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Holscher HD, Chumpitazi BP, Dahl WJ, Fahey GC, Liska DJ, Slavin JL, Verbeke K. Perspective: Assessing Tolerance to Nondigestible Carbohydrate Consumption. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2084-2097. [PMID: 36041178 PMCID: PMC9776727 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal enzymes do not hydrolyze nondigestible carbohydrates (NDCs), and thus, they are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Instead, NDCs are partially to completely fermented by the intestinal microbiota. Select NDCs are associated with health benefits such as laxation and lowering of blood cholesterol and glucose. NDCs provide functional attributes to processed foods, including sugar or fat replacers, thickening agents, and bulking agents. Additionally, NDCs are incorporated into processed foods to increase their fiber content. Although consumption of NDCs can benefit health and contribute functional characteristics to foods, they can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as flatulence and bloating. As gastrointestinal symptoms negatively affect consumer well-being and their acceptance of foods containing NDC ingredients, it is crucial to consider tolerance when designing food products and testing their physiological health benefits in clinical trials. This perspective provides recommendations for the approach to assess gastrointestinal tolerance to NDCs, with a focus on study design, population criteria, intervention, comparator, and outcome. Special issues related to studies in children and implications for stakeholders are also discussed. It is recommended that the evaluation of gastrointestinal tolerance to NDCs be conducted in randomized, blinded, controlled crossover studies using standard gastrointestinal questionnaires, with attention to study participant background diets, health status, lifestyle, and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno P Chumpitazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wendy J Dahl
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | | | - Joanne L Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN USA
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Targid, Leuven, Belgium; and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, Leuven, Belgium
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Fahey GC. 200 Forage Cell Wall Organization, Complexes, and Components. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
It has been nearly 31 years since the International Symposium on Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility was held in Madison, WI. The text resulting from that symposium, first published in 1993, has been an invaluable resource for animal and plant scientists alike but, unfortunately, has yet to be updated. Symposium organizers recognized that there was "a critical lack of information on the chemistry of the cell walls of forage plants and especially how this chemistry relates to digestibility and absorption of the materials and how the digestibility can be improved through plant breeding". They proceeded to organize an excellent symposium that covered nearly every aspect of that broad topic. Whereas "fiber" (plant cell wall) always has been a mainstay in ruminant animal feeding, its importance in the areas of human and non-ruminant animal nutrition has now been realized as indicated by the extensive scientific literature published on the topic since the time of the symposium, and by the fact that dietary fiber is now considered an "essential nutrient" for the human. In this presentation, the components of the plant cell wall will be discussed and their organization within the plant defined. Their relationship to the gut microbiota will be highlighted as will those factors critical in determining accurate fiber concentrations in forages and fibrous ingredients using the latest fiber methodologies. Rather than being viewed simply as "roughage" or as "filler" or as an "anti-nutritional factor", cell walls now have a prominent role in all of animal and human nutrition, so understanding their characteristics at all levels becomes all the more important.
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Abstract
Nicola M McKeown and colleagues advocate for the importance of translating the health impact of high fibre diets to patients and clients, with emphasis placed on incorporating a variety of plant based foods to achieve dietary fibre recommendations
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M McKeown
- Programmes in Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joanne Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jan-Willem van der Kamp
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, Netherlands
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4
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Biruete A, Cross TWL, Allen JM, Kistler BM, de Loor H, Evenepoel P, Fahey GC, Bauer L, Swanson KS, Wilund KR. Effect of Dietary Inulin Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota Composition and Derived Metabolites of Individuals Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Pilot Study. J Ren Nutr 2021; 31:512-522. [PMID: 34120835 PMCID: PMC8403151 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prebiotic fiber inulin has been studied in individuals undergoing hemodialysis (HD) due to its ability to reduce gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins. However, studies examining the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota and derived metabolites are limited in these patients. We aimed to assess the impact of a 4-week supplementation of inulin on the gut microbiota composition and microbial metabolites of patients on HD. DESIGN AND METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, twelve HD patients (55 ± 10 y, 50% male, 58% Black American, BMI 31.6 ± 8.9 kg/m2, 33% diabetes mellitus) were randomized to consume inulin [10 g/d for females; 15 g/d for males] or maltodextrin [6 g/d for females; 9 g/d for males] for 4 weeks, with a 4-week washout period. We assessed the fecal microbiota composition, fecal metabolites (short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), phenols, and indoles), and plasma indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. RESULTS At baseline, factors that explained the gut microbiota variability included BMI category and type of phosphate binder prescribed. Inulin increased the relative abundance of the phylum Verrucomicrobia and its genus Akkermansia (P interaction = 0.045). Inulin and maltodextrin resulted in an increased relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes and its genus Bacteroides (P time = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Both treatments increased the fecal acetate and propionate (P time = 0.032 and 0.027, respectively), and there was a trend toward increased fecal butyrate (P time = 0.06). Inulin did not reduce fecal p-cresol or indoles, or plasma concentrations of p-cresyl sulfate or indoxyl sulfate. CONCLUSIONS A 4-week supplementation of inulin did not lead to major shifts in the fecal microbiota and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. This may be due to high variability among participants and an unexpected increase in fecal excretion of SCFA with maltodextrin. Larger studies are needed to determine the effects of prebiotic fibers on the gut microbiota and clinical outcomes to justify their use in patients on HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Biruete
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jacob M Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Brandon M Kistler
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Henriette de Loor
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Nephrology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Nephrology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Laura Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kenneth R Wilund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
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Fahey GC. 261 Dietary Fiber: Chemical and Physical Characteristics and Methods of Analysis. J Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab054.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The fiber component of the diet is the major food source for the intestinal microbiota of swine. Included are traditional insoluble (e.g., cellulose) and soluble (e.g., pectin) dietary fibers, resistant starches (four types), and oligosaccharides (some of which are “prebiotics”). Fiber constituents are found both in the primary and secondary cell walls of plants, but some are found in non-cell wall structures as well. In cereals, cell walls consist of a reinforced multi-component matrix of cross-linked polymers (acidic xylans, arabinoxylans, glucomannans) in which a network of cellulose microfibrils is embedded. Proteins form a second network in the matrix, and lignin and phenolic acids may be covalently linked to the matrix polysaccharides. In addition, whole grains have considerable amounts of resistant starch. Physical processing and cooking have a major effect on the chemical composition and subsequent utilization of the whole grain. Techniques are available to quantify both the insoluble and soluble fibers present in swine diets. Solubility often impacts the location of fermentation within the swine gastrointestinal tract, and solubility often, but not always, reflects fermentation potential. Other important attributes of fiber include its viscosity/gel-forming capacity/water-holding capacity, and its fermentability. On the analytical front, considerable progress has been and continues to be made, with many AOAC-approved techniques currently available. In summary, dietary fiber is perhaps the most chemically complicated of any swine feed constituent, making its analysis difficult. Fibers, whether they be intrinsic and intact, isolated, chemically and (or) enzymatically synthesized, alternative, etc.represent the key foods for the swine intestinal microbiota, so a good understanding of their properties is critical to fully understand how to optimize their role in swine nutrition.
