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Dogrul H, Doganer YC, Aydogan U, Bayrak RN. Association Between Sleep Hygiene Parameters and Sleep Habits in 5- to 10-Year-Old School-Age Children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2025; 64:616-630. [PMID: 39328145 DOI: 10.1177/00099228241283276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Insufficient sleep can lead to problems. We examined the sociodemographic characteristics, sleep habits, and association between sleep problems. Parents were requested to fill out a survey and Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). The mean age of 1226 students was 8.42 (5.0-10.0) years. A total of 50.7% were male students. In addition, 69.1% showed signs of sleep problems in the CSHQ. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, bed-sharing, owning cell phone, attending early education group, not using toilet before bedtime, television watching duration, being an only child, not doing physical activity, watching TV before bed on weekends, caffeinated beverage consumption, not reading a book before sleep, waking up at night, sleeping in lighted rooms, maternal education level, having 1 sibling, and not having tablet variables were statistically significant in causing sleep problems. Poor sleep habits and sleep hygiene problems are common in school-age children. Healthy sleep habits are essential to get adequate and quality sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Dogrul
- Primary Care Clinic, SHAPE Healthcare Facility, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yusuf Cetin Doganer
- Department of Family Medicine, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Umit Aydogan
- Department of Family Medicine, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Rumeysa Nur Bayrak
- Department of Family Medicine, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
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Quadri MFA, Ahmad B. The Mediation Pathway Linking Dental Caries and Academic Performance in Children. Caries Res 2024; 59:1-10. [PMID: 39137743 DOI: 10.1159/000540883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is little discussion in the literature on the pathway linking oral health problems and academic performance (AP) in children. This study investigated the hypothesis that the influence of dental caries on academic performance is mediated through toothache and impacted sleep and study activities. METHODS This cross-sectional study on children aged 12-14 years collected data on the exposure (decayed tooth index), outcome (school examination results), and mediator (school absence due to toothache, and oral health impact on sleep and study performances using the Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performance instrument) variables. It used mediation analysis to examine the indirect effects of a single and two serial mediators using model 4 (caries → mediator → AP) and model 6 (caries → mediator 1 → mediator 2 → AP), respectively, in PROCESS macro add-on software in IBM SPSS v24. Analyses were carried out separately for boys and girls at a 5% significance level. RESULTS In model 4, school absence due to toothache (boys: 95% CI: 0.42, 1.01; girls: 95% CI: 0.58, 0.98), and impacted sleep (95% CI: 0.13, 0.41; 95% CI: 2.17, 13.03), and study (95% CI: 0.05, 0.42; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.94) performance were significant single mediators in both sexes. In model 6, school absence due to toothache and impacted sleep activity (boys: 95% CI: 0.02, 0.29 and girls: 95% CI: 1.37, 12.81), and school absence due to toothache and impacted study activity (girls: 95% CI: 1.37, 12.81) were significant two serial-mediators. CONCLUSION This study provides empirical evidence showing that dental caries and toothache can impact academic performance as they disrupt sleep and study performances to influence the learning and cognition process. The finding bridges the understanding of the mechanism underpinning the relationship and thus, further emphasizes the importance of caries prevention in children with high caries risk for improving their health outcomes and educational experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Department of Dental Public Health, Woody Hunt School of Dental Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basaruddin Ahmad
- Biostatistics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Fatima K, Varela S, Fatima Y, Lindsay D, Gray M, Cairns A. Impact of sleep on educational outcome of Indigenous Australian children: A systematic review. Aust J Rural Health 2024; 32:672-683. [PMID: 38923728 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between quality sleep and improved cognition is well reported in literature. However, very few studies have been undertaken to evaluate the impact of poor sleep on educational outcomes in Indigenous Australian children. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to explore the association between sleep and educational outcomes of Indigenous children. METHODS For this systematic review, a literature search covering research articles in academic databases and grey literature sources was conducted to retrieve studies published until March 2022. Eight online e-databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, HealthinfoNet, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Google Scholar) were searched for data extraction and two appraisal tools (NIH and CREATE) were used for quality assessment. Studies that explored any aspect of sleep health in relation to educational/academic outcomes in school going Indigenous Australian children aged 5-18 were included in this study. All review articles and studies that focused on physical/ mental disabilities or parent perceptions of sleep and educational outcomes were excluded. A convergent integrated approach was used to collate and synthesize information. RESULTS Only three studies (two cross-sectional and one longitudinal) met the eligibility criteria out of 574 articles. The sample size ranged from 21-50 of 6 to 13 year old children. A strong relationship was indicated between sleep quantity and educational outcomes, in two of the three studies. One study related the sleep fragmentation/shorter sleep schedules of short sleep class and early risers with poorer reading (B = -30.81 to -37.28, p = 0.006 to 0.023), grammar (B = -39.79 to -47.89, p = 0.012-0.013) and numeracy (B = -37.93 to -50.15, p = 0.003 to 0.022) skills compared with long sleep and normative sleep class whereas another reported no significant relation between sleep and educational outcomes. CONCLUSION The review highlights the need for more research to provide evidence of potentially modifiable factors such as sleep and the impact these may have on academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Fatima
- Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sharon Varela
- Murtupuni Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaqoot Fatima
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Malama Gray
- Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alice Cairns
- Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
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Spruyt K. Neurocognitive Effects of Sleep Disruption in Children and Adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2024; 47:27-45. [PMID: 38302211 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A main childhood task is learning. In this task, the role of sleep is increasingly demonstrated. Although most literature examining this role focuses on preadolescence and middle adolescence, some studies apply napping designs in preschoolers. Studies overall conclude that without proper sleep a child's cognitive abilities suffer, but questions on how and to what extent linger. Observational studies show the hazards of potential confounders such as an individual's resilience to poor sleep as well as developmental risk factors (eg, disorders, stressors). A better understanding of cognitive sleep neuroscience may have a big impact on pediatric sleep research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Spruyt
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM - NeuroDiderot, Paris, France.
