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Hofmann C, Dobenecker B, Kienzle E. Apparent digestibility and calcium and phosphorus in urine after feeding different combinations of calcium and phosphorus sources to adult dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39189324 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the combination of a water-soluble calcium (Ca) source (CaCl2) with a water-soluble phosphorus (P) source (NaH2PO4*2H2O, diet soluble, SOL) in comparison to a water-insoluble P source (CaHPO4*2H2O, diet insoluble, INS) on apparent digestibility and renal excretion of Ca and P in dogs. The Ca intake was 226 mg/kg bodyweight (bw), the Ca/P ratio 1.9/1 in SOL and 2.0/1 in INS. The percentage of Ca from CaCl2 was 60% in SOL and 33% in INS. Eight adult Foxhound-crossbred dogs FBI, (3-5 years, bw 24-32 kg) were available. Standard digestion trials were carried out (10 days adaptation, 5 days total faecal collection). Spontaneously excreted urine was collected pre- and postprandially. In vitro water solubility of P in the mineral premixes was determined. The Ca digestibility was negative in both trials without significant differences between the groups. Apparent P digestibility was increased in group SOL (26% vs. 20% in INS). In both groups, P content in urine was higher pre- compared to postprandial, with higher concentrations in group SOL. The same was true for the P/Crea ratio. The water solubility of P in the mineral premixes used in the trials showed considerable differences: The P in premix INS was insoluble in water after 1 and after 90 min. By contrast, the P in the premix SOL was highly soluble (98%) after 1 minute. After 90 min, however, the P solubility decreased to 43%, suggesting the formation of insoluble CaP salts, presumably from CaCl2 and NaH2PO4*2H2O. In conclusion, in the present study, apparent Ca digestibility in dogs was not affected by the solubility of Ca and P, while P digestibility and renal P excretion increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Science, Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Department of Veterinary Science, Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Ellen Kienzle
- Department of Veterinary Science, Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Munich, Germany
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Böswald LF, Matzek D, Popper B. Digestibility of crude nutrients and minerals in C57Bl/6J and CD1 mice fed a pelleted lab rodent diet. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1791. [PMID: 38245611 PMCID: PMC10799863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In laboratory animals, there is a scarcity of digestibility data under non-experimental conditions. Such data is important as basis to generate nutrient requirements, which contributes to the refinement of husbandry conditions. Digestibility trials can also help to identify patterns of absorption and potential factors that influence the digestibility. Thus, a digestibility trial with a pelleted diet used as standard feed in laboratory mice was conducted. To identify potential differences between genetic lines, inbred C57Bl/6 J and outbred CD1 mice (n = 18 each, male, 8 weeks-old, housed in groups of three) were used. For seven days, the feed intake was recorded and the total faeces per cage collected. Energy, crude nutrient and mineral content of diet and faecal samples were analyzed to calculate the apparent digestibility (aD). Apparent dry matter and energy digestibility did not differ between both lines investigated. The C57Bl/6 J mice had significantly higher aD of magnesium and potassium and a trend towards a lower aD of sodium than the mice of the CD1 outbred stock. Lucas-tests were performed to calculate the mean true digestibility of the nutrients and revealed a uniformity of the linear regression over data from both common laboratory mouse lines. The mean true digestibility of crude nutrients was > 90%, except for fibre, that of the minerals ranged between 66 and 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda F Böswald
- Core Facility Animal Models, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Dana Matzek
- Core Facility Animal Models, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Core Facility Animal Models, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Fahey GC, Campion M, Collings GF, Donadelli R, Lambrakis L, Panasevich MR, Peters JC, Templeman JR, Hancock L. The art of establishing mineral tolerances of dogs and cats. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae132. [PMID: 38850274 PMCID: PMC11161897 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
For over six decades, nutritional science has provided well-developed, peer-reviewed nutrient recommendations to support the health of dogs and cats. These guidelines are updated based on new scientifically valid research and appropriate peer-review. Recent regulatory and scientific positions around health issues have resulted in strong opinions and desires for rapid regulatory action surrounding mineral nutrition, but with limited and conflicting scientific evidence. Pet Food Institute nutrition experts have come together to jointly author an article on the complexities of establishing mineral tolerances of dogs and cats to illustrate the limitations in defining mineral tolerances. This discussion covers how mineral requirements were determined, including the opportunities and pitfalls encountered. Scientific councils must review and clarify any proposed changes in conducting mineral nutrition research that might impact complete and balanced foods and surrounding regulations. It is important to clarify the multiple issues in mineral nutrition research and the necessity for thorough evaluation of data while avoiding arbitrary and potentially harmful guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Fahey
