen, adverse events, and problematic drug-drug interactions, inhaled treatment could provide an attractive option. AREA COVERED This review summarizes 1) the limitations of current antifungal therapy, 2) the beneficial effects of inhaled antifungal agents, 3) the clinical development of inhaled antifungal triazoles (repurposed with an innovative inhalation system or a novel inhaled agent) for the treatment of pulmonary fungal infections, and 4) the difficulties and challenges of inhaled antifungal agent development. Regrettably, details of novel inhaled devices or formulations were not covered. EXPERT OPINION Inhaled antifungal treatment could provide an attractive option by shifting the risk benefit ratio of treatment favorably. Preclinical and clinical studies with inhaled antifungal agents (off-label use) are encouraging so far. New inhaled antifungal triazoles are well tolerated in early clinical studies and warrant further clinical development. However, challenges remain and many unaddressed issues including required preclinical studies, appropriate clinical design, pharmacokinetics, delivery system(s) and regulatory process need to be resolved. Early communication with regulatory authorities is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ito
- Respiratory Molecular Medicine, Genomic and Environmental Medicine section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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Invasive aspergillosis-on-chip: A quantitative treatment study of human Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Arunachalam D, Ramanathan SM, Menon A, Madhav L, Ramaswamy G, Namperumalsamy VP, Prajna L, Kuppamuthu D. Expression of immune response genes in human corneal epithelial cells interacting with Aspergillus flavus conidia. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:5. [PMID: 34983375 PMCID: PMC8728928 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspergillus flavus, one of the causative agents of human fungal keratitis, can be phagocytosed by human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and the conidia containing phagosomes mature into phagolysosomes. But the immunological responses of human corneal epithelial cells interacting with A. flavus are not clear. In this study, we report the expression of immune response related genes of HCE cells exposed to A. flavus spores using targeted transcriptomics. Methods Human corneal epithelial cell line and primary cultures were grown in a six-well plate and used for coculture experiments. Internalization of the conidia was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy of the colocalized endosomal markers CD71 and LAMP1. Total RNA was isolated, and the quantity and quality of the isolated RNA were assessed using Qubit and Bioanalyzer. NanoString nCounter platform was used for the analysis of mRNA abundance using the Human Immunology panel. R-package and nSolver software were used for data analysis. KEGG and FunRich 3.1.3 tools were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. Results Different morphotypes of conidia were observed after 6 h of coculture with human corneal epithelial cells and found to be internalized by epithelial cells. NanoString profiling showed more than 20 differentially expressed genes in immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line and more than ten differentially expressed genes in primary corneal epithelial cells. Distinct set of genes were altered in their expression in cell line and primary corneal epithelial cells. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that genes associated with TNF signaling, NF-KB signaling, and Th17 signaling were up-regulated, and genes associated with chemokine signaling and B cell receptor signaling were down regulated. FunRich pathway analysis showed that pathways such as CDC42 signaling, PI3K signaling, and Arf6 trafficking events were activated by the clinical isolates CI1123 and CI1698 in both type of cells. Conclusions Combining the transcript analysis data from cell lines and primary cultures, we showed the up regulation of immune defense genes in A. flavus infected cells. At the same time, chemokine signaling and B cell signaling pathways are downregulated. The variability in the expression levels in the immortalized cell line and the primary cultures is likely due to the variable epigenetic reprogramming in the immortalized cells and primary cultures in the absence of any changes in the genome. It highlights the importance of using both cell types in host-pathogen interaction studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08218-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Arunachalam
- Proteomics Department, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Dr. G. Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shruthi Mahalakshmi Ramanathan
- Proteomics Department, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Dr. G. Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Athul Menon
- Theracues Innovations Private Limited, Bangalore, India, Karnataka
| | - Lekshmi Madhav
- Theracues Innovations Private Limited, Bangalore, India, Karnataka
| | | | | | - Lalitha Prajna
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharmalingam Kuppamuthu