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Liu J, Ji X, Pitt S, Wang G, Rovit E, Lipman T, Jiang F. Childhood sleep: physical, cognitive, and behavioral consequences and implications. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:122-132. [PMID: 36418660 PMCID: PMC9685105 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep problems in children have been increasingly recognized as a major public health issue. Previous research has extensively studied and presented many risk factors and potential mechanisms for children's sleep problems. In this paper, we aimed to identify and summarize the consequences and implications of child sleep problems. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive search for relevant English language full-text, peer-reviewed publications was performed focusing on pediatric sleep studies from prenatal to childhood and adolescence in a variety of indexes in PubMed, SCOPUS, and Psych Info published in the past two decades. Both relevant data-based articles and systematic reviews are included. RESULTS Many adverse consequences are associated with child sleep deficiency and other sleep problems, including physical outcomes (e.g., obesity), neurocognitive outcomes (e.g., memory and attention, intelligence, academic performance), and emotional and behavioral outcomes (e.g., internalizing/externalizing behaviors, behavioral disorders). Current prevention and intervention approaches to address childhood sleep problems include nutrition, exercise, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, aromatherapy, acupressure, and mindfulness. These interventions may be particularly important in the context of coronavirus disease 2019. Specific research and policy strategies can target the risk factors of child sleep as well as the efficacy and accessibility of treatments. CONCLUSIONS Given the increasing prevalence of child sleep problems, which have been shown to affect children's physical and neurobehavioral wellbeing, understanding the multi-aspect consequences and intervention programs for childhood sleep is important to inform future research direction as well as a public health practice for sleep screening and intervention, thus improving sleep-related child development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 424, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Xiaopeng Ji
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Susannah Pitt
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Guanghai Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Elizabeth Rovit
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 424, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terri Lipman
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 424, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fan Jiang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Amer F, López T, Gil-Conesa M, Carlos S, Ariño AH, Carmona-Torre F, Martínez-González MA, Fernandez-Montero A. Association between COVID-19 and outstanding academic performance at a Spanish university. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:213. [PMID: 38093341 PMCID: PMC10717459 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 identified in December 2019, an acute infectious respiratory disease that can cause persistent neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms such as headache, fatigue, myalgias difficulty concentrating, among others including acute cerebrovascular disease with a prevalence of 1-35%. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 in undergraduate students on their academic performance as an indicator of their intellectual ability and performance in a university that maintained 100% face-to-face teaching during the 2020-2021 academic year. METHODS A total of 7,039 undergraduate students were analyzed in a prospective cohort study at the University of Navarra. A questionnaire including sociodemographic and behavioral questions was sent. PCRs were performed throughout the academic year for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and students' academic results were provided by the academic center, adjusted descriptive and multivariate models were performed to assess the association. RESULTS A total of 658 (9.3%) participants were diagnosed with COVID-19, almost 4.0% of them achieved outstanding academic results, while uninfected students did so in 7.3%. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a significant decrease in having outstanding academic results (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38-0.86). CONCLUSION Having COVID-19 disease, decreased academic performance in undergraduate students. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent infection even in the youngest sections of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Amer
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Tamara López
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Navarra Clinic, Av. Pio XII, 36. 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Mario Gil-Conesa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Silvia Carlos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Arturo H Ariño
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Institute for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (DATAI), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Francisco Carmona-Torre
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- COVID-19 Department, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martínez-González
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network Centre for Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H Chan School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Fernandez-Montero
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Navarra Clinic, Av. Pio XII, 36. 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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Boatswain-Jacques AF, Dusablon C, Cimon-Paquet C, YuTong Guo É, Ménard R, Matte-Gagné C, Carrier J, Bernier A. From early birds to night owls: a longitudinal study of actigraphy-assessed sleep trajectories during the transition from pre- to early adolescence. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad127. [PMID: 37101354 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Pre- and early adolescence are believed to constitute periods of important age-related changes in sleep. However, much of the research on these presumed developmental changes has used cross-sectional data or subjective measures of sleep, limiting the quality of the evidence. In addition, little is known about the development of certain features of the sleep-wake cycle pertaining to regularity (e.g. weekend-weekday differences and intra-individual variability) or circadian rhythms (e.g. sleep midpoint). METHODS This study examined the sleep trajectories of 128 typically developing youth (69 girls) from ages 8 to 12 years on four sleep characteristics: sleep onset, sleep offset, total sleep time (TST), and sleep midpoint. For each of these characteristics, actigraphy-derived estimates of typical (i.e. mean) sleep and sleep regularity were obtained at each time point. Multilevel growth curves were modeled. RESULTS Overall, the sleep-wake cycle significantly changed between 8 and 12 years. Mean sleep onset, offset and midpoint exhibited an ascending curvilinear growth pattern that shifted later with age, while mean TST decreased linearly. Weekend-weekday differences (social jetlag) for sleep offset and midpoint became more pronounced each year. Weekday TST was longer than weekend TST, though this difference became smaller over time. Finally, intra-individual variability increased over time for all sleep characteristics, with variability in TST ascending curvilinearly. Important between-person and sex differences were also observed. CONCLUSION This study reveals the marked changes that occur in the sleep of typically developing pre- and early adolescents. We discuss the potential implications of these trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosalie Ménard
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Julie Carrier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie Bernier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada
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8
