1
|
Salti MI, Sam-Yellowe TY. Are Colpodella Species Pathogenic? Nutrient Uptake and Approaches to Diagnose Infections. Pathogens 2024; 13:600. [PMID: 39057826 PMCID: PMC11279546 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colpodella species are free-living protists phylogenetically related to apicomplexans. Colpodella sp. have been detected in human and animal tissues, as well as in ticks and biting flies. The trophozoite and cyst stages of Colpodella species can be distinguished from stages of the prey Parabodo caudatus using Sam-Yellowe's trichrome staining. Colpodella species obtain nutrients by attaching to their prey, aspirating the prey's cytoplasmic contents into a posterior food vacuole and encysting. It is unclear whether both trophozoite and cyst stages are present in human and animal tissues. Molecular techniques have detected Colpodella species in human blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and in ticks and flies. However, no morphological information was reported to aid life-cycle stage identification of Colpodella species. This review discusses the increased reports of Colpodella species detection in animals and in arthropods and the need to identify stages present in human and animal tissues. We previously used Sam-Yellowe's trichrome staining to identify life-cycle stages of Colpodella sp. In this review, we examine the reports of Colpodella species detection in human and animal tissues to determine whether the identification of Colpodella species represents true infections or contaminations of samples collected during routine surveillance of piroplasm infections in animals and arthropods. This review also aims to provide insights regarding Colpodella, nutrient uptake, and the survival of Colpodella sp. within humans, animals, and arthropods, as well as whether the attachment of trophozoites to cells occurs in tissues leading to myzocytosis and endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobili Y. Sam-Yellowe
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Li J, Yang Q, Sun X. Global Proteome-Wide Analysis of Cysteine S-Nitrosylation in Toxoplasma gondii. Molecules 2023; 28:7329. [PMID: 37959749 PMCID: PMC10649196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii transmits through various routes, rapidly proliferates during acute infection and causes toxoplasmosis, which is an important zoonotic disease in human and veterinary medicine. T. gondii can produce nitric oxide and derivatives, and S-nitrosylation contributes to their signaling transduction and post-translation regulation. To date, the S-nitrosylation proteome of T. gondii remains mystery. In this study, we reported the first S-nitrosylated proteome of T. gondii using mass spectrometry in combination with resin-assisted enrichment. We found that 637 proteins were S-nitrosylated, more than half of which were localized in the nucleus or cytoplasm. Motif analysis identified seven motifs. Of these motifs, five and two contained lysine and isoleucine, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment revealed that S-nitrosylated proteins were primarily located in the inner membrane of mitochondria and other organelles. These S-nitrosylated proteins participated in diverse biological and metabolic processes, including organic acid binding, carboxylic acid binding ribose and phosphate biosynthesis. T. gondii S-nitrosylated proteins significantly contributed to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Moreover, 27 ribosomal proteins and 11 microneme proteins were identified as S-nitrosylated proteins, suggesting that proteins in the ribosome and microneme were predominantly S-nitrosylated. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified three subnetworks with high-relevancy ribosome, RNA transport and chaperonin complex components. These results imply that S-nitrosylated proteins of T. gondii are associated with protein translation in the ribosome, gene transcription, invasion and proliferation of T. gondii. Our research is the first to identify the S-nitrosylated proteomic profile of T. gondii and will provide direction to the ongoing investigation of the functions of S-nitrosylated proteins in T. gondii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.L.); (X.S.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mayerberger EA, Yazdanparast Tafti S, Jedlicka SS, Jellison KL. Effect of Glycosaminoglycans on Cryptosporidium Oocyst Attachment and Excystation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0173722. [PMID: 36790186 PMCID: PMC10056967 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01737-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium causes severe gastrointestinal disease resulting from the ingestion of oocysts, followed by oocyst excystation in the small intestine and the release of infective sporozoites. An understudied strategy for Cryptosporidium inactivation is purposeful oocyst excystation, as sporozoites do not survive long in the environment. This study showed that C. parvum oocyst excystation was induced by direct contact with various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including heparin (Hep), chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), and hyaluronan (HA), assembled on polydopamine (PD)-functionalized surfaces. PD surfaces elicited 97.9 ± 3.6% oocyst attachment, with some of the attached oocysts partially (7.3 ± 1.3%) or fully (4.0 ± 0.6%) excysted after 4 days. The PD-GAG surfaces (GAG concentration = 2 mg/mL) elicited similarly high attachment (>97%) and higher oocyst excystation efficiencies after 4 days. The PD-Hep surfaces elicited the highest number of attached excysted oocysts (11.8 ± 0.63% partially excysted; 11.9 ± 0.49% fully excysted), and the PD-HA surfaces elicited the lowest (8.8 ± 2.1% partially excysted; 7.8 ± 1.2% fully excysted). Surface characterization revealed that the addition of GAGs to the PD surface changed both the surface roughness as well as the surface wettability. Treatment of oocysts with an enzyme that degraded the surface glycocalyx markedly reduced excystation (to <2%) of the oocysts attached to the PD and PD-GAG surfaces. These findings suggest that GAGs provide an important local signal for the excystation of C. parvum oocysts and that certain surface-expressed oocyst receptors are necessary for efficient excystation. These oocyst-receptor relationships may be useful in the design of functionalized surfaces for the purposeful inactivation of oocysts in the environment or in water treatment systems. IMPORTANCE Polydopamine surfaces functionalized with glycosaminoglycans were shown to facilitate the attachment and excystation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Our findings suggest that a surface-expressed receptor on the oocyst wall plays a key role in excystation, with glycosaminoglycans serving as ligands that trigger the initiation of the process. Future technologies and treatment strategies designed to promote premature excystation of oocysts will minimize the ingestion of sporozoites that initiate infection. Therefore, the results from this study have important implications for the protection of public health from waterborne cryptosporidiosis and may serve as a foundation for engineered surfaces designed to remove oocysts from surface waters or inactivate oocysts in water treatment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A. Mayerberger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sabrina S. Jedlicka
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen L. Jellison
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Developing Anti-Babesia bovis Blood Stage Vaccines: A New Perspective Regarding Synthetic Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065219. [PMID: 36982294 PMCID: PMC10049154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is caused by the Apicomplexa parasites from the genus Babesia. It is one of the most important tick-borne veterinary diseases worldwide; Babesia bovis being the species associated with the most severe clinical signs of the disease and causing the greatest economic losses. Many limitations related to chemoprophylaxis and the acaricides control of transmitting vectors have led to the adoption of live attenuated vaccine immunisation against B. bovis as an alternative control strategy. However, whilst this strategy has been effective, several drawbacks related to its production have prompted research into alternative methodologies for producing vaccines. Classical approaches for developing anti-B. bovis vaccines are thus discussed in this review and are compared to a recent functional approach to highlight the latter’s advantages when designing an effective synthetic vaccine targeting this parasite.
