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Maiborodin IV, Pichigina AK, Maiborodina VI, Lushnikova EL. Physiological Aspects of the Application of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Castillo JC, Haahr T, Martínez-Moya M, Humaidan P. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for ovulation trigger - OHSS prevention and use of modified luteal phase support for fresh embryo transfer. Ups J Med Sci 2020; 125:131-137. [PMID: 32366146 PMCID: PMC7721056 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2020.1736696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger greatly impacted modern IVF treatment. Patients at low risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) development, undergoing fresh embryo transfer and GnRHa trigger can be offered a virtually OHSS-free treatment with non-inferior reproductive outcomes by using a modified luteal phase support in terms of small boluses of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), daily recombinant luteinizing hormone LH (rLH) or GnRHa. In the OHSS risk patient, GnRHa trigger can safely be performed, followed by a 'freeze-all' policy with a minimal risk of OHSS development and high live birth rates in the subsequent frozen embryo transfer cycle. Importantly, GnRHa trigger opened the 'black box' of the luteal phase, promoting research in the most optimal steroid levels during the luteal phase. GnRHa trigger allows high-dose gonadotropin stimulation to achieve the optimal number of oocytes and embryos needed to ensure the highest chance of live birth. This review thoroughly discusses how the GnRHa trigger concept adds safety and efficacy to modern IVF in terms of OHSS prevention. Furthermore, the optimal luteal phase management after GnRHa trigger in fresh embryo transfer cycles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Castillo
- Instituto Bernabeu, Alicante, Spain
- CONTACT Juan Carlos Castillo Instituto Bernabeu, Av. Albufereta 31, Alicante, 03016, Spain
| | - Thor Haahr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Fertility Clinic Skive, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Humaidan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Fertility Clinic Skive, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark
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Cordeiro FB, Jarmusch AK, León M, Ferreira CR, Pirro V, Eberlin LS, Hallett J, Miglino MA, Cooks RG. Mammalian ovarian lipid distributions by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1251-1262. [PMID: 31953714 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Merging optical images of tissue sections with the spatial distributions of molecules seen by imaging mass spectrometry is a powerful approach to better understand the metabolic roles of the mapped molecules. Here, we use histologically friendly desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) to map the lipid distribution in tissue sections of ovaries from cows (N = 8), sows (N = 3), and mice (N = 12). Morphologically friendly DESI-MS imaging allows the same sections to be examined for morphological information. Independent of the species, ovarian follicles, corpora lutea, and stroma could be differentiated by principal component analysis, showing that lipid profiles are well conserved among species. As examples of specific findings, arachidonic acid and the phosphatidylinositol PI(38:4), were both found concentrated in the follicles and corpora lutea, structures that promoted ovulation and implantation, respectively. Adrenic acid was spatially located in the corpora lutea, suggesting the importance of this fatty acid in the ovary luteal phase. In summary, lipid information captured by DESI-MS imaging could be related to ovarian structures and data were all conserved among cows, sows, and mice. Further application of DESI-MS imaging to either physiological or pathophysiological models of reproductive conditions will likely expand knowledge of the roles of specific lipids and pathways in ovarian activity and mammalian fertility. Graphical abstract Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is performed directly from frozen ovarian tissue sections placed onto glass slides. Because the desorption and ionization process of small molecules is so gentle, the tissue architecture is preserved. The sample can then be stained and tissue morphology information can be overlaid with the chemical information obtained by DESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Bertuccez Cordeiro
- Laboratorio para Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, 090112, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Alan K Jarmusch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Marisol León
- Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Christina Ramires Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-1393, USA.