- Proteomics Department, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Dr. G. Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Dr. G.Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Care System, No.1 Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Li Y, Li H, Sun T, Ding C. Pathogen-Host Interaction Repertoire at Proteome and Posttranslational Modification Levels During Fungal Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:774340. [PMID: 34926320 PMCID: PMC8674643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.774340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of fungal diseases has increased globally in recent years, which often associated with increased immunocompromised patients, aging populations, and the novel Coronavirus pandemic. Furthermore, due to the limitation of available antifungal agents mortality and morbidity rates of invasion fungal disease remain stubbornly high, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant fungi exacerbates the problem. Fungal pathogenicity and interactions between fungi and host have been the focus of many studies, as a result, lots of pathogenic mechanisms and fungal virulence factors have been identified. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a novel approach to better understand fungal pathogenicities and host–pathogen interactions at protein and protein posttranslational modification (PTM) levels. The approach has successfully elucidated interactions between pathogens and hosts by examining, for example, samples of fungal cells under different conditions, body fluids from infected patients, and exosomes. Many studies conclude that protein and PTM levels in both pathogens and hosts play important roles in progression of fungal diseases. This review summarizes mass spectrometry studies of protein and PTM levels from perspectives of both pathogens and hosts and provides an integrative conceptual outlook on fungal pathogenesis, antifungal agents development, and host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjian Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hailong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Medical Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Ding
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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8
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Schiefermeier-Mach N, Perkhofer S, Heinrich L, Haller T. Stimulation of surfactant exocytosis in primary alveolar type II cells by A. fumigatus. Med Mycol 2021; 59:168-179. [PMID: 32459847 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with small airborne spores (conidia) that may escape clearance by upper airways and directly impact the alveolar epithelium. Consequently, innate alveolar defense mechanisms are being activated, including professional phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, recruitment of circulating neutrophils and probably enhanced secretion of pulmonary surfactant by the alveolar type II (AT II) cells. However, no data are available in support of the latter hypothesis. We therefore used a coculture model of GFP-Aspergillus conidia with primary rat AT II cells and studied fungal growth, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and pulmonary surfactant exocytosis by live cell video microscopy. We observed all stages of fungal development, including reversible attachment, binding and internalization of conidia as well as conidial swelling, formation of germ tubes and outgrowth of hyphae. In contrast to resting conidia, which did not provoke immediate cellular effects, metabolically active conidia, fungal cellular extracts (CE) and fungal culture filtrates (CF) prepared from swollen conidia caused a Ca2+-independent exocytosis. Ca2+ signals of greatly varying delays, durations and amplitudes were observed by applying CE or CF obtained from hyphae of A. fumigatus, suggesting compounds secreted by filamentous A. fumigatus that severely interfere with AT II cell Ca2+ homeostasis. The mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effects, with respect to exocytosis and Ca2+ signaling, are unclear and need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Perkhofer
- FH Gesundheit, Health University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innrain 98, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lea Heinrich
- FH Gesundheit, Health University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innrain 98, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Haller
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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McLean SA, Cullen L, Gardam DJ, Schofield CJ, Laucirica DR, Sutanto EN, Ling KM, Stick SM, Peacock CS, Kicic A, Garratt LW. Cystic Fibrosis Clinical Isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus Induce Similar Muco-inflammatory Responses in Primary Airway Epithelial Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081020. [PMID: 34451484 PMCID: PMC8399118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus is increasingly associated with lung inflammation and mucus plugging in early cystic fibrosis (CF) disease during which conidia burden is low and strains appear to be highly diverse. It is unknown whether clinical Aspergillus strains vary in their capacity to induce epithelial inflammation and mucus production. We tested the hypothesis that individual colonising strains of Aspergillus fumigatus would induce different responses. Ten paediatric CF Aspergillus isolates were compared along with two systemically invasive clinical isolates and an ATCC reference strain. Isolates were first characterised by ITS gene sequencing and screened for antifungal susceptibility. Three clusters (A-C) of Aspergillus isolates were identified by ITS. Antifungal susceptibility was variable, particularly for itraconazole. Submerged CF and non-CF monolayers as well as differentiated primary airway epithelial cell cultures were incubated with conidia for 24 h to allow germination. None of the clinical isolates were found to significantly differ from one another in either IL-6 or IL-8 release or gene expression of secretory mucins. Clinical Aspergillus isolates appear to be largely homogenous in their mucostimulatory and immunostimulatory capacities and, therefore, only the antifungal resistance characteristics are likely to be clinically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. McLean
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (S.A.M.); (C.J.S.); (D.R.L.); (E.N.S.); (K.-M.L.); (S.M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Leilani Cullen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.C.); (C.S.P.)