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Schlageter-Tello A, Fahey GC, Freel T, Koutsos L, Miller PS, Weiss WP. ASAS-NANP SYMPOSIUM: RUMINANT/NONRUMINANT FEED COMPOSITION: Challenges and opportunities associated with creating large feed composition tables. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5885170. [PMID: 32766838 PMCID: PMC7457960 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional feed composition tables have been a useful tool in the field of animal nutrition throughout the last 70 yr. The objective of this paper is to discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with creating large feed ingredient composition tables. This manuscript will focus on three topics discussed during the National Animal Nutrition Program (NANP) Symposium in ruminant and nonruminant nutrition carried out at the American Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting in Austin, TX, on July 11, 2019, namely: 1) Using large datasets in feed composition tables and the importance of standard deviation in nutrient composition as well as different methods to obtain accurate standard deviation values, 2) Discussing the importance of fiber in animal nutrition and the evaluation of different methods to estimate fiber content of feeds, and 3) Description of novel feed sources, such as insects, algae, and single-cell protein, and challenges associated with the inclusion of such feeds in feed composition tables. Development of feed composition tables presents important challenges. For instance, large datasets provided by different sources tend to have errors and misclassifications. In addition, data are in different file formats, data structures, and feed classifications. Managing such large databases requires computers with high processing power and software that are also able to run automated procedures to consolidate files, to screen out outlying observations, and to detect misclassified records. Complex algorithms are necessary to identify misclassified samples and outliers aimed to obtain accurate nutrient composition values. Fiber is an important nutrient for both monogastrics and ruminants. Currently, there are several methods available to estimate the fiber content of feeds. However, many of them do not estimate fiber accurately. Total dietary fiber should be used as the standard method to estimate fiber concentrations in feeds. Finally, novel feed sources are a viable option to replace traditional feed sources from a nutritional perspective, but the large variation in nutrient composition among batches makes it difficult to provide reliable nutrient information to be tabulated. Further communication and cooperation among different stakeholders in the animal industry are required to produce reliable data on the nutrient composition to be published in feed composition tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Schlageter-Tello
- National Animal Nutrition Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | - Phillip S Miller
- National Animal Nutrition Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - William P Weiss
- National Animal Nutrition Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
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Abstract
Abstract
Companion animal dietsmay contain up to 50% starch, derived from cereal grains. The amount of resistant starch (RS) in an ingredient depends on the origin and form of the ingredient and on the processing conditions to which the ingredient has been exposed. Extrusion has proven to be a means of optimizing utilization of starch by companion animals. Although the RS fraction of starch typically decreases by extrusion, retrogradation can result in increased concentrations of this fraction. Limited research exists regarding the effects of RS in companion animal nutrition and gastrointestinal health. Existing in vitro and in vivo research indicates that certain RS sources are readily fermented in the large bowel, producing short-chain fatty acids, whereas others are less fermentable, resulting in excellent laxation properties. Feeding dogs a diet high in RS may result in an increase in fecal bulk due to an increased excretion of microbial matter in those cases where RS is highly fermentable, or to indigestibility of the RS source in other cases. RS has a role to play as a potential proxy for dietary fiber, especially for those companion animals fed diets high in protein and fat and devoid of traditional dietary fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Spears
- University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - George C Fahey
- University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801
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Alexander C, Swanson KS, Fahey GC, Garleb KA. Perspective: Physiologic Importance of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Nondigestible Carbohydrate Fermentation. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:576-589. [PMID: 31305907 PMCID: PMC6628845 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become increasingly obvious that dietary fiber or nondigestible carbohydrate (NDC) consumption is critical for maintaining optimal health and managing symptoms of metabolic disease. In accordance with this, the US FDA released its first official definition of dietary fiber in 2016 for regulation of Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels. Included in this definition is the requirement of an isolated or synthetic NDC to produce an accepted physiologic health benefit, such as improved laxation or reduced fasting cholesterol concentrations, upon consumption. Even though NDC fermentation and production of short-chain fatty acids elicit many physiologic effects, including serving as a source of energy for colonocytes, curbing glycemic response and satiety, promoting weight loss, enhancing mineral absorption, reducing systemic inflammation, and improving intestinal health, the process of fermentation is not considered a physiologic endpoint. Instead, expensive and laborious clinical trials must be conducted and an accepted physiologic benefit observed. In this review, we discuss the physiologic importance of NDC fermentation through extensive examination of clinical evidence and propose that the degree of fermentability of an NDC, rather than the endpoints of a clinical trial, may be appropriate for classifying it as a dietary fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Alexander
- Division of Nutritional Sciences,Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH,Address correspondence to CA (e-mail: )
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - George C Fahey
- Division of Nutritional Sciences,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Keith A Garleb
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH
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9
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Klurfeld DM, Davis CD, Karp RW, Allen-Vercoe E, Chang EB, Chassaing B, Fahey GC, Hamaker BR, Holscher HD, Lampe JW, Marette A, Martens E, O'Keefe SJ, Rose DJ, Saarela M, Schneeman BO, Slavin JL, Sonnenburg JL, Swanson KS, Wu GD, Lynch CJ. Considerations for best practices in studies of fiber or other dietary components and the intestinal microbiome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1087-E1097. [PMID: 30130151 PMCID: PMC6415710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A 2-day workshop organized by the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Agriculture included 16 presentations focused on the role of diet in alterations of the gastrointestinal microbiome, primarily that of the colon. Although thousands of research projects have been funded by U.S. federal agencies to study the intestinal microbiome of humans and a variety of animal models, only a minority addresses dietary effects, and a small subset is described in sufficient detail to allow reproduction of a study. Whereas there are standards being developed for many aspects of microbiome studies, such as sample collection, nucleic acid extraction, data handling, etc., none has been proposed for the dietary component; thus this workshop focused on the latter specific point. It is important to foster rigor in design and reproducibility of published studies to maintain high quality and enable designs that can be compared in systematic reviews. Speakers addressed the influence of the structure of the fermentable carbohydrate on the microbiota and the variables to consider in design of studies using animals, in vitro models, and human subjects. For all types of studies, strengths and weaknesses of various designs were highlighted, and for human studies, comparisons between controlled feeding and observational designs were discussed. Because of the lack of published, best-diet formulations for specific research questions, the main recommendation is to describe dietary ingredients and treatments in as much detail as possible to allow reproduction by other scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Klurfeld
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Cindy D Davis
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert W Karp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | - Andre Marette
- Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University , Québec City, Québec , Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University , Québec City, Québec , Canada
| | - Eric Martens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen J O'Keefe
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Devin J Rose
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Maria Saarela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Limited , Espoo , Finland
| | | | - Joanne L Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Lynch
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
- Office of Nutrition Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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Mailing LJ, Allen JM, Pence BD, Rytych J, Sun Y, Bhattacharya TK, Park P, Cross TWL, McCusker RH, Swanson KS, Fahey GC, Rhodes JS, Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Woods JA. Behavioral response to fiber feedingis cohort-dependent and associated with gut microbiota composition in mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:731-736. [PMID: 30243767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent data has supported a role for the gut microbiota in improving cognition and shaping behavior. Here, we assessed whether pectin, a soluble, fermentable fiber, could enhance learning and memory in mice. Two cohorts of young male C57Bl/6 J mice, C1 (n = 20) and C2 (n = 20), were obtained from Jackson Laboratory and randomized to semi-purified AIN-93 M diets containing 5% pectin (n = 10) or cellulose (n = 10). After 16 weeks, learning and memory was assessed by Morris Water Maze (MWM) and microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Despite identical treatment, we observed differences in learning and memory abilities between cohorts, along with distinct microbiotas. In C1, pectin-fed mice spent a higher percentage of time in the target quadrant at the 24-h probe trial of the MWM versus cellulose-fed mice; in C2, no effect of pectin was observed. In both cohorts, UniFrac distance revealed significant differences in gut microbial communities between cellulose-fed and pectin-fed mice. UniFrac analysis also revealed significantly different bacterial communities between cohorts. Further analysis demonstrated that the microbial genera Oscillospira, Bilophila, and Peptostreptococcoceae were more abundant in C1 versus C2, and positively associated with distance from the platform during the 24-h probe test. These data support previous findings that differences in the gut microbiota may play a role in host response to a dietary intervention and could partly explain irreproducibility in psychological and behavioral experiments. Further research is needed to determine if a causal relationship exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Mailing
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Jacob M Allen
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brandt D Pence
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer Rytych
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Tushar K Bhattacharya
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Pul Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - George C Fahey
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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11
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Abstract
Background: Because of its chemical complexity, the estimation of dietary fiber content of feed and food materials is a difficult analytical challenge. Three major fiber analyses are conducted routinely in the United States including crude fiber (CF), detergent fiber, and total dietary fiber (TDF). Objective: Factors crucial to the successful measurement of dietary fibers are described and suggestions provided as to how to overcome potential analytical problems within assays. Methods: An accounting of methodological details that result in variation in fiber concentration values is presented along with suggestions as to how to decrease the variation. Results: CF analysis remains in use in the livestock feed and pet food industries for nutrition labeling purposes in spite of the fact that the analysis does not separate mammalian enzyme-digestible from indigestible carbohydrate components, and values obtained are usually 30-50% of the actual dietary fiber concentration. Detergent fiber methods quantify the insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) accurately, but not the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) components. TDF methods account for intrinsic and intact fibers, isolated and extracted fibers, and synthetic fibers found in feed and food ingredients and complete diet matrixes. Conclusions: The CF procedure should be abandoned as it fails to quantify fiber properly. Detergent analyses quantify IDF. TDF methods quantify both IDF and SDF. Highlights: Accurate dietary fiber quantification is essential given the role of fiber in health and well-being of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Fahey
- University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Lawrence Novotny
- South Dakota State University, Olson Biochemistry Laboratory, Brookings, SD 57007
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12
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Knott KK, Christian AL, Falcone JF, Vance CK, Bauer LL, Fahey GC, Kouba AJ. Phenological changes in bamboo carbohydrates explain the preference for culm over leaves by giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) during spring. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177582. [PMID: 28614359 PMCID: PMC5470666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the foodscape force herbivores to select different plant species or plant parts to meet nutritional requirements. We examined whether the search for calorie-rich carbohydrates explained giant panda’s selection for bamboo culm over leaves during spring. Leaves and culms were collected from four Phyllostachys bamboos (P. aurea, P. aureosulcata, P. glauca, and P. nuda) once per month over 18–27 months. Monthly changes in annual plant part nutrients were examined, and compared to seasonal foraging behaviors of captive giant pandas. Although total fiber was greater (p<0.0001) in culm (85.6 ± 0.5%) than leaves (55.3 ± 0.4%) throughout the year, culm fiber was at its lowest in spring (79–85%) when culm selection by giant pandas exceeded 70% of their overall diet. Culm starch also was greatest (p = 0.044) during spring (5.5 ± 1.1%) and 2.5-fold the percentage of starch in leaves (2.2 ± 0.6%). The free sugars in spring culm consisted of a high proportion of glucose (35%) and fructose (47%), whereas sucrose made up 42% of the total free sugar content of spring leaves. Bound sugars in culm consisted of 60% glucose and 38% xylose likely representative of hemicellulose. The concentrations of bound sugars (hemicelluloses) in spring culms (543.7 ± 13.0 mg/g) was greater (p<0.001) than in leaves (373.0 ± 14.8 mg/g). These data help explain a long-standing question in giant panda foraging ecology: why consume the plant part with the lowest protein and fat during the energetically intensive spring breeding season? Giant pandas likely prefer spring culm that contains abundant mono- and polysaccharides made more bioavailable as a result of reduced fiber content. These data suggest that phenological changes in bamboo plant part nutrition drive foraging decisions by giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina K. Knott
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelia L. Christian
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josephine F. Falcone
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carrie K. Vance
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Kouba
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
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Beloshapka AN, de Godoy MRC, Detweiler KB, Newcomb M, Ellegård KH, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. Apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations of healthy adult dogs fed bioprocessed soy protein. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3826-3834. [PMID: 27898907 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal proteins are commonly used in extruded dog foods. Plant-based proteins have a more consistent nutrient profile than animal sources but may contain antinutritional factors, including trypsin inhibitors and oligosaccharides. Bioprocessed soy protein (SP; HP-300; Hamlet Protein, Inc., Findlay, OH) is a processed soy-based product with low antinutritional factor concentrations and high protein quality. The objective was to evaluate the effects of SP on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, and fecal fermentative end products. Furthermore, this study aimed to identify if SP can be a replacement for poultry byproduct meal (PBPM) in dog food and determine if there are practical limits to its use. Three palatability experiments were conducted to evaluate 1) 0 vs. 12% SP, 2) 0 vs. 48% SP, and 3) 12 vs. 48% SP. For digestibility, 48 healthy adult Beagle dogs (20 females and 28 males; 3.4 yr mean age and 10.0 kg mean BW) were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments, 0 (control), 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48% SP, in a completely randomized design. All diets were formulated to meet Association of American Feed Control Officials nutrient profiles and contained approximately 30% CP and 16% fat. The treatment period consisted of a 10-d diet adaptation phase followed by a 4-d fresh and total fecal collection phase. The palatability results suggest that of the 3 inclusion levels tested (0, 12, or 48% SP), the best inclusion of SP is 12%, which was preferred over 0 and 48% SP. Digestibility and fecal data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using SAS. Stool output (on both an as-is and a DM basis) did not differ from the control except for the 48% SP treatment ( < 0.01). Fecal output per unit food intake differed ( < 0.01) from the control only at the 24 and 48% SP inclusion rates. No significant effects of feeding SP were found on stool consistency scores. Digestibility of DM, OM, and energy did not differ from the control at any inclusion rate, except for a decrease ( < 0.01) at 48% SP. Apparent total tract CP digestibility was not affected by treatment and ranged from 82.9 to 86.2%. Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations were greater ( < 0.01) in dogs fed 24 and 48% SP compared with the control. Conversely, branched-chain fatty acid concentrations were lower ( < 0.01) in dogs fed 8 to 48% SP compared with the control. These data suggest that SP is a suitable replacement for PBPM in dog diets up to a 24% inclusion level.