| | - Valentina Pirro
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Judy Hallett
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Purdue University, 201 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Robert Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development (CAID), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Dosouto C, Haahr T, Humaidan P. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger – State of the art. Reprod Biol 2017; 17:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bronzi CD, Orozco ASV, Rodriguez D, Rastrilla AM, Sosa ZY, Casais M. Noradrenaline modulates the presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovary. The importance of its interrelation on the ovarian steroidogenesis and apoptosis on dioestrus II in rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:39-46. [PMID: 26144997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate if noradrenaline (NA), added in the coeliac ganglion -superior ovarian nerve- ovary system (CG-SON-O) and in ovary incubation, modifies the release of ovarian progesterone (P4), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and oestradiol (E2), and the expression of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD and proapoptotic bax and antiapoptotic bcl-2 on dioestrus II in the rat. The CG-SON-O system and the ovary were removed and placed in one cuvette containing Krebs-Ringer solution (control groups), and NA was added to the ganglion compartment in the ex vivo system and in the ovary compartment in the ovary incubation (experimental groups). P4, GnRH and E2 were measured by RIA, and gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. In the ex-vivo system, the release of ovarian P4 and GnRH and the expression of 3β-HSD and bax decreased; E2 and bcl-2 increased, and the bax/bcl-2 ratio decreased. However, in the ovary incubation, P4, GnRH, the expression of 3β-HSD and bax increased; E2, the expression of 20α-HSD and bcl-2 decreased while the bax/bcl-2 ratio increased, thus favoring apoptosis. The peripheral nervous system protected the ovary from the apoptotic mechanisms while in the ovary incubation the effect was reverted. Our results indicate that NA regulates ovarian steroidogenesis and apoptosis by modulating GnRH release from the coeliac ganglion and ovary, being NA a possible generator of a GnRH-gonadotropins axis in the ovary. This work is expected to contribute with new evidence of the clinical importance of catecholamines and GnRH in therapy and prevention of ovarian pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Bronzi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de Los Andes 950- 1er Bloque 1er piso ala Norte D5700HHW, San Luis, República Argentina.
| | - Adriana S Vega Orozco
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de Los Andes 950- 1er Bloque 1er piso ala Norte D5700HHW, San Luis, República Argentina
| | - Diego Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ana María Rastrilla
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de Los Andes 950- 1er Bloque 1er piso ala Norte D5700HHW, San Luis, República Argentina
| | - Zulema Y Sosa
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de Los Andes 950- 1er Bloque 1er piso ala Norte D5700HHW, San Luis, República Argentina
| | - Marilina Casais
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de Los Andes 950- 1er Bloque 1er piso ala Norte D5700HHW, San Luis, República Argentina; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Argentina
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Sun YL, Zhang J, Ping ZG, Wang CQ, Sun YF, Chen L, Li XY, Li CJ, Zhu XL, Liu Z, Zhang W, Zhou X. Relationship Between Apoptosis and Proliferation in Granulosa and Theca Cells of Cystic Follicles in Sows. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:601-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Avoiding the use of human chorionic gonadotropin combined with oocyte vitrification and GnRH agonist triggering versus coasting: a new strategy to avoid ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:1137-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Castillo J, Dolz M, Bienvenido E, Abad L, Casañ E, Bonilla-Musoles F. Cycles triggered with GnRH agonist: exploring low-dose HCG for luteal support. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 20:175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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YaQin Mo, Ping Peng, Ran Zhou, ZuanYu He, LiLi Huang, DongZi Yang. Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor-I Expression in the Pituitary and Ovary by a GnRH Agonist and Antagonist. Reprod Sci 2009; 17:68-77. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719109348026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YaQin Mo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Peng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General hospital of Guangzhou Military Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ran Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - ZuanYu He
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - LiLi Huang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - DongZi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