Collapse
|
5
|
Loubens M, Marinach C, Paquereau CE, Hamada S, Hoareau-Coudert B, Akbar D, Franetich JF, Silvie O. The claudin-like apicomplexan microneme protein is required for gliding motility and infectivity of Plasmodium sporozoites. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011261. [PMID: 36928686 PMCID: PMC10047546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of host cells by apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp requires the sequential secretion of the parasite apical organelles, the micronemes and the rhoptries. The claudin-like apicomplexan microneme protein (CLAMP) is a conserved protein that plays an essential role during invasion by Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and in Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages. CLAMP is also expressed in Plasmodium sporozoites, the mosquito-transmitted forms of the malaria parasite, but its role in this stage is still unknown. CLAMP is essential for Plasmodium blood stage growth and is refractory to conventional gene deletion. To circumvent this obstacle and study the function of CLAMP in sporozoites, we used a conditional genome editing strategy based on the dimerisable Cre recombinase in the rodent malaria model parasite P. berghei. We successfully deleted clamp gene in P. berghei transmission stages and analyzed the functional consequences on sporozoite infectivity. In mosquitoes, sporozoite development and egress from oocysts was not affected in conditional mutants. However, invasion of the mosquito salivary glands was dramatically reduced upon deletion of clamp gene. In addition, CLAMP-deficient sporozoites were impaired in cell traversal and productive invasion of mammalian hepatocytes. This severe phenotype was associated with major defects in gliding motility and with reduced shedding of the sporozoite adhesin TRAP. Expansion microscopy revealed partial colocalization of CLAMP and TRAP in a subset of micronemes, and a distinct accumulation of CLAMP at the apical tip of sporozoites. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CLAMP is essential across invasive stages of the malaria parasite, and support a role of the protein upstream of host cell invasion, possibly by regulating the secretion or function of adhesins in Plasmodium sporozoites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Loubens
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Carine Marinach
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Clara-Eva Paquereau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Soumia Hamada
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMS PASS, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié Salpêtrière (P3S), Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Hoareau-Coudert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMS PASS, Plateforme de cytométrie de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (CyPS), Paris, France
| | - David Akbar
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris Brain Institute, ICM Quant Cell imaging Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ultrastructure of Myzocytosis and Cyst Formation, and the Role of Actin in Tubular Tether Formation in Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040455. [PMID: 35456130 PMCID: PMC9027189 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-living relatives of the Apicomplexa such as Colpodella species, Alphamonas species, and Voromonas pontica are predators that prey on ciliate, bodonid, and algal prey using the process of myzocytosis. During myzocytosis, the pseudoconoid is used to attach to the prey leading to aspiration of cytoplasmic contents of the prey into a posterior food vacuole formed in the predator, aided by secretions from the apical complex organelles. The conoid and associated proteins are conserved among the apicomplexa. However, the organization and function of the pseudoconoid during myzocytosis are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the morphology and ultrastructure of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) during the stages of myzocytosis and cyst formation in the life cycle using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to identify the organization of the tubular tether involved in nutrient aspiration by Colpodella sp. Tubular tethers of varying lengths were identified by light microscopy. We report that initial contact by Colpodella sp. trophozoites with Parabodo caudatus prey is by an area posterior to the apical tip of the rostrum that engulfs the membrane of the prey pulling it into the cytoplasm of the predator. The tubular tether that forms contains membranes of both predator and prey and is facilitated by microtubule organization and the cytoskeleton at the point of contact. Cytochalasin D treatment of diprotist cultures resulted in morphological distortions of trophozoites and the tubular tether suggesting a role of actin in the formation of the tubular tether. This mechanism of predation may provide insight into the mode of invasion observed in pathogenic apicomplexan zoites during host cell entry.
Collapse
|
7
|
Onzere CK, Fry LM, Bishop RP, Da Silva M, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Bastos RG, Knowles DP, Suarez CE. Theileria equi RAP-1a and RAP-1b proteins contain immunoreactive epitopes and are suitable candidates for vaccine and diagnostics development. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:385-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Structure and function of an atypical homodimeric actin capping protein from the malaria parasite. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:125. [PMID: 35132495 PMCID: PMC8821504 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites, such as Plasmodium spp., rely on an unusual actomyosin motor, termed glideosome, for motility and host cell invasion. The actin filaments are maintained by a small set of essential regulators, which provide control over actin dynamics in the different stages of the parasite life cycle. Actin filament capping proteins (CPs) are indispensable heterodimeric regulators of actin dynamics. CPs have been extensively characterized in higher eukaryotes, but their role and functional mechanism in Apicomplexa remain enigmatic. Here, we present the first crystal structure of a homodimeric CP from the malaria parasite and compare the homo- and heterodimeric CP structures in detail. Despite retaining several characteristics of a canonical CP, the homodimeric Plasmodium berghei (Pb)CP exhibits crucial differences to the canonical heterodimers. Both homo- and heterodimeric PbCPs regulate actin dynamics in an atypical manner, facilitating rapid turnover of parasite actin, without affecting its critical concentration. Homo- and heterodimeric PbCPs show partially redundant activities, possibly to rescue actin filament capping in life cycle stages where the β-subunit is downregulated. Our data suggest that the homodimeric PbCP also influences actin kinetics by recruiting lateral actin dimers. This unusual function could arise from the absence of a β-subunit, as the asymmetric PbCP homodimer lacks structural elements essential for canonical barbed end interactions suggesting a novel CP binding mode. These findings will facilitate further studies aimed at elucidating the precise actin filament capping mechanism in Plasmodium.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kolářová I, Valigurová A. Hide-and-Seek: A Game Played between Parasitic Protists and Their Hosts. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2434. [PMID: 34946036 PMCID: PMC8707157 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After invading the host organism, a battle occurs between the parasitic protists and the host's immune system, the result of which determines not only whether and how well the host survives and recovers, but also the fate of the parasite itself. The exact weaponry of this battle depends, among others, on the parasite localisation. While some parasitic protists do not invade the host cell at all (extracellular parasites), others have developed successful intracellular lifestyles (intracellular parasites) or attack only the surface of the host cell (epicellular parasites). Epicellular and intracellular protist parasites have developed various mechanisms to hijack host cell functions to escape cellular defences and immune responses, and, finally, to gain access to host nutrients. They use various evasion tactics to secure the tight contact with the host cell and the direct nutrient supply. This review focuses on the adaptations and evasion strategies of parasitic protists on the example of two very successful parasites of medical significance, Cryptosporidium and Leishmania, while discussing different localisation (epicellular vs. intracellular) with respect to the host cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kolářová
- Laboratory of Vector Biology, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Valigurová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fatemi Motlagh M, Mousavi Gargari SL. A bivalent vaccine against avian necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:113-125. [PMID: 34101942 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we attempted to design a recombinant vaccine harbouring domain with a key role in enterocyte attachment and cell invasion in necrotic enteritis (NE) and coccidiosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we investigated whether a recombinant protein consisting of necrotic enteritis B-like toxin, C-terminal domain of alpha-toxin, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), and Rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2) which we call "NeCoVac" hereafter, can improve protection against both diseases compared to vaccination with each antigen in previous studies. Birds intestinal lesion scores and specific antibody levels were measured to determine protection after oral gavage challenges with virulent Clostridium perfringens and LIVACOX® T. Birds immunized with NeCoVac were protected up to 84% against NE and coccidiosis compared to unimmunized and even positive groups (groups treated with LIVACOX® T [coccidiosis live vaccine] and tylosin as routine veterinary interventions) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that vaccination with NeCoVac is highly efficient in protecting birds from NE, coccidiosis and a combination of both diseases. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study is the first one to describe the combinatorial use of AMA1 and RON2 against coccidiosis, and the first report using NeCoVac against NE and coccidiosis together.
Collapse
|
11
|
Loubens M, Vincensini L, Fernandes P, Briquet S, Marinach C, Silvie O. Plasmodium sporozoites on the move: Switching from cell traversal to productive invasion of hepatocytes. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:870-881. [PMID: 33191548 PMCID: PMC8247013 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium, the etiological agent of malaria, are transmitted through the bite of anopheline mosquitoes, which deposit sporozoites into the host skin. Sporozoites migrate through the dermis, enter the bloodstream, and rapidly traffic to the liver. They cross the liver sinusoidal barrier and traverse several hepatocytes before switching to productive invasion of a final one for replication inside a parasitophorous vacuole. Cell traversal and productive invasion are functionally independent processes that require proteins secreted from specialized secretory organelles known as micronemes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how sporozoites traverse through cells and productively invade hepatocytes, and discuss the role of environmental sensing in switching from a migratory to an invasive state. We propose that timely controlled secretion of distinct microneme subsets could play a key role in successful migration and infection of hepatocytes. A better understanding of these essential biological features of the Plasmodium sporozoite may contribute to the development of new strategies to fight against the very first and asymptomatic stage of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Loubens
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Laetitia Vincensini
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Priyanka Fernandes
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Sylvie Briquet
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Carine Marinach
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesSorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Theileria equi claudin like apicomplexan microneme protein contains neutralization-sensitive epitopes and interacts with components of the equine erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9301. [PMID: 33927329 PMCID: PMC8085155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria equi is a widely distributed apicomplexan parasite that causes severe hemolytic anemia in equid species. There is currently no effective vaccine for control of the parasite and understanding the mechanism that T. equi utilizes to invade host cells may be crucial for vaccine development. Unlike most apicomplexan species studied to date, the role of micronemes in T. equi invasion of host cells is unknown. We therefore assessed the role of the T. equi claudin-like apicomplexan microneme protein (CLAMP) in the invasion of equine erythrocytes as a first step towards understanding the role of this organelle in the parasite. Our findings show that CLAMP is expressed in the merozoite and intra-erythrocytic developmental stages of T. equi and in vitro neutralization experiments suggest that the protein is involved in erythrocyte invasion. Proteomic analyses indicate that CLAMP interacts with the equine erythrocyte α-and β- spectrin chains in the initial stages of T. equi invasion and maintains these interactions while also associating with the anion-exchange protein, tropomyosin 3, band 4.1 and cytoplasmic actin 1 after invasion. Additionally, serological analyses show that T. equi-infected horses mount robust antibody responses against CLAMP indicating that the protein is immunogenic and therefore represents a potential vaccine candidate.
