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Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196187. [PMID: 36234722 PMCID: PMC9572970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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Sugimoto Y, Yamazaki Y, Moriyama K, Sugimoto T, Kumazawa K, Baba K, Sone Y, Takeda A. Differentiation and proliferation potencies of human bone tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBT-MSCs) after long-term cryopreservation -Comparison among cells stored for 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. Regen Ther 2021; 18:363-371. [PMID: 34632009 PMCID: PMC8473671 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated bone differentiation and proliferation potencies of human bone tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBT-MSCs) after long-term cryopreservation. We determined the presence of any morphological and characteristic changes due to freezing to identify issues that need to be solved for future clinical applications. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 15 samples of hBT-MSCs that had been cryopreserved for different lengths of time, ranging from one year to 20 years (n = 3 each), were thawed and recultivated after being collected from excess iliac cancellous bone specimens of patients who underwent secondary alveolar bone grafting for cleft lip and palate in our department. We determined viability by observing calcein/EthD-stained cells under a confocal microscope, and the cell proliferation experiment was performed for one week using the Water Soluble Tetrazolium salts (WST) assay method. A confocal microscope was also used to identify any excessively accumulated senescence-associated growth factor SA-βgal. Differentiation potency was assessed in the following three groups: bone differentiation, adipocyte differentiation, and nondifferentiation induction. We examined bone/adipocyte differentiation potencies using Alizarin Red staining, Ca quantitation, and Oil Red staining after continuously culturing cells for four weeks. RESULTS Viability test results indicated that the proportion of viable cells decreased as the number of years of cryopreservation increased. The cell proliferation experiment showed that cells cryopreserved for a shorter duration multiplied exponentially. In the aging test, cells cryopreserved for ≥5 years showed similar positive reactions independent of the number of years of cryopreservation. In the cell proliferation test, there was no statistically significant difference between the years of cryopreserving. We compared bone differentiation and adipocyte differentiation ability with the non-induction group, and the induction group was confirmed to have a statistical advantage. However, there was no significant difference in the induction group pertaining to different ages. CONCLUSIONS Samples cryopreserved for 20 years remained competent in bone and adipocyte differentiation. However, their differentiation direction tended to skew to either bone or adipocyte differentiation. Our results suggest that freezing does not accelerate aging, and samples cryopreserved for a long time are useful in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Sugimoto
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yamazaki
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuno Moriyama
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sugimoto
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kumazawa
- Emergency and Disaster Medical Center, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kyoko Baba
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Surgery, Kitasato University Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yumiko Sone
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akira Takeda
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
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Maique J, Flores B, Shi M, Shepard S, Zhou Z, Yan S, Moe OW, Hu MC. High Phosphate Induces and Klotho Attenuates Kidney Epithelial Senescence and Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1273. [PMID: 32973510 PMCID: PMC7468469 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible cell growth arrest and is associated with aging and age-related diseases. High plasma phosphate (Pi) and deficiency of Klotho contribute to aging and kidney fibrosis, a pathological feature in the aging kidney and chronic kidney disease. This study examined the interactive role of Pi and Klotho in kidney senescence and fibrosis. Homozygous Klotho hypomorphic mice had high plasma Pi, undetectable Klotho in plasma and kidney, high senescence with massive collagen accumulation in kidney tubules, and fibrin deposits in peritubular capillaries. To examine the Pi effect on kidney senescence, a high (2%) Pi diet was given to wild-type mice. One week of high dietary Pi mildly increased plasma Pi, and upregulated kidney p16/p21 expression, but did not significantly decrease Klotho. Two weeks of high Pi intake led to increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and decrease in kidney Klotho, but still without detectable increase in kidney fibrosis. More prolonged dietary Pi for 12 weeks exacerbated kidney senescence and fibrosis; more so in heterozygous Klotho hypomorphic mice compared to wild-type mice, and in mice with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on high Pi diet compared to CKD mice fed a normal Pi diet. In cultured kidney tubular cells, high Pi directly induced cellular senescence, injury and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and enhanced H2O2-induced cellular senescence and injury, which were abrogated by Klotho. Fucoidan, a bioactive molecule with multiple biologic functions including senescence inhibition, blunted Pi-induced cellular senescence, oxidation, injury, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and senescence-associated secretary phenotype. In conclusion, high Pi activates senescence through distinct but interconnected mechanisms: upregulating p16/p21 (early), and elevating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and downregulating Klotho (late). Klotho may be a promising agent to attenuate senescence and ameliorate age-associated, and Pi-induced kidney degeneration such as kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Maique