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Lystad RP, McMaugh A, Herkes G, Browne G, Badgery-Parker T, Cameron CM, Mitchell RJ. Risk of impaired school performance in children hospitalized with concussion: a population-based matched cohort study. Concussion 2023; 8:CNC105. [PMID: 37691853 PMCID: PMC10488614 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To examine the impact of concussion on objective measures of school performance. Materials & methods Population-based matched cohort study using linked health and education records of young people aged ≤18 years hospitalized with concussion in New South Wales, Australia, during 2005-2018, and matched comparisons not hospitalized with any injury. Results Young people with concussion had higher risk of not achieving the national minimum standards for literacy and numeracy assessments, ranging from 30% for numeracy to 43% for spelling, and not completing high school, ranging from 29% for year 10 to 77% for year 12, compared with matched peers. Conclusion Young people hospitalized with concussion have impaired school performance compared with uninjured matched peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidar P Lystad
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Anne McMaugh
- The Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Herkes
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW, 2006, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Gary Browne
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Tim Badgery-Parker
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Cate M Cameron
- Jamieson Trauma Institute, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Metro North Health, Herston QLD, 4029, Australia
- Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Mitchell
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park NSW, 2109, Australia
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Robinson KA, Wei Z, Radcliffe J, Taylor HG, Baldassari CM, Chervin RD, Ishman S, Mitchell RB, Tapia IE, Garetz S, Hassan F, Ibrahim S, Elden LM, Ievers-Landis CE, Williamson AA, Hjelm M, Kirkham E, Tham A, Naqvi K, Rueschman M, Rosen CL, Wang R, Redline S. Associations of actigraphy measures of sleep duration and continuity with executive function, vigilance, and fine motor control in children with snoring and mild sleep-disordered breathing. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:1595-1603. [PMID: 37185231 PMCID: PMC10476043 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Children with snoring and mild sleep-disordered breathing may be at increased risk for neurocognitive deficits despite few obstructive events. We hypothesized that actigraphy-based sleep duration and continuity associate with neurobehavioral functioning and explored whether these associations vary by demographic and socioeconomic factors. METHODS 298 children enrolled in the Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy Trial, ages 3 to 12.9 years, 47.3% from racial or ethnic minority groups, with habitual snoring and an apnea-hypopnea index < 3 were studied with actigraphy (mean 7.5 ± 1.4 days) and completed a computerized vigilance task (Go-No-Go) and a test of fine motor control (9-Hole Pegboard). Caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Regression analyses evaluated associations between sleep exposures (24-hour and nocturnal sleep duration, sleep fragmentation index, sleep efficiency) with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Global Executive Composite index, pegboard completion time (fine motor control), and vigilance (d prime on the Go-No-Go), adjusting for demographic factors and study design measures. RESULTS Longer sleep duration, higher sleep efficiency, and lower sleep fragmentation were associated with better executive function; each additional hour of sleep over 24 hours associated with more than a 3-point improvement in executive function (P = .002). Longer nocturnal sleep (P = .02) and less sleep fragmentation (P = .001) were associated with better fine motor control. Stronger associations were observed for boys and children less than 6 years old. CONCLUSIONS Sleep quantity and continuity are associated with neurocognitive functioning in children with mild sleep-disordered breathing, supporting efforts to target these sleep health parameters as part of interventions for reducing neurobehavioral morbidity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy for Snoring (PATS); URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02562040; Identifier: NCT02562040. CITATION Robinson KA, Wei Z, Radcliffe J, et al. Associations of actigraphy measures of sleep duration and continuity with executive function, vigilance, and fine motor control in children with snoring and mild sleep-disordered breathing. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(9):1595-1603.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhuoran Wei
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerilynn Radcliffe
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - H. Gerry Taylor
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cristina M. Baldassari
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA
| | - Ronald D. Chervin
- Department of Neurology and Sleep Disorders Centers, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stacey Ishman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ron B. Mitchell
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Neurology Sleep Disorders Center, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ignacio E. Tapia
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan Garetz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fauziya Hassan
- Department of Neurology and Sleep Disorders Centers, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sally Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s of University Hospitals Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lisa M. Elden
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolyn E. Ievers-Landis
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s of University Hospitals Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ariel A. Williamson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Hjelm
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Erin Kirkham
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Addy Tham
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA
| | - Kamal Naqvi
- Department of Pediatrics, Utah Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael Rueschman
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol L. Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s of University Hospitals Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Redline
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Cooper R, Di Biase MA, Bei B, Quach J, Cropley V. Associations of Changes in Sleep and Emotional and Behavioral Problems From Late Childhood to Early Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 2023; 80:585-596. [PMID: 37017952 PMCID: PMC10077137 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Importance Sleep problems and psychopathology symptoms are highly comorbid and bidirectionally correlated across childhood and adolescence. Whether these associations are specific to discrete profiles of sleep problems and specific internalizing and externalizing phenomena is currently unclear. Objective To characterize individual changes in profiles of sleep problems and their prospective associations with psychopathology symptoms across the transition from childhood to adolescence. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational cohort study used baseline data (participant age of 9 to 11 years) and 2-year follow-up data (participant age of 11 to 13 years) from the community-setting, multicenter Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Individuals were assessed for a range of sleep problems at both waves and categorized into profiles via latent profile analysis. The stability and change in these profiles over time was assessed via latent transition analysis. Logistic regression models examined whether psychopathology symptoms were cross-sectionally associated with profile membership and whether transitions between profiles were associated with changes psychopathology symptoms over time. Data were collected from September 2016 to January 2020, and data were analyzed from August 2021 to July 2022. Exposures Sleep problems were assessed at both baseline and follow-up via the parent-reported Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Main Outcomes and Measures Psychopathology symptoms at both baseline and follow-up were assessed using the internalizing and externalizing dimension scores derived from the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist. Results A total of 10 313 individuals (4913 [47.6%] were female) were categorized into 4 latent profiles of sleep problems at both baseline and follow-up: a low disturbance profile, a sleep onset/maintenance problems profile, a moderate and nonspecific disturbance profile (termed mixed disturbance), and a high disturbance profile. Individuals in the 3 more severe problem profiles displayed greater risk of concurrent internalizing symptoms (sleep onset/maintenance problems: odds ratio [OR], 1.30; 95% CI, 1.25-1.35; P < .001; mixed disturbance: OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.25-1.33; P < .001; high disturbance: OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.40-1.49; P < .001) and externalizing symptoms (sleep onset/maintenance problems: OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.16-1.23; P < .001; mixed disturbance: OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.14-1.20; P < .001; high disturbance: OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.21-1.28; P < .001). Transitions between sleep profiles over time were associated with prospective internalizing and externalizing symptoms, but not vice versa. Conclusions and Relevance There are substantial changes in sleep problems across the transition to adolescence that are associated with later internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Sleep profiles could be targeted in future intervention and treatment programs to improve sleep-related and mental health-related outcomes across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cooper