Collapse
|
13
|
Aitfella Lahlou R, Bounechada M, Mohammedi A, Silva LR, Alves G. Dietary use of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris as anticoccidial alternatives in poultry. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
14
|
Gunnarsson S, Prabakaran S. In silico identification of novel open reading frames in Plasmodium falciparum oocyte and salivary gland sporozoites using proteogenomics framework. Malar J 2021; 20:71. [PMID: 33546698 PMCID: PMC7866754 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum causes the deadliest form of malaria, which remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases. Unfortunately, the only licensed vaccine showed limited protection and resistance to anti-malarial drug is increasing, which can be largely attributed to the biological complexity of the parasite’s life cycle. The progression from one developmental stage to another in P. falciparum involves drastic changes in gene expressions, where its infectivity to human hosts varies greatly depending on the stage. Approaches to identify candidate genes that are responsible for the development of infectivity to human hosts typically involve differential gene expression analysis between stages. However, the detection may be limited to annotated proteins and open reading frames (ORFs) predicted using restrictive criteria. Methods The above problem is particularly relevant for P. falciparum; whose genome annotation is relatively incomplete given its clinical significance. In this work, systems proteogenomics approach was used to address this challenge, as it allows computational detection of unannotated, novel Open Reading Frames (nORFs), which are neglected by conventional analyses. Two pairs of transcriptome/proteome were obtained from a previous study where one was collected in the mosquito-infectious oocyst sporozoite stage, and the other in the salivary gland sporozoite stage with human infectivity. They were then re-analysed using the proteogenomics framework to identify nORFs in each stage. Results Translational products of nORFs that map to antisense, intergenic, intronic, 3′ UTR and 5′ UTR regions, as well as alternative reading frames of canonical proteins were detected. Some of these nORFs also showed differential expression between the two life cycle stages studied. Their regulatory roles were explored through further bioinformatics analyses including the expression regulation on the parent reference genes, in silico structure prediction, and gene ontology term enrichment analysis. Conclusion The identification of nORFs in P. falciparum sporozoites highlights the biological complexity of the parasite. Although the analyses are solely computational, these results provide a starting point for further experimental validation of the existence and functional roles of these nORFs,
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gunnarsson
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Sudhakaran Prabakaran
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McGovern OL, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Carruthers VB. Emerging Mechanisms of Endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020084. [PMID: 33503859 PMCID: PMC7911406 DOI: 10.3390/life11020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes critically rely on endocytosis of autologous and heterologous material to maintain homeostasis and to proliferate. Although mechanisms of endocytosis have been extensively identified in mammalian and plant systems along with model systems including budding yeast, relatively little is known about endocytosis in protozoan parasites including those belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Whereas it has been long established that the apicomplexan agents of malaria (Plasmodium spp.) internalize and degrade hemoglobin from infected red blood cells to acquire amino acids for growth, that the related and pervasive parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a functional and active endocytic system was only recently discovered. Here we discuss emerging and hypothesized mechanisms of endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii with reference to model systems and malaria parasites. Establishing a framework for potential mechanisms of endocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii will help guide future research aimed at defining the molecular basis and biological relevance of endocytosis in this tractable and versatile parasite.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Q, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Huang B, Yu S, Liang S, Wang H, Zhao H, Han H, Dong H. Further investigation of the characteristics and biological function of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:70. [PMID: 33306022 PMCID: PMC7731912 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is a type I integral membrane protein that is highly conserved in apicomplexan parasites. Previous studies have shown that Eimeria tenella AMA1 (EtAMA1) is critical for sporozoite invasion of host cells. Here, we show that EtAMA1 is a microneme protein secreted by sporozoites, confirming previous results. Individual and combined treatment with antibodies of EtAMA1 and its interacting proteins, E. tenella rhoptry neck protein 2 (EtRON2) and Eimeria-specific protein (EtESP), elicited significant anti-invasion effects on the parasite in a concentration-dependent manner. The overexpression of EtAMA1 in DF-1 cells showed a significant increase of sporozoite invasion. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with LC-MS/MS were used to screen differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in DF-1 cells transiently transfected with EtAMA1. In total, 3953 distinct nonredundant proteins were identified and 163 of these were found to be differentially expressed, including 91 upregulated proteins and 72 downregulated proteins. The DEPs were mainly localized within the cytoplasm and were involved in protein binding and poly(A)-RNA binding. KEEG analyses suggested that the key pathways that the DEPs belonged to included melanogenesis, spliceosomes, tight junctions, and the FoxO and MAPK signaling pathways. The data in this study not only provide a comprehensive dataset for the overall protein changes caused by EtAMA1 expression, but also shed light on EtAMA1’s potential molecular mechanisms during Eimeria infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuilan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bajelan S, Bahreini MS, Asgari Q, Mikaeili F. Viability and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites exposed to Butanedione monoxime. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:822-828. [PMID: 32837055 PMCID: PMC7430933 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important pathogenesis factor in the Apicomplexa parasites is invasion to the host cell. Given the inhibitory role of Butanedione Monoxime (BDM) on myosin-actin interaction, this study aimed to investigate the effects of this molecule on the vitality and infectivity of Toxoplasma tachyzoites in order to provide a new option for vaccine development. The tachyzoites of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii were exposed to different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 μg/mL) of BDM, and mortality effect was assessed by flow cytometry. Then, the penetration ability of the tachyzoites was investigated in HeLa and macrophage cell lines. The infectivity of exposed tachyzoites to BDM were also investigated in mice through following up and detecting the etiological factor. The highest percentage of mortality (72.69%) was seen in the tachyzoites exposed to 128 μg/mL of the compound. The tachyzoites exposed to 32, 64, and 128 μg/mL of BDM began the proliferation in HeLa cells after 48 h, while this proliferation was initiated within 24 h in macrophage cells. All the mice inoculated with the BDM-treated tachyzoites died after 13 days. The mean survival time of the mice receiving tachyzoites exposed to 128 μg/mL of BDM was 12.4 days, which was significantly different from the negative control group (p = 0.001). BDM, as the inhibitor of myosin-actin interaction, and other substances that block the entry of parasites into cells may be suitable candidates for vaccine production against Toxoplasma. Yet, future studies are required to be conducted on the issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bajelan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleh Bahreini
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Qasem Asgari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Mikaeili
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mello-Vieira J, Enguita FJ, de Koning-Ward TF, Zuzarte-Luís V, Mota MM. Plasmodium translocon component EXP2 facilitates hepatocyte invasion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5654. [PMID: 33159090 PMCID: PMC7648069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites possess a translocon that exports parasite proteins into the infected erythrocyte. Although the translocon components are also expressed during the mosquito and liver stage of infection, their function remains unexplored. Here, using a combination of genetic and chemical assays, we show that the translocon component Exported Protein 2 (EXP2) is critical for invasion of hepatocytes. EXP2 is a pore-forming protein that is secreted from the sporozoite upon contact with the host cell milieu. EXP2-deficient sporozoites are impaired in invasion, which can be rescued by the exogenous administration of recombinant EXP2 and alpha-hemolysin (an S. aureus pore-forming protein), as well as by acid sphingomyelinase. The latter, together with the negative impact of chemical and genetic inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase on invasion, reveals that EXP2 pore-forming activity induces hepatocyte membrane repair, which plays a key role in parasite invasion. Overall, our findings establish a novel and critical function for EXP2 that leads to an active participation of the host cell in Plasmodium sporozoite invasion, challenging the current view of the establishment of liver stage infection. While the role of Plasmodium EXP2 protein as translocon component of blood stage parasites is established, its functional role in liver stage parasites remains unclear. Here, Mello-Vieira et al. reveal that EXP2 pore-forming activity induces hepatocyte membrane repair and hence is critical for hepatocyte invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Mello-Vieira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Vanessa Zuzarte-Luís