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An X, Han D, Hou J, Li G, Wang J, Yang M, Song Y, Zhou G, Wang Y, Ling L, Yan Q, Cao B. GnRHR gene polymorphisms and their effects on reproductive performance in Chinese goats. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hong IS, Cheung AP, Leung PCK. Gonadotropin-releasing hormones I and II induce apoptosis in human granulosa cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:3179-85. [PMID: 18477660 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The direct effects of GnRH-I or GnRH-II on apoptosis in human granulosa cells are unknown and, if present, can be influenced by FSH. Apoptosis involves activation of the intracellular proteolytic cascade of caspases. We therefore evaluated the roles of GnRH-I and -II, and the effects of FSH, on apoptosis in human granulosa cells and on caspases. METHODS Human immortalized granulosa cells treated with GnRH-I or GnRH-II or nothing were cultured with and without antide (a GnRH-I antagonist), a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor or selective caspase-8, -3, or -7 inhibitor, or FSH in replicates for 72 h. Apoptotic changes were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays, immunoblotting, and expression levels of caspases and compared by ANOVA. RESULTS GnRH-I and -II induced TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells and increased cleavage activities of caspase-8, -3, and -7 by 48 h and peaked at 72 h, changes that were blocked by FSH cotreatment. Antide also effectively blocked these TUNEL-positive changes and expression levels of caspase-3 induced by GnRH-I or -II. Activation of caspase-8, -3, and -7 was inhibited by the corresponding caspase inhibitor. Caspase-8 inhibitor also abolished cleavages of caspase-3 and -7 induced by GnRH-I and -II. CONCLUSION GnRH-I and -II induce apoptosis in human granulosa cells through GnRH-I receptors, which mediate the proteolytic caspase cascade involving caspase-8 (the initiator) and caspase-3 and -7 (the effectors). FSH protects human granulosa cells from apoptosis induced by GnRH-I or -II. This raises potentially important roles of GnRH-I and GnRH-II in regulating follicle development and atresia together with FSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sun Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, 2H-30, 4490 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3V5
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Bukulmez O, Carr BR, Doody KM, Doody KJ. Serum cetrorelix concentrations do not affect clinical pregnancy outcome in assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril 2008; 89:74-83. [PMID: 17662281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the potential association between serum cetrorelix levels and clinical pregnancy outcome in patients who had undergone assisted reproduction cycles with a GnRH antagonist cetrorelix acetate 3-mg injection. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. SETTING University-affiliated private-assisted reproduction center. PATIENT(S) 130 IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection first cycles, treated with the same cetrorelix acetate protocol, in two matched groups according to whether the cycle resulted in clinical pregnancy (n = 56) or not (n = 74). INTERVENTION(S) Cetrorelix acetate administration at 3 mg in a sandwich protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum cetrorelix concentrations on the day of hCG administration with regard to clinical pregnancy outcome, pre- versus post-hCG percent change in serum E(2) levels and implantation rates. RESULT(S) The cetrorelix serum concentrations were in the range of 0.29 to 5.12 ng/mL. The comparisons between groups with and without clinical pregnancy revealed comparable serum cetrorelix levels. There was no significant correlation between the serum cetrorelix concentrations and percent change in pre- versus post-hCG serum E(2) levels. Serum cetrorelix levels were comparable among patients with various implantation rates. CONCLUSION(S) Although a wide range of serum cetrorelix levels could be detected during a GnRH antagonist cycle, these levels were comparable in patients with and without clinical pregnancies.
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WU X, LI HF, YAN MJ, TANG QP, CHEN KW, WANG JY, GAO YS, TU YJ, YU YB, ZHU WQ. Associations of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRHR) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Genes' Polymorphisms with Egg-Laying Traits in Wenchang Chicken. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(07)60075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Soverchia L, Carotti M, Andreu-Vieyra C, Mosconi G, Cannella N, Habibi H, Polzonetti-Magni AM. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the regulation of gonadal differentiation in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 74:57-67. [PMID: 16929534 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an autocrine/paracrine regulatory role in mammalian and fish ovaries. The marine teleost gilthead seabream is an interesting model since, during the life span of the fish, gonadal tissues develop first as testes, which then regress allowing the development of ovarian follicles. Recent studies carried out in ovaries of the gilthead seabream have demonstrated that various GnRH transcripts as well as GnRH splicing variants are expressed. The mRNA level of several GnRH forms in the female and male areas of the switching gonad, and their possible role in this process, were further investigated. The results here reported show that sGnRH, cGnRH-II, and sbGnRH transcripts are locally expressed during gilthead seabream gonadal differentiation; the expression of the three GnRH forms was found to differ among the morphologically defined areas of the switching gonad, as demonstrated by applying reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), together with in situ hybridization, and semiquantitative PCR analyses. Moreover, the hypothesis that GnRH forms may regulate testicular regression via an apoptotic mechanism was investigated by analyzing the different areas of switching gonads for caspase-3 activity as a measure of apoptosis. Our results showed a marked increase of caspase-3 activity in the area corresponding to the regressing testes in which a significant decrease of testosterone production was also found. The present findings demonstrate that the changes in the endogenous GnRH transcripts could be related with the gonadal differentiation in gilthead seabream, and that exogenous GnRH plays a role by stimulating apoptosis in the degenerating testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Soverchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Scalzino 3, Camerino (MC), Italia
