The self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of Petiveria alliacea extract reduced the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance value, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α level in diabetic rat models

Effect of Petiveria alliacea leaf extract and its active components on heart muscle cell apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia

Background

Hyperglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar levels increase excessively due to a variety of factors, one of which is the body's inability to regulate insulin properly. Diabetes closely relates to this condition, which significantly contributes to premature death and disability. Long-term diabetes treatment accompanied by a strict diet provides real results in controlling blood glucose levels but can cause side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the potential for new drug sources with minimal side effects. Traditional medicine empirically uses the plant Petiveria alliacea.

Aim

This study was conducted to determine the effect of P. alliacea on hyperglycemic model rat and to further determine the mechanism of its active compounds in silico.

Methods

The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups: 1 normal group, 1 group induced with Streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kgBW to treat hyperglycemia, and 3 other groups induced with STZ 50 mg/kgBW and given 70% ethanol extract of P. alliacea leaves (EEPa) in different doses. Each group was measured for B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) expression and apoptosis. We also carried out in silico identification of the isoarborinol acetate and myricitrin compounds contained in EEPa against alpha-glucosidase and caspase-3.

Results

It was found that giving STZ to rat can cause hyperglycemia. This was shown by measuring fasting blood glucose in rat and then measuring Bcl2 as an antiapoptotic agent. Bcl2 levels rose compared to the hyperglycemic control group and can lower apoptosis expression in heart cells of hyperglycemic model rat with an optimal dose of 90 mg/kgBW. In addition, the results showed that isoarborinol acetate and myricitrin compounds have inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and caspase-3.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that EEPa is one of the alternative choices to overcome hyperglycemia.

Natural Products Induce Different Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Murine Models of 4T1 Mammary Carcinoma and B16-F10 Melanoma

Natural products obtained from Petiveria alliacea (Anamu-SC) and Caesalpinia spinosa (P2Et) have been used for cancer treatment, but the mechanisms by which they exert their antitumor activity appear to be different. In the present work, we show that the Anamu-SC extract reduces tumor growth in the 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model but not in the B16-F10 melanoma model, unlike the standardized P2Et extract. Both extracts decreased the levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the B16-F10 model, but only P2Et increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). Likewise, co-treatment of P2Et and doxorubicin (Dox) significantly reduced tumor size by 70% compared to the control group, but co-treatment of Anamu-SC with Dox had no additive effect. Analysis of intratumoral immune infiltrates showed that Anamu-SC decreased CD4+ T cell frequency more than P2Et but increased CD8+ T cell frequency more significantly. Both extracts reduced intratumoral monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor-like cell (M-MDSC-LC) migration, but the effect was lost when co-treated with doxorubicin. The use of P2Et alone or in co-treatment with Anamu-SC reduced the frequency of regulatory T cells and increased the CD8+/Treg ratio. In addition, Anamu-SC reduced glucose consumption in tumor cells, but this apparently has no effect on IFNγ- and TNFα-producing T cells, although it did reduce the frequency of IL-2-producing T cells. The efficacy of these herbal preparations is increasingly clear, as is the specificity conditioned by tumor heterogeneity as well as the different chemical complexity of each preparation. Although these results contribute to the understanding of specificity and its future benefits, they also underline the fact that the development of each of these standardized extracts called polymolecular drugs must follow a rigorous path to elucidate their biological activity.

Amazonian Plants: A Global Bibliometric Approach to Petiveria alliacea L. Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties

Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae) holds significant importance in the Amazon region, where it has been traditionally utilized in folk medicine. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis using conventional metrics, combined with a critical content review of its pharmacological and toxicological properties, to identify gaps in the existing literature that require further investigation. Our investigation identified a total of 55 articles that met the inclusion criteria for this study. Remarkably, Brazil emerged as the primary contributor within the scope of this review, indicating a strong presence of research from this country. Furthermore, professional scientific societies have played a pivotal role in facilitating the dissemination of scientific findings through specialist journals, fostering the sharing of research work within the community. Analysis of keyword co-occurrence revealed that "Petiveria alliacea", "plant extract", and "guatemala" were the most frequently encountered terms, indicating their significance within the literature. In terms of study designs, in vivo and in vitro were the predominant types observed, highlighting their prevalence in this field of study. Our study also identified a lack in knowledge yet to be investigated.

Clinacanthus nutans L Extracts Reduce the Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Malondialdehyde, and Interleukin-6 Levels and Improve the Langerhans Islet Area in Diabetic Rat Models

Background

Diabetes mellitus-induced hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production, which play a significant role in the damage and apoptosis of pancreatic β cells. Therefore, the administration of medications that can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation plays an important role in diabetes treatment.

Objective

To probe the Clinacanthus nutans leaf extract effect on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and the Langerhans islet area in diabetic rat models.

Design

An experimental laboratory in the animal model.

Methods

Twenty-five diabetic rat models were randomly assigned into 5 clusters. Clusters 1, 2, and 3 were administered with C. nutans leaf extract in aqueous suspension with vehicle 1% Na-CMC at 75 mg/kg body weight (BW), 150 mg/kg BW, and 300 mg/kg BW, respectively. Cluster 4 was diabetic control rats administered with metformin at a 21 mg/rat dose. Cluster 5 was a control diabetic rat only administered with 1% Na-CMC suspension. Treatment was administered orally for 14 days. On the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed to obtain blood samples and pancreatic tissues. Serum interleukin (IL)-6, malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Histopathological examination was performed by counting the Langerhans islet areas.

Results

The average IL-6, MDA, and TNF-α levels declined in the cluster receiving C. nutans extract and were significantly different from the untreated cluster (P < .05). Histopathological examination revealed a significant upsurge in the Langerhans islets area in diabetic rats receiving C. nutans extract at doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg (P < .05).

Conclusion

C. nutans leaf extract reduced the serum MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, and increased the Langerhans islets area in a diabetic rat model.

Effect of Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Leaf Ethanol Extract on Serum IL-6 and TNF-α Levels in Diabetic Rats

Background

Hyperglycemia conditions in diabetes mellitus (DM) can turn on pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. These cytokines play a role in insulin resistance and the development of DM complications. People in Indonesia have used Phaleria macrocarpa to treat diabetes, but the leaf of this plant has not been studied to see if it can reduce inflammation.

Objective

This study aims to analyze the effect of ethanolic extract of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves (EEPML) in serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels of diabetic rats.

Methods

This study was an experiment with a post-test-only control group design. Thirty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were used in the study. They were split into six groups: K1 was the normal control group; K2 was the DM control group; K3, K4, and K5 were given EEPML at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/KgBW; and K6 was given metformin 45 mg/KgBW orally once a day for 14 days. A high-fat diet and a 30 mg/KgBWi.p injection of streptozotocin were used to make the diabetic rat model. ELISA method for measuring serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels. The Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney test were used to examine the differences between the groups.

Results

There were significant differences between treatment groups in the mean levels of serum IL-6 (p=0.017), but there were no significant differences in the mean levels of serum TNF-α (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Administration of Phaleria macrocarpa leaf ethanol extract 125 mg/KgBW reduced serum IL-6 levels but could not significantly reduce serum TNF-α levels in diabetic rats.