| | - Dianne J. Gardam
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Australia;
| | - Craig J. Schofield
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (S.A.M.); (C.J.S.); (D.R.L.); (E.N.S.); (K.-M.L.); (S.M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Daniel R. Laucirica
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (S.A.M.); (C.J.S.); (D.R.L.); (E.N.S.); (K.-M.L.); (S.M.S.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.C.); (C.S.P.)
| | - Erika N. Sutanto
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (S.A.M.); (C.J.S.); (D.R.L.); (E.N.S.); (K.-M.L.); (S.M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (S.A.M.); (C.J.S.); (D.R.L.); (E.N.S.); (K.-M.L.); (S.M.S.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.C.); (C.S.P.)
| | - Stephen M. Stick
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (S.A.M.); (C.J.S.); (D.R.L.); (E.N.S.); (K.-M.L.); (S.M.S.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.C.); (C.S.P.)
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher S. Peacock
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.C.); (C.S.P.)
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (S.A.M.); (C.J.S.); (D.R.L.); (E.N.S.); (K.-M.L.); (S.M.S.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.C.); (C.S.P.)
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Luke W. Garratt
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (S.A.M.); (C.J.S.); (D.R.L.); (E.N.S.); (K.-M.L.); (S.M.S.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Fungal Infection and Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050618. [PMID: 34069863 PMCID: PMC8157353 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are frequently recovered from lower airway samples from people with cystic fibrosis (CF), yet the role of fungi in the progression of lung disease is debated. Recent studies suggest worsening clinical outcomes associated with airway fungal detection, although most studies to date are retrospective or observational. The presence of fungi can elicit a T helper cell type 2 (Th-2) mediated inflammatory reaction known as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), particularly in those with a genetic atopic predisposition. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of fungal infections in people with CF, risk factors associated with development of fungal infections, and microbiologic approaches for isolation and identification of fungi. We review the spectrum of fungal disease presentations, clinical outcomes after isolation of fungi from airway samples, and the importance of considering airway co-infections. Finally, we discuss the association between fungi and airway inflammation highlighting gaps in knowledge and future research questions that may further elucidate the role of fungus in lung disease progression.
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11
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Yang N, Singhera GK, Yan YX, Pieper MP, Leung JM, Sin DD, Dorscheid DR. Olodaterol exerts anti-inflammatory effects on COPD airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2021; 22:65. [PMID: 33622325 PMCID: PMC7901009 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway inflammation is a key feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) remain the main treatment for airway inflammation. Studies have noted the increased efficacy of ICS and long-acting beta 2 agonist (LABA) combination therapy in controlling exacerbations and improving airway inflammation than either monotherapy. Further studies have suggested that LABAs may have inherent anti-inflammatory potential, but this has not been well-studied. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that the LABA olodaterol can inhibit airway inflammation resulting from exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) via its binding receptor, the β2-adrenergic receptor. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial brushing from patients with and without COPD were cultured into air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures and treated with or without olodaterol and RSV infection to examine the effect on markers of inflammation including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and mucus secretion. The cell line NCI-H292 was utilized for gene silencing of the β2-adrenergic receptor via siRNA as well as receptor blocking via ICI 118,551 and butaxamine. RESULTS At baseline, COPD-ALIs produced greater amounts of IL-8 than control ALIs. Olodaterol reduced RSV-mediated IL-8 secretion in both COPD and control ALIs and also significantly reduced Muc5AC staining in COPD-ALIs infected with RSV. A non-significant reduction was seen in control ALIs. Gene silencing of the β2-adrenergic receptor in NCI-H292 negated the ability of olodaterol to inhibit IL-8 secretion from both RSV infection and lipopolysaccharide stimulus, as did blocking of the receptor with ICI 118,551 and butaxamine. CONCLUSIONS Olodaterol exhibits inherent anti-inflammatory properties on the airway epithelium, in addition to its bronchodilation properties, that is mediated through the β2-adrenergic receptor and independent of ICS usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gurpreet K Singhera
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yi Xuan Yan
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael P Pieper
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Janice M Leung
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Delbert R Dorscheid
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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12