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maria M Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liang S, Zhu S, Zhao Q, Yu Y, Dong H, Wang Q, Wang H, Yu S, Huang B, Han H. Molecular characterization of 60S ribosomal protein L12 of E. tenella. Exp Parasitol 2020; 217:107963. [PMID: 32781092 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the large-subunit (60S) ribosomal protein L12 of Eimeria tenella (Et60s-RPL12). A full-length cDNA was cloned, and the recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 and inoculated in rabbits to produce the polyclonal antibody. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to analyze the transcription levels of Et60s-RPL12 and translation levels in different developmental stages of E. tenella. The results showed that the mRNA transcription level of Et60s-RPL12 was highest in second-generation merozoites, whereas the translation level was highest in unsporulated oocysts. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that Et60s-RPL12 was localized to the anterior region and surface of sporozoites, except for the two refractile bodies. As the invasion of DF-1 cells progressed, fluorescence intensity was increased, and Et60s-RPL12 was localized to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). The secretion assay results using staurosporine indicated that this protein was secreted, but not from micronemes. The role of Et60s-RPL12 in invasion was evaluated in vitro. The results of the invasion assay showed that polyclonal antibody inhibited host cell invasion by the parasite, which reached about 12%. However, the rate of invasion was not correlated with the concentration of IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yu Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shuilan Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tian Y, Li F, Guo J, Hu Y, Shu X, Xia Y, Kang T, Yu L, Liu Q, Nie Z, Wang S, Ao Y, An X, Zhao J, He L. Identification and characterizations of a rhoptries neck protein 5 (BoRON5) in Babesia orientalis. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102106. [PMID: 32179136 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Babesiosis caused by Babesia orientalis is one of the most serious parasitic diseases of water buffalo in the central and south part of China. Rhoptry neck proteins (RONs) are very important protein components to form a complex moving junction (MJ) which mainly participate in the invasion processes in apicomplexan parasites. Aimed to the further investigation of the function of BoRON proteins in B. orientalis, in this study, BoRON5 was characterized. A truncated 921 bp fragment of BoRON5 with predicted antigenic epitopes was cloned and inserted into pSUMO expression vector. Recombinant protein rSUMO-BoRON5 was purified from Escherichia coli. and used to produce antisera in Kunming mice. rSUMO-BoRON5 showed strong immunosignals when blotted with the positive serum from B. orientalis-infected water buffalo. Antisera raised in Kunming mice against rSUMO-BoRON5 could detect the native BoRON5 in parasite lysates. Immuofluorescence assay showed that mice antisera of rSUMO-BoRON5 could detect merozoite in B. orientalis infected water buffalo erythrocytes. This study provides useful information for the further investigation of the BoRON5 function during B. orientalis invasion of water buffalo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiaying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yinjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ting Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zheng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yangsiqi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaomeng An
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Albuquerque-Wendt A, Jacot D, Dos Santos Pacheco N, Seegers C, Zarnovican P, Buettner FFR, Bakker H, Soldati-Favre D, Routier FH. C-Mannosylation of Toxoplasma gondii proteins promotes attachment to host cells and parasite virulence. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1066-1076. [PMID: 31862733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Mannosylation is a common modification of thrombospondin type 1 repeats present in metazoans and recently identified also in apicomplexan parasites. This glycosylation is mediated by enzymes of the DPY19 family that transfer α-mannoses to tryptophan residues in the sequence WX 2WX 2C, which is part of the structurally essential tryptophan ladder. Here, deletion of the dpy19 gene in the parasite Toxoplasma gondii abolished C-mannosyltransferase activity and reduced levels of the micronemal protein MIC2. The loss of C-mannosyltransferase activity was associated with weakened parasite adhesion to host cells and with reduced parasite motility, host cell invasion, and parasite egress. Interestingly, the C-mannosyltransferase-deficient Δdpy19 parasites were strongly attenuated in virulence and induced protective immunity in mice. This parasite attenuation could not simply be explained by the decreased MIC2 level and strongly suggests that absence of C-mannosyltransferase activity leads to an insufficient level of additional proteins. In summary, our results indicate that T. gondii C-mannosyltransferase DPY19 is not essential for parasite survival, but is important for adhesion, motility, and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Jacot
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Carla Seegers
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Zarnovican
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Bakker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Françoise H Routier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Albuquerque-Wendt A, Jacot D, Dos Santos Pacheco N, Seegers C, Zarnovican P, Buettner FF, Bakker H, Soldati-Favre D, Routier FH. C-Mannosylation of Toxoplasma gondii proteins promotes attachment to host cells and parasite virulence. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
23
|
González LM, Estrada K, Grande R, Jiménez-Jacinto V, Vega-Alvarado L, Sevilla E, de la Barrera J, Cuesta I, Zaballos Á, Bautista JM, Lobo CA, Sánchez-Flores A, Montero E. Comparative and functional genomics of the protozoan parasite Babesia divergens highlighting the invasion and egress processes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007680. [PMID: 31425518 PMCID: PMC6715253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is considered an emerging disease because its incidence has significantly increased in the last 30 years, providing evidence of the expanding range of this rare but potentially life-threatening zoonotic disease. Babesia divergens is a causative agent of babesiosis in humans and cattle in Europe. The recently sequenced genome of B. divergens revealed over 3,741 protein coding-genes and the 10.7-Mb high-quality draft become the first reference tool to study the genome structure of B. divergens. Now, by exploiting this sequence data and using new computational tools and assembly strategies, we have significantly improved the quality of the B. divergens genome. The new assembly shows better continuity and has a higher correspondence to B. bovis chromosomes. Moreover, we present a differential expression analysis using RNA sequencing of the two different stages of the asexual lifecycle of B. divergens: the free merozoite capable of invading erythrocytes and the intraerythrocytic parasite stage that remains within the erythrocyte until egress. Comparison of mRNA levels of both stages identified 1,441 differentially expressed genes. From these, around half were upregulated and the other half downregulated in the intraerythrocytic stage. Orthogonal validation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR confirmed the differential expression. A moderately increased expression level of genes, putatively involved in the invasion and egress processes, were revealed in the intraerythrocytic stage compared with the free merozoite. On the basis of these results and in the absence of molecular models of invasion and egress for B. divergens, we have proposed the identified genes as putative molecular players in the invasion and egress processes. Our results contribute to an understanding of key parasitic strategies and pathogenesis and could be a valuable genomic resource to exploit for the design of diagnostic methods, drugs and vaccines to improve the control of babesiosis. Babesiosis has long been recognized as an economically important disease of cattle, but only in the last 40 years has Babesia been recognized as an important pathogen in humans. Babesiosis in humans is caused by one of several species (B. microti, B. divergens, B. duncani and B. venatorum). The complete Babesia lifecycle requires two hosts, the ixodid ticks and a vertebrate host. It is the parasite's ability to first recognize and then invade host erythrocytes that is central to the pathogenesis of babesiosis. Once inside the cell, the parasite begins a cycle of maturation and growth, resulting in merozoites that egress from the red blood cells (RBCs) and seek new, uninfected RBCs to invade, perpetuating the infection. To better understand this asexual lifecycle, the authors focused on the parasite genome and transcriptome of the asexual erythrocytic forms of B. divergens. Through this functional and comparative genomic approach, the authors have identified genes putatively involved in invasion, gliding motility, moving junction formation and egress, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms of these processes necessary for B. divergens to survive and propagate during its life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel González
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karel Estrada
