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Haidy Massa M, Ould Lemrabott MA, Gomez N, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Briolant S. Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes aegypti Adults and Larvae in Nouakchott, Mauritania. INSECTS 2025; 16:288. [PMID: 40266825 PMCID: PMC11942675 DOI: 10.3390/insects16030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2025] [Revised: 02/28/2025] [Accepted: 03/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are established throughout Nouakchott, Mauritania, where its insecticide resistance status is unknown and dengue has become endemo-epidemic since 2014. Eggs were collected using ovitraps at 12 sites in five districts of Nouakchott, in August 2024. Adult females and larvae of the F1 generation were used for bioassays. Permethrin, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, and malathion were evaluated at discriminating concentrations. Larval assays were carried out at seven concentrations with Bacillus thuriengensis var israelensis (Bti) and temephos. The presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations known to be associated with pyrethroid resistance was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and amplicons sequencing. Adults showed high levels of resistance to all insecticides tested. Larvae were susceptible to Bti (LD50 < 50 µg/L) and temephos (LD50% = 6.8 ± 0.7 µg/L). Only three kdr point mutations, S989P, V1016G, and F1534C, were found. The tri-locus genotypes SP/VG/FC were significantly associated with pyrethroid survival while only the tri-locus genotypes PP/GG/FF showed significant association with deltamethrin resistance. Given their level of insecticide resistance, there is an urgent need to control Ae. aegypti populations by several methods, including the use of biological larvicides, physical elimination of peridomestic breeding sites, water drainage, and public education to prevent arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Haidy Massa
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott BP 5026, Mauritania; (M.H.M.); (M.A.O.L.); (A.O.M.S.B.)
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott BP 5026, Mauritania; (M.H.M.); (M.A.O.L.); (A.O.M.S.B.)
| | - Nicolas Gomez
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Département Risques Vectoriels, Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Risques Infectieux Tropicaux et Microorganismes Emergents, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux (GEMI), Université de Nouakchott, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott BP 5026, Mauritania; (M.H.M.); (M.A.O.L.); (A.O.M.S.B.)
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Département Risques Vectoriels, Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Risques Infectieux Tropicaux et Microorganismes Emergents, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
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Das P, Das S, Saha A, Raha D, Saha D. Effects of deltamethrin exposure on the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) larvae from a dengue-endemic region of northern part of West Bengal, India. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:269-279. [PMID: 38478926 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is highly prevalent in the northern part of West Bengal and is considered to be responsible for the recent dengue outbreaks in this region. Control of this vector is largely relied on the use of synthetic pyrethroids, which can lead to the development of resistance. In the present study, larvae of three wild Ae. albopictus populations from the dengue-endemic regions were screened for deltamethrin resistance, and the role of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) was investigated in deltamethrin exposed and unexposed larvae. Two populations were incipient resistant, and one population was completely resistant against deltamethrin. Monooxygenase titration assay revealed the involvement of CYPs in deltamethrin resistance along with an induction effect of deltamethrin exposure. Gene expression studies revealed differential expression of five CYP6 family genes, CYP6A8, CYP6P12, CYP6A14, CYP6N3 and CYP6N6, with high constitutive expression of CYP6A8 and CYP6P12 in all the populations before and after deltamethrin exposure. From these findings, it was evident that CYPs play an important role in the development of deltamethrin resistance in the Ae. albopictus populations in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Das
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Subhajit Das
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Abhirup Saha
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Debayan Raha
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Dhiraj Saha
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
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Laranjeira C, Pereira M, Oliveira R, Barbosa G, Fernandes C, Bermudi P, Resende E, Fernandes E, Nogueira K, Andrade V, Quintanilha JA, dos Santos JA, Chiaravalloti-Neto F. Automatic mapping of high-risk urban areas for Aedes aegypti infestation based on building facade image analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011811. [PMID: 38829905 PMCID: PMC11192312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, whose viruses are transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti, significantly impact human health worldwide. Despite the recent development of promising vaccines against the dengue virus, controlling these arbovirus diseases still depends on mosquito surveillance and control. Nonetheless, several studies have shown that these measures are not sufficiently effective or ineffective. Identifying higher-risk areas in a municipality and directing control efforts towards them could improve it. One tool for this is the premise condition index (PCI); however, its measure requires visiting all buildings. We propose a novel approach capable of predicting the PCI based on facade street-level images, which we call PCINet. METHODOLOGY Our study was conducted in Campinas, a one million-inhabitant city in São Paulo, Brazil. We surveyed 200 blocks, visited their buildings, and measured the three traditional PCI components (building and backyard conditions and shading), the facade conditions (taking pictures of them), and other characteristics. We trained a deep neural network with the pictures taken, creating a computational model that can predict buildings' conditions based on the view of their facades. We evaluated PCINet in a scenario emulating a real large-scale situation, where the model could be deployed to automatically monitor four regions of Campinas to identify risk areas. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS PCINet produced reasonable results in differentiating the facade condition into three levels, and it is a scalable strategy to triage large areas. The entire process can be automated through data collection from facade data sources and inferences through PCINet. The facade conditions correlated highly with the building and backyard conditions and reasonably well with shading and backyard conditions. The use of street-level images and PCINet could help to optimize Ae. aegypti surveillance and control, reducing the number of in-person visits necessary to identify buildings, blocks, and neighborhoods at higher risk from mosquito and arbovirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Laranjeira
- Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Pereira
- Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raul Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Barbosa
- Pasteur Institute, Secretary of Health of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Fernandes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Bermudi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ester Resende
- Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fernandes
- Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Keiller Nogueira
- Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Valmir Andrade
- Epidemiologic Surveillance Center, Secretary of Health of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jefersson A. dos Santos
- Department of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Kamgang B, Acântara J, Tedjou A, Keumeni C, Yougang A, Ancia A, Bigirimana F, Clarke SE, Gil VS, Wondji C. Entomological surveys and insecticide susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti during the dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe in 2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011903. [PMID: 38829904 PMCID: PMC11175431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first dengue outbreak in Sao Tome and Principe was reported in 2022. Entomological investigations were undertaken to establish the typology of Aedes larval habitats, the distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, the related entomological risk and the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti to insecticides, to provide evidence to inform the outbreak response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Entomological surveys were performed in all seven health districts of Sao Tome and Principe during the dry and rainy seasons in 2022. WHO tube and synergist assays using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) were carried out, together with genotyping of F1534C/V1016I/V410L mutations in Ae. aegypti. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found in all seven health districts of the country with high abundance of Ae. aegypti in the most urbanised district, Agua Grande. Both Aedes species bred mainly in used tyres, discarded tanks and water storage containers. In both survey periods, the Breteau (BI > 50), house (HI > 35%) and container (CI > 20%) indices were higher than the thresholds established by WHO to indicate high potential risk of dengue transmission. The Ae. aegypti sampled were susceptible to all insecticides tested except dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (9.2% mortality, resistant), bendiocarb (61.4% mortality, resistant) and alpha-cypermethrin (97% mortality, probable resistant). A full recovery was observed in Ae. aegypti resistant to bendiocarb after pre-exposure to synergist PBO. Only one Ae. aegypti specimen was found carrying F1534C mutation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings revealed a high potential risk for dengue transmission throughout the year, with the bulk of larval breeding occurring in used tyres, water storage and discarded containers. Most of the insecticides tested remain effective to control Aedes vectors in Sao Tome, except DDT and bendiocarb. These data underline the importance of raising community awareness and implementing routine dengue vector control strategies to prevent further outbreaks in Sao Tome and Principe, and elsewhere in the subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - João Acântara
- Centro Nacional de Endemias, Ministério da Saúde de São Tomé e Príncipe, Agua Grande, São Tomé e Príncipe
| | - Armel Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Keumeni
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aurelie Yougang
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anne Ancia
- World Health Organization, Port Louis, Mauritius
| | | | - Sian E. Clarke
- Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charles Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Entomology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Uemura N, Itokawa K, Komagata O, Kasai S. Recent advances in the study of knockdown resistance mutations in Aedes mosquitoes with a focus on several remarkable mutations. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101178. [PMID: 38346494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The Aedes mosquito, which transmits the dengue fever virus and other viruses, has acquired resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in a naturally selective manner. Massive use of insecticides has led to the worldwide expansion of resistant populations. The major factor in pyrethroid resistance is knockdown resistance (kdr) caused by amino acid mutation(s) in the voltage-gated sodium channel, which is the target site of this insecticide group. Some kdr mutations can lead to a dramatic increase in resistance, and multiple mutations can increase the level of pyrethroid resistance by 10 to several-hundred. In this review, we summarize the kdr identified in Aedes mosquitoes with a focus on the recent advances in the study of kdr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Uemura
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Osamu Komagata
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Vulu F, Futami K, Sunahara T, Mampuya P, Bobanga TL, Mumba Ngoyi D, Minakawa N. Geographic expansion of the introduced Aedes albopictus and other native Aedes species in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:35. [PMID: 38279140 PMCID: PMC10811949 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus has been reported in several Central African countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The establishment of this mosquito species poses a serious threat as a vector of various infectious diseases. Although Ae. albopictus has been reported in the western region of the DRC, information about its distribution is still scarce in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the current nationwide distribution of the invasive Ae. albopictus, as well as other native Aedes mosquitoes, in the DRC and to identify suitable areas for its future expansion. METHODS Two entomological surveys were conducted in 2017-2019 and 2022. Based on the occurrence sites of Ae. albopictus, important environmental variables were identified. Then, geographical areas suitable for Ae. albopictus establishment were determined using the maximum entropy model. The distribution and abundance of Ae. albopictus were also compared with those of the major native Aedes species. RESULTS Aedes albopictus was found in the western, northern, central, and eastern regions of the DRC, but it was not found in the southeastern region. The maximum entropy model predicted that most parts of the DRC are suitable for the establishment of this mosquito. The unsuitable areas encompassed the eastern highlands, known for their low temperatures, and the southeastern highlands, which experience both low temperatures and a long dry season. The native Aedes species found were Aedes aegypti, Aedes simpsoni, Aedes africanus, and Aedes vittatus. Aedes albopictus dominated in the western and northern regions, while Ae. aegypti was more prevalent in other regions. CONCLUSIONS Aedes albopictus has been well established in the western and northern regions of the DRC. This mosquito is expanding its distribution while replacing the native Aedes species. Most of the country is suitable for the establishment of this mosquito species, except the highlands of the eastern and the southeastern regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Vulu
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Kyoko Futami
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sunahara
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Pitshou Mampuya
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Thierry L Bobanga
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dieudonne Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Noboru Minakawa
- Department of Vector Ecology & Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Wan-Norafikah O, Hasani NAH, Nabila AB, Najibah I, Nurjuani AHH, Masliana M, Aliah-Diyanah S, Alia-Yasmin Z, Yasmin-Zafirah I, Farah-Farhani A, Azahari AH, Faiqah-Nadhirah M, Nurul-Azira MS. Profiling Insecticide Susceptibility of Aedes Albopictus From Hot Springs in Selangor, Malaysia. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2023; 39:183-191. [PMID: 37796735 DOI: 10.2987/23-7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study establishes insecticide susceptibility profiles of Aedes albopictus adult populations from 4 hot springs in Selangor, Malaysia, against 7 pyrethroids through an adult mosquito susceptibility bioassay. All Ae. albopictus populations were subjected to a 1-h exposure to each pyrethroid following the World Health Organization. The mortalities were recorded at 60 min of exposure to bifenthrin, 30 min for other pyrethroids, and 24 h posttreatment for all pyrethroids. Complete mortalities were observed upon exposures to the pyrethroids under 60 min and at 24 h posttreatment, excluding permethrin 0.25%, alpha-cypermethrin 0.05%, and bifenthrin 0.2%. These findings indicated that permethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, and etofenprox possess the recommended pyrethroid adulticide active ingredients that could be applied in vector control programs at these hot springs in the future. Nevertheless, the application of pyrethroids should be carefully monitored in rotation with other insecticide classes, including organophosphates and carbamates to avoid the development of insecticide resistance among mosquito vectors towards all insecticides. Although there were no reported cases of Aedes-borne pathogens at these hot springs to date, the current study results could still assist the Malaysian health authorities in determining approaches to control Aedes populations in these hot springs, if required in the future.
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