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Ali MK, Kim RY, Brown AC, Donovan C, Vanka KS, Mayall JR, Liu G, Pillar AL, Jones-Freeman B, Xenaki D, Borghuis T, Karim R, Pinkerton JW, Aryal R, Heidari M, Martin KL, Burgess JK, Oliver BG, Trinder D, Johnstone DM, Milward EA, Hansbro PM, Horvat JC. Critical role for iron accumulation in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung disease. J Pathol 2020; 251:49-62. [PMID: 32083318 DOI: 10.1002/path.5401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased iron levels and dysregulated iron homeostasis, or both, occur in several lung diseases. Here, the effects of iron accumulation on the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and associated lung function decline was investigated using a combination of murine models of iron overload and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, primary human lung fibroblasts treated with iron, and histological samples from patients with or without idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Iron levels are significantly increased in iron overloaded transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2) mutant mice and homeostatic iron regulator (Hfe) gene-deficient mice and this is associated with increases in airway fibrosis and reduced lung function. Furthermore, fibrosis and lung function decline are associated with pulmonary iron accumulation in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, we show that iron accumulation is increased in lung sections from patients with IPF and that human lung fibroblasts show greater proliferation and cytokine and extracellular matrix responses when exposed to increased iron levels. Significantly, we show that intranasal treatment with the iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), from the time when pulmonary iron levels accumulate, prevents airway fibrosis and decline in lung function in experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with an increase in Tfr1+ macrophages that display altered phenotype in disease, and DFO treatment modified the abundance of these cells. These experimental and clinical data demonstrate that increased accumulation of pulmonary iron plays a key role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and lung function decline. Furthermore, these data highlight the potential for the therapeutic targeting of increased pulmonary iron in the treatment of fibrotic lung diseases such as IPF. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khadem Ali
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kanth S Vanka
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Gang Liu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amber L Pillar
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Bernadette Jones-Freeman
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Dikaia Xenaki
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Theo Borghuis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafia Karim
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - James W Pinkerton
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Respiratory Pharmacology & Toxicology Group, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ritambhara Aryal
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Moones Heidari
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kristy L Martin
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- Medical School and, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel M Johnstone
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Milward
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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2
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Zhang C, Cai R, Lazerson A, Delcroix G, Wangpaichitr M, Mirsaeidi M, Griswold AJ, Schally AV, Jackson RM. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist Modulates Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis due to Bleomycin. Lung 2019; 197:541-549. [PMID: 31392398 PMCID: PMC6778540 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a 44-amino acid peptide that regulates growth hormone (GH) secretion. We hypothesized that a GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) antagonist, MIA-602, would inhibit bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and/or fibrosis in C57Bl/6J mice. METHODS We tested whether MIA-602 (5 μg or vehicle given subcutaneously [SC] on days 1-21) would decrease lung inflammation (at day 14) and/or fibrosis (at day 28) in mice treated with intraperitoneal (IP) bleomycin (0.8 units on days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21). Bleomycin resulted in inflammation and fibrosis around airways and vessels evident histologically at days 14 and 28. RESULTS Inflammation (histopathologic scores assessed blindly) was visibly less evident in mice treated with MIA-602 for 14 days. After 28 days, lung hydroxyproline (HP) content increased significantly in mice treated with vehicle; in contrast, lung HP did not increase significantly compared to naïve controls in mice treated with GHRH-R antagonist. GHRH-R antagonist increased basal and maximal oxygen consumption of cultured lung fibroblasts. Multiple genes related to chemotaxis, IL-1, chemokines, regulation of inflammation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) were upregulated in lungs of mice treated with bleomycin and MIA-602. MIA-602 also prominently suppressed multiple genes related to the cellular immune response including those for T-cell differentiation, receptor signaling, activation, and cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS MIA-602 reduced lung inflammation and fibrosis due to bleomycin. Multiple genes related to immune response and T-cell functions were downregulated, supporting the view that MIA-602 can modulate the cellular immune response to bleomycin lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renzhi Cai
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - Aaron Lazerson
- Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | | | | | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
- Department of Pathology and Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
| | - Robert M Jackson
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL, 33125, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA.