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Donovan JD, Bauer L, Fahey GC, Lee Y. In VitroDigestion and Fermentation of Microencapsulated Tributyrin for the Delivery of Butyrate. J Food Sci 2017; 82:1491-1499. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Donovan
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Champaign IL U.S.A
| | - Laura Bauer
- Dept. of Animal Sciences; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Champaign IL USA
| | - George C. Fahey
- Dept. of Animal Sciences; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Champaign IL USA
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Champaign IL U.S.A
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Guevara MA, Bauer LL, Garleb KA, Fahey GC, de Godoy MRC. In vitro fermentation characteristics, in vivo ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities, and fecal microbiota responses of dogs to α-cyclodextrin. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2004-13. [PMID: 27285698 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to examine in vitro fermentation characteristics, in vivo nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and serum lipid profiles as affected by α-cyclodextrin (ACD) supplementation. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was measured after in vitro fermentation for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h of ACD, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. Five mixed-breed hounds were used in a Latin square design. Each experimental period comprised 14 d, including 10 d for diet adaptation and 4 d for fecal collection. Dogs were fed, twice a day, an extruded diet made with poultry byproduct meal and brewer's rice as the main ingredients. Dogs were supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 g of ACD diluted in 15 mL of water twice daily for a total of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g ACD/d. Maximal in vitro production of total SCFA was lowest for ACD. However, the greatest maximal production of propionate was noted for ACD treatment. Total tract nutrient digestibility and fecal DM concentration linearly decreased ( < 0.05) for treatment groups receiving ACD; no changes were observed for ileal digestibility. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were within normal ranges for dogs and were not different among treatments. Similarly, no changes in fecal microbiota were observed. Overall, ACD supplementation appears to have no effect on nutrient absorption in the small intestine but may alter fermentation in the large bowel, which could lead to a higher proportion of propionate production as observed in the in vitro experiment.
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Beloshapka AN, Buff PR, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. Compositional Analysis of Whole Grains, Processed Grains, Grain Co-Products, and Other Carbohydrate Sources with Applicability to Pet Animal Nutrition. Foods 2016; 5:E23. [PMID: 28231117 PMCID: PMC5302337 DOI: 10.3390/foods5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to measure the proximate, starch, amino acid, and mineral compositions of grains, grain co-products, and other carbohydrate sources with potential use in pet foods. Thirty-two samples from barley (barley flake, cut barley, ground pearled barley, malted barley, whole pearled barley, pearled barley flakes, and steamed rolled barley); oats (groats, ground oatmeal, ground steamed groats, instant oats, oat bran, oat fiber, oat flour, quick oats, regular rolled oats, steamed rolled oat groats, and steel cut groats); rice (brown rice, polished rice, defatted rice bran, and rice flour); and miscellaneous carbohydrate sources (canary grass seed, hulled millet, whole millet, quinoa, organic spelt hull pellets, potato flake, sorghum, whole wheat, and whole yellow corn) were analyzed. Crude protein, amino acid, fat, dietary fiber, resistant starch, and mineral concentrations were highly variable among the respective fractions (i.e., barley flake vs. malted barley vs. steamed rolled barley) as well as among the various grains (i.e., barley flake vs. brown rice vs. canary grass seed). These ingredients not only provide a readily available energy source, but also a source of dietary fiber, resistant starch, essential amino acids, and macrominerals for pet diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N Beloshapka
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Preston R Buff
- The Nutro Company 1550 West McEwen Drive, Suite 100, Franklin, TN 37067, USA.
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Abstract
Pet owners have increasing concerns about the nutrition of their pets, and they desire foods and treats that are safe, traceable, and of high nutritive value. To meet these high expectations, detailed chemical composition characterization of ingredients well beyond that provided by proximate analysis will be required, as will information about host physiology and metabolism. Use of faster and more precise analytical methodology and novel technologies that have the potential to improve pet food safety and quality will be implemented. In vitro and in vivo assays will continue to be used as screening tools to evaluate nutrient quality and adequacy in novel ingredients prior to their use in animal diets. The use of molecular and high-throughput technologies allows implementation of noninvasive studies in dogs and cats to investigate the impact of dietary interventions by using systems biology approaches. These approaches may further improve the health and longevity of pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R.C. de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
| | | | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
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18
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Guevara MA, Bauer LL, Garleb KA, Fahey GC, de Godoy MRC. Serum lipid profiles, total tract nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal tolerance by dogs of α-cyclodextrin. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2201-7. [PMID: 26020316 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to quantify gastrointestinal tolerance, total tract nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profiles of dogs as affected by α-cyclodextrin (ACD) supplementation and to validate the accuracy of fat analyses techniques using novel ACD-fat complexes. The ACD was hydrolyzed and free sugars and hydrolyzed monosaccharides were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Known amount of fats were complexed with ACD, and fat content of complexes were determined using the ether extraction and acid-hydrolyzed fat methods. Nine mixed-breed hounds were used in a crossover design with 3 periods of 10 d each, including 6 d for diet adaptation and 4 d for fecal collection. Dogs were fed twice daily a diet with poultry byproduct meal and brewer's rice as the main ingredients, and chromic oxide (0.2%) was included as a digestion marker. Dogs were supplemented with either 0, 3, or 6 g of ACD diluted in 15 mL of water twice per day for a total of 0, 6, and 12 g ACD per day. The ACD had a very low free sugar concentration and, once hydrolyzed, released only glucose, as expected. Average daily food intake, fecal output (DM basis), and fecal scores were not significantly different among treatments. Body weight and condition score and serum triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations remained unaltered throughout the duration of the experiment. Dry matter, OM, and fat digestibility coefficients were lower (P < 0.05) for both treatment groups compared to the control. The acid-hydrolyzed fat method was valid to measure fat that was bound to ACD. Intake of ACD lowered fat digestibility somewhat but not to the extent previously reported, without affecting serum lipid concentrations or outcomes related to tolerance. Therefore, ACD supplementation resulted in a small decrease in fat digestibility, but ACD supplementation might have potential in modifying serum lipid profiles.