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Ricardo Grande
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Verónica Jiménez-Jacinto
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Cuernavaca, México
| | | | - Elena Sevilla
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge de la Barrera
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Área de Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Área de Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Zaballos
- Unidad de Genómica, Área de Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cheryl A. Lobo
- Blood Borne Parasites, LFKRI, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Cuernavaca, México
- * E-mail: (ASF); (EM)
| | - Estrella Montero
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (ASF); (EM)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shears MJ, Sekhar Nirujogi R, Swearingen KE, Renuse S, Mishra S, Jaipal Reddy P, Moritz RL, Pandey A, Sinnis P. Proteomic Analysis of Plasmodium Merosomes: The Link between Liver and Blood Stages in Malaria. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3404-3418. [PMID: 31335145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pre-erythrocytic liver stage of the malaria parasite, comprising sporozoites and the liver stages into which they develop, remains one of the least understood parts of the lifecycle, in part owing to the low numbers of parasites. Nonetheless, it is recognized as an important target for antimalarial drugs and vaccines. Here we provide the first proteomic analysis of merosomes, which define the final phase of the liver stage and are responsible for initiating the blood stage of infection. We identify a total of 1879 parasite proteins, and a core set of 1188 proteins quantitatively detected in every biological replicate, providing an extensive picture of the protein repertoire of this stage. This unique data set will allow us to explore key questions about the biology of merosomes and hepatic merozoites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Shears
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States.,Institute of Bioinformatics , International Tech Park , Bangalore 560 066 , India
| | - Kristian E Swearingen
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Satish Mishra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Panga Jaipal Reddy
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology , 401 Terry Avenue , North Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , 733 N. Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , 615 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee SH, Kang HJ, Lee DH, Quan FS. Protective Immunity Induced by Incorporating Multiple Antigenic Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii Into Influenza Virus-Like Particles. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3073. [PMID: 30666253 PMCID: PMC6330307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) as a highly efficient vaccine platform has been used to present single or multiple antigenic proteins. In this study, we generated VLPs (multi-antigen VLPs, TG146) in insect cells co-infected with recombinant baculoviruses presenting IMC, ROP18, and MIC8 of Toxoplasma gondii together with influenza matrix protein 1 (M1) as a core protein. We also generated three VLPs expressing IMC, ROP18, or MIC8 together with M1 for combination VLPs (TG1/TG4/TG6). A total of four kinds of VLPs generated were characterized by TEM. Higher number of VLPs particles per μm2 were observed in multi-antigen VLPs compared to combination VLPs. Mice (BALB/c) were intranasually immunized with multi-antigen VLPs or combination VLPs and challenged with T. gondii tachyzoites (GT1) intraperitoneally. Compared to combination VLPs, multi-antigen VLPs showed significantly higher levels of CD4+ T cell, and germinal center B cell responses with reduced apoptosis responses, resulting in significant reduction on parasite burden. These results indicate that higher efficacy of VLPs generated by multi-antigen VLPs can induce significant reduction of parasite burden and better survival of mice than that by combination VLPs, providing important insights into vaccine design strategy for VLPs vaccine expressing multiple antigenic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Ji Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bertschi NL, Voorberg-van der Wel A, Zeeman AM, Schuierer S, Nigsch F, Carbone W, Knehr J, Gupta DK, Hofman SO, van der Werff N, Nieuwenhuis I, Klooster E, Faber BW, Flannery EL, Mikolajczak SA, Chuenchob V, Shrestha B, Beibel M, Bouwmeester T, Kangwanrangsan N, Sattabongkot J, Diagana TT, Kocken CH, Roma G. Transcriptomic analysis reveals reduced transcriptional activity in the malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi during progression into dormancy. eLife 2018; 7:41081. [PMID: 30589413 PMCID: PMC6344078 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapses of Plasmodium dormant liver hypnozoites compromise malaria eradication efforts. New radical cure drugs are urgently needed, yet the vast gap in knowledge of hypnozoite biology impedes drug discovery. We previously unraveled the transcriptome of 6 to 7 day-old P. cynomolgi liver stages, highlighting pathways associated with hypnozoite dormancy (Voorberg-van der Wel et al., 2017). We now extend these findings by transcriptome profiling of 9 to 10 day-old liver stage parasites, thus revealing for the first time the maturation of the dormant stage over time. Although progression of dormancy leads to a 10-fold decrease in transcription and expression of only 840 genes, including genes associated with housekeeping functions, we show that pathways involved in quiescence, energy metabolism and maintenance of genome integrity remain the prevalent pathways active in mature hypnozoites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Bertschi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | | | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Schuierer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Florian Nigsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Walter Carbone
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Judith Knehr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Devendra K Gupta
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Emeryville, United States
| | - Sam O Hofman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole van der Werff
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Els Klooster
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Emeryville, United States
| | | | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Emeryville, United States
| | - Binesh Shrestha
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Martin Beibel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Emeryville, United States
| | - Clemens Hm Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Europe
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Venugopal K, Marion S. Secretory organelle trafficking in Toxoplasma gondii: A long story for a short travel. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:751-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
28
|
Monoclonal Antibodies to Intracellular Stages of Cryptosporidium parvum Define Life Cycle Progression In Vitro. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00124-18. [PMID: 29848759 PMCID: PMC5976880 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00124-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. Currently, there is a limited array of antibodies available against the parasite, which hinders imaging studies and makes it difficult to visualize the parasite life cycle in different culture systems. In order to alleviate this reagent gap, we created a library of novel antibodies against the intracellular life cycle stages of Cryptosporidium. We identified antibodies that recognize specific life cycle stages in distinctive ways, enabling unambiguous description of the parasite life cycle. These MAbs will aid future investigation into Cryptosporidium biology and help illuminate growth differences between various culture platforms. Among the obstacles hindering Cryptosporidium research is the lack of an in vitro culture system that supports complete life development and propagation. This major barrier has led to a shortage of widely available anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies and a lack of markers for staging developmental progression. Previously developed antibodies against Cryptosporidium were raised against extracellular stages or recombinant proteins, leading to antibodies with limited reactivity across the parasite life cycle. Here we sought to create antibodies that recognize novel epitopes that could be used to define intracellular development. We identified a mouse epithelial cell line that supported C. parvum growth, enabling immunization of mice with infected cells to create a bank of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against intracellular parasite stages while avoiding the development of host-specific antibodies. From this bank, we identified 12 antibodies with a range of reactivities across the parasite life cycle. Importantly, we identified specific MAbs that can distinguish different life cycle stages, such as trophozoites, merozoites, type I versus II meronts, and macrogamonts. These MAbs provide valuable tools for the Cryptosporidium research community and will facilitate future investigation into parasite biology. IMPORTANCECryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. Currently, there is a limited array of antibodies available against the parasite, which hinders imaging studies and makes it difficult to visualize the parasite life cycle in different culture systems. In order to alleviate this reagent gap, we created a library of novel antibodies against the intracellular life cycle stages of Cryptosporidium. We identified antibodies that recognize specific life cycle stages in distinctive ways, enabling unambiguous description of the parasite life cycle. These MAbs will aid future investigation into Cryptosporidium biology and help illuminate growth differences between various culture platforms.