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL, 33125, USA.
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3
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Mohammed A, Abd Al Haleem EN, El-Bakly WM, El-Demerdash E. Deferoxamine alleviates liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:760-8. [PMID: 27168353 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several chronic liver diseases can lead to the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis through the accumulation of iron, which causes induction of oxidative stress and consequently activation of fibrogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate the potential antifibrotic and anti-oxidant effects of deferoxamine (DFO), a well-known iron chelator in an experimental rat model of liver injury using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). First, the potential effective dose of DFO was screened against CCl4 -induced acute hepatotoxicity. Then, rats were co-treated with DFO (300 mg/kg, i.p.) for 6 weeks starting from the third week of CCl4 induction of chronic hepatotoxicity. Liver function was assessed in addition to histopathological examination. Furthermore, oxidative stress and fibrosis markers were assessed. It was found that treatment of animals with DFO significantly counteracted the changes in liver function; histopathological lesions and hepatic iron deposition that were induced by CCl4 . DFO also significantly counteracted the CCl4 -induced lipid peroxidation increase and reduction in antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. In addition, DFO ameliorated significantly liver fibrosis markers including hydroxyproline, collagen accumulation, and the expression of the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation marker; alpha smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Together, these findings indicate that DFO possesses a potent antifibrotic effect due to its antioxidant properties that counteracted oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and restored antioxidant enzymes activities as well as reducing HSCs activation and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ekram N Abd Al Haleem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wesam M El-Bakly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Tsukamoto H. Metabolic reprogramming and cell fate regulation in alcoholic liver disease. Pancreatology 2015; 15:S61-5. [PMID: 25800177 PMCID: PMC4515387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) should be defined as a life-style metabolic disease. Its pathogenesis is driven by altered cell fate of both parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cell types, contributing to different pathologic spectra. A critical turning point in progression of ALD is chronic alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) or alcoholic neutrophilic hepatitis (AH), which markedly predisposes patients to most devastating ALD sequela, cirrhosis and liver cancer. RESULTS Our research identifies the pivotal roles of unique metabolic reprogramming in M1 activation of hepatic macrophages (HM) and myofibroblastic activation (MF) of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in the genesis of inflammation and fibrosis, the two key histological features of chronic ASH and neutrophilic AH. For M1 HM activation, heightened proinflammatory iron redox signaling in endosomes or caveosomes results from altered iron metabolism and storage, promoting IKK/NF-kB activation via interactive activation of p21ras, TAK1, and PI3K. For MF cell fate regulation of HSC, activation of the morphogen Wnt pathway caused by the nuclear protein NECDIN or the single-pass trans-membrane protein DLK1, reprograms lipid metabolism via MeCP2-mediated epigenetic repression of the key HSC quiescence gene Ppar-γ. CONCLUSIONS The findings from these studies re-enforce the importance of metabolic reprogramming in cell fate regulation required for the pathogenesis of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Zhong S, Xu J, Li P, Tsukamoto H. Caveosomal oxidative stress causes Src-p21ras activation and lysine 63 TRAF6 protein polyubiquitination in iron-induced M1 hepatic macrophage activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32078-84. [PMID: 22829592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory M1 activation of hepatic macrophages (HM) is critical in pathogenesis of hepatitis, but its mechanisms are still elusive. Our earlier work demonstrates the role of ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern-independent agonist for activation of IκB kinase (IKK) and NF-κB in HM via activation and interaction of p21(ras), transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in caveosomes. However, iron-induced signaling upstream of these kinases is not known. Here we show that Fe(2+) induces generation of superoxide anion (O(2)()) in endosomes, reduces protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity, and activates Src at 2∼10 min of Fe(2+) addition to rat primary HM culture. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) blocks O(2)() generation, PTP inhibition, and Src activation. Fe(2+)-induced p21(ras) activity is abrogated with the Src inhibitor PP2 and SOD. Fe(2+) stimulates Lys(63)-linked polyubiquitination (polyUb) of TRAF6 in caveosomes, and a dominant negative K63R mutant of ubiquitin or SOD prevents iron-induced TRAF6 polyUb and TAK1 activation. These results demonstrate that Fe(2+)-generated O(2)() mediates p21(ras) and TAK1 activation via PTP inhibition and Lys(63)-polyUb of TRAF6 in caveosomes for proinflammatory M1 activation in HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhong
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,California 90033, USA
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6
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Gadolinium exposure disrupts iron homeostasis in cultured cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:567-75. [PMID: 21267611 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents can be complicated by nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Demonstration of significant quantities of insoluble gadolinium in the skin of NSF patients suggested transmetallation as a mechanism of toxicity of this injury. An alternative pathway for the biological effect of gadolinium is a disruption of iron homeostasis. We tested the postulate that cell exposure to gadolinium increases iron uptake to disrupt intracellular metal homeostasis and impact inflammatory events. Alveolar macrophages, THP1 cells, NHBE cells, and BEAS-2B cells all demonstrated a capacity to import gadolinium from both GdCl(3) and Omniscan. All four cell types similarly imported iron following exposure to ferric ammonium citrate (FAC). Exposure of all cell types to gadolinium and iron resulted in increased iron import relative to cell concentrations following incubation with FAC alone. To analyze for further evidence of changes in iron homeostasis, cell ferritin concentration was determined. Relative to incubation with FAC alone, co-incubation of BEAS-2B cells with gadolinium and FAC resulted in significant increases in ferritin level. Finally, potential effects of gadolinium uptake and associated changes in iron homeostasis on the inflammatory response were evaluated by measuring IL-8. Co-incubation of BEAS-2B cells with both gadolinium and iron resulted in diminished release of IL-8 relative to levels of the cytokine following incubation with gadolinium alone. We conclude that gadolinium impacts cell iron homeostasis to change import and storage of the metal and biological effects of exposure.
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7
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Chen L, Xiong S, She H, Lin SW, Wang J, Tsukamoto H. Iron Causes Interactions of TAK1, p21ras, and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Caveolae to Activate IκB Kinase in Hepatic Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5582-8. [PMID: 17172471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609273200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel signaling phenomenon involving a rapid and transient rise in intracellular low molecular weight iron complex(es) in activation of IkappaB kinase (IKK) in hepatic macrophages. We also showed direct treatment with ferrous iron substitutes for this event to activate IKK. The present study used this model to identify upstream kinases responsible for IKK activation. IKK activation induced by iron is abrogated by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant (DN) for transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and by treatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase-1 (MEK1) inhibitor. Iron increases AKT phosphorylation that is prevented by DNTAK1 or DNp21ras. Iron causes ERK1/2 phosphorylation that is attenuated by DN-PI3K, prevented by DNp21ras, but unaffected by DNTAK1. Iron-induced TAK1 activity is not affected by the PI3K or MEK1 inhibitor, suggesting TAK1 is upstream of PI3K and MEK1. Iron increases interactions of TAK1 and PI3K with p21ras as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization of these proteins with caveolin-1 as shown by immunofluorescent microscopy. Finally, filipin III, a caveolae inhibitor, abrogates iron-induced TAK1 and IKK activation. In conclusion, MEK1, TAK1, NF-kappa-inducing kinase, and PI3K are required for iron-induced IKK activation in hepatic macrophages and TAK1, PI3K, and p21ras physically interact in caveolae to initiate signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pathology and Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-9141, USA
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8