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Chen MH, Swanson KS, Fahey GC, Dien BS, Beloshapka AN, Bauer LL, Rausch KD, Tumbleson ME, Singh V. In Vitro Fermentation of Xylooligosaccharides Produced from Miscanthus × giganteus by Human Fecal Microbiota. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:262-267. [PMID: 26648520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Purified xylooligosaccharides from Miscanthus × giganteus (M×G XOS) were used in an in vitro fermentation experiment inoculated with human fecal microbiota. A commercial XOS product and pectin were used as controls. Decreases in pH by 2.3, 2.4, and 2.0 units and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetic acid, 7764.2, 6664.1, and 6387.9 μmol/g; propionic acid, 1006.7, 1089.5, and 661.5 μmol/g; and butyric acid, 955.5, 1252.9, and 917.7 μmol/g) were observed in M×G XOS, commercial XOS, and pectin medium after 12 h of fermentation, respectively. Titers of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Escherichia coli increased when fed all three substrates as monitored by qPCR. There was no significant trend for Clostridium perfringens. During fermentation, M×G XOS was statistically equivalent in performance to the commercial XOS sample as measured by culture acidification and growth of health-promoting bacteria and resulted in the highest SCFA production among the three substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsu Chen
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bruce S Dien
- Bioenergy Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Alison N Beloshapka
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura L Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kent D Rausch
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - M E Tumbleson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Barry KA, Hernot DC, Van Loo J, Fahey GC, de Godoy MRC. Fructan supplementation of senior cats affects stool metabolite concentrations and fecal microbiota concentrations, but not nitrogen partitioning in excreta. J Anim Sci 2015; 92:4964-71. [PMID: 25349345 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructan supplementation of a commercially available canned cat food was evaluated using senior (≥ 9 yr) cats to assess nitrogen (N) partitioning in excreta and stool metabolite and microbiota concentrations. Oligofructose (OF) or SynergyC (OF+IN) were added to the diet individually at 1% (dry weight basis). Cats were acclimated to the control diet for 7 d and then were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups for 21 d (n = 6). Feces and urine were collected on d 22 through 28. No differences were observed in food intake; fecal output, DM percentage, score, pH, or short- or branched-chain fatty acids, fecal and urinary ammonia output, urinary felinine concentrations, or N retention. Supplemental OF+IN tended to decrease N digestibility (P = 0.102) and Bifidobacteria spp. (P = 0.073) and decrease fecal indole (P < 0.05), tyramine (P < 0.05), and Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) concentrations. Both fructan-supplemented treatments decreased (P < 0.05) fecal histamine concentrations. The tendency to a lower apparent N digestibility was likely due to increased colonic microbial protein synthesis of fructan-supplemented cats. Fructan supplementation may benefit senior cats as it modulates stool odor-forming compounds and decreases some protein catabolites and pathogenic gut microbiota concentrations without affecting N retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Barry
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801
| | - D C Hernot
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801
| | - J Van Loo
- BENEO Group, Aandorenstraat 1, B-3300 Tienen, Belgium
| | - G C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801
| | - M R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 132 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801
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Holscher HD, Bauer LL, Gourineni V, Pelkman CL, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. Agave Inulin Supplementation Affects the Fecal Microbiota of Healthy Adults Participating in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2015; 145:2025-32. [PMID: 26203099 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotics resist digestion, providing fermentable substrates for select gastrointestinal bacteria associated with health and well-being. Agave inulin differs from other inulin type fibers in chemical structure and botanical origin. Preclinical animal research suggests these differences affect bacterial utilization and physiologic outcomes. Thus, research is needed to determine whether these effects translate to healthy adults. OBJECTIVE We evaluated agave inulin utilization by the gastrointestinal microbiota by measuring fecal fermentative end products and bacterial taxa. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-period, crossover trial was undertaken in healthy adults (n = 29). Participants consumed 0, 5.0, or 7.5 g agave inulin/d for 21 d with 7-d washouts between periods. Participants recorded daily dietary intake; fecal samples were collected during days 16-20 of each period and were subjected to fermentative end product analysis and 16S Illumina sequencing. RESULTS Fecal Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium were enriched (P < 0.001) 3- and 4-fold after 5.0 and 7.5 g agave inulin/d, respectively, compared with control. Desulfovibrio were depleted 40% with agave inulin compared with control. Agave inulin tended (P < 0.07) to reduce fecal 4-methyphenol and pH. Bivariate correlations revealed a positive association between intakes of agave inulin (g/kcal) and Bifidobacterium (r = 0.41, P < 0.001). Total dietary fiber intake (total fiber plus 0, 5.0, or 7.5 g agave inulin/d) per kilocalorie was positively associated with fecal butyrate (r = 0.30, P = 0.005), tended to be positively associated with Bifidobacterium (r = 0.19, P = 0.08), and was negatively correlated with Desulfovibrio abundance (r = -0.31, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Agave inulin supplementation shifted the gastrointestinal microbiota composition and activity in healthy adults. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether the observed changes translate into health benefits in human populations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01925560.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura L Bauer
- Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; and
| | | | | | - George C Fahey
- Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; and
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; and
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Christian AL, Knott KK, Vance CK, Falcone JF, Bauer LL, Fahey GC, Willard S, Kouba AJ. Nutrient and mineral composition during shoot growth in seven species of Phyllostachys and Pseudosasa bamboo consumed by giant panda. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99:1172-83. [PMID: 25581029 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the annual period of bamboo shoot growth in spring, free-ranging giant pandas feed almost exclusively on the shoots while ignoring the leaves and full- height culm. Little is known about the nutritional changes that occur during bamboo shoot growth, if nutritional changes differ among species, or how these changes might influence forage selection. Our objective was to examine the nutrient and mineral composition during three phases of shoot growth (<60, 90-150 and >180 cm) for seven species of bamboo (Phyllostachys (P.) aurea, P. aureosulcata, P. bissetii, P. glauca, P. nuda, P. rubromarginata, Pseudosasa japonica) fed to captive giant pandas at the Memphis Zoo. Total dietary fiber content of bamboo shoots increased (p < 0.0001) from an overall species average of 61% dry matter (DM) at < 60 cm to 75% DM at shoot heights > 180 cm, while crude protein, fat and ash exhibited significant declines (p < 0.05). Phyllostachys nuda had the overall greatest (p = 0.007) crude protein (21% DM) and fat (4% DM) content, and lowest overall total fibre (61% DM) content compared to the other species examined. In contrast, Pseudosasa japonica had the overall lowest crude protein and fat, and relatively higher fibre content (9%, 3% and 74% respectively). Concentrations of Zn and Fe were highest in shoots <60 cm (10-50 μg/g DM) and decreased (p < 0.05) during growth in all species examined. Concentrations of Ca, Cu, Mn, Na and K varied among species and were largely unaffected by growth stage. Due to their higher concentrations of nutrients and lower fibre content in comparison to culm and leaf, bamboo shoots should be a major component of captive giant panda diets when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Christian
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - K K Knott
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - C K Vance
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - J F Falcone
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L L Bauer
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - G C Fahey
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - S Willard
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - A J Kouba
- Conservation and Research Department, Memphis Zoological Society, Memphis, TN, USA
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Holscher HD, Caporaso JG, Hooda S, Brulc JM, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. Fiber supplementation influences phylogenetic structure and functional capacity of the human intestinal microbiome: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:55-64. [PMID: 25527750 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-period crossover trial, healthy adult men (n = 21) consumed bars containing no supplemental fiber (placebo; NFC), polydextrose (21 g/d), and soluble corn fiber (SCF; 21 g/d) for 21 d each. Fecal specimens were collected between days 16 and 21 for fermentative end-product analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial gene amplification for bacterial taxa identification. Fiber supplementation decreased fecal putrefaction compounds and shifted abundances of several bacterial taxa. OBJECTIVE The objective was to perform whole-genome shotgun 454 pyrosequencing on the same fecal specimens collected in that clinical trial to obtain comprehensive fecal bacterial genome sequencing coverage and explore the full range of bacterial genetic information in the fecal microbiome, thereby using a systematic approach to study the impact of dietary fiber supplementation on fecal metabolites, bacterial taxa, and bacterial metagenomes. DESIGN Fecal samples were subjected to whole-genome shotgun 454 pyrosequencing to identify both fecal bacterial populations present and their functional genetic capacity. RESULTS Whole-genome shotgun sequencing results revealed that fiber consumption shifted the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio, increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes 12 ± 2% and 13 ± 2% with polydextrose and SCF, respectively, compared with NFC. Bivariate correlations showed a positive correlation between the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio and total dietary fiber intake but not body mass index. Principal coordinates analysis of Bray-Curtis distances indicated that bacterial gene composition was more similar in participants consuming fibers (polydextrose and SCF combined) in comparison with NFC. Shifts in bacterial gene abundances after polydextrose and SCF supplementation included genes associated with carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, as well as metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. CONCLUSION This study conveys novel information about the impact of dietary fiber supplementation on the phylogenetic structure and functional capacity of the fecal microbiome of healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Holscher
- From the Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (HDH, SH, GCF, and KSS); the Department of Biological Sciences and Computer Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (JGC); and General Mills Inc., Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN (JMB)
| | - J Gregory Caporaso
- From the Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (HDH, SH, GCF, and KSS); the Department of Biological Sciences and Computer Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (JGC); and General Mills Inc., Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN (JMB)
| | - Seema Hooda
- From the Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (HDH, SH, GCF, and KSS); the Department of Biological Sciences and Computer Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (JGC); and General Mills Inc., Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN (JMB)
| | - Jennifer M Brulc
- From the Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (HDH, SH, GCF, and KSS); the Department of Biological Sciences and Computer Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (JGC); and General Mills Inc., Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN (JMB)
| | - George C Fahey
- From the Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (HDH, SH, GCF, and KSS); the Department of Biological Sciences and Computer Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (JGC); and General Mills Inc., Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN (JMB)
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- From the Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (HDH, SH, GCF, and KSS); the Department of Biological Sciences and Computer Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (JGC); and General Mills Inc., Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN (JMB)