Collapse
|
29
|
McGovern OL, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Kannan G, Narwold AJ, Carruthers VB. Intersection of endocytic and exocytic systems in Toxoplasma gondii. Traffic 2018; 19:336-353. [PMID: 29437275 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host cytosolic proteins are endocytosed by Toxoplasma gondii and degraded in its lysosome-like compartment, the vacuolar compartment (VAC), but the dynamics and route of endocytic trafficking remain undefined. Conserved endocytic components and plant-like features suggest T. gondii endocytic trafficking involves transit through early and late endosome-like compartments (ELCs) and potentially the trans-Golgi network (TGN) as in plants. However, exocytic trafficking to regulated secretory organelles, micronemes and rhoptries, also proceeds through ELCs and requires classical endocytic components, including a dynamin-related protein, DrpB. Here, we show that host cytosolic proteins are endocytosed within 7 minutes post-invasion, trafficked through ELCs en route to the VAC, and degraded within 30 minutes. We could not definitively interpret if ingested protein is trafficked through the TGN. We also found that parasites ingest material from the host cytosol throughout the parasite cell cycle. Ingested host proteins colocalize with immature microneme proteins, proM2AP and proMIC5, in transit to the micronemes, but not with the immature rhoptry protein proRON4, indicating that endocytic trafficking of ingested protein intersects with exocytic trafficking of microneme proteins. Finally, we show that conditional expression of a DrpB dominant negative mutant increases T. gondii ingestion of host-derived proteins, suggesting that DrpB is not required for parasite endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L McGovern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Geetha Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew J Narwold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vetrivel U, Nagarajan H, Thirumudi I. Design of inhibitory peptide targeting
Toxoplasma gondii
RON4‐human β‐tubulin interactions by implementing structural bioinformatics methods. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3236-3246. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umashankar Vetrivel
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and OphthalmologyVision Research Foundation, Sankara NethralayaChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Hemavathy Nagarajan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and OphthalmologyVision Research Foundation, Sankara NethralayaChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Indhuja Thirumudi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and OphthalmologyVision Research Foundation, Sankara NethralayaChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chakraborty S, Roy S, Mistry HU, Murthy S, George N, Bhandari V, Sharma P. Potential Sabotage of Host Cell Physiology by Apicomplexan Parasites for Their Survival Benefits. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1261. [PMID: 29081773 PMCID: PMC5645534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, and Theileria are the major apicomplexan parasites affecting humans or animals worldwide. These pathogens represent an excellent example of host manipulators who can overturn host signaling pathways for their survival. They infect different types of host cells and take charge of the host machinery to gain nutrients and prevent itself from host attack. The mechanisms by which these pathogens modulate the host signaling pathways are well studied for Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Theileria, except for limited studies on Babesia. Theileria is a unique pathogen taking into account the way it modulates host cell transformation, resulting in its clonal expansion. These parasites majorly modulate similar host signaling pathways, however, the disease outcome and effect is different among them. In this review, we discuss the approaches of these apicomplexan to manipulate the host–parasite clearance pathways during infection, invasion, survival, and egress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hiral Uday Mistry
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shweta Murthy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Neena George
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Singh S, Chitnis CE. Molecular Signaling Involved in Entry and Exit of Malaria Parasites from Host Erythrocytes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026815. [PMID: 28507195 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the blood stage, Plasmodium spp. merozoites invade host red blood cells (RBCs), multiply, exit, and reinvade uninfected RBCs in a continuing cycle that is responsible for all the clinical symptoms associated with malaria. Entry into (invasion) and exit from (egress) RBCs are highly regulated processes that are mediated by an array of parasite proteins with specific functional roles. Many of these parasite proteins are stored in specialized apical secretory vesicles, and their timely release is critical for successful invasion and egress. For example, the discharge of parasite protein ligands to the apical surface of merozoites is required for interaction with host receptors to mediate invasion, and the timely discharge of proteases and pore-forming proteins helps in permeabilization and dismantling of limiting membranes during egress. This review focuses on our understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate apical organelle secretion during host cell invasion and egress by malaria parasites. The review also explores how understanding key signaling mechanisms in the parasite can open opportunities to develop novel strategies to target Plasmodium parasites and eliminate malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Singh
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chew CH, Lim YAL, Chua KH. Heterologous expression of Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA1) for binding peptide selection. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3794. [PMID: 28929019 PMCID: PMC5600724 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium is an obligate intracellular parasite. Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is the most prominent and well characterized malarial surface antigen that is essential for parasite-host cell invasion, i.e., for sporozoite to invade and replicate within hepatocytes in the liver stage and merozoite to penetrate and replicate within erythrocytes in the blood stage. AMA1 has long served as a potent antimalarial drug target and is a pivotal vaccine candidate. A good understanding of the structure and molecular function of this Plasmodium protein, particularly its involvement in host-cell adhesion and invasion, is of great interest and hence it offers an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutics. The present study aims to heterologous express recombinant Plasmodium AMA1 ectodomain of P. vivax (rPvAMA1) for the selection of binding peptides. Methods The rPvAMA1 protein was heterologous expressed using a tag-free Profinity eXactTM system and codon optimized BL21-Codon Plus (DE3)-RIL Escherichia coli strain and further refolded by dialysis for renaturation. Binding peptides toward refolded rPvAMA1 were panned using a Ph.D.-12 random phage display library. Results The rPvAMA1 was successfully expressed and refolded with three phage-displayed dodecapeptides designated as PdV1 (DLTFTVNPLSKA), PdV2 (WHWSWWNPNQLT), and PdV3 (TSVSYINNRHNL) with affinity towards rPvAMA1 identified. All of them exhibited positive binding signal to rPvAMA1 in both direct phage assays, i.e., phage ELISA binding assay and Western blot binding assay. Discussion Phage display technology enables the mapping of protein-protein interactions based on a simple principle that a library of phage particles displaying peptides is used and the phage clones that bind to the target protein are selected and identified. The binding sites of each selected peptides toward PvAMA1 (Protein Data Bank, PDB ID: 1W8K) were in silico predicted using CABS-dock web server. In this case, the binding peptides provide a valuable starting point for the development of peptidomimetic as antimalarial antagonists directed at PvAMA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hoong Chew
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Das S, Lemgruber L, Tay CL, Baum J, Meissner M. Multiple essential functions of Plasmodium falciparum actin-1 during malaria blood-stage development. BMC Biol 2017; 15:70. [PMID: 28810863 PMCID: PMC5557482 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The phylum Apicomplexa includes intracellular parasites causing immense global disease burden, the deadliest of them being the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which invades and replicates within erythrocytes. The cytoskeletal protein actin is well conserved within apicomplexans but divergent from mammalian actins, and was primarily reported to function during host cell invasion. However, novel invasion mechanisms have been described for several apicomplexans, and specific functions of the acto-myosin system are being reinvestigated. Of the two actin genes in P. falciparum, actin-1 (pfact1) is ubiquitously expressed in all life-cycle stages and is thought to be required for erythrocyte invasion, although its functions during parasite development are unknown, and definitive in vivo characterisation during invasion is lacking. Results Here we have used a conditional Cre-lox system to investigate the functions of PfACT1 during P. falciparum blood-stage development and host cell invasion. We demonstrate that PfACT1 is crucially required for segregation of the plastid-like organelle, the apicoplast, and for efficient daughter cell separation during the final stages of cytokinesis. Surprisingly, we observe that egress from the host cell is not an actin-dependent process. Finally, we show that parasites lacking PfACT1 are capable of microneme secretion, attachment and formation of a junction with the erythrocyte, but are incapable of host cell invasion. Conclusions This study provides important mechanistic insights into the definitive essential functions of PfACT1 in P. falciparum, which are not only of biological interest, but owing to functional divergence from mammalian actins, could also form the basis for the development of novel therapeutics against apicomplexans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0406-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujaan Das
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Chwen L Tay
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gras S, Jackson A, Woods S, Pall G, Whitelaw J, Leung JM, Ward GE, Roberts CW, Meissner M. Parasites lacking the micronemal protein MIC2 are deficient in surface attachment and host cell egress, but remain virulent in vivo. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28630943 PMCID: PMC5473411 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11594.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Micronemal proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family are believed to play essential roles during gliding motility and host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites, and currently represent major vaccine candidates against
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. However, recent evidence suggests that they play multiple and different roles than previously assumed. Here, we analyse a null mutant for MIC2, the TRAP homolog in
Toxoplasma gondii.
Methods: We performed a careful analysis of parasite motility in a 3D-environment, attachment under shear stress conditions, host cell invasion and
in vivo virulence.
Results: We verified the role of MIC2 in efficient surface attachment, but were unable to identify any direct function of MIC2 in sustaining gliding motility or host cell invasion once initiated. Furthermore, we find that deletion of
mic2 causes a slightly delayed infection
in vivo, leading only to mild attenuation of virulence; like with wildtype parasites, inoculation with even low numbers of
mic2 KO parasites causes lethal disease in mice. However, deletion of
mic2 causes delayed host cell egress
in vitro, possibly via disrupted signal transduction pathways.