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Pugh C, Hathwar V, Richards JH, Stonehuerner J, Ghio AJ. Disruption of Iron Homeostasis in the Lungs of Transplant Patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24:1821-7. [PMID: 16297788 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism of injury underlying obliterative bronchiolitis. Catalytically reactive iron is a potential source of reactive oxygen species in transplanted tissue. Using samples acquired from surveillance bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), we tested the postulate that there is a disruption of iron equilibrium in transplanted lung, which can worsen with time. METHODS A control group of 5 healthy, non-smoking volunteers underwent BAL. Five bilateral lung transplant patients underwent surveillance BAL with transbronchial lung biopsies. The BAL fluid concentrations of protein, albumin, total iron, lactoferrin, ferritin, transferrin receptor and total iron binding capacity were measured. RESULTS The mean ages in the control and transplant groups were 25.0 +/- 2.4 and 34.6 +/- 5.0 years, respectively. Patients were transplanted for cystic fibrosis (n = 3), primary ciliary dyskinesia (n = 1) and bronchiolitis obliterans (n = 1). Surveillance bronchoscopies were performed at 100.6 +/- 63.3, 175.0 +/- 87.7 and 259.2 +/- 82 days post-transplant. No significant differences were noted in BAL protein, albumin and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels between the 2 groups. The BAL iron, transferrin, transferrin receptor, lactoferrin and ferritin levels were significantly elevated in transplant patients relative to controls. With time after transplantation, there were increases in lavage iron, transferrin receptor, lactoferrin and ferritin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Abnormally high levels of iron and its homeostatic proteins were found in the lung allografts, and levels appeared to increase with time. This supports a disruption in the normal homeostasis of this metal after transplantation and a potential role for a catalyzed oxidative stress in bronchiolitis obliterans. The use of iron-depleting therapy is a possible means for preventing injury in the lung allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pugh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Ghio AJ, Kennedy TP, Crissman KM, Richards JH, Hatch GE. Depletion of iron and ascorbate in rodents diminishes lung injury after silica. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:219-32. [PMID: 9555578 DOI: 10.3109/01902149809099584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposures of the lung to iron chelates can be associated with an injury. The catalysis of oxygen-based free radicals is postulated to participate in this injury. Such oxidant generation by mineral oxide particles can be dependent on availability of both iron and a reductant. We tested the study hypothesis that lung injury after silica is associated with the availability of both iron and ascorbate in the host by depleting this metal and reductant in the lungs of rats and guinea pigs, respectively. Rats were fed either a normal diet or a diet deficient of iron. After 30 days, animals were instilled with either saline or 1.0 mg Minusil-5 silica. Relative to saline, silica significantly increased neutrophils and lavage protein. Iron depletion significantly diminished both the cellular influx and injury but only at 1 week after silica exposure. Guinea pigs were provided either a normal diet supplemented with 1,000 ppm vitamin C or a diet deficient in ascorbate. After 14 days, the guinea pigs were instilled with either saline or 1.0 mg silica. Silica exposure significantly increased neutrophils and lavage protein. Ascorbate depletion significantly diminished the influx of inflammatory cells and injury at both 1 day and 1 week after silica exposure. We conclude that host concentrations of both iron and ascorbate can affect lung injury after silica exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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10
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Baz MA, Ghio AJ, Roggli VL, Tapson VF, Piantadosi CA. Iron accumulation in lung allografts after transplantation. Chest 1997; 112:435-9. [PMID: 9266881 DOI: 10.1378/chest.112.2.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation has become a therapeutic option for end-stage pulmonary diseases, but after transplantation, infections and obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) are major causes of long-term morbidity and mortality. OB is a fibroproliferative disease, of poorly understood etiology, characterized by an irreversible decline in allograft function. Because diseases with tissue iron overload are characterized by fibrosis and end-organ failure, we studied the iron concentrations in BAL fluid and lung tissue in 10 lung allograft patients. BAL fluid revealed significantly elevated iron concentrations in allograft patients compared with five normal volunteers (135+/-16.54 micromol/L vs 33.65+/-7.48 micromol/L, respectively). Prussian blue staining of biopsy specimens of lung allograft tissue revealed an accumulation of iron primarily in alveolar macrophages. Immunohistochemical stains for ferritin revealed accumulation of the protein in macrophages, interstitium, vascular walls, and bronchiolar epithelium. Iron studies of the blood (serum ferritin and iron concentrations) revealed no evidence for systemic iron overload. In conclusion, patients with pulmonary allografts appear to have elevated concentrations of iron in lung tissue. This iron overload may place the allografts at increased risk of metal-mediated injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Baz