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria A. Di Biase
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bei Bei
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jon Quach
- Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Learning Intervention, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Vanessa Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Williams KE, Berthelsen D, Laurens KR. Academic resilience from school entry to third grade: Child, parenting, and school factors associated with closing competency gaps. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277551. [PMID: 36449482 PMCID: PMC9710847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence confirming that children who begin school with strong developmental skills tend to maintain positive academic trajectories across the elementary school years. Much less is known about children who begin school with poorer developmental competencies yet go on to achieve academically on par with, or above, their initially more competent peers, demonstrating academic resilience. This study used a large population dataset, the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 2,118) to identify children who demonstrated academic resilience between school entry and third grade, and the child, parenting, and school characteristics associated with this resilience. Findings show that two in five children who were initially identified as academically vulnerable on a school entry measure of language and cognitive skills were classified as academically resilient by Grade 3. In multivariate analysis, higher attentional regulation and receptive vocabulary skills were key factors associated with academic resilience in reading and numeracy, along with paternal consistency (for reading resilience) and fewer sleep problems (for numeracy resilience). Bivariate relations (ANOVAs) showed that resilient children, when compared to children who remained vulnerable, also showed fewer peer problems, fewer behavioral sleep problems, higher levels of parenting consistency and lower levels of parenting anger by mothers and fathers, higher levels of parental engagement in children's school, and higher levels of teacher self-efficacy. Supporting resilient pathways for children who are identified as vulnerable at school entry should include a particular focus on vocabulary development and attentional regulation, along with social skills and peer relationships, school-based parental engagement, and positive parenting support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Williams
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Child and Family Studies, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Donna Berthelsen
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Child and Family Studies, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Inclusive Education (C4IE), Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
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12
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Harris U, Svedberg P, Aili K, Nygren JM, Larsson I. Parents' Experiences of Direct and Indirect Implications of Sleep Quality on the Health of Children with ADHD: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15099. [PMID: 36429815 PMCID: PMC9690148 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sleep problems represent a significant challenge for children with ADHD. However, lack of knowledge about how sleep affects children with ADHD in terms of their health and everyday life prevents the development and implementation of interventions to promote sleep. The aim of this study was to explore parents' experiences of direct and indirect implications of sleep quality on the health of children with ADHD. The study used an abductive qualitative design, with Tengland's two-dimensional theory of health as a deductive analysis framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 parents of children aged 6-13 with ADHD and sleep problems. The parents experienced that sleep influenced their children's abilities to control emotional behaviour related to ADHD and to manage everyday life. Sleep also had an impact on the children's well-being, in relation to both vitality and self-esteem. In conclusion, the results show important direct and indirect implications of sleep quality on the health of children with ADHD. This implies a need for greater focus on sleep, to target both abilities and well-being in promoting health among children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Harris
- Blekinge Centre of Competence, SE-371 81 Karlskrona, Sweden
- Department of Health and Care, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Petra Svedberg
- Department of Health and Care, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Katarina Aili
- Department of Health and Sport, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Jens M. Nygren
- Department of Health and Care, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Larsson
- Department of Health and Care, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
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13
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D'Elia C, Gozal D, Bruni O, Goudouris E, Meira E Cruz M. Allergic rhinitis and sleep disorders in children - coexistence and reciprocal interactions. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2022; 98:444-454. [PMID: 34979134 PMCID: PMC9510807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review, critically analyze and synthesize knowledge from the international literature regarding the association between allergic rhinitis (AR) and sleep disorders, the impact of AR treatment on children's sleep, and lay the foundation for future research on this topic. SOURCE OF DATA A literature search using PubMed database including original and review articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses using keywords related to AR, sleep disorders and sleep-disordered breathing. SYNTHESIS OF DATA Sleep is fundamental to health, and its assessment and control of conditions that trigger or aggravate disturbances are of the uttermost importance. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is common in children and may interfere with both their quality of life and quality of sleep. It has emerged as one of the most important risk factors for habitual snoring in children and appeared to increase the risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), with AR severity exhibiting a significant and independent association with pediatric OSA severity. However, in some studies, those associations between AR and OSA in children are not very consistent. CONCLUSIONS A substantial level of controversy exists regarding the interactions between AR and OSA in children. Notwithstanding, identifying and treating AR in clinical settings is probably an important step toward improving symptoms and preventing deterioration of sleep quality in children and may improve the severity of underlying OSA. Considering the high prevalence, morbidity, economic and social implications of both AR and sleep problems, it is crucial that healthcare providers improve their understanding of the relationships between those conditions among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio D'Elia
- Hospital Lusíadas, Departamento de Pediatria, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Europeu do Sono, Portugal.