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brianna Flores
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Mingjun Shi
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sierra Shepard
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Shirely Yan
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Orson W Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Arun P, Rossetti F, Wilder DM, Sajja S, Van Albert SA, Wang Y, Gist ID, Long JB. Blast Exposure Leads to Accelerated Cellular Senescence in the Rat Brain. Front Neurol 2020; 11:438. [PMID: 32508743 PMCID: PMC7253679 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is one of the major causes of persistent disabilities in Service Members, and a history of bTBI has been identified as a primary risk factor for developing age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical observations of several military blast casualties have revealed a rapid age-related loss of white matter integrity in the brain. In the present study, we have tested the effect of single and tightly coupled repeated blasts on cellular senescence in the rat brain. Isoflurane-anesthetized rats were exposed to either a single or 2 closely coupled blasts in an advanced blast simulator. Rats were euthanized and brains were collected at 24 h, 1 month and 1 year post-blast to determine senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity in the cells using senescence marker stain. Single and repeated blast exposures resulted in significantly increased senescence marker staining in several neuroanatomical structures, including cortex, auditory cortex, dorsal lateral thalamic nucleus, geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, ventral thalamic nucleus and hippocampus. In general, the increases in SA-β-gal activity were more pronounced at 1 month than at 24 h or 1 year post-blast and were also greater after repeated than single blast exposures. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed decreased levels of mRNA for senescence marker protein-30 (SMP-30) and increased mRNA levels for p21 (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, CDKN1A), two other related protein markers of cellular senescence. The increased senescence observed in some of these affected brain structures may be implicated in several long-term sequelae after exposure to blast, including memory disruptions and impairments in movement, auditory and ocular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Franco Rossetti
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Donna M Wilder
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sujith Sajja
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Stephen A Van Albert
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Irene D Gist
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Cell survival and differentiation with nanocrystalline glass-like carbon using substantia nigra dopaminergic cells derived from transgenic mouse embryos. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173978. [PMID: 28334019 PMCID: PMC5363826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine requires, in many cases, physical supports to facilitate appropriate cellular architecture, cell polarization and the improvement of the correct differentiation processes of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent cells or adult cells. Because the interest in carbon nanomaterials has grown within the last decade in light of a wide variety of applications, the aim of this study was to test and evaluate the suitability and cytocompatibility of a particular nanometer-thin nanocrystalline glass-like carbon film (NGLC) composed of curved graphene flakes joined by an amorphous carbon matrix. This material is a disordered structure with high transparency and electrical conductivity. For this purpose, we used a cell line (SN4741) from substantia nigra dopaminergic cells derived from transgenic mouse embryos. Cells were cultured either in a powder of increasing concentrations of NGLC microflakes (82±37μm) in the medium or on top of nanometer-thin films bathed in the same culture medium. The metabolism activity of SN4741 cells in presence of NGLC was assessed using methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) and apoptosis/necrosis flow cytometry assay respectively. Growth and proliferation as well as senescence were demonstrated by western blot (WB) of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), monoclonal phosphorylate Histone 3 (serine 10) (PH3) and SMP30 marker. Specific dopaminergic differentiation was confirmed by the WB analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Cell maturation and neural capability were characterized using specific markers (SYP: synaptophysin and GIRK2: G-protein-regulated inward-rectifier potassium channel 2 protein) via immunofluorescence and coexistence measurements. The results demonstrated cell positive biocompatibility with different concentrations of NGLC. The cells underwent a process of adaptation of SN4741 cells to NGLC where their metabolism decreases. This process is related to a decrease of PH3 expression and significant increase SMP30 related to senescence processes. After 7 days, the cells increased the expression of TH and PCNA that is related to processes of DNA replication. On the other hand, cells cultured on top of the film showed axonal-like alignment, edge orientation, and network-like images after 7 days. Neuronal capability was demonstrated to a certain extent through the analysis of significant coexistence between SYP and GIRK2. Furthermore, we found a direct relationship between the thickness of the films and cell maturation. Although these findings share certain similarities to our previous findings with graphene oxide and its derivatives, this particular nanomaterial possesses the advantages of high conductivity and transparency. In conclusion, NGLC could represent a new platform for biomedical applications, such as for use in neural tissue engineering and biocompatible devices.