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Last A, Maurer M, Mosig AS, Gresnigt MS, Hube B. In vitro infection models to study fungal-host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6125970. [PMID: 33524102 PMCID: PMC8498566 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections (mycoses) affect over a billion people per year. Approximately, two million of these infections are life-threatening, especially for patients with a compromised immune system. Fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Histoplasma and Cryptococcus are opportunistic pathogens that contribute to a substantial number of mycoses. To optimize the diagnosis and treatment of mycoses, we need to understand the complex fungal–host interplay during pathogenesis, the fungal attributes causing virulence and how the host resists infection via immunological defenses. In vitro models can be used to mimic fungal infections of various tissues and organs and the corresponding immune responses at near-physiological conditions. Furthermore, models can include fungal interactions with the host–microbiota to mimic the in vivo situation on skin and mucosal surfaces. This article reviews currently used in vitro models of fungal infections ranging from cell monolayers to microfluidic 3D organ-on-chip (OOC) platforms. We also discuss how OOC models can expand the toolbox for investigating interactions of fungi and their human hosts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Last
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Michelle Maurer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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13
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Cai H, Shuai D, Xue X, Mo Y, Song X, Ye L, Li S, Wang D, Wang Y, Jin M. Proteomic Analysis of Serum Differentially Expressed Proteins Between Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Asthma. Mycopathologia 2020; 186:1-13. [PMID: 33184749 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) constantly develops in asthmatics, which has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate serum differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between ABPA and asthma using the new approach isobaric tags by relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). METHODS Each 16 serum samples from ABPA or asthmatic subjects were pooled and screened using iTRAQ. After bioinformatic analysis, five candidate DEPs were validated in the enlarged serum samples from additional 21 ABPA, 31 asthmatic and 20 healthy subjects using ELISA. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate the diagnostic power of carnosine dipeptidase 1 (CNDP1). RESULTS A total of 29 DEPs were screened out between ABPA and asthmatic groups. Over half of them were enriched in proteolysis and regulation of protein metabolic process. Further verification showed serum levels of immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1, α-1-acid glycoprotein 1, corticosteroid-binding globulin and vitronectin were neither differentially altered between ABPA and asthma nor consistent with the proteomic analysis. Only serum CNDP1 was significantly decreased in ABPA patients, compared with asthmatics and healthy controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). The ROC analysis determined 10.73 ng/mL as the cutoff value of CNDP1, which could distinguish ABPA among asthmatics (AUC 0.770, 95%CI 0.632-0.875, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study firstly identified serological DEPs between ABPA and asthma using the new technique iTRAQ. Serum CNDP1 might assist the differential diagnosis of ABPA from asthma and serve as a new pathogenetic factor in fungal colonization and sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Diquan Shuai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuqing Mo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xixi Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuiming Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Daiwei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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14
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Zhang X, He D, Gao S, Wei Y, Wang L. iTRAQ‑based proteomic analysis of the interaction of A549 human lung epithelial cells with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4601-4610. [PMID: 33174000 PMCID: PMC7646843 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe invasive aspergillosis infection occurs when human immune function is impaired. The interaction between Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) conidia and type II lung epithelial cells serves an important role in disease progression. The present study compared the proteomes of A549 human lung epithelial cells with and without A. fumigatus infection. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and protein interaction analyses were performed, and differential protein expression was verified by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In addition, the RNA interference method, an internalization assay and ELISA were performed. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification analysis detected a total of 1,582 proteins, from which 111 proteins with differential expression were obtained (fold change >1.5 or <0.75). Among them, 18 proteins were upregulated and 93 proteins were downregulated in A549 cells challenged with A. fumigatus. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the altered proteins were mainly involved in biological functions, such as cell metabolism, synthesis, the cellular stress response, metabolic pathways and pyruvate metabolism. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) expression was upregulated 1.88-fold, while CD44 expression was downregulated 0.47-fold following A. fumigatus infection. The expression levels of specific proteins were verified by western blotting and RT-qPCR. The internalization efficiency was affected by NDRG1 gene silencing. The secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 was affected when CD44 was inhibited. These results indicated that A. fumigatus affects lung epithelial cell metabolism and biological synthetic functions. A number of novel molecules, including NDRG1 and CD44, were found to be related to A. fumigatus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Wei
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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15