- Professor Emeritus of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcie Campion
- Global Pet Technical Lead at Cargill Inc., Dayton, OH, USA
| | - George F Collings
- President & General Manager at Nutrition Solutions, O'Fallon, MO, USA
| | - Renan Donadelli
- Product Development Scientist at Freshpet, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Leah Lambrakis
- VP R&D, Nutrition and Scientific Affairs at Simmons Pet Food, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | | | - J C Peters
- Technical Sales Lead & Nutritionist at Cargill Inc., Brookville, OH, USA
| | - James R Templeman
- Director of Nutrition and Formulation at Primal Pet Foods, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Leslie Hancock
- Chief Medical Officer, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, KS, USA
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Böswald LF, Wenderlein J, Siegert W, Straubinger RK, Kienzle E. True mineral digestibility in C57Bl/6J mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290145. [PMID: 37585435 PMCID: PMC10431658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on mineral digestibility is key to understand mineral homeostasis and refine the recommendations for the dietary intake of these nutrients. In farm animals and pets, there is plenty of data on mineral digestibility and influencing factors. In laboratory mice, however, there is a lack of information on mineral digestibility under maintenance conditions, although this should be the basis for studies on mineral homeostasis under experimental conditions. The aim of the present study was to analyse data on intake, faecal excretion, and apparent digestibility of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and magnesium in C57BL/6J mice fed different maintenance diets with varying voluntary dry matter intake. Lucas-tests were used to quantify true digestibility and describe correlations between dietary intake and excretion/absorption of the nutrients. Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium showed a linear correlation between intake and faecal excretion (R2: 0.77, 0.93 and 0.91, respectively). Intake and apparently digested amounts of sodium and potassium were correlated linearly (R2: 0.86 and 0.98, respectively). These data show that intake is the major determinant of absorption in the minerals listed above. Faecal calcium and phosphorus excretion were correlated as well (R2 = 0.75).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda F. Böswald
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU München, München, Germany
| | - Jasmin Wenderlein
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU München, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU München, München, Germany
| | - Ellen Kienzle
- Chair for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU München, München, Germany
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Kazimierska K, Biel W, Witkowicz R. Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines. Molecules 2020; 25:E5173. [PMID: 33172044 PMCID: PMC7664208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present work are to estimate the nutritional value and to evaluate and compare the levels of macroelements (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg), microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), heavy metals (Co, Cd, Pb, Mo, Cr, Ni), and their ratios in extruded complete foods for adult dogs, their compatibility with nutritional guidelines, as well as food profile similarity. Basic composition was determined according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Analyses for elements were performed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. All the evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum recommended levels for protein and fat. Eighteen tested dog foods (60%) did not meet at least one recommendation of nutritional guidelines. Four dog foods exceeded the legal limit of Fe and five foods exceeded the legal limit of Zn; in one of them, Zn level was almost twice higher. Dog foods with insect protein exceeded the legal limit for Mn content. Eight dog foods had an inappropriate Ca:P ratio. Heavy metals were below detection limit in all analyzed dog foods. The results seem to show the need for regular feed analyses of the elemental composition in raw materials before introducing supplementation and for the monitoring of the mineral composition of finished pet food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kazimierska
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Robert Witkowicz
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 21 Mickiewicza, 31120 Krakow, Poland;
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