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de Godoy MRC, Mitsuhashi Y, Bauer LL, Fahey GC, Buff PR, Swanson KS. In vitro fermentation characteristics of novel fibers, coconut endosperm fiber and chicory pulp, using canine fecal inoculum. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:370-6. [PMID: 25403197 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of in vitro fermentation of coconut endosperm fiber (CEF), chicory pulp (CHP), and selective blends of these substrates on SCFA production and changes in microbiota using canine fecal inocula. A total of 6 individual substrates, including short-chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS; a well-established prebiotic source), pectin (PEC; used as a positive control), pelletized cellulose (PC; used as a negative control), beet pulp (BP; considered the gold standard fiber source in pet foods), CEF, and CHP, and 3 CEF:CHP blends (75:25% CEF:CHP [B1], 50:50% CEF:CHP [B2], and 25:75% CEF:CHP [B3]) were tested. Triplicate samples of each substrate were fermented for 0, 8, and 16 h after inoculation. A significant substrate × time interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for pH change and acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA concentrations. After 8 and 16 h, pH change was greatest for scFOS (-2.0 and -3.0, respectively) and smallest for PC (0.0 and -0.1, respectively). After 16 h, CEF had a greater butyrate concentration than CHP and all the CEF:CHP blends and it was not different than PEC. The substrate × time interaction was significant for bifidobacteria (P < 0.05) and lactobacilli (P < 0.05). After 8 h, bifidobacteria was greatest for BP and lowest for PC (12.7 and 10.0 log10 cfu/tube, respectively). After 16 h, PC had the lowest and scFOS had the greatest bifidobacteria (6.7 and 13.3 log10 cfu/tube, respectively). In general, CEF, CHP, and their blends had similar bifidobacteria populations after 8 and 16 h of fermentation when compared with BP and scFOS. After 16 h, lactobacilli populations were greatest for B1, B2, B3, BP, and scFOS, intermediate for PEC, and lowest for PC (P < 0.05). Overall, our data suggest that CEF had a butyrogenic effect and that CEF, CHP, and their blends had similar bifidobacteria and lactobacilli populations as popular prebiotic and fiber substrates. Future research should investigate the effects of CEF, CHP, and their blends on gastrointestinal health and fecal quality in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences Division of Nutritional Sciences Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - P R Buff
- The Nutro Company, Franklin, TN 37067
| | - K S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences Division of Nutritional Sciences Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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de Godoy MRC, Knapp BK, Parsons CM, Swanson K, Fahey GC. In vitro hydrolytic digestion, glycemic response in dogs, and true metabolizable energy content of soluble corn fibers. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2447-57. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. C. de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - B. K. Knapp
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - C. M. Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - K.S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
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26
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Chow J, Panasevich MR, Alexander D, Vester Boler BM, Rossoni Serao MC, Faber TA, Bauer LL, Fahey GC. Fecal Metabolomics of Healthy Breast-Fed versus Formula-Fed Infants before and during In Vitro Batch Culture Fermentation. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2534-42. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500011w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JoMay Chow
- Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Matthew R. Panasevich
- Department
of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Danny Alexander
- Metabolon,
Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | | | | | - Trevor A. Faber
- Department
of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura L. Bauer
- Department
of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department
of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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27
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Holscher HD, Doligale JL, Bauer LL, Gourineni V, Pelkman CL, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. Gastrointestinal tolerance and utilization of agave inulin by healthy adults. Food Funct 2014; 5:1142-9. [PMID: 24664349 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60666j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Little clinical research exists on agave inulin as a fiber source. Due to differences in botanical origin and chemical structure compared to other inulin-type fibers, research is needed to assess gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance following consumption. This study aimed to evaluate GI tolerance and utilization of 5.0 and 7.5 g per day of agave inulin in healthy adults (n = 29) using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial consisting of three 21 day periods with 1 week washouts among periods. GI tolerance was assessed via daily and weekly questionnaires, three fecal samples were collected on days 16-20 of each period, and breath hydrogen testing was completed on the final day of each treatment period. Survey data were compared using a generalized linear mixed model. All other outcomes were analyzed using a mixed linear model with a repeated measures procedure. Composite GI intolerance scores for 5.0 and 7.5 g treatments were both greater (P < 0.05) than control, however, scores were low, with means of 0.4, 1.9, and 2.3 on a 0-12 point composite scale for 0, 5.0, and 7.5 g treatments, respectively. There were slight increases (P < 0.05) in bloating, flatulence, and rumbling frequency with 5.0 and 7.5 g agave inulin. Abdominal pain and rumbling intensity were marginally greater (P < 0.05) with 7.5 g. Bloating and flatulence intensity increased (P < 0.05) with 5.0 g and 7.5 g. Agave inulin did not affect diarrhea (P > 0.05). Number of bowel movements per day increased, stools were softer, and stool dry matter percentage was lower with 7.5 g (P < 0.05). Breath hydrogen concentrations increased (P < 0.001) from 5-8 hour postprandial when participants consumed agave inulin compared to control. These data demonstrate that doses up to 7.5 g per day of agave inulin led to minimal GI upset, do not increase diarrhea, and improve laxation in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Holscher
- University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Cervantes-Pahm S, Knapp BK, Kim BG, Liu Y, Parsons CM, Fahey GC, Stein HH. Comparison of two different in vivo models and an in vitro model for caloric determination of four novel fiber ingredients. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:12374-12379. [PMID: 24206577 DOI: 10.1021/jf402385s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare two in vivo methods using pigs and roosters and an in vitro method for determining the caloric value of four fiber sources [i.e., two resistant starches (RS 60 and RS 75), soluble corn fiber (SCF 70), and pullulan]. Metabolizable energy (ME) in pigs and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) in roosters were determined by using 72 barrows and 24 roosters, respectively. A two-step in vitro procedure was used to quantify monosaccharides released. Results of the two in vivo experiments corresponded well with RS 75 having the least caloric value (7.55 MJ/kg in pigs; 6.19 MJ/kg in roosters) and pullulan having the greatest caloric value (12.21 MJ/kg in pigs; 13.94 MJ/kg in roosters). The caloric values for all the fiber ingredients were less (P < 0.05) than in MD both in pigs and in roosters. Despite some limitations, results of the in vitro procedure corresponded well with the in vivo experiments where the concentration of glucose hydrolyzed from RS 60, RS 75, and SCF 70, but not pullulan, was less (P < 0.05) than the concentration of glucose hydrolyzed from MD. However, the greatest accuracy was obtained in the in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cervantes-Pahm
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois , 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
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29
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Gagné JW, Wakshlag JJ, Simpson KW, Dowd SE, Latchman S, Brown DA, Brown K, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Effects of a synbiotic on fecal quality, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and the microbiome of healthy sled dogs. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:246. [PMID: 24313995 PMCID: PMC4029452 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sled dogs commonly suffer from diarrhea. Although multiple etiologies exist there are limited field studies using synbiotics as a supplement to prevent or treat diarrhea. The objective of this study was to examine alterations in fecal quality, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and the fecal microbiome in two groups of training sled dogs fed a synbiotic or microcrystalline cellulose placebo. Twenty clinically healthy training sled dogs randomized into two cohorts (9 synbiotic-fed, 8 placebo-fed) for a 6 week prospective study were examined. Fecal pH and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were measured and tag-encoded FLX 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) and quantitative real-time PCR were performed at baseline (10 d prior to the study) and after 2 weeks of treatment with a total treatment time of 6 weeks. Fecal scores for all dogs were assessed at baseline and every day for 6 wk after initiation of treatment. Results Alterations in the fecal microbiome were observed with a significant rise in Lactobacillaceae in the synbiotic group (P = 0.004) after 2 wk of treatment. A positive correlation was found between Lactobacillaceae and overall butyrate concentration (R = 0.62, p = 0.011) in all dogs. After 5 wk of treatment, there was an improved fecal score and fewer days of diarrhea (Χ2 = 5.482, P = 0.019) in the dogs given synbiotic, which coincided with a presumed contagious outbreak shared by all dogs in the study. Conclusions Use of this synbiotic results in an increase in presumed beneficial bacterial flora of the host colon which was associated with a decrease in the prevalence of diarrhea in training sled dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Mcrorie JW, Fahey GC. A review of gastrointestinal physiology and the mechanisms underlying the health benefits of dietary fiber: Matching an effective fiber with specific patient needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5430/cns.v1n4p82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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de Godoy MRC, Kerr KR, Fahey GC. Alternative dietary fiber sources in companion animal nutrition. Nutrients 2013; 5:3099-117. [PMID: 23925042 PMCID: PMC3775244 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The US has a pet population of approximately 70 million dogs and 74 million cats. Humans have developed a strong emotional bond with companion animals. As a consequence, pet owners seek ways to improve health, quality of life and longevity of their pets. Advances in canine and feline nutrition have contributed to improved longevity and well-being. Dietary fibers have gained renewed interest in the pet food industry, due to their important role in affecting laxation and stool quality. More recently, because of increased awareness of the beneficial effects of dietary fibers in health, as well as the popularity of functional foods and holistic and natural diets, alternative and novel carbohydrates have become widespread in human and pet nutrition. Fiber sources from cereal grains, whole grains and fruits have received increasing attention by the pet food industry and pet owners. While limited scientific information is available on the nutritional and nutraceutical properties of alternative fiber sources, studies indicate that corn fiber is an efficacious fiber source for pets, showing no detrimental effects on palatability or nutrient digestibility, while lowering the glycemic response in adult dogs. Fruit fiber and pomaces have good water-binding properties, which may be advantageous in wet pet food production, where a greater water content is required, along with low water activity and a firm texture of the final product. Rice bran is a palatable fiber source for dogs and may be an economical alternative to prebiotic supplementation of pet foods. However, it increases the dietary requirement of taurine in cats. Barley up to 40% in a dry extruded diet is well tolerated by adult dogs. In addition, consumption of complex carbohydrates has shown a protective effect on cardiovascular disease and oxidative stress. Alternative fiber sources are suitable ingredients for pet foods. They have been shown to be nutritionally adequate and to have potential nutraceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Cho SS, Qi L, Fahey GC, Klurfeld DM. Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:594-619. [PMID: 23803885 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of whole grain and chronic disease have often included bran-enriched foods and other ingredients that do not meet the current definition of whole grains. Therefore, we assessed the literature to test whether whole grains alone had benefits on these diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the contribution of bran or cereal fiber on the impact of whole grains on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and body weight measures, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in human studies as the basis for establishing an American Society for Nutrition (ASN) position on this subject. DESIGN We performed a comprehensive PubMed search of human studies published from 1965 to December 2010. RESULTS Most whole-grain studies included mixtures of whole grains and foods with ≥25% bran. Prospective studies consistently showed a reduced risk of T2D with high intakes of cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran. For body weight, a limited number of prospective studies on cereal fiber and whole grains reported small but significant reductions in weight gain. For CVD, studies found reduced risk with high intakes of cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran. CONCLUSIONS The ASN position, based on the current state of the science, is that consumption of foods rich in cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran is modestly associated with a reduced risk of obesity, T2D, and CVD. The data for whole grains alone are limited primarily because of varying definitions among epidemiologic studies of what, and how much, was included in that food category.