| | - David Gozal
- The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Child Health Research Institute, Department of Child Health, Columbia, United States
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- La Sapienza University, Department of Social Development and Psychology, Rome, Italy
| | - Ekaterini Goudouris
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Martagão Gesteira de Puericultura e Pediatria (IPPMG), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Miguel Meira E Cruz
- Centro Europeu do Sono, Portugal; Lisbon School of Medicine, Sleep Unit, Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Bin Eid W, Lieu AA, Neoh MJY, Al-Zoubi SM, Esposito G, Dimitriou D. Characteristics of Sleep Patterns in Adolescents: Comparisons between Saudi Arabia and the UK. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10081378. [PMID: 35893200 PMCID: PMC9332443 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are concerns regarding sleep deprivation among adolescents, especially with mounting evidence for the importance of sleep during puberty, and its effects on health and families. The present study aimed to characterise sleep in typical development (TD) adolescents in Saudi Arabia, and compare their sleep profiles to TD adolescents in the UK, to evaluate sleep patterns in adolescents in Saudi Arabia, and to examine the relationship between sleep patterns and the use of social media in both groups. Findings from the current study reported a shorter sleep duration for the Saudi Arabia group than in previous studies and the UK group, which may be attributed to the lack of sleep hygiene practised in Saudi Arabia. Multiple analysis of variance results found significant differences in daytime sleepiness (p < 0.001) and a preference for morningness/eveningness (p < 0.001) between Saudia Arabia and UK adolescents. Statistically significant negative correlations (p > 0.05) between the duration of social media usage and sleep duration were found in both the Saudi Arabia and UK adolescents, where a lower number of sleep hours was observed with a higher duration of social media use. This study fills a gap in the research of sleep in Saudi Arabia in adolescents, and offers important insights on the comparison in sleep habits between Saudi Arabia and UK adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasmiah Bin Eid
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, 25 Woburn Square, London WC1H 0AA, UK;
| | - An An Lieu
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; (A.A.L.); (M.J.Y.N.)
| | - Michelle Jin Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; (A.A.L.); (M.J.Y.N.)
| | | | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.E.); (D.D.)
| | - Dagmara Dimitriou
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, 25 Woburn Square, London WC1H 0AA, UK;
- Correspondence: (G.E.); (D.D.)
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15
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Kaldenbach S, Leonhardt M, Lien L, Bjærtnes AA, Strand TA, Holten-Andersen MN. Sleep and energy drink consumption among Norwegian adolescents - a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:534. [PMID: 35303832 PMCID: PMC8932303 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescents are recommended to get 8–10 h of sleep at night, yet more than 80% fail to obtain this goal. Energy drink (ED) consumption has been linked to later bedtime in adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential association between ED consumption and sleep duration, and shuteye latency among adolescents in Norway. Methods This study was based on data from 15- to 16-year-old adolescents living in Oppland County in 2017. In total, 1353 adolescents were included in the analysis. Multiple regression models were used to estimate the associations between the frequency of ED consumption with sleep duration, shuteye latency, and getting 8 h of sleep. Results Forty-six point five percent of the adolescents reported sleeping more than 8 h at night. Those who reported ED consumption at any frequency had significantly shorter sleep duration than those who did not. On average, high consumers of ED (consuming ED ≥ 4 times a week) had 0.95 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.28) hours (i.e., 57 min) less sleep than those who never consumed ED. In addition, high consumers had more than 25 min (95% CI: 13.95, 36.92) longer shuteye period than those who never consumed ED. Conclusion Most ED consumers fail to obtain the recommended 8 h of sleep at night, which could be a consequence of shorter sleep duration and longer shuteye latency. We found a dose-response relationship between frequency of ED consumption and reduced sleep. Yet, the potential long-term effects of both ED consumption and insufficient sleep among adolescents remain unclear. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12972-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Kaldenbach
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marja Leonhardt
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Faculty for Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Lien
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Asborg A Bjærtnes
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.,Center of International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Mads N Holten-Andersen
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Claesdotter-Knutsson E, André F, Fridh M, Delfin C, Håkansson A, Lindström M. Gender Differences and Associated Factors Influencing Problem Gambling in Adolescents in Sweden: Cross-sectional Investigation. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2022; 5:e35207. [PMID: 35297770 PMCID: PMC8972113 DOI: 10.2196/35207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although gambling disorder is traditionally considered an adult phenomenon, the behavior usually begins in childhood or adolescence. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the frequency of problem gambling among Swedish adolescents and the suspected associated factors. METHODS This study was based on data collected through a public health survey distributed in 2016 to pupils in ninth grade of primary school and in second grade of secondary school in Sweden. Bayesian binomial regression models, with weakly informative priors, were used to examine whether the frequency of the associated factors differed between those with and without problem gambling. RESULTS Approximately 11.7% (469/4002) of the boys in ninth grade of primary school and 13.9% (472/3407) of the boys in second grade of secondary school were classified as problem gamblers. For girls, the corresponding frequencies were 1.2% (48/4167) and 0.7% (27/3634), respectively. The overall response rate was 77% (9143/11,868) among ninth grade pupils and 73.4% (7949/10,832) among second grade pupils, resulting in a total of 17,092 responses. Problem gambling was associated with poor sleep and having tried smoking, alcohol, and other substances among both boys and girls in ninth grade of primary school and boys in second grade of secondary school. Problem gambling among girls in second grade of secondary school was associated with an increased prevalence of having tried smoking and other substances and an increased prevalence of poor sleep. CONCLUSIONS Using a large representative sample of Swedish adolescents, we found that problem gambling was robustly associated with a substantially increased prevalence of poor sleep and having tried smoking, alcohol, and other substances among both boys and girls in ninth grade of primary school as well as among boys in second grade of secondary school. Our study adds important information for policy makers pointing at vulnerable groups to be considered in their work to prevent problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Lund Clinical Research on Externalizing and Developmental Psychopathology (LU-CRED), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Section IV, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida André