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Acevedo B, Gomez-Palomares JL, Ricciarelli E, Hernández ER. Triggering ovulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists does not compromise embryo implantation rates. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:1682-7. [PMID: 17074344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the implant capacity of embryos derived from oocytes matured with a bolus of GnRH agonist. DESIGN Donors were randomly assigned to a protocol using either GnRH agonist or recombinant (r) hCG to trigger ovulation. Analysis of variance, Student t test, and Fisher exact test were used where appropriate. SETTING Private clinical setting. PATIENT(S) Young voluntary donors receiving GnRH agonist (n = 30) or rhCG (n = 30). Eighty-nine patients received oocytes. INTERVENTION(S) Controlled ovarian stimulation was carried out with GnRH antagonist and FSH/LH in a step-down protocol. Donors received a single bolus of GnRH agonist (0.2 mg) or rhCG (250 microg). The endometrial tissue of recipient patients was prepared with oral E(2) and P. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Pregnancy and implantation rates and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in an IVF donor program. RESULT(S) No significant differences in the number of retrieved oocytes (327 vs. 288), MII oocytes (70% vs. 76%), fertilization (80% vs. 65%,), pregnancy/transfer (55% vs. 59%), and implantation rates (29% vs. 32%) were found between recipients whose embryos originated from donors in whom final oocyte maturation was triggered with GnRH agonist and those whose donors received hCG. Significant differences in luteal phase length (4.16 + 0.70 days vs. 13.63 + 2.12 days) and in OHSS (0/30 vs. 5/30) were seen between donors ovulated with the agonist and the donors in whom ovulation was triggered with hCG. CONCLUSION(S) In controlled ovarian stimulation IVF donor cycles, GnRH agonists trigger ovulation and induce luteolysis but do not compromise embryo implantation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Acevedo
- Clinica de Medicina de la Reproduccion y Ginecologia FivMadrid, Madrid, Spain
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Feldmann G, Benifla JL, Madelenat P. L'apoptose des cellules de la granulosa peut-elle être considérée comme un marqueur prédictif du succès de la fécondation in vitro ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 34:574-82. [PMID: 16777460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During in vitro fertilization (IVF) morphological criteria are the only means usable today to select embryos before their uterine transfer in order to obtain pregnancy with the best chances of success. Since several years many attempts have been made to find more functional means. Quantification of apoptosis of granulosa cells has been proposed for this purpose. The aim of this review is to take stock of our knowledge on apoptosis and its mechanisms in granulosa cells and to analyse how quantification of these apoptotic cells could be a reliable and predictive marker of success for an attempt of an IVF in terms of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Feldmann
- Service d'histologie et de biologie de la reproduction, hôpital Bichat-Claude-Bernard (APHP), 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
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Giampietro F, Sancilio S, Tiboni GM, Rana RA, Di Pietro R. Levels of apoptosis in human granulosa cells seem to be comparable after therapy with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or antagonist. Fertil Steril 2006; 85:412-9. [PMID: 16595220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare levels of apoptosis in granulosa cells from women treated with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist triptorelin or the GnRH antagonist cetrorelix. DESIGN Randomized, prospective study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Thirty-two women undergoing assisted reproduction techniques after ovulation induction with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plus GnRH agonist or antagonist. INTERVENTION(S) Granulosa cells were isolated from follicular aspirates after oocyte removal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Apoptosis was assessed with Annexin V binding assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, flow cytometric analysis of DNA, and ultrastructural analysis of cell morphology in transmission electron microscopy. Serum and follicular hormonal levels were also determined. RESULT(S) Annexin V binding and TUNEL assays revealed comparable percentages of apoptosis in the two groups under investigation. Analysis of DNA histograms revealed a similar cell cycle distribution in the two groups. Ultrastructural analysis only occasionally displayed patterns of chromatin margination in apoptotic cells. The mean concentrations of all the follicular fluid steroid hormones evaluated (E2, T, and P) were significantly lower in the GnRH antagonist-treated group. CONCLUSION(S) Therapy with a GnRH agonist or antagonist is associated with comparable levels of apoptosis in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Giampietro