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Differential Interactions of Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Complement Proteins with Conidia of Airborne Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00212-20. [PMID: 32571987 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00212-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though both cellular and humoral immunities contribute to host defense, the role played by humoral immunity against the airborne opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has been underexplored. In this study, we aimed at deciphering the role of the complement system, the major humoral immune component, against A. fumigatus Mass spectrometry analysis of the proteins extracted from A. fumigatus conidial (asexual spores and infective propagules) surfaces opsonized with human serum indicated that C3 is the major complement protein involved. Flow cytometry and immunolabeling assays further confirmed C3b (activated C3) deposition on the conidial surfaces. Assays using cell wall components of conidia indicated that the hydrophobin RodAp, β-(1,3)-glucan (BG) and galactomannan (GM) could efficiently activate C3. Using complement component-depleted sera, we showed that while RodAp activates C3 by the alternative pathway, BG and GM partially follow the classical and lectin pathways, respectively. Opsonization facilitated conidial aggregation and phagocytosis, and complement receptor (CR3 and CR4) blockage on phagocytes significantly inhibited phagocytosis, indicating that the complement system exerts a protective role against conidia by opsonizing them and facilitating their phagocytosis mainly through complement receptors. Conidial opsonization with human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) confirmed C3 to be the major complement protein interacting with conidia. Nevertheless, complement C2 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), the classical and lectin pathway components, respectively, were not identified, indicating that BALF activates the alternative pathway on the conidial surface. Moreover, the cytokine profiles were different upon stimulation of phagocytes with serum- and BALF-opsonized conidia, highlighting the importance of studying interaction of conidia with complement proteins in their biological niche.
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16
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Holme JA, Øya E, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Eduard W. Characterization and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor mold particles. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:662-681. [PMID: 32078193 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies find an association between indoor air dampness and respiratory health effects. This is often suggested to be linked to enhanced mold growth. However, the role of mold is obviously difficult to disentangle from other dampness-related exposure including microbes as well as non-biological particles and chemical pollutants. The association may partly be due to visible mycelial growth and a characteristic musty smell of mold. Thus, the potential role of mold exposure should be further explored by evaluating information from experimental studies elucidating possible mechanistic links. Such studies show that exposure to spores and hyphal fragments may act as allergens and pro-inflammatory mediators and that they may damage airways by the production of toxins, enzymes, and volatile organic compounds. In the present review, we hypothesize that continuous exposure to mold particles may result in chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory responses contributing to respiratory diseases. We summarize some of the main methods for detection and characterization of fungal aerosols and highlight in vitro research elucidating how molds may induce toxicity and pro-inflammatory reactions in human cell models relevant for airway exposure. Data suggest that the fraction of fungal hyphal fragments in indoor air is much higher than that of airborne spores, and the hyphal fragments often have a higher pro-inflammatory potential. Thus, hyphal fragments of prevalent mold species with strong pro-inflammatory potential may be particularly relevant candidates for respiratory diseases associated with damp/mold-contaminated indoor air. Future studies linking of indoor air dampness with health effects should assess the toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor air particulate matter and combined this information with a better characterization of biological components including hyphal fragments from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mold species. Such studies may increase our understanding of the potential role of mold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicines Access, Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wijnand Eduard
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Bigot J, Guillot L, Guitard J, Ruffin M, Corvol H, Balloy V, Hennequin C. Bronchial Epithelial Cells on the Front Line to Fight Lung Infection-Causing Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1041. [PMID: 32528481 PMCID: PMC7257779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an environmental filamentous fungus that can be pathogenic for humans, wherein it is responsible for a large variety of clinical forms ranging from allergic diseases to life-threatening disseminated infections. The contamination occurs by inhalation of conidia present in the air, and the first encounter of this fungus in the human host is most likely with the bronchial epithelial cells. Although alveolar macrophages have been widely studied in the Aspergillus–lung interaction, increasing evidence suggests that bronchial epithelium plays a key role in responding to the fungus. This review focuses on the innate immune response of the bronchial epithelial cells against A. fumigatus, the predominant pathogenic species. We have also detailed the molecular interactants and the effects of the different modes of interaction between these cells and the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Bigot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Guillot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Guitard