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Lin PH, Jian CY, Chou JC, Chen CW, Chen CC, Soong C, Hu S, Lieu FK, Wang PS, Wang SW. Induction of renal senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) expression by testosterone and its contribution to urinary calcium absorption in male rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32085. [PMID: 27553527 PMCID: PMC4995462 DOI: 10.1038/srep32085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of androgen, mainly testosterone, in the expression of renal senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) in male rats. We found that the renal SMP30 expression was up-regulated by endogenous testosterone stimulation during puberty. Interestingly, androgen-deficient orchidectomized (ORX) rats exhibited lower SMP30 mRNA and protein expression in the kidney, and that was restored by testosterone propionate (TP) replacement. Abrogation of androgen receptor (AR) activity by co-treatment with flutamide abolished testosterone-induced SMP30 expression in the kidney as well as in the NRK52E cells. However, SMP30 expression was unaltered in the liver of ORX rats. We also showed a positive correlation between renal SMP30 expression and plasma testosterone level during the aging process. TP-induced SMP30 expression in ovariectomized (OVX) rats was observed and was an evidence to explain the gender difference of SMP30 levels. Immunofluorescence assay showed that renal SMP30 was specifically expressed in the proximal tubular segments of the kidney. The urinary Ca(2+) level was increased in both ORX and male aging rats. Taken together, our results indicate a novel role of testosterone in regulating SMP30 expression specifically in the kidney to contribute to urinary calcium absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Lin
- Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yun Jian
- Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jou-Chun Chou
- Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Wei Chen
- Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Christina Soong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11212, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sindy Hu
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33378, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fu-Kong Lieu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11212, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Paulus S Wang
- Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shyi-Wu Wang
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33378, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Calvo‐Rubio M, Burón MI, López‐Lluch G, Navas P, de Cabo R, Ramsey JJ, Villalba JM, González‐Reyes JA. Dietary fat composition influences glomerular and proximal convoluted tubule cell structure and autophagic processes in kidneys from calorie-restricted mice. Aging Cell 2016; 15:477-87. [PMID: 26853994 PMCID: PMC4854917 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) has been repeatedly shown to prevent cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and other age-related diseases in a wide range of animals, including non-human primates and humans. In rodents, CR also increases lifespan and is a powerful tool for studying the aging process. Recently, it has been reported in mice that dietary fat plays an important role in determining lifespan extension with 40% CR. In these conditions, animals fed lard as dietary fat showed an increased longevity compared with mice fed soybean or fish oils. In this paper, we study the effect of these dietary fats on structural and physiological parameters of kidney from mice maintained on 40% CR for 6 and 18 months. Analyses were performed using quantitative electron microcopy techniques and protein expression in Western blots. CR mitigated most of the analyzed age-related parameters in kidney, such as glomerular basement membrane thickness, mitochondrial mass in convoluted proximal tubules and autophagic markers in renal homogenates. The lard group showed improved preservation of several renal structures with aging when compared to the other CR diet groups. These results indicate that dietary fat modulates renal structure and function in CR mice and plays an essential role in the determination of health span in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Calvo‐Rubio
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaCampus de Excelencia Internacional AgroalimentarioceiA3Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
| | - Mª Isabel Burón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaCampus de Excelencia Internacional AgroalimentarioceiA3Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
| | - Guillermo López‐Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del DesarrolloCIBERERInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIUniversidad Pablo de Olavide‐CSICSevillaSpain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del DesarrolloCIBERERInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIUniversidad Pablo de Olavide‐CSICSevillaSpain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology BranchNational Institute of AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jon J. Ramsey
- VM Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - José M. Villalba
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaCampus de Excelencia Internacional AgroalimentarioceiA3Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
| | - José A. González‐Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaCampus de Excelencia Internacional AgroalimentarioceiA3Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
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Renal primordia activate kidney regenerative events in a rat model of progressive renal disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120235. [PMID: 25811887 PMCID: PMC4374877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New intervention tools for severely damaged kidneys are in great demand to provide patients with a valid alternative to whole organ replacement. For repairing or replacing injured tissues, emerging approaches focus on using stem and progenitor cells. Embryonic kidneys represent an interesting option because, when transplanted to sites such as the renal capsule of healthy animals, they originate new renal structures. Here, we studied whether metanephroi possess developmental capacity when transplanted under the kidney capsule of MWF male rats, a model of spontaneous nephropathy. We found that six weeks post-transplantation, renal primordia developed glomeruli and tubuli able to filter blood and to produce urine in cyst-like structures. Newly developed metanephroi were able to initiate a regenerative-like process in host renal tissues adjacent to the graft in MWF male rats as indicated by an increase in cell proliferation and vascular density, accompanied by mRNA and protein upregulation of VEGF, FGF2, HGF, IGF-1 and Pax-2. The expression of SMP30 and NCAM was induced in tubular cells. Oxidative stress and apoptosis markedly decreased. Our study shows that embryonic kidneys generate functional nephrons when transplanted into animals with severe renal disease and at the same time activate events at least partly mimicking those observed in kidney tissues during renal regeneration.