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Sellars CB, Dalton JC, Manzo R, Day J, Ahmadzadeh A. Time and Incidence of Ovulation and Conception Rates After Incorporating Estradiol Cypionate into a Timed Artificial Insemination Protocol. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:620-6. [PMID: 16428631 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of estradiol cypionate (ECP), when incorporated into a conventional GnRH-PGF(2alpha)-GnRH timed artificial insemination protocol (Ovsynch), on systemic estradiol (E(2)), time and incidence of ovulation, luteal development, and conception rate in Holstein cows. Our objective was to determine if administration of 0.25 mg of ECP at the time of the second GnRH injection would effectively synchronize ovulation and increase conception rate. In Experiment 1, lactating Holstein cows (n = 23; 58.7 +/- 1.2 d in milk) were synchronized with PGF(2alpha) (at d -10). Ten days later, Ovsynch was initiated with the administration of 100 mug of GnRH (d 0) followed by PGF(2alpha) on d 7. On d 9, cows were assigned randomly to be treated with either GnRH + 0.25 mg of ECP (OVS-ECP; n = 11) or GnRH and 1 mL of cottonseed oil (OVS-C; n = 12). Ovarian activity was monitored by ultrasonography on d 0, 7, and 9. To determine the time of ovulation, ultrasound examinations were conducted at 12 and 20 h posttreatment and then at least every 3 h until either 36 h posttreatment or ovulation was observed. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 9, and 16 for progesterone analysis. Blood samples also were collected at the time of treatment (d 9, 0 h) and at 6, 12, 20, and 28 h for E(2) analysis. Incidence of ovulation did not differ between treatments. Mean ovulation time relative to the second GnRH administration was similar between treatments. Serum progesterone concentration did not differ between treatments at any time. Serum E(2) concentration was not different at the time of treatment (0 h); however, mean E(2) concentration was greater for the OVS-ECP group at 6 and 12 h after treatment compared with OVS-C. In Experiment 2, lactating dairy cows (n = 333) in 3 commercial herds were randomly assigned to OVS-ECP (n = 169) or OVS-C (n = 164). Cows were inseminated 22 to 24 h posttreatment. Conception rates did not differ between treatments. Estradiol cypionate treatment was successful in increasing serum E(2) when administered at the time of the second dose of GnRH in the Ovsynch protocol. Conception rates, however, were not affected by treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Sellars
- Animal and Veterinary Science Department, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844, USA
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20
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Maillet G, Féral C, Benhaïm A. [Apoptosis of the follicular cells: its implication in ovarian induction protocols]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 33:653-8. [PMID: 16137911 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Atresia, a degenerative process through which many follicles are removed from the grown pool of follicles involves apoptotic changes in the follicular cells. This review analyses the endocrine regulation of apoptotic cell death in ovarian follicle. FSH is the major survival factor for preovulatory follicle but follicle integrity, in vitro, was necessary to its action on granulosa cell. The role of LH is more ambivalent. FSH and LH exert their activity via activation of the cAMP signal. High levels of intracellular cAMP could enhance steroidogenesis and in the same time induce apoptosis in granulosa cells. Moreover, no correlation between steroidogenesis and apoptosis can be established. During ovarian stimulation in IVF protocol, the use of LH, of coasting and of GnRH agonists and antagonists could be deleterious in follicle survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maillet
- EA 2608-USC Inra, IBFA, sciences C, université de Caen, esplanade de la Paix, 14033 Caen, France
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21
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Dunn IC, Miao YW, Morris A, Romanov MN, Wilson PW, Waddington D. A study of association between genetic markers in candidate genes and reproductive traits in one generation of a commercial broiler breeder hen population. Heredity (Edinb) 2004; 92:128-34. [PMID: 14679392 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Markers of alleles for three physiological candidate genes for reproductive traits, growth hormone (GHR), gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were assessed for the association with the total egg production, number of double-yolked eggs and age at first egg in a single generation of a broiler breeder (Gallus gallus) pedigree dam line. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and deletions were detected in the GHR, GNRHR and NPY genes. Genotypes were identified using a PCR-RFLP assay. The frequency of restriction enzyme+/-alleles in the population was for GHR 0.68 (NspI-) and 0.32 (NspI+), for NPY 0.78 (DraI+) and 0.22 (DraI-) and for GNRHR 0.54 (Bpu1102I+) and 0.46 (Bpu1102I-). Trait data from a total of 772 hens in 67 sire families from one generation of the pedigree dam line were recorded. However, the analysis used only the offspring of heterozygous sires to reduce the influence of selection and genetic background (n=33 sire families for GHR; n=14 sire families for NPY; n=36 sire families for GNRHR). A dominance effect of NPY on age at first egg and an additive effect of GNRHR on the number of double-yolked eggs were found (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Dunn
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK.