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Manon Ruffin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Viviane Balloy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hennequin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
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18
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus; its primary habitat is the soil. In its ecological niche, the fungus has learned how to adapt and proliferate in hostile environments. This capacity has helped the fungus to resist and survive against human host defenses and, further, to be responsible for one of the most devastating lung infections in terms of morbidity and mortality. In this review, we will provide (i) a description of the biological cycle of A. fumigatus; (ii) a historical perspective of the spectrum of aspergillus disease and the current epidemiological status of these infections; (iii) an analysis of the modes of immune response against Aspergillus in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients; (iv) an understanding of the pathways responsible for fungal virulence and their host molecular targets, with a specific focus on the cell wall; (v) the current status of the diagnosis of different clinical syndromes; and (vi) an overview of the available antifungal armamentarium and the therapeutic strategies in the clinical context. In addition, the emergence of new concepts, such as nutritional immunity and the integration and rewiring of multiple fungal metabolic activities occurring during lung invasion, has helped us to redefine the opportunistic pathogenesis of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Latgé
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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19
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics of Fungal Pathogenesis, Host-Fungal Interactions, and Antifungal Development. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5020052. [PMID: 31212923 PMCID: PMC6616953 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal diseases is increasing on a global scale, ranging from acute to systemic infections caused by commensal or pathogenic microorganisms, often associated with the immune status of the host. Morbidity and mortality rates remain high and our ability to treat fungal infections is challenged by a limited arsenal of antifungal agents and the emergence of drug resistant pathogens. There is a high demand for new approaches to elucidate the fungal mechanisms of pathogenesis and the interplay between host and pathogen to discover novel treatment options. Moreover, the need for improved drug efficacy and reduced host toxicity requires the identification and characterization of antifungal biological targets and molecular mechanisms of action. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a rapidly advancing field capable of addressing these priorities by providing comprehensive information on the dynamics of cellular processes, modifications, and interactions. In this Review, we focus on applications of MS-based proteomics in a diverse array of fungal pathogens and host systems to define and distinguish the molecular details of fungal pathogenesis and host–fungal interactions. We also explore the emerging role of MS-based proteomics in the discovery and development of novel antifungal therapies and provide insight into the future of MS-based proteomics in fungal biology.
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20
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Culibrk L, Croft CA, Toor A, Yang SJ, Singhera GK, Dorscheid DR, Moore MM, Tebbutt SJ. Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus by Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Is Mediated by the Arp2/3 Complex and WIPF2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:16. [PMID: 30792969 PMCID: PMC6375057 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of causing severe infection in humans. One of the limitations in our understanding of how A. fumigatus causes infection concerns the initial stages of infection, notably the initial interaction between inhaled spores or conidia and the human airway. Using publicly-available datasets, we identified the Arp2/3 complex and the WAS-Interacting Protein Family Member 2 WIPF2 as being potentially responsible for internalization of conidia by airway epithelial cells. Using a cell culture model, we demonstrate that RNAi-mediated knockdown of WIPF2 significantly reduces internalization of conidia into airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of Arp2/3 by a small molecule inhibitor causes similar effects. Using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that WIPF2 is transiently localized to the site of bound conidia. Overall, we demonstrate the active role of the Arp2/3 complex and WIPF2 in mediating the internalization of A. fumigatus conidia into human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Culibrk
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carys A Croft
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amreen Toor
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Graduate Studies, Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S Jasemine Yang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Graduate Studies, Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gurpreet K Singhera
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Divison of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Delbert R Dorscheid
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Divison of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Divison of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Margo M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Scott J Tebbutt
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Divison of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Prevention of Organ Failure Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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