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Abstract
The apparent total tract and ileal digestibility assays to measure AA absorption in commercial canine diets were compared in the present study. Five ileal cannulated dogs were fed 5 commercial dry canine foods selected to contain 19 to 30% CP in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Ileal and total tract digestibility (apparent and standardized) of DM, OM, CP, crude fat (CF), carbohydrate, and AA (including reactive Lys) were calculated using Cr2O3 as an indigestible marker. Greater apparent total tract digestibility values were found for DM, OM, and CP (P ≤ 0.034) compared with ileal digestibility values; however, CF (P = 0.058) had a greater ileal apparent digestibility. Apparent and standardized CP digestibility values were, respectively, 5.7 and 7.4 percentage units greater when measured over the total digestive tract compared with measurement at the ileum (P = 0.034 and 0.011, respectively). Ileal apparent digestibility for N of AA (P = 0.009) and most AA (P < 0.05), except for Met, Ile, Lys, Phe, and Ala, was decreased if measured at the ileum. However, correction for endogenous losses showed only Met digestibility did not differ between measurement sites. Differences between sites in excess of 15 percentage units were recorded for AA. Apparent and standardized ileal reactive Lys digestibility was 3.1 to 15.3 percentage units greater than corresponding total tract digestibility values. For several indispensable AA, the bioavailability estimates currently used by the 2006 NRC and the 2011 Association of American Feed Control Officials to derive allowance estimates for canine adult maintenance were greater than the digestibility values of these AA in the commercial dog foods evaluated. Although the canine large intestine is relatively short, the total tract digestibility assay in dogs can overestimate the digestibility of dietary AA and CP and may not be an accurate method for the measurement of absorption. In this study, bioavailability estimates of AA appeared to be less than those used to derive allowance estimates for commercial dog foods. Further work is required if current recommendations warrant adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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de Godoy MRC, Knapp BK, Bauer LL, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Blending of soluble corn fiber with pullulan, sorbitol, or fructose attenuates glycemic and insulinemic responses in the dog and affects hydrolytic digestion in vitro. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3796-806. [PMID: 23736045 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of these experiments was to measure in vitro hydrolytic digestion and glycemic and insulinemic responses of select carbohydrate blends, all containing the novel carbohydrate soluble corn fiber (SCF). Two SCF that varied in their method of production were used to formulate the carbohydrate blends. One set of blends contained a SCF that was spray dried (SCFsd) and then blended with different amounts of either pullulan, sorbitol, or fructose. The other set of blends contained a SCF produced using longer evaporation time (SCF) and then blended with different ratios of pullulan, sorbitol, and fructose. Free sugar concentrations found in the individual SCFsd and SCF substrates were low but varied. Spray-dried soluble corn fiber had a reduced free sugar concentration compared with SCF (2.8 vs. 14.2%). Glucose was the main free sugar found in both SCFsd and SCF but at different concentrations (2.7 vs. 12.7%, respectively). The majority of the SCFsd blends were completely hydrolyzed to their monosaccharide components. Glucose accounted for most of the hydrolyzed monosaccharides for SCFsd and all the SCFsd blends. Hydrolyzed monosaccharide concentrations for the SCF:pullulan:sorbitol:fructose blends followed similar trends to the SCFsd blends where greater percentages of fructose and sorbitol resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) hydrolyzed monosaccharide concentrations. The SCFsd blends had intermediate to high amounts of monosaccharides released as a result of in vitro hydrolytic digestion. The SCFsd:pullulan blends were more digestible in vitro (approximately 91%; P < 0.05) than SCFsd:fructose or SCFsd:sorbitol. Total released monosaccharides were high in SCFsd blends containing either 50% fructose or sorbitol, but the combination resulted in reduced concentrations of glucose released (P < 0.05). The SCF:pullulan:sorbitol:fructose blends also had intermediate to high released monosaccharides as a result of in vitro hydrolytic digestion. All SCF blends resulted in decreased glycemic and insulinemic responses compared with the maltodextrin control (P < 0.05) using a canine model. The addition of pullulan reduced the glycemic response compared with maltodextrin at all concentrations, but only 50:50 SCFsd:pullulan resulted in a reduction of the glycemic response compared with SCFsd alone (P < 0.05). The addition of fructose and sorbitol in the blends had the greatest impact on glycemic and insulinemic responses, even at concentrations as low as 5% of the blends. Overall, SCF and their blends may prove beneficial as components of low glycemic foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
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Wang M, Radlowski EC, Monaco MH, Fahey GC, Gaskins HR, Donovan SM. Mode of delivery and early nutrition modulate microbial colonization and fermentation products in neonatal piglets. J Nutr 2013; 143:795-803. [PMID: 23616518 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.173096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the intestinal microbiota after birth plays an important role in development of the neonatal gastrointestinal and immune systems. Two key environmental factors that influence the colonization pattern are delivery mode and nutrition. In this study, the impact of delivery mode and nutrition on microbial colonization and metabolic activity was investigated in the pig model. Vaginally (VD) or caesarean- (CD) delivered piglets were sow-reared (SR) or fed formula alone (FF) or with 4 g/L prebiotics [1:1 ratio of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) and polydextrose (PDX); FP]. Intestinal contents were collected on d 7 and 14. SR piglets harbored different microbial populations from FF and FP piglets in ileum and ascending colon (AC). On d 7, FF piglets had a greater abundance of Clostridium XIVa in AC, but lower total bacteria, Clostridium XIVa, and Lactobacillus spp. in ileum and Fecalibacterium prausnitzii in AC compared with FP piglets. On d 14, total bacteria were more abundant in FP than FF piglets. Butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate concentrations in AC were greater in SR piglets compared with FF or FP piglets. At both sampling days, acetate concentrations in AC were similar between the SR and FF groups, whereas propionate was higher in the SR compared with FF group. Delivery mode also significantly affected microbial populations. Bacterial densities differed in AC for Bacteroides-Prevotella at d 7 and Clostridium XIVa at d 14, being higher in VD piglets. Correspondingly, VD piglets had higher propionate in ileum and propionate and butyrate in AC compared with CD piglets. Our results indicate that both delivery mode and nutrition affect microbial composition and metabolic activity. Supplementation of scFOS/PDX to formula modulates microbial colonization and produces a SCFA pattern closer to that of SR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Barnes JL, Fahey GC, Tappenden KA. Prebiotic short chain fructooligosaccharides increase butyrate but not short chain fatty acid receptor or transporter mRNA in an intestinal failure piglet model. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.867.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Barnes
- Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
| | - George C. Fahey
- Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
| | - Kelly A. Tappenden
- Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
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37
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Vester Boler BM, Rossoni Serao MC, Faber TA, Bauer LL, Chow J, Murphy MR, Fahey GC. In vitro fermentation characteristics of select nondigestible oligosaccharides by infant fecal inocula. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:2109-2119. [PMID: 23379900 DOI: 10.1021/jf305056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to determine the fermentation potential of human milk oligosaccharides by mixed cultures of fecal microbiota from breast-fed (BF; n = 4) and formula-fed (FF; n = 4) infants. Infant fecal inocula were incubated with galactooligosaccharide (GOS), gum arabic (GA), HP inulin (HP), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnt). GOS, 2'FL, and LNnT had a lower pH than other substrates after 3 h (P < 0.05). Total short chain fatty acids were greater in FF compared to BF infants at 6 h (P = 0.03) and 12 h (P = 0.01). GOS, 2'FL, and LNnT led to more lactate than 6'SL, HP, and GA (P < 0.05). Bifidobacteria populations were greater (P = 0.02) in FF at 6 and 12 h. Overall, GOS, 2'FL, and LNnT were rapidly fermented by infant fecal inocula, 6'SL and HP had intermediate fermentability, while GA had little fermentation. Inocula from FF infants fermented substrates more rapidly than inocula from BF infants, which should be accounted for when evaluating substrate fermentability. These data will aid in future infant formulas to promote optimal gut health in FF infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Vester Boler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Finley JW, Soto-Vaca A, Heimbach J, Rao TP, Juneja LR, Slavin J, Fahey GC. Safety assessment and caloric value of partially hydrolyzed guar gum. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:1756-1771. [PMID: 23347282 DOI: 10.1021/jf304910k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Guar gum and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) are food ingredients that have been available for many years. PHGG is the partially hydrolyzed product from guar gum obtained from the Indian cluster bean (Cyanopsis tetragonolopus). The gum (CAS Registry No. 9000-30-0) is composed of galactomannan, a gel-forming polysaccharide with a molecular weight ranging from 200 to 300 kDa. The intact and partially hydrolyzed forms have multiple food applications. The intact material can be used to control the viscosity, stability, and texture of foods. PHGG is highly soluble and has little physical impact on foods. Both forms are indigestible but are excellent sources of fermentable dietary fiber. The caloric value of intact guar gum is accepted as 2.0, whereas the caloric value of PHGG has not been firmly established. It is the goal of this paper to review the chemistry, safety, in vivo effects, and caloric value of PHGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Finley
- Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70810, United States.
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Knapp BK, Bauer LL, Swanson KS, Tappenden KA, Fahey GC, de Godoy MRC. Soluble fiber dextrin and soluble corn fiber supplementation modify indices of health in cecum and colon of Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutrients 2013; 5:396-410. [PMID: 23381099 PMCID: PMC3635201 DOI: 10.3390/nu5020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate health outcomes resulting from dietary supplementation of novel, low-digestible carbohydrates in the cecum and colon of Sprague-Dawley rats randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups for 21 days: 5% cellulose (Control), Pectin, soluble fiber dextrin (SFD), or soluble corn fiber (SCF). Rats fed Pectin had a higher average daily food intake, but no differences in final body weights or rates of weight gain among treatments were observed. No differences were observed in total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) or branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentrations in the cecum and colon of rats fed either SFD or SCF. The SFD and SCF treatments increased cecal propionate and decreased butyrate concentrations compared to Control or Pectin. Pectin resulted in increased BCFA in the cecum and colon. Supplementation of SFD and SCF had no effect on cecal microbial populations compared to Control. Consumption of SFD and SCF increased total and empty cecal weight but not colon weight. Gut histomorphology was positively affected by SFD and SCF. Increased crypt depth, goblet cell numbers, and acidic mucin were observed in both the cecum and colon of rats supplemented with SFD, SCF, and Pectin. These novel, low-digestible carbohydrates appear to be beneficial in modulating indices of hindgut morphology when supplemented in the diet of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda K. Knapp
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; E-Mails: (B.K.K.); (L.L.B.); (K.S.S.); (G.C.F.)
| | - Laura L. Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; E-Mails: (B.K.K.); (L.L.B.); (K.S.S.); (G.C.F.)
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; E-Mails: (B.K.K.); (L.L.B.); (K.S.S.); (G.C.F.)
| | - Kelly A. Tappenden
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; E-Mail:
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; E-Mails: (B.K.K.); (L.L.B.); (K.S.S.); (G.C.F.)
| | - Maria R. C. de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; E-Mails: (B.K.K.); (L.L.B.); (K.S.S.); (G.C.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.:+1-217-333-7348; Fax: +1-217-333-7861
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Faber TA, Dilger RN, Hopkins AC, Price NP, Fahey GC. Effects of oligosaccharides in a soybean meal-based diet on fermentative and immune responses in broiler chicks challenged with Eimeria acervulina. Poult Sci 2012; 91:3132-40. [PMID: 23155023 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentable oligosaccharides, particularly those found in soybean meal (SBM), may modulate fermentation in the ceca, thus affecting intestinal immune responses to intestinal pathogens. We hypothesized that fermentable oligosaccharides found in SBM would positively affect cecal fermentation and intestinal immune status in chicks challenged with an acute coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina) infection and fed either a SBM-based diet or a semi-purified soy protein isolate- (SPI) based diet. Using a completely randomized design, 1-d-old broiler chicks (n = 200; 5 replications/treatment; 5 chicks/replication) were assigned to 1 of 4 SBM- or SPI-based diets containing either dietary cellulose (4%) or a fermentable carbohydrate, galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide-arabinoxylan (GGMO-AX) complex (4%). On d 9 posthatch, an equal number of chicks on each diet were inoculated with either distilled water (sham control) or E. acervulina (1 × 10(6) oocysts) and then euthanized on d 7 postinoculation. Overall, body weight gain and feed intake were greater (P < 0.01) for SBM-fed chicks, regardless of infection status. Gain:feed ratio was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for SPI-fed chicks except during d 3-7 postinoculation. Infection status, but not fiber source, affected propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and total branched-chain fatty acid concentrations (P ≤ 0.02). Soybean meal-based diets resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.04) short-chain fatty acid and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations than SPI-based diets. Messenger RNA fold changes relative to uninfected SBM-cellulose-fed chicks of all duodenal cytokines were greater (P ≤ 0.01) for infected chicks, and SBM-fed chicks had greater (P < 0.01) interferon-γ and interleukin-12β expression compared with SPI-fed chicks. Cecal tonsil cytokine expression was also affected (P ≤ 0.02) by infection; however, protein source only affected (P < 0.01) interleukin-1β expression in this tissue. Overall, a SBM-based diet, compared with a semi-purified SPI-based diet with a different ingredient composition, resulted in greater weight gain, feed intake, and short-chain fatty acid production regardless of infection status, and also greater duodenal cytokine expression in E. acervulina- infected chicks, which is hypothesized to be related to the nutrients and oligosaccharides found in SBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Faber
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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41
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Barry KA, Middelbos IS, Vester Boler BM, Dowd SE, Suchodolski JS, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, White BA, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. Effects of dietary fiber on the feline gastrointestinal metagenome. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5924-33. [PMID: 23075436 DOI: 10.1021/pr3006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Four healthy adult cats were used in a crossover design to determine phylogeny and metabolic functional capacity of the cat's gastrointestinal microbiota using a metagenomic approach. Healthy adult cats (1.7 years old) were fed diets containing 4% cellulose, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), or pectin for 30 d, at which time fresh fecal samples were collected. Fecal DNA samples from each cat consuming each diet were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing. Dominant phyla determined using two independent databases (MG-RAST and IMG/M) included Firmicutes (mean=36.3 and 49.8%, respectively), Bacteroidetes (mean=36.1 and 24.1%, respectively), and Proteobacteria (mean=12.4 and 11.1%, respectively). Primary functional categories as determined by KEGG were associated with carbohydrates, clustering-based subsystems, protein metabolism, and amino acids and derivatives. Primary functional categories as determined by COG were associated with amino acid metabolism and transport, general function prediction only, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes revealed modifications in several glycoside hydrolases, glycosyl transferases, and carbohydrate-binding molecules with FOS and pectin consumption. While the cat is an obligate carnivore, its gut microbiome is similar regarding microbial phylogeny and gene content to omnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Barry
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Hooda S, Boler BMV, Serao MCR, Brulc JM, Staeger MA, Boileau TW, Dowd SE, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. 454 pyrosequencing reveals a shift in fecal microbiota of healthy adult men consuming polydextrose or soluble corn fiber. J Nutr 2012; 142:1259-65. [PMID: 22649263 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.158766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of novel fibers such as polydextrose and soluble corn fiber (SCF) to the human gut microbiome and its association with host physiology has not been well studied. This study was conducted to test the impact of polydextrose and SCF on the composition of the human gut microbiota using 454 pyrosequencing and to identify associations among fecal microbiota and fermentative end-products. Healthy adult men (n = 20) with a mean dietary fiber (DF) intake of 14 g/d were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Participants consumed 3 treatment snack bars/d during each 21-d period that contained no supplemental fiber (NFC), polydextrose (PDX; 21 g/d), or SCF (21 g/d) for 21 d. There were no washout periods. Fecal samples were collected on d 16-21 of each period; DNA was extracted, followed by amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene using barcoded primers. PDX and SCF significantly affected the relative abundance of bacteria at the class, genus, and species level. The consumption of PDX and SCF led to greater fecal Clostridiaceae and Veillonellaceae and lower Eubacteriaceae compared with a NFC. The abundance of Faecalibacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, and Dialister was greater (P < 0.05) in response to PDX and SCF intake, whereas Lactobacillus was greater (P < 0.05) only after SCF intake. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, well known for its antiinflammatory properties, was greater (P < 0.05) after fiber consumption. Principal component analysis clearly indicated a distinct clustering of individuals consuming supplemental fibers. Our data demonstrate a beneficial shift in the gut microbiome of adults consuming PDX and SCF, with potential application as prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Hooda
- University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, IL, USA
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Hooda S, Boler BMV, Serao MCR, Staeger MA, Boileau TW, Dowd SE, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. 454 Pyrosequencing reveals a beneficial shift in fecal microbiota of healthy adult men consuming polydextrose or soluble corn fiber. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.830.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Hooda
- Animal ScienceUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
| | | | | | - Michael A Staeger
- General Mills Inc.Bell Institute of Health and NutritionMinneapolisMN
| | - Thomas W Boileau
- General Mills Inc.Bell Institute of Health and NutritionMinneapolisMN
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Li M, Bauer LL, Chen X, Wang M, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Fahey GC, Donovan SM. Microbial composition and in vitro fermentation patterns of human milk oligosaccharides and prebiotics differ between formula-fed and sow-reared piglets. J Nutr 2012; 142:681-9. [PMID: 22399522 PMCID: PMC3301989 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.154427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), a 2:1 mixture of polydextrose (PDX) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) by pooled ascending colonic microbiota from 9- and 17-d-old formula-fed (FF) and sow-reared (SR) piglets were assessed. pH change and gas, SCFA, and lactate production were determined after 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h of incubation. In most donor groups, the pH change was greater for scFOS fermentation and lower for PDX/GOS than for other substrates. LNnT fermentation produced larger amounts of gas, total SCFA, acetate, and butyrate than did the other substrates, whereas HMO and scFOS produced higher amounts of propionate and lactate, respectively. In general, pH change, total SCFA, acetate, and propionate production were greater in pooled inoculum from FF and 9-d-old piglets, whereas SR-derived inoculum produced higher amounts of butyrate and lactate after 4 h fermentation. Gut microbiota were assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA V3 gene denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis and real-time qPCR. Microbial structures differed among the 4 groups before fermentation, with higher counts of Bifidobacterium in SR piglets and higher counts of Clostridium cluster IV, XIVa, and Bacteroides vulgatus in FF piglets. Lactobacillus counts were higher in 9-d-old piglets than in 17-d-old piglets, regardless of diet. Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and clostridial species increased after 8 and 12 h fermentation on most substrates. In summary, piglet diet and age affect gut microbiota, leading to different fermentation patterns. HMO have potential prebiotic effects due to their effects on SCFA production and microbial modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
| | | | - Xin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
| | - Mei Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and
| | | | - Mark S. Kuhlenschmidt
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and,Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences,Division of Nutritional Sciences, and
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition,Division of Nutritional Sciences, and
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Li M, Laura BL, Chen X, Wang M, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Fahey GC, Donovan SM. Microbial composition and
in vitro
fermentation patterns of human milk oligosaccharides and prebiotics differ between formula‐fed and sow‐reared piglets. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.625.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
| | - Bauer L Laura
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
| | - Mei Wang
- Division of Nutrition SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
| | | | - Mark S Kuhlenschmidt
- Division of Nutrition SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
- Department of PathobiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
- Division of Nutrition SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL
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Horn GP, Gutzmer S, Fahs CA, Petruzzello SJ, Goldstein E, Fahey GC, Fernhall B, Smith DL. Physiological recovery from firefighting activities in rehabilitation and beyond. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2011; 15:214-25. [PMID: 21366432 DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2010.545474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to document the timeline of physiologic recovery from firefighting activities in order to inform emergency medical services (EMS) of vital sign values that might be expected during incident rehabilitation and in developing rehabilitation protocols to make decisions about when to return personnel to the fireground. Secondarily, we compared two different incident rehabilitation strategies to determine effectiveness in reducing physiologic strain following firefighting. METHODS A repeated-measures randomized crossover design was utilized in which firefighters conducted a controlled set of firefighting activities, after which they completed incident rehabilitation in one of two conditions: 1) similar to currently used rehabilitation protocols and 2) with active cooling and nutritional intervention. Following 15 minutes of rehabilitation, each firefighter was asked to perform a simulated rescue "dummy drag" and then recover for 120 minutes in a quiet area. Core temperature and heart rate were recorded throughout the study. Blood pressures and subendocardial viability ratios were obtained before firefighting, after firefighting, and at standardized times during rehabilitation and recovery. RESULTS Heart rate and core temperature increased during firefighting, and core temperature continued to increase for 7 minutes after completion of firefighting activities. These values did not return to baseline until at least 50 minutes after firefighting activity. Systolic blood pressures were significantly reduced during rehabilitation (15.2%), and recovered 7.7% during the first 30 minutes of recovery, but remained significantly lower than before firefighting for at least 120 minutes. An index of subendocardial perfusion was also significantly depressed for up to 110 minutes after firefighters. Differences between rehabilitation protocols were minimal. CONCLUSIONS The timeline for recovery from firefighting activities is significantly longer than the typical 10-20-minute rehabilitation period that often is provided on the fireground. Modifications from the current rehabilitation protocol do not appear to improve the recovery timeline when rehabilitation is conducted in a cool room. While firefighters often are concerned about elevated blood pressures, this study suggests that firefighters and EMS personnel should also be cognizant of the potential dangers of hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Horn
- University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA.
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Perez VG, Jacobs CM, Barnes J, Jenkins MC, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Fahey GC, Parsons CM, Pettigrew JE. Effect of corn distillers dried grains with solubles and Eimeria acervulina infection on growth performance and the intestinal microbiota of young chicks. Poult Sci 2011; 90:958-64. [PMID: 21489939 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicks were used to determine whether dietary corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) may prevent or ameliorate Eimeria acervulina (EA) infection. The experiment had a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 3 diets (inclusion of 0, 10, or 20% DDGS) × 2 challenge treatments: inoculation with distilled water or with 10(6) sporulated EA oocysts. Each treatment was replicated with 8 pens of 5 chicks each. Experimental diets were fed from 7 to 21 d of age. Inoculation occurred on d 10 of age, considered postinoculation (PI) d 0. Feed intake and BW were measured on PI d 0, 7, and 14. Excreta samples were collected on PI d 0, 5 to 10, 12, and 14 to detect oocysts. On PI d 14, mucosal samples were collected for the analysis of bacterial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, using the V3 region of bacterial 16S ribosome. The EA challenge reduced (P < 0.001) ADG by 17%, ADFI by 12%, and G:F by 6% from PI d 0 to 7, and by smaller percentages from PI d 7 to 14. Diet and challenge treatments did not interact in the chick performance, so dietary DDGS did not alleviate EA infection. Oocysts in excreta were detected PI only in EA chicks and no dietary effects were found. Cecal bacterial population was changed (P < 0.05) by effect of dietary DDGS and EA infection. The cecal bacterial diversity among chicks within treatments and homogeneity among chicks within treatments were reduced by EA infection (P = 0.02 to 0.001) and increased by feeding 10% DDGS (diet quadratic, P < 0.001). In summary, feeding up to 20% DDGS to young chicks did not prevent or ameliorate EA infection. Changes in cecal microbiota of chicks fed 10% DDGS can be interpreted as beneficial for intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Perez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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48
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Jonnalagadda SS, Harnack L, Hai Liu R, McKeown N, Seal C, Liu S, Fahey GC. Putting the whole grain puzzle together: health benefits associated with whole grains--summary of American Society for Nutrition 2010 Satellite Symposium. J Nutr 2011; 141:1011S-22S. [PMID: 21451131 PMCID: PMC3078018 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.132944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The symposium "Putting the Whole Grain Puzzle Together: Health Benefits Associated with Whole Grains" sponsored by the ASN brought together researchers to review the evidence regarding the health benefits associated with whole grains. Current scientific evidence indicates that whole grains play an important role in lowering the risk of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, and also contribute to body weight management and gastrointestinal health. The essential macro- and micronutrients, along with the phytonutrients present in whole grains, synergistically contribute to their beneficial effects. Current evidence lends credence to the recommendations to incorporate whole grain foods into a healthy diet and lifestyle program. The symposium also highlighted the need for further research to examine the role of whole grain foods in disease prevention and management to gain a better understanding of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya S. Jonnalagadda
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Golden Valley, MN, 55427,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Lisa Harnack
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Nicola McKeown
- Nutrition Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Chris Seal
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, New Castle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU UK
| | - Simin Liu
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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49
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Barry KA, Wojcicki BJ, Bauer LL, Middelbos IS, Vester Boler BM, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Adaptation of healthy adult cats to select dietary fibers in vivo affects gas and short-chain fatty acid production from fiber fermentation in vitro. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3163-9. [PMID: 21531846 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine young adult (1.73 ± 0.03 yr) male cats were used to determine the effects of microbial adaptation to select dietary fiber sources on changes in pH in vitro and on total and hydrogen gas, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) production. Cats were adapted to diets containing 4% cellulose, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), or pectin for 30 d before fecal sampling. Each cat was used as a single donor, and fecal inoculum was reacted with each of the aforementioned fiber substrates. Adaptation to dietary FOS resulted in a greater change in pH when exposed to FOS than pectin (adaptation × substrate, P < 0.001). When exposed to the FOS substrate, adaptation to dietary FOS or pectin increased hydrogen gas production (adaptation × substrate, P = 0.021). Adaptation to dietary FOS increased acetate and total SCFA production when exposed to FOS substrate in vitro (adaptation × substrate, P = 0.001). When exposed to the FOS substrate, propionate production tended to increase with adaptation to dietary cellulose (adaptation × substrate, P = 0.060). The BCFA + valerate tended to decrease with adaptation to dietary FOS when exposed to FOS substrate in vitro (adaptation × substrate, P = 0.092). Fructooligosaccharides resulted in the greatest change in pH and production of total gas (P < 0.001), hydrogen gas (P < 0.001), acetate (P < 0.001), propionate (P < 0.001), butyrate (P < 0.001), total SCFA (P < 0.001), and total BCFA + valerate production (P < 0.001). Adaptation to the FOS or pectin diet increased production of hydrogen gas with FOS and pectin substrates. Adaptation to pectin increased (P = 0.033) total gas production with FOS and pectin substrates. Overall, adaptation to either FOS or pectin led to greater SCFA and gas production, but adaptation to FOS resulted in the greatest effect overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Barry
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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50
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Li M, Bauer LL, Chen X, Kuhlenschmidt T, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Fahey GC, Donovan SM. In vitro fermentation of human milk oligosaccharides by ascending colonic microbiota from formula‐fed and sow‐reared piglets. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.985.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Food Science and Human Nutrition
| | | | - Xin Chen
- Food Science and Human Nutrition
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