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22
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Sifer C, Blanc-Layrac G, Bringuier AF, Porcher R, Madelenat P, Feldmann G, Benifla JL. Effects of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone agonist and Follicle Stimulating Hormone on the incidence of apoptosis in human luteinized granulosa cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 110:43-8. [PMID: 12932870 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(03)00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown the importance of apoptosis in follicular atresia occurring especially in granulosa cells (GC) and its relation to the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone agonist (GnRHa) and of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) on the apoptosis rate of human luteinized GC. STUDY DESIGN GC were isolated from follicular fluids of 15 women undergoing IVF cycles, cultured for 1 day and then treated for 1 day in serum-free medium with triptorelin at 100 or 1000pg/ml or with FSH at 100 or 500ng/ml. GC cultured without any hormone addition were used as controls. Treatment of cultured GC with triptorelin 100pg/ml and FSH 100ng/ml was performed five times each. GC were analysed by flow cytometry after propidium iodide staining to measure the percentage of apoptotic GC. Some triptorelin-treated GC were also examined by electron microscopy. RESULTS Percentages of GC apoptosis were after hormone treatment respectively: FSH: 100ng/ml, 2.9+/-0.6%; 500ng/ml, 2.9%; triptorelin: 100pg/ml, 18.6+/-2.8%; 1000pg/ml, 86.5% versus 9.8+/-1.8% in GC controls (FSH 100ng/ml versus control; triptorelin 100pg/ml versus control: P<10(-6)). Electron microscopy confirmed apoptosis of GC incubated with triptorelin. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that FSH decreased apoptosis in human luteinized GC. In contrast, triptorelin was possibly implicated in a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of apoptotic GC. This last result suggests that clinical use of GnRHa should perhaps be reconsidered in the context of its apoptosis-inducing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Sifer
- Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, (AP-HP), 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75877, Cedex 18, Paris, France.
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23
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Aljonaid AA, Sato A, Asahara S, Maruo T. Abundant expression of sodium-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase alpha 1 subunit in corpus luteum of porcine ovary. Endocrine 2003; 21:233-40. [PMID: 14515007 DOI: 10.1385/endo:21:3:233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2003] [Revised: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 05/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Follicular development is accompanied by the accumulation of follicular fluid. During corpus luteum formation, follicular fluid is diminished and antrum is replaced by lutein cells. These dynamic changes in fluid distribution suggest the existence of control mechanism of fluid transport and membrane permeability. One of the major factors regulating membrane permeability is the sodium-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase). To elucidate the possible involvement of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in follicular growth and luteinization, immunohistochemical localization of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha1 subunit and enzyme activity in porcine ovary were investigated. In primordial follicles, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha1 subunit immunostaining was localized only in the oocyte and the surrounding stromal cells. In preantral follicles, immunostaining for Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha1 subunit became apparent in granulosa and theca cells. As the follicle matured, the staining intensity in the oocyte, theca, and granulosa cells increased, which corresponded with the enzyme activity. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha1 subunit immunostaining became most abundant in granulosa and theca lutein cells in corpus luteum, and decreased in the regressing corpus luteum. Enzyme activity in corpus luteum was significantly higher than that in the follicles. This is the first study indicating that Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha1 subunit expression is augmented in granulosa cells by follicular growth and most abundant in lutein cells in the corpus luteum, suggesting its possible involvement in corpus luteum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Aljonaid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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24
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Abstract
In the present review, we attempt to summarize our recent research related to comparative effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist on the proliferation, apoptosis and differentiated function of cultured porcine granulosa cells from varying follicular stages. The inhibitory effect of GnRH agonist on Proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive rate of cultured cells was prominent in granulosa cells from small and medium but not from large follicles. By contrast, the inhibitory effect of GnRH agonist on 17beta-estradiol and progesterone secretion by cultured cells was prominent in granulosa cells from large but not from small and medium follicles. The stimulatory effect of GnRH agonist on apoptosis positive rate of cultured cells was, however, uniform regardless of the stages of follicular growth. These results demonstrate that GnRH agonist exerts diverse actions on granulosa cells over the course of follicular growth. One downregulates granulosa cell proliferation in immature follicles as well as steroidogenesis in mature follicles, and the other upregulates apoptosis of granulosa cells regardless of the stages of follicular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Takekida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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25
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Madigou T, Uzbekova S, Lareyre JJ, Kah O. Two messenger RNA isoforms of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor, generated by alternative splicing and/or promoter usage, are differentially expressed in rainbow trout gonads during gametogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 2002; 63:151-60. [PMID: 12203824 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.90006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The recent cloning of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) cDNA from rainbow trout showed that it contains several in-frame ATG codons, one of which, ATG2, corresponds to that found in other species. However, an upstream codon, ATG1, could give rise to a protein with a larger extracellular domain. Using S1 nuclease assay and a method combining primer extension and RACE-PCR, we characterized a second population of mRNA, termed mRNA-2, with a distinct 5'untranslated region and lacking ATG1. The genomic origin of the two mRNAs was determined by establishing the complete gene structure, which shows, for the first time in a vertebrate species that an alternative splicing and promoter usage generate two GnRH-R mRNA variants whose 5' extremities are encoded by two different exons. The analysis of the tissue distribution indicated that mRNA-2 presents a broader pattern of expression and is detected at higher levels than mRNA-1. Interestingly, it was found that those two mRNAs are differentially expressed in male and female gonads during gametogenesis. In particular, the variations of mRNA-1 levels parallel those of sGnRH expression during spermatogenesis, indicating that tissue-specific processing of the GnRH-R mRNA may underlie the effects of GnRH as a paracrine/autocrine regulator of gonadal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Madigou
- Endocrinologie Moléculaire de la Reproduction, UMR CNRS, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
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26
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Sifer C, Bénifla JL, Bringuier AF, Porcher R, Blanc-Layrac G, Madélénat P, Feldmann G. Could induced apoptosis of human granulosa cells predict in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer outcome? A preliminary study of 25 women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 103:150-3. [PMID: 12069738 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(02)00043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between induced apoptosis of human luteinized granulosa cells (GCs) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome. STUDY DESIGN We induced apoptosis with interferon gamma and an anti-human Fas antibody in cultured GCs isolated from follicular fluids coming from 25 different women undergoing 25 consecutive IVF cycles. After examination of 1000 GCs stained by DAPI with a fluorescent microscope, we determined the percentages of apoptotic GCs. Ovarian, endometrial and IVF parameters were recorded for every woman. RESULTS We classified the women according to their induced GCs apoptosis percentages in two groups. Group 1 with a low percentage of apoptotic GCs (11.6+/-4.8%) had a significantly higher pregnancy rate (P<0.05) than group 2 with a high percentage of apoptotic GCs (59.5+/-14.8%). No other statistically significant differences were observed. CONCLUSION Resistance of human GCs to apoptosis might be implicated in IVF outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Sifer
- Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri-Huchard, 75877 Cedex 18, Paris, France.
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27
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Uzbekova S, Lareyre JJ, Madigou T, Davail B, Jalabert B, Breton B. Expression of prepro-GnRH and GnRH receptor messengers in rainbow trout ovary depends on the stage of ovarian follicular development. Mol Reprod Dev 2002; 62:47-56. [PMID: 11933160 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones (GnRHs) are decapeptides well known to regulate the reproductive cycle. They are expressed not only in the brain, but also in other tissues including the gonads. It is believed that they may be involved in the endocrine and paracrine regulation of the reproductive cycle. To date, two forms of GnRH have been identified in salmonids: salmon (sGnRH) and chicken II (cGnRH-II). In the present study, the temporal expression of sGnRH-1, sGnRH-2, cGnRH-II, and rtGnRH receptor genes was studied in rainbow trout ovary during the reproductive cycle according to the stages of follicular development. Using RT-PCR coupled with Southern-blot hybridization, sGnRH-1, sGnRH-2, cGnRH-II, and rtGnRH-R transcripts were detected in morphologically nondifferentiated ovaries as early as 55-65 days post-fertilization and throughout all stages of vitellogenesis. Using Northern blot analysis, cGnRH-II mRNA was detected only in immature previtellogenic ovary, whereas sGnRH mRNA was detected also during early and mid-exogenous vitellogenesis. No sGnRH mRNA was detected at the end of vitellogenesis. In maturing pre-ovulated ovary, sGnRH transiently reappeared before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. A few days after ovulation, a strong sGnRH mRNA expression was found in ovarian tissue as the eggs were kept in the body cavity of females. However, in females stripped just after ovulation, sGnRH mRNA levels remained low in ovary during several weeks. Fully spliced sGnRH-1 and sGnRH-2 messengers were mostly expressed during the reproductive cycle; however different sGnRH-1 and sGnRH-2 splicing variants containing intronic sequences were also detected. Some of these messengers may encode prepro-GnRH precursors with truncated GnRH-associated peptides. The stage-dependent expression and different cell localization of sGnRH, cGnRH-II, and rtGnRH-R transcripts suggest that GnRH-like peptides may have different roles in the paracrine regulation of ovarian follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Uzbekova
- Equipe Sexualité et Reproduction des Poissons, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station Commune de Recherche en Ichtyophysiologie, Biodiversité et Environnement, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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28
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Wu CH, Jeng JH, Wang YJ, Tseng CJ, Liang YC, Chen CH, Lee HM, Lin JK, Lin CH, Lin SY, Li CP, Ho YS. Antitumor effects of miconazole on human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice through induction of apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 180:22-35. [PMID: 11922774 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2002.9352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Miconazole (MIC), a promising oral antifungal agent, has been used worldwide in the treatment of superficial mycosis. In this study, we demonstrated that MIC dose dependently arrested various human cancer cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. The protein levels of p53, p21/Cip1, and p27/Kip1 were significantly elevated by MIC treatment in COLO 205 cells. Electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays showed that the nuclear extracts of the MIC-treated COLO 205 cells exerted a significant binding between wild-type p53 and its consensus-binding site present in the p21/Cip1 promoter. These results suggested that the p53-associated signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of MIC-induced cancer cell growth arrest. By immunoblot analysis, we demonstrated that cyclin D3 and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) protein levels were inhibited by MIC treatment in the cancer cells. Significant therapeutic effect was further demonstrated in vivo by treating nude mice bearing COLO 205 tumor xenografts with MIC (50 mg/kg ip). The protein expression of p53 was significantly increased in MIC-treated tumor tissues by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting analysis. DNA fragmentation and TUNEL assay were performed and demonstrated that apoptosis occurred in tumor tissues treated with MIC. Our study provides the novel mechanisms of antitumor effects of MIC and such results may have significant applications for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiung Wu
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Uzbekova S, Ferrière F, Guiguen Y, Bailhache T, Breton B, Lareyre JJ. Stage-dependent and alternative splicing of sGnRH messengers in rainbow trout testis during spermatogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 59:1-10. [PMID: 11335940 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) has long been considered as a neuropeptide involved in the control of the reproductive cycle. However, the presence of GnRH and its receptors in various tissues, including ovary and testis, suggests a role as autocrine/paracrine factor. In the present study, we report the expression of the sGnRH-1 and sGnRH-2 genes encoding salmon GnRH in rainbow trout testis throughout testicular development and spermatogenesis. We demonstrate that both sGnRH mRNA are expressed prior of sexual differentiation. In adult, northern blot analysis indicates that sGnRH-2 transcripts are expressed in the testis at higher levels than sGnRH-1 messengers. Moreover, we observed that the expression of sGnRH-2, and not sGnRH-1, messengers was stage-dependent. sGnRH-2 mRNA expression decreases at the onset and progressively rebounds at the end of spermatogenesis. In addition, we demonstrate that a complex stage-dependent and differential splicing of the sGnRH-2 messengers occurs throughout spermatogenesis. We isolated five transcripts corresponding to sGnRH-2 messengers. Two of them may encode a novel and shortened GnRH-associated peptide containing 18 residues instead of 46. Our data provide new insight in the putative role of GnRH and GAP peptides as autocrine/paracrine factors of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uzbekova
- Equipe Sexualité et Reproduction des Poissons, Station Commune de Recherche en Ichtyophysiologie, Biodiversité et Environnement (SCRIBE). Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). Bâtiment 16, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
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