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Okada H, Senmaru T, Fukui M, Kondo Y, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Obayashi H, Yamazaki M, Nakamura N, Hasegawa G. Senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase deficiency exacerbates diabetic nephropathy through tubular injury in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:35-43. [PMID: 25621131 PMCID: PMC4296701 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) is abundantly expressed in renal proximal tubule cells, but its expression decreases with age. Previous studies have shown that reduced SMP30 expression could contribute to aging-associated deterioration of cellular function and tissue injury. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SMP30 deficiency on the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Materials and Methods Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin in male SMP30 knockout mice (KO) and wild-type mice at 7 weeks-of-age. Vitamin C was added to the drinking water to prevent vitamin C deficiency in KO mice. The mice were killed 12 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Results Urinary biomarkers for proximal tubule damage were significantly increased in non-diabetic KO mice compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, diabetes-induced tubular damage was significantly exacerbated by SMP30 deletion. Morphological analysis showed a link between cortical tubulointerstitial fibrosis area and the degree of tubular damage. However, SMP30 deletion did not affect mesangial expansion. Tubular injury was associated with accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1α targeted gene expression. SMP30 deletion initiated oxidative stress; however, it did not exacerbate the oxidative stress seen in diabetic mice. In contrast, tubular inflammation was associated with SMP30 deletion only in diabetic mice. Conclusions Based on this evidence, we concluded that SMP30 deficiency exacerbates proximal tubule injury in diabetic mice. Decreased SMP30 could contribute to the increased incidence of various chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Goji Hasegawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
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Miyata M, Suzuki S, Misaka T, Shishido T, Saitoh SI, Ishigami A, Kubota I, Takeishi Y. Senescence marker protein 30 has a cardio-protective role in doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79093. [PMID: 24391705 PMCID: PMC3876969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30), which was originally identified as an aging marker protein, is assumed to act as a novel anti-aging factor in the liver, lungs and brain. We hypothesized that SMP30 has cardio-protective function due to its anti-aging and anti-oxidant effects on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS SMP30 knockout (SMP30 KO) mice, SMP30 transgenic (SMP30 TG) mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of SMP30 gene and wild-type (WT) littermate mice at 12-14 weeks of age were given intra-peritoneal injection of DOX (20 mg/kg) or saline. Five days after DOX injection, echocardiography revealed that left ventricular ejection fraction was more severely reduced in the DOX-treated SMP30 KO mice than in the DOX-treated WT mice, but was preserved in the DOX-treated SMP30 TG mice. Generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative DNA damage in the myocardium were greater in the DOX-treated SMP30 KO mice than in the DOX-treated WT mice, but much less in the SMP30 TG mice. The numbers of deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling positive nuclei in the myocardium, apoptotic signaling pathways such as caspase-3 activity, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and phosphorylation activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase were increased in SMP30 KO mice and decreased in SMP30 TG mice compared with WT mice after DOX injection. CONCLUSIONS SMP30 has a cardio-protective role by anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, and can be a new therapeutic target to prevent DOX-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Miyata
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Misaka
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shishