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Magtoto PD, Arruda BL, Magtoto RL, Mora-Díaz JC, Opulencia RB, Baum DH, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Differential antigenicity of individual Mycoplasma hyorhinis variable lipoproteins. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110768. [PMID: 38703559 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) variable lipoprotein (Vlp) family, comprising Vlps A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, are highly variable in expression, size, and cytoadhesion capabilities across Mhr strains. The 'Vlp system' plays a crucial role in cytoadhesion, immune evasion, and in eliciting a host immunologic response. This pilot study described the development of Vlp peptide-based ELISAs to evaluate the antigenic reactivity of individual Vlps against Mhr antisera collected throughout a longitudinal study focused on Mhr strain 38983, reproducing Mhr-associated disease under experimental conditions. Specifically, serum samples were collected at day post-inoculation 0, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 from Mhr- and mock (Friis medium)-inoculated cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. Significant Mhr-specific IgG responses were detected at specific time points throughout the infection, with some variations for each Vlp. Overall, individual Vlp ELISAs showed consistently high accuracy rates, except for VlpD, which would likely be associated with its expression levels or the anti-Vlp humoral immune response specific to the Mhr strain used in this study. This study provides the basis and tools for a more refined understanding of these Vlp- and Mhr strain-specific variations, which is foundational in understanding the host immune response to Mhr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precy D Magtoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Pampanga, the Philippines; College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ronaldo L Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rina B Opulencia
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - David H Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeff J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Magtoto PD, Arruda BL, Magtoto RL, Mora-Díaz JC, Opulencia RB, Baum DH, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Dynamics of antibody response and bacterial shedding of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in oral fluids from experimentally inoculated pigs. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109999. [PMID: 38280306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) and M. hyosynoviae (Mhs) are commensal organisms of the upper respiratory tract and tonsils but may also cause arthritis in pigs. In this study, 8-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs (n = 30; 3 groups, 10 pigs per group, 2 pigs per pen) were inoculated with Mhr, Mhs, or mock-inoculated with culture medium and then pen-based oral fluids were collected at different time points over the 56 days of the experimental study. Oral fluids tested by Mhr and Mhs quantitative real-time PCRs revealed Mhr DNA between day post inoculation (DPI) 5-52 and Mhs DNA between DPI 5-15. Oral fluids were likewise tested for antibody using isotype-specific (IgG, IgA, IgM) indirect ELISAs based on a recombinant chimeric polypeptide of variable lipoproteins (A-G) for Mhr and Tween 20-extracted surface proteins for Mhs. Mhr IgA was detected at DPI 7 and, relative to the control group, significant (p < 0.05) antibody responses were detected in the Mhr group between DPI 12-15 for IgM and DPI 36-56 for both IgA and IgG. In the Mhs group, IgM was detected at DPI 10 and significant (p < 0.05) IgG and IgA responses were detected at DPI 32-56 and DPI 44-56, respectively. This study demonstrated that oral fluid could serve as an effective and convenient antemortem sample for monitoring Mhr and Mhs in swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precy D Magtoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pampanga State Agricultural University, Pampanga, the Philippines; College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ronaldo L Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rina B Opulencia
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines
| | - David H Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeff J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Silva APSP, Almeida M, Michael A, Rahe MC, Siepker C, Magstadt DR, Piñeyro P, Arruda BL, Macedo NR, Sahin O, Gauger PC, Krueger KM, Mugabi R, Streauslin JS, Trevisan G, Linhares DCL, Silva GS, Fano E, Main RG, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Sitthicharoenchai P, Clavijo MJ. Detection and disease diagnosis trends (2017-2022) for Streptococcus suis, Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Actinobacillus suis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:268. [PMID: 38087358 PMCID: PMC10714645 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific antemortem diagnostic tests, and the polymicrobial nature of swine diagnostic cases. The main objective of this retrospective study was to estimate temporal patterns of agent detection and disease diagnosis for five endemic bacteria that can cause systemic disease in porcine tissue specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2017 to 2022. The study also explored the diagnostic value of specific tissue specimens for disease diagnosis, estimated the frequency of polymicrobial diagnosis, and evaluated the association between phase of pig production and disease diagnosis. RESULTS S. suis and G. parasuis bronchopneumonia increased on average 6 and 4.3%, while S. suis endocarditis increased by 23% per year, respectively. M. hyorhinis and A. suis associated serositis increased yearly by 4.2 and 12.8%, respectively. A significant upward trend in M. hyorhinis arthritis cases was also observed. In contrast, M. hyosynoviae arthritis cases decreased by 33% average/year. Investigation into the diagnostic value of tissues showed that lungs were the most frequently submitted sample, However, the use of lung for systemic disease diagnosis requires caution due to the commensal nature of these agents in the respiratory system, compared to systemic sites that diagnosticians typically target. This study also explored associations between phase of production and specific diseases caused by each agent, showcasing the role of S. suis arthritis in suckling pigs, meningitis in early nursery and endocarditis in growing pigs, and the role of G. parasuis, A. suis, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae disease mainly in post-weaning phases. Finally, this study highlighted the high frequency of co-detection and -disease diagnosis with other infectious etiologies, such as PRRSV and IAV, demonstrating that to minimize the health impact of these endemic bacterial agents it is imperative to establish effective viral control programs. CONCLUSIONS Results from this retrospective study demonstrated significant increases in disease diagnosis for S. suis, G. parasuis, M. hyorhinis, and A. suis, and a significant decrease in detection and disease diagnosis of M. hyosynoviae. High frequencies of interactions between these endemic agents and with viral pathogens was also demonstrated. Consequently, improved control programs are needed to mitigate the adverse effect of these endemic bacterial agents on swine health and wellbeing. This includes improving diagnostic procedures, developing more effective vaccine products, fine-tuning antimicrobial approaches, and managing viral co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Serafini Poeta Silva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marcelo Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alyona Michael
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael C Rahe
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christopher Siepker
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nubia R Macedo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Philip C Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karen M Krueger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Robert Mugabi
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jessica S Streauslin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Daniel C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gustavo S Silva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eduardo Fano
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodger G Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Panchan Sitthicharoenchai
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria J Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Zhang Y, Gan Y, Bao H, Wang R. Perturbations of gut microbiome and metabolome of pigs infected with Mycoplasma hyorhinis. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:6219-6232. [PMID: 37145100 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a prevalent respiratory pathogen in swine, causing significant economic loss to pig producers. There is growing evidence that respiratory pathogen infections have a large impact on intestinal microecology. To study the effect of M. hyorhinis infection on gut microbial composition and metabolome profile, pigs were infected with M. hyorhinis. Metagenomic sequencing analysis was performed of fecal samples and a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of gut digesta was made. RESULTS Pigs infected with M. hyorhinis had enriched Sutterella and Mailhella, and depleted Dechloromonas, Succinatimonas, Campylobacter, Blastocystis, Treponema, and Megasphaera. The pigs infected with M. hyorhinis also had greater abundances of bacterium_0_1xD8_71, Ruminococcus_sp__CAG_353, Firmicutes_bacterium_CAG_194, Firmicutes_bacterium_CAG_534, bacterium_1xD42_87, and lower abundances of Chlamydia_suis, Megasphaera_elsdenii, Treponema_porcinum, Bacteroides_sp__CAG_1060, Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii. Metabolomic analysis revealed that some lipids and lipid-like molecules increased in the small intestine, whereas most lipids and lipid-like molecule metabolites decreased in the large intestine. These altered metabolites induce changes in intestinal sphingolipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and thiamine metabolism. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that infection with M. hyorhinis can alter the gut microbial composition and metabolite structure in pigs, which may further affect amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in the intestine. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongduo Bao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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5
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Zubair M, Wang J, Yu Y, Rasheed MA, Faisal M, Dawood AS, Ashraf M, Shao G, Feng Z, Xiong Q. Conserved Domains in Variable Surface Lipoproteins A-G of Mycoplasma hyorhinis May Serve as Probable Multi-Epitope Candidate Vaccine: Computational Reverse Vaccinology Approach. Vet Sci 2023; 10:557. [PMID: 37756079 PMCID: PMC10535464 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is responsible for infections in the swine population. Such infections are usually cured by using antimicrobials and lead to develop resistance. Until now, there has been no effective vaccine to eradicate the disease. This study used conserved domains found in seven members of the variable lipoprotein (VlpA-G) family in order to design a multi-epitope candidate vaccine (MEV) against M. hyorhinis. The immunoinformatics approach was followed to predict epitopes, and a vaccine construct consisting of an adjuvant, two B cell epitopes, two HTL epitopes, and one CTL epitope was designed. The suitability of the vaccine construct was identified by its non-allergen, non-toxic, and antigenic nature. A molecular dynamic simulation was executed to assess the stability of the TLR2 docked structure. An immune simulation showed a high immune response toward the antigen. The protein sequence was reverse-translated, and codons were optimized to gain a high expression level in E. coli. The proposed vaccine construct may be a candidate for a multi-epitope vaccine. Experimental validation is required in future to test the safety and efficacy of the hypothetical candidate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (G.S.); (Z.F.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (G.S.); (Z.F.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (G.S.); (Z.F.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Muhammad Asif Rasheed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Ali Sobhy Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 37000, Pakistan;
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (G.S.); (Z.F.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (G.S.); (Z.F.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China; (M.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (G.S.); (Z.F.)
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Zhang Y, Gan Y, Wang J, Feng Z, Zhong Z, Bao H, Xiong Q, Wang R. Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Pigs with Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Mycoplasma hyorhinis Infection. mSystems 2022;:e0028222. [PMID: 35699454 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00282-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation induced by Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection accounts for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Increasing evidence suggests that there is cross talk between the lungs and the gut, but little is known about the effect of the lung inflammation caused by M. hyorhinis infection on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function. Here, we investigated changes in the fecal microbiotas of pigs with M. hyorhinis infection and the microbial regulatory role of such infection in intestinal barrier function. We infected pigs with M. hyorhinis and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses of fecal samples, data-independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative proteomic analyses of intestinal mucosa, and analyses of barrier dysfunction indicators in serum. We found that pigs with M. hyorhinis infection exhibit lung and systemic inflammation, as reflected by the histopathological changes and activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway in lung tissue, as well as the increased concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiotas tended to become disturbed, as evidenced by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens. The increased diamine oxidase activities and d-lactate concentrations in serum and the decreased relative mRNA expression of Occludin, ZO-1, and Mucin2 indicated the impairment of intestinal barrier function. Quantitative proteomic analyses showed a variety of altered proteins involved in immunomodulatory and inflammatory functions. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of opportunistic pathogens and inflammatory-cytokine concentrations, as well as intestinal immunomodulatory proteins. Our results suggest that lung inflammation induced by M. hyorhinis infection can contribute to the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier dysfunction, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota was associated with systemic inflammation and intestinal immune status. IMPORTANCE Cumulative evidence suggests that bacterial pneumonia may contribute to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Our experiment has demonstrated that lung inflammation induced by M. hyorhinis infection was associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction, which may provide a theoretical basis for exploring the gut-lung axis based on M. hyorhinis infection.
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Li J, Wei Y, Wang J, Li Y, Shao G, Feng Z, Xiong Q. Characterization of Mutations in DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV in Field Strains and In Vitro Selected Quinolone-Resistant Mycoplasma hyorhinis Mutants. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:494. [PMID: 35453245 PMCID: PMC9024574 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is ubiquitous in swine, and it is a common pathogen of swine that causes polyserositis, arthritis, and maybe pneumonia. Fluoroquinolones are effective antimicrobials used for the treatment of mycoplasmal infection. However, a decrease in fluoroquinolones susceptibility in mycoplasma was observed. The molecular mechanisms have been studied in many mycoplasma species, while the mechanism in M. hyorhinis is still unknown. This study aimed to illustrate the in vitro development of fluoroquinolone resistance in M. hyorhinis and unveil the resistance mechanisms in both in vitro selected mutants and field strains. Seven ciprofloxacin-sensitive M. hyorhinis isolates were chosen to induce the fluoroquinolone resistance in vitro, and the point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were characterized. The substitutions first occurred in ParC, resulting in a 2- to 8-fold increase in resistance, followed by additional mutations in GyrA and/or ParE to achieve a 32-fold increase. The mutations occurred in hot spots of QRDRs, and they were diverse and variable, including five in ParC (Ser80Phe, Ser80Tyr, Phe80Tyr, Glu84Gly, and Glu84Lys), four in GyrA (Ala83Val, Ser84Pro, Asp87Tyr, and Asp87Asn) and one in ParE (Glu470Lys). Target mutations in field strains were observed in the ParC (Ser80Phe, Ser81Pro, and Glu84Gln) of isolates with MICCIP = 2 μg/mL. This study characterized the point mutations in the QRDRs of M. hyorhinis and could be useful for the rapid detection of fluoroquinolone resistance in M. hyorhinis field isolates.
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8
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Merodio M, McDaniel A, Poonsuk K, Magtoto R, Ferreyra FSM, Meiroz-De-Souza-Almeida H, Ross RF, Gimenez-Lirola L, Arruda B, Derscheid R. Evaluation of colonization, variable lipoprotein-based serological response, and cellular immune response of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in experimentally infected swine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109162. [PMID: 34217902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract that can be shed by nasal secretions and transmitted by direct contact in neonatal and nursery pigs. Lesions associated with Mhr infection include polyserositis and arthritis; however, systemic Mhr disease pathogenesis is not well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the immunopathogenesis and bacterial dissemination pattern of Mhr using single and multiple inoculation approaches in a caesarian-derived colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pig model. Animals in three treatment groups were inoculated once (Mhr 1; n = 12) or four (Mhr 2; n = 8) times with Mhr or sham-inoculated (NC group; n = 3) nasally and by tonsillar painting. Inoculum consisted of a triple cloned Mhr field isolate (4.5 × 107 CFU/mL) in Friis medium. Clinical signs were evaluated daily during the study. Serum and oral fluid antibody (IgA and IgG) response and cellular immune response were assessed using a recombinant chimeric VlpA-G-based indirect ELISA and by ELISpot, respectively. The presence of Mhr in oral fluids, nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were evaluated by qPCR. At 6 wpi, pigs were euthanized and evaluated for gross lesions consistent with Mhr and bacterial colonization in tonsils by qPCR. No clinical signs or gross lesions consistent with Mhr-associated disease were observed throughout the study. For Mhr 2 group, the presence of IgA and IgG in serum and oral fluids were detected at 2 and 4 weeks post-inoculation (wpi), respectively, while in Mhr 1, only IgA was detected in oral fluids at 6 wpi. The proportion of animals shedding Mhr in nasal secretions varied from 20 to 40 % in the Mhr 1 and 62.5-100% in the Mhr 2 group. However, the proportion of animals shedding Mhr in oropharyngeal swabs was consistent through the study (60 %) in Mhr 1 and fluctuated from 20 % to 87.5 % in Mhr 2 group. The lack of clinical signs and the presence of Mhr specific humoral response and bacterial colonization indicates that the multiple inoculation experimental model may mimic subclinical natural infection in the field. In addition, the humoral and transient cellular response did not result in bacterial clearance. Based on these results, animals would have to be exposed multiple times to mount a detectable immune response.
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9
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Poeta Silva APS, Magtoto RL, Souza Almeida HM, McDaniel A, Magtoto PD, Derscheid RJ, Merodio MM, Matias Ferreyra FS, Gatto IRH, Baum DH, Clavijo MJ, Arruda BL, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Performance of Commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Serum Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays under Experimental and Field Conditions. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e00485-20. [PMID: 32967897 PMCID: PMC7685885 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00485-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an economically significant pathogen of swine. M. hyopneumoniae serum antibody detection via commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) is widely used for routine surveillance in commercial swine production systems. Samples from two studies were used to evaluate assay performance. In study 1, 6 commercial M. hyopneumoniae ELISAs were compared using serum samples from 8-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs allocated to the following 5 inoculation groups of 10 pigs each: (i) negative control, (ii) Mycoplasma flocculare (strain 27399), (iii) Mycoplasma hyorhinis (strain 38983), (iv) Mycoplasma hyosynoviae (strain 34428), and (v) M. hyopneumoniae (strain 232). Weekly serum and daily oral fluid samples were collected through 56 days postinoculation (dpi). The true status of pigs was established by PCR testing on oral fluids samples over the course of the observation period. Analysis of ELISA performance at various cutoffs found that the manufacturers' recommended cutoffs were diagnostically specific, i.e., produced no false positives, with the exceptions of 2 ELISAs. An analysis based on overall misclassification error rates found that 4 ELISAs performed similarly, although one assay produced more false positives. In study 2, the 3 best-performing ELISAs from study 1 were compared using serum samples generated under field conditions. Ten 8-week-old pigs were intratracheally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae Matched serum and tracheal samples (to establish the true pig M. hyopneumoniae status) were collected at 7- to 14-day intervals through 98 dpi. Analyses of sensitivity and specificity showed similar performance among these 3 ELISAs. Overall, this study provides an assessment of the performance of current M. hyopneumoniae ELISAs and an understanding of their use in surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula S Poeta Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Ronaldo L Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Aric McDaniel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Precy D Magtoto
- Pampanga State Agricultural University, Pampanga, Philippines
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Maria M Merodio
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Franco S Matias Ferreyra
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Igor R H Gatto
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David H Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Maria J Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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