Conclusions: We confirm a critical role of MIC2 in parasite attachment to the surface, leading to reduced parasite motility and host cell invasion. However, MIC2 appears to not be critical for gliding motility or host cell invasion, since parasite speed during these processes is unaffected. Furthermore, deletion of MIC2 leads only to slight attenuation of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gras
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Allison Jackson
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stuart Woods
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gurman Pall
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jamie Whitelaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary E Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gras S, Jackson A, Woods S, Pall G, Whitelaw J, Leung JM, Ward GE, Roberts CW, Meissner M. Parasites lacking the micronemal protein MIC2 are deficient in surface attachment and host cell egress, but remain virulent in vivo. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28630943 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11594.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Micronemal proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family are believed to play essential roles during gliding motility and host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites, and currently represent major vaccine candidates against Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. However, recent evidence suggests that they play multiple and different roles than previously assumed. Here, we analyse a null mutant for MIC2, the TRAP homolog in Toxoplasma gondii. Methods: We performed a careful analysis of parasite motility in a 3D-environment, attachment under shear stress conditions, host cell invasion and in vivo virulence. Results: We verified the role of MIC2 in efficient surface attachment, but were unable to identify any direct function of MIC2 in sustaining gliding motility or host cell invasion once initiated. Furthermore, we find that deletion of mic2 causes a slightly delayed infection in vivo, leading only to mild attenuation of virulence; like with wildtype parasites, inoculation with even low numbers of mic2 KO parasites causes lethal disease in mice. However, deletion of mic2 causes delayed host cell egress in vitro, possibly via disrupted signal transduction pathways. Conclusions: We confirm a critical role of MIC2 in parasite attachment to the surface, leading to reduced parasite motility and host cell invasion. However, MIC2 appears to not be critical for gliding motility or host cell invasion, since parasite speed during these processes is unaffected. Furthermore, deletion of MIC2 leads only to slight attenuation of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gras
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Allison Jackson
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stuart Woods
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gurman Pall
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jamie Whitelaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary E Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Marugan-Hernandez V, Long E, Blake D, Crouch C, Tomley F. Eimeria tenella protein trafficking: differential regulation of secretion versus surface tethering during the life cycle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4557. [PMID: 28676667 PMCID: PMC5496917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria spp. are intracellular parasites that have a major impact on poultry. Effective live vaccines are available and the development of reverse genetic technologies has raised the prospect of using Eimeria spp. as recombinant vectors to express additional immunoprotective antigens. To study the ability of Eimeria to secrete foreign antigens or display them on the surface of the sporozoite, transiently transfected populations of E. tenella expressing the fluorescent protein mCherry, linked to endogenous signal peptide (SP) and glycophosphatidylinositol-anchor (GPI) sequences, were examined. The SP from microneme protein EtMIC2 (SP2) allowed efficient trafficking of mCherry to cytoplasmic vesicles and following the C-terminal addition of a GPI-anchor (from surface antigen EtSAG1) mCherry was expressed on the sporozoite surface. In stable transgenic populations, mCherry fused to SP2 was secreted into the sporocyst cavity of the oocysts and after excystation, secretion was detected in culture supernatants but not into the parasitophorous vacuole after invasion. When the GPI was incorporated, mCherry was observed on the sporozites surface and in the supernatant of invading sporozoites. The proven secretion and surface exposure of mCherry suggests that antigen fusions with SP2 and GPI of EtSAG1 may be promising candidates to examine induction of protective immunity against heterologous pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Marugan-Hernandez
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - E Long
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D Blake
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - C Crouch
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - F Tomley
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Billker O. Cracking Ali Baba's code. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28614050 PMCID: PMC5470869 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein called P36 holds the key to how different species of malaria parasite invade liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Billker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of infections involving intracellular apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium (the causative agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis, respectively) represent a significant global healthcare burden. Despite their significance, few treatments are available; a situation that is likely to deteriorate with the emergence of new resistant strains of parasites. To lay the foundation for programs of drug discovery and vaccine development, genome sequences for many of these organisms have been generated, together with large-scale expression and proteomic datasets. Comparative analyses of these datasets are beginning to identify the molecular innovations supporting both conserved processes mediating fundamental roles in parasite survival and persistence, as well as lineage-specific adaptations associated with divergent life-cycle strategies. The challenge is how best to exploit these data to derive insights into parasite virulence and identify those genes representing the most amenable targets. In this review, we outline genomic datasets currently available for apicomplexans and discuss biological insights that have emerged as a consequence of their analysis. Of particular interest are systems-based resources, focusing on areas of metabolism and host invasion that are opening up opportunities for discovering new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Parkinson
- a Program in Molecular Structure and Function , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
- b Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics and Computer Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tardieux I, Baum J. Reassessing the mechanics of parasite motility and host-cell invasion. J Cell Biol 2017; 214:507-15. [PMID: 27573462 PMCID: PMC5004448 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to migrate is fundamental to multicellular and single-celled life. Apicomplexan parasites, an ancient protozoan clade that includes malaria parasites (Plasmodium) and Toxoplasma, achieve remarkable speeds of directional cell movement. This rapidity is achieved via a divergent actomyosin motor system, housed within a narrow compartment that lies underneath the length of the parasite plasma membrane. How this motor functions at a mechanistic level during motility and host cell invasion is a matter of debate. Here, we integrate old and new insights toward refining the current model for the function of this motor with the aim of revitalizing interest in the mechanics of how these deadly pathogens move.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tardieux
- Institute of Advanced BioSciences, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1209, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Manzoni G, Marinach C, Topçu S, Briquet S, Grand M, Tolle M, Gransagne M, Lescar J, Andolina C, Franetich JF, Zeisel MB, Huby T, Rubinstein E, Snounou G, Mazier D, Nosten F, Baumert TF, Silvie O. Plasmodium P36 determines host cell receptor usage during sporozoite invasion. eLife 2017; 6:e25903. [PMID: 28506360 PMCID: PMC5470872 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites, the mosquito-transmitted forms of the malaria parasite, first infect the liver for an initial round of replication before the emergence of pathogenic blood stages. Sporozoites represent attractive targets for antimalarial preventive strategies, yet the mechanisms of parasite entry into hepatocytes remain poorly understood. Here we show that the two main species causing malaria in humans, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, rely on two distinct host cell surface proteins, CD81 and the Scavenger Receptor BI (SR-BI), respectively, to infect hepatocytes. By contrast, CD81 and SR-BI fulfil redundant functions during infection by the rodent parasite P. berghei. Genetic analysis of sporozoite factors reveals the 6-cysteine domain protein P36 as a major parasite determinant of host cell receptor usage. Our data provide molecular insights into the invasion pathways used by different malaria parasites to infect hepatocytes, and establish a functional link between a sporozoite putative ligand and host cell receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Manzoni
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Carine Marinach
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Selma Topçu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Briquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Grand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Tolle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Marion Gransagne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lescar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Andolina
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Mirjam B Zeisel
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Huby
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- INSERM, U935, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Georges Snounou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, U1135, ERL8255, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Santos JM, Egarter S, Zuzarte-Luís V, Kumar H, Moreau CA, Kehrer J, Pinto A, da Costa M, Franke-Fayard B, Janse CJ, Frischknecht F, Mair GR. Malaria parasite LIMP protein regulates sporozoite gliding motility and infectivity in mosquito and mammalian hosts. eLife 2017; 6:e24109. [PMID: 28525314 PMCID: PMC5438254 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliding motility allows malaria parasites to migrate and invade tissues and cells in different hosts. It requires parasite surface proteins to provide attachment to host cells and extracellular matrices. Here, we identify the Plasmodium protein LIMP (the name refers to a gliding phenotype in the sporozoite arising from epitope tagging of the endogenous protein) as a key regulator for adhesion during gliding motility in the rodent malaria model P. berghei. Transcribed in gametocytes, LIMP is translated in the ookinete from maternal mRNA, and later in the sporozoite. The absence of LIMP reduces initial mosquito infection by 50%, impedes salivary gland invasion 10-fold, and causes a complete absence of liver invasion as mutants fail to attach to host cells. GFP tagging of LIMP caused a limping defect during movement with reduced speed and transient curvature changes of the parasite. LIMP is an essential motility and invasion factor necessary for malaria transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Saskia Egarter
- Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Zuzarte-Luís
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hirdesh Kumar
- Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Catherine A Moreau
- Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Kehrer
- Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreia Pinto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário da Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunnar R Mair
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
- Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 triggers a biophysical change in the red blood cell that facilitates invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4225-4230. [PMID: 28373555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620843114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of the red blood cell (RBC) by the Plasmodium parasite defines the start of malaria disease pathogenesis. To date, experimental investigations into invasion have focused predominantly on the role of parasite adhesins or signaling pathways and the identity of binding receptors on the red cell surface. A potential role for signaling pathways within the erythrocyte, which might alter red cell biophysical properties to facilitate invasion, has largely been ignored. The parasite erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (EBA175), a protein required for entry in most parasite strains, plays a key role by binding to glycophorin A (GPA) on the red cell surface, although the function of this binding interaction is unknown. Here, using real-time deformability cytometry and flicker spectroscopy to define biophysical properties of the erythrocyte, we show that EBA175 binding to GPA leads to an increase in the cytoskeletal tension of the red cell and a reduction in the bending modulus of the cell's membrane. We isolate the changes in the cytoskeleton and membrane and show that reduction in the bending modulus is directly correlated with parasite invasion efficiency. These data strongly imply that the malaria parasite primes the erythrocyte surface through its binding antigens, altering the biophysical nature of the target cell and thus reducing a critical energy barrier to invasion. This finding would constitute a major change in our concept of malaria parasite invasion, suggesting it is, in fact, a balance between parasite and host cell physical forces working together to facilitate entry.