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610-0225,USA
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11
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Weijl NI, Cleton FJ, Osanto S. Free radicals and antioxidants in chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Cancer Treat Rev 1997; 23:209-40. [PMID: 9377594 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-7372(97)90012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N I Weijl
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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12
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Roney PL, Holian A. Possible mechanism of chrysotile asbestos-stimulated superoxide anion production in guinea pig alveolar macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 100:132-44. [PMID: 2548304 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(89)90097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of active oxygen radicals by macrophages is proposed to play an important role in asbestos-related diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the capacity and mechanisms of action of various forms of asbestos to stimulate superoxide anion production by guinea pig alveolar macrophages. Chrysotile, but not the amphiboles (crocidolite, anthophyllite, or amosite), stimulated a rapid (less than 1 min) and dose-dependent (2.5-50 micrograms/ml) production of superoxide anion at noncytotoxic doses (2.5 to 25 micrograms/ml). The stimulation of superoxide anion production by chrysotile could be blocked by putative protein kinase C inhibitors (staurosporine, sphingosine, and fluphenazine). Chrysotile also stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover as measured using 32Pi incorporation into phospholipids, [3H]-diacylglycerol levels, and intracellular calcium mobilization as measured using fura-2 and 45Ca. In addition, pertussis toxin partially blocked chrysotile-stimulated superoxide anion production. We conclude that the mechanism of guinea pig alveolar macrophage stimulation by chrysotile, but not the amphibole asbestos forms, is consistent with a mechanism which is similar to that used by agonists such as N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe resulting in stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover, calcium mobilization, and activation of protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Roney
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences, Houston
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13
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Haschek WM, Baer KE, Rutherford JE. Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on pulmonary fibrosis in rats and mice. Toxicology 1989; 54:197-205. [PMID: 2466348 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(89)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a putative anti-inflammatory agent and free radical scavenger, was shown to protect against acute bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat (Pepin and Langner, Biochem. Pharmacol., 34 (1985) 2386). We examined the effect of DMSO on bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in Swiss outbred mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, and on butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-induced pulmonary toxicity in Swiss outbred mice. Bleomycin (BL)-induced mortality in mice (20% at 0.1 units BL) and rats (50% at 1.5 units BL) was increased to 100% by daily DMSO (5 g/kg 50% in saline). Similar DMSO treatment after lower doses of bleomycin (1 unit BL in rats and 0.075 or 0.050 units in mice) increased lung hydroxyproline content in the rat but had no effect in the mouse. Lung hydroxyproline content in mice 14 days after 400 mg/kg BHT in corn oil was also slightly increased by daily DMSO at 5 g/kg, but not at 1 or 2 g/kg. Daily DMSO (5 g/kg) did not alter cellular proliferation [( 14C]thymidine incorporation into pulmonary DNA) in the lung at 2 or 5 days after BHT. Thus, we found that DMSO potentiated the lethality of bleomycin, and potentiated or had no effect on bleomycin or BHT-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Haschek
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Mossman BT, Marsh JP, Shatos MA, Doherty J, Gilbert R, Hill S. Implication of active oxygen species as second messengers of asbestos toxicity. Drug Chem Toxicol 1987; 10:157-80. [PMID: 2824166 DOI: 10.3109/01480548709042587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B T Mossman
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington 05405
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