- Clinical Addiction Research Unit, Psychiatry (Lund), Section IV, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Fridh
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carl Delfin
- Lund Clinical Research on Externalizing and Developmental Psychopathology (LU-CRED), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Section IV, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Clinical Addiction Research Unit, Psychiatry (Lund), Section IV, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lindström
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Center for Primary Health Care Research (CPF), Malmö, Sweden
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17
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Ho GW, Yang Z, Xing L, Tsang KKT, Ruan HD, Li Y. Nighttime Sleep Awakening Frequency and Its Consistency Predict Future Academic Performance in College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052933. [PMID: 35270625 PMCID: PMC8910766 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the relationship between sleep and academic performance has been extensively examined, how sleep predicts future academic performance (e.g., 2-3 years) remains to be further investigated. Using wearable smartwatches and a self-report questionnaire, we tracked sleep activities of 45 college students over a period of approximately half a month to see whether their sleep activities predicted their academic performance, which was estimated by grade point average (GPA). Results showed that both nighttime sleep awakening frequency and its consistency in the tracking period were not significantly correlated with the GPA for the courses taken in the sleep tracking semester (current GPA). However, both nighttime sleep awakening frequency and its consistency inversely predicted the GPA for the rest of the courses taken after that semester (future GPA). Moreover, students with more difficulty staying awake throughout the day obtained lower current and future GPAs, and students with higher inconsistency of sleep quality obtained lower future GPA. Together, these findings highlight the importance of nighttime sleep awakening frequency and consistency in predicting future academic performance, and emphasize the necessity of assessing the consistency of sleep measures in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghee Wee Ho
- Applied Psychology Programme, Division of Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, 2000 Jintong Rd, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Z.Y.); (L.X.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhenzhi Yang
- Applied Psychology Programme, Division of Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, 2000 Jintong Rd, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Z.Y.); (L.X.)
| | - Linna Xing
- Applied Psychology Programme, Division of Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, 2000 Jintong Rd, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Z.Y.); (L.X.)
| | - Ken Kang-Too Tsang
- Statistics Programme, Division of Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Huada Daniel Ruan
- Environmental Science Programme, Division of Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Yu Li
- Applied Psychology Programme, Division of Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, 2000 Jintong Rd, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Z.Y.); (L.X.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.H.); (Y.L.)
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18
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Rea-Sandin G, Breitenstein RS, Doane LD, Vakulskas E, Valiente C, Lemery-Chalfant K. Early Life Socioeconomic Differences in Associations between Childhood Sleep and Academic Performance. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 79. [PMID: 35250138 PMCID: PMC8896821 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poor sleep can negatively impact children's academic performance. However, it is unknown whether early-life socioeconomic status (SES) moderates later sleep and academics. We tested associations between actigraphy-based sleep duration and midpoint time, and parent-reported sleep problems with objective and subjective measures of academic performance. We also examined whether relations varied by early and concurrent SES. Children (n=707; 52% female; M age=8.44 years; 28.7% Hispanic/Latinx; 29.7% at/below poverty line) were assessed at 12 months for SES and eight years for SES, sleep, and academics. There were no main effects of sleep on academics. More sleep problems predicted lower Applied Problems performance for low SES children (b=-.73, p<.05) and better performance for high SES children (b=.69, p<.05). For high SES children, greater sleep problems (b=-.11, p<.05) and longer sleep duration (b=-.11, p<.05) predicted lower academic achievement. However, most associations were consistent across SES, illustrating the complex interplay between sleep, academic outcomes, and SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Rea-Sandin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Reagan S Breitenstein
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.,Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States of America
| | - Leah D Doane
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Emily Vakulskas
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.,School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Carlos Valiente
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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19
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Larsson I, Aili K, Nygren JM, Jarbin H, Svedberg P. Parents' Experiences of Weighted Blankets' Impact on Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Sleep Problems-A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12959. [PMID: 34948571 PMCID: PMC8700927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While pharmacological treatment has increased dramatically, parents often prefer non-pharmacological interventions. Research on experiences of weighted blankets and their effect in sleep improvement is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore parents' experiences of weighted blankets for children with ADHD and sleep problems, and the impact on their children's sleep. The explorative design was based on qualitative content analysis. Interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 24 parents of children with ADHD and sleep problems, after completing a sleep intervention with weighted blankets for 16 weeks. Parents reported that children sleeping with weighted blankets: (1) achieved satisfactory sleep, including improved sleep onset latency, sleep continuity, and sleep routines; (2) achieved overall well-being, including improved relaxation and reduced anxiety; and (3) mastered everyday life, including improved balance in life, family function, and participation in school and leisure activities. This study brings forward novel aspects of the effects of improved sleep among children with ADHD. The findings contribute to the understanding of potential positive effects of an intervention with weighted blankets critical for clinical practice to improve sleep, well-being, and everyday life of children with ADHD and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Larsson
- Department of Health and Care, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden; (J.M.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Katarina Aili
- Department of Health and Sport, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden;
| | - Jens M. Nygren
- Department of Health and Care, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden; (J.M.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Håkan Jarbin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden;
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Region Halland, SE-30185 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Petra Svedberg
- Department of Health and Care, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden; (J.M.N.); (P.S.)
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20
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Predictors of diagnostically defined insomnia in child and adolescent community samples: a literature review. Sleep Med 2021; 87:241-249. [PMID: 34649120 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostically defined insomnia is prevalent, persistent, and associated with a range of negative outcomes in childhood and adolescence. To inform prevention and treatment, we need to identify relevant predictors that can be addressed in such intervention efforts. Therefore, a systematic search for longitudinal studies involving child and adolescent samples (ages 4 to 19) examining predictors of diagnostically defined insomnia adjusted for previous insomnia was conducted. The search identified 6419 studies, resulting in six included papers involving five samples (n = 9949) conducted in five different countries (the US, New Zealand, Norway, China, and Japan). Few longitudinal studies investigated the predictors of diagnostically defined insomnia in children and adolescents, and insomnia is rarely defined according to diagnostic manuals. The results suggested that poor mental health (most notably depression) and female sex may be involved in the etiology of diagnostically defined insomnia. Stress might be the most modifiable factor identified. However, the diversity of the predictors studied in previous reports combined with the lack of replication prevent any firm conclusions from being drawn. This review serves as a summary of the best available evidence.
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21
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André F, Claesdotter-Knutsson E, Fridh M, Delfin C, Håkansson A, Lindström M. A cross-sectional study on extensive gaming in adolescents. J Public Health Res 2021; 11:2498. [PMID: 34595902 PMCID: PMC8874861 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive gaming and the consequences thereof is frequently reported from child and adolescent psychiatry and school health care. The behavior is associated with compulsion, psychiatric and physical symptoms, impaired cognitive development and poorer school performance. This phenomenon has been described as an emergent health issue for men and little is known about its potential gender-specific characteristics. The aim of this study was to explore extensive gaming among male and female adolescents and to investigate whether the frequency of often feeling low, often feeling anxious, self-reported ADHD, self-reported ASD, being satisfied with one's own general health, poor sleep, loneliness, and having tried smoking, alcohol, and/or other substances differed among those with and without extensive gaming. DESIGN AND METHODS This study was based on data collected through a public health survey distributed in 2016 to pupils in 9th grade of primary school and in second grade of secondary school, including a total of 13498 participants. The association between extensive gaming and different factors was estimated among male and female respondents separately. RESULTS Roughly 30% of the male and 5% of the female respondents were categorized as extensive gamers. Extensive gaming was associated with a higher prevalence of poor sleep and a lower prevalence of being satisfied with one's own health among boys and (to a higher degree) among girls. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results contribute to the impression that extensive gaming is more heavily related to subjective health complaints among female than male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida André
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund.
| | - Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund; Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Centre, Gambling Disorder Unit, Malmö.
| | - Maria Fridh
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmo, Lund University.
| | - Carl Delfin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund.
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund; Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Centre, Gambling Disorder Unit, Malmö.
| | - Martin Lindström
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmo, Lund University.
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22
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Schroder CM, Banaschewski T, Fuentes J, Hill CM, Hvolby A, Posserud MB, Bruni O. Pediatric prolonged-release melatonin for insomnia in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2445-2454. [PMID: 34314281 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1959549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Insomnia is common among children and adolescents with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The first drug licensed for insomnia in this population, a pediatric-appropriate prolonged-release melatonin (PedPRM) formulation is described.Areas covered: Literature search on PedPRM efficacy and safety profile in clinical trials, and a proposed decision-making algorithm to optimize outcome in the treatment of insomnia in children and adolescents with ASD.Expert opinion: PedPRM treatment effectively improves sleep onset, duration and consolidation, and daytime externalizing behaviors in children and adolescents with ASD and subsequently caregivers' quality of life and satisfaction with their children's sleep. The coated, odorless and taste-free mini-tablets are well-accepted in this population who often have sensory hypersensitivity and problems swallowing standard tablet preparations. The most frequent long-term treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (6.3%), somnolence (6.3%), and mood swings (4.2%) with no evidence of delay in height, BMI, or pubertal development, or withdrawal effects. The starting dose is 2 mg once daily independent of age or weight, escalated to 5-10 mg/day if predefined treatment success criteria are unmet. Slow melatonin metabolizers (~10% of children), may require lower doses. Given its long-term efficacy, safety and acceptance, PedPRM may ameliorate long-term consequences of insomnia in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Schroder
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Excellence Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders STRAS&ND, Strasbourg University Hospitals & University of Strasbourg Medical School, 67000 Strasbourg, France; CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences; Sleep Disorders Center& International Research Center for ChronoSomnology, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joaquin Fuentes
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Policlínica Gipuzkoa and GAUTENA Autism Society, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Catherine Mary Hill
- School of Clinical Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, and Southampton Children's Hospital Department of Sleep Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Allan Hvolby
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry in Region of South Denmark, Esbjerg, and Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maj-Britt Posserud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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23
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Characterization of Sleep Disturbances in Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome and Their Relation with Cognitive and Behavioral Features. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095001. [PMID: 34065045 PMCID: PMC8125939 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite sleep disturbances are common among youths with Down syndrome (DS), the cognitive and behavioral features associated with sleep problems have not yet been studied extensively. The present study investigated the presence of sleep disturbances in a group of children and adolescents with DS and their cognitive and behavioral correlates. Seventy-one children and adolescents with DS underwent a neuropsychological evaluation, whereas parents completed questionnaires for the screening of the child's sleep, emotional and behavioral problems. We found no association between sleep disturbances and sex, nonverbal IQ, nor adaptive abilities. However, we found that age was positively associated with disorders in initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) and disorders of excessive somnolence (DOES), while body mass index was related with DOES. We also detected a relationship between visual-motor integrations and DIMS, as well as multiple associations between sleep disturbances and psychopathological and behavioral problems, mainly externalizing symptoms. The present study provided a detailed characterization of sleep problems in relation to several features of youths with DS. The proper identification of sleep disturbances profile in the DS population could support the process of clinical evaluation, in particular for psychopathological aspects.
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24
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Granjon M, Rohmer O, Doignon-Camus N, Popa-Roch M, Pietrement C, Gavens N. Neuropsychological functioning and academic abilities in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2021; 19:53. [PMID: 33853628 PMCID: PMC8048299 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-021-00541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of the central nervous system is not rare in rheumatoid diseases. Even though children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) may face academic difficulties until adulthood, very few studies have evaluated potential cognitive disorders in these patients. The present research aims to thoroughly investigate the cognitive and neuropsychological functioning of these patients. METHODS We measured the cognitive profile of JIA patients via their neuropsychological profile, implicit memory and social cognition skills, and estimated their academic performance using reading and mathematics tests. We recruited 21 children with JIA aged 6 to 17 years-old (M = 11.01, SD = 3.30) and 21 healthy children matched in age, gender, academic level (same school class) and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Our results showed that the cognitive profile and estimated academic ability of JIA patients are similar to those of their peers. These results support the hypothesis that children with JIA have the same cognitive predispositions to succeed at school as any other pupil. CONCLUSION Comparing our results with the existing literature, we propose complementary hypotheses for further research. Longitudinal studies seem to be necessary to understand the psychosocial and cognitive processes involved in the development of children with JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Granjon
- Department of Psychology, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, University of Strasbourg, (LPC UR 4440), 12 Rue Goethe, FR-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Odile Rohmer
- Department of Psychology, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, University of Strasbourg, (LPC UR 4440), 12 Rue Goethe, FR-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadège Doignon-Camus
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l'Education et de la Communication (LISEC UR 2310), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Popa-Roch
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l'Education et de la Communication (LISEC UR 2310), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Pietrement
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Reims, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Nathalie Gavens
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l'Education et de la Communication (LISEC UR 2310), University of Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
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25
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Abstract
A main childhood task is learning. In this task, the role of sleep is increasingly demonstrated. Although most literature examining this role focuses on preadolescence and middle adolescence, some studies apply napping designs in preschoolers. Studies overall conclude that without proper sleep a child's cognitive abilities suffer, but questions on how and to what extent linger. Observational studies show the hazards of potential confounders such as an individual's resilience to poor sleep as well as developmental risk factors (eg, disorders, stressors). A better understanding of cognitive sleep neuroscience may have a big impact on pediatric sleep research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Spruyt
- INSERM, University Claude Bernard, School of Medicine, Lyon, France.
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26
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Falch-Madsen J, Wichstrøm L, Pallesen S, Steinsbekk S. Prevalence and stability of insomnia from preschool to early adolescence: a prospective cohort study in Norway. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000660. [PMID: 32548310 PMCID: PMC7279650 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited knowledge about the prevalence and stability of insomnia defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). We therefore provide such estimates from preschool to early adolescence and explore potential sex differences. METHODS We followed a representative community sample (n=1037) biennially from 4 to 14 years of age (2007-2017). Insomnia diagnoses and symptoms were captured by a semistructured clinical interview of parents and children (from age 8 years). RESULTS At ages 4 and 6 years approximately 2.5% of children met the criteria for insomnia, whereas at ages 8, 10, 12 and 14 years the prevalence ranged from 7.5% to 12.3%. During the 10-year period examined nearly 1 in 5 children had insomnia at least once (18.7%). Sex differences were apparent with DSM-IV, but not DSM-5, criteria: boys (8.1%) had more insomnia than girls (4.5%) did at ages 4-10 years, whereas girls (11.4%) had more insomnia than boys (7.1%) did at ages 12 and 14 years. Insomnia proved stable, with 22.9%-40.1% of children retaining their diagnosis 2 years later. Having current insomnia produced medium to large ORs of between 5.1 (95% CI 2.6 to 9.8) and 15.3 (95% CI 4.4 to 52.9) for subsequent insomnia 2 years later compared with not having preceding insomnia. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia was less prevalent than previous research indicates, with nearly 1 in 5 participants having insomnia at least once between the ages of 4 and 14 years. Female preponderance emerged in early adolescence. Having insomnia at one time point was a considerable risk for subsequent insomnia, indicating that insomnia is persistent and warrants clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Falch-Madsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Wichstrøm
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Steinsbekk
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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