Collapse
|
44
|
Mastan BS, Narwal SK, Dey S, Kumar KA, Mishra S. Plasmodium berghei plasmepsin VIII is essential for sporozoite gliding motility. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:239-245. [PMID: 28192122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium aspartic proteases, termed plasmepsins (PMs) play many critical roles such as haemoglobin degradation, cleavage of PEXEL proteins and sporozoite development in the parasite life cycle. Most of the plasmepsins are well characterized, however the role of PM VIII in Plasmodium remains unknown. Here, we elucidate the functions of PM VIII (PBANKA_132910) in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei (Pb). By targeted gene deletion, we show that PbPM VIII is critical for sporozoite egress from an oocyst and gliding motility, which is a prerequisite for the invasion of salivary glands and subsequent transmission to the vertebrate host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babu S Mastan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Narwal
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sandeep Dey
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Kota Arun Kumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Satish Mishra
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Devine SM, MacRaild CA, Norton RS, Scammells PJ. Antimalarial drug discovery targeting apical membrane antigen 1. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:13-20. [PMID: 30108688 PMCID: PMC6072474 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to frustrate humanity's attempts to eradicate this deadly disease. Although gains have been made over the last 15 years, drug resistance to malaria continues to be a major concern. The lack of new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action continues to challenge the scientific community to find innovative targets to combat this persistent disease. One such target, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), is an essential protein that helps the parasite invade host erythrocytes. Recently, a number of efforts have focused on the druggability of this target, aiming to block the interactions of AMA1 that mediate invasion of host cells. This review covers recent progress in drug discovery targeting this crucial protein-protein interaction in malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Devine
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Welsch ME, Zhou J, Gao Y, Yan Y, Porter G, Agnihotri G, Li Y, Lu H, Chen Z, Thomas SB. Discovery of Potent and Selective Leads against Toxoplasma gondii Dihydrofolate Reductase via Structure-Based Design. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1124-1129. [PMID: 27994750 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment of toxoplasmosis targets the parasite's folate metabolism through inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The most widely used DHFR antagonist, pyrimethamine, was introduced over 60 years ago and is associated with toxicity that can be largely attributed to a similar affinity for parasite and human DHFR. Computational analysis of biochemical differences between Toxoplasma gondii and human DHFR enabled the design of inhibitors with both improved potency and selectivity. The approach described herein yielded TRC-19, a promising lead with an IC50 of 9 nM and 89-fold selectivity in favor of Toxoplasma gondii DHFR, as well as crystallographic data to substantiate in silico methodology. Overall, 50% of synthesized in silico designs met hit threshold criteria of IC50 < 10 μM and >2-fold selectivity favoring Toxoplasma gondii, further demonstrating the efficiency of our structure-based drug design approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Welsch
- Turing Pharmaceuticals AG, Research & Development, 1177 Avenue of the Americas, 39th Floor, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Jian Zhou
- WuXi AppTec, International Discovery Service Unit & Research Service Division, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yueqiang Gao
- WuXi AppTec, International Discovery Service Unit & Research Service Division, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yunqing Yan
- WuXi AppTec, International Discovery Service Unit & Research Service Division, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Gene Porter
- WuXi AppTec, In Vitro Biology US, 107 Morgan Lane, Plainsborough, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Gautam Agnihotri
- WuXi AppTec, In Vitro Biology US, 107 Morgan Lane, Plainsborough, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Yingjie Li
- WuXi AppTec, International Discovery Service Unit & Research Service Division, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Henry Lu
- WuXi AppTec, International Discovery Service Unit & Research Service Division, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zhongguo Chen
- WuXi AppTec, International Discovery Service Unit & Research Service Division, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Stephen B. Thomas
- Turing Pharmaceuticals AG, Research & Development, 1177 Avenue of the Americas, 39th Floor, New York, New York 10036, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bichet M, Touquet B, Gonzalez V, Florent I, Meissner M, Tardieux I. Genetic impairment of parasite myosin motors uncovers the contribution of host cell membrane dynamics to Toxoplasma invasion forces. BMC Biol 2016; 14:97. [PMID: 27829452 PMCID: PMC5101828 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The several-micrometer-sized Toxoplasma gondii protozoan parasite invades virtually any type of nucleated cell from a warm-blooded animal within seconds. Toxoplasma initiates the formation of a tight ring-like junction bridging its apical pole with the host cell membrane. The parasite then actively moves through the junction into a host cell plasma membrane invagination that delineates a nascent vacuole. Recent high resolution imaging and kinematics analysis showed that the host cell cortical actin dynamics occurs at the site of entry while gene silencing approaches allowed motor-deficient parasites to be generated, and suggested that the host cell could contribute energetically to invasion. In this study we further investigate this possibility by analyzing the behavior of parasites genetically impaired in different motor components, and discuss how the uncovered mechanisms illuminate our current understanding of the invasion process by motor-competent parasites. Results By simultaneously tracking host cell membrane and cortex dynamics at the site of interaction with myosin A-deficient Toxoplasma, the junction assembly step could be decoupled from the engagement of the Toxoplasma invasive force. Kinematics combined with functional analysis revealed that myosin A-deficient Toxoplasma had a distinct host cell-dependent mode of entry when compared to wild-type or myosin B/C-deficient Toxoplasma. Following the junction assembly step, the host cell formed actin-driven membrane protrusions that surrounded the myosin A-deficient mutant and drove it through the junction into a typical vacuole. However, this parasite-entry mode appeared suboptimal, with about 40 % abortive events for which the host cell membrane expansions failed to cover the parasite body and instead could apply deleterious compressive forces on the apical pole of the zoite. Conclusions This study not only clarifies the key contribution of T. gondii tachyzoite myosin A to the invasive force, but it also highlights a new mode of entry for intracellular microbes that shares early features of macropinocytosis. Given the harmful potential of the host cell compressive forces, we propose to consider host cell invasion by zoites as a balanced combination between host cell membrane dynamics and the Toxoplasma motor function. In this light, evolutionary shaping of myosin A with fast motor activity could have contributed to optimize the invasive potential of Toxoplasma tachyzoites and thereby their fitness. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0316-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bichet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Cell & Membrane Dynamics of Host-Parasite Interactions, INSERM U1209, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR5309, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Bastien Touquet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Cell & Membrane Dynamics of Host-Parasite Interactions, INSERM U1209, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR5309, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Virginie Gonzalez
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Florent
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR7245, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Isabelle Tardieux
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Cell & Membrane Dynamics of Host-Parasite Interactions, INSERM U1209, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS UMR5309, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bargieri DY, Thiberge S, Tay CL, Carey AF, Rantz A, Hischen F, Lorthiois A, Straschil U, Singh P, Singh S, Triglia T, Tsuboi T, Cowman A, Chitnis C, Alano P, Baum J, Pradel G, Lavazec C, Ménard R. Plasmodium Merozoite TRAP Family Protein Is Essential for Vacuole Membrane Disruption and Gamete Egress from Erythrocytes. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:618-630. [PMID: 27832590 PMCID: PMC5104695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surface-associated TRAP (thrombospondin-related anonymous protein) family proteins are conserved across the phylum of apicomplexan parasites. TRAP proteins are thought to play an integral role in parasite motility and cell invasion by linking the extracellular environment with the parasite submembrane actomyosin motor. Blood stage forms of the malaria parasite Plasmodium express a TRAP family protein called merozoite-TRAP (MTRAP) that has been implicated in erythrocyte invasion. Using MTRAP-deficient mutants of the rodent-infecting P. berghei and human-infecting P. falciparum parasites, we show that MTRAP is dispensable for erythrocyte invasion. Instead, MTRAP is essential for gamete egress from erythrocytes, where it is necessary for the disruption of the gamete-containing parasitophorous vacuole membrane, and thus for parasite transmission to mosquitoes. This indicates that motor-binding TRAP family members function not just in parasite motility and cell invasion but also in membrane disruption and cell egress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Bargieri
- Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France; Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo-USP, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sabine Thiberge
- Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Chwen L Tay
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alison F Carey
- Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alice Rantz
- Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Florian Hischen
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Audrey Lorthiois
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France
| | - Ursula Straschil
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Shailja Singh
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Tony Triglia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Alan Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Chetan Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | - Pietro Alano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France
| | - Robert Ménard
- Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Global iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts during sporulation. J Proteomics 2016; 148:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
50
|
Wang G, Drinkwater N, Drew DR, MacRaild CA, Chalmers DK, Mohanty B, Lim SS, Anders RF, Beeson JG, Thompson PE, McGowan S, Simpson JS, Norton RS, Scanlon MJ. Structure–Activity Studies of β-Hairpin Peptide Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum AMA1–RON2 Interaction. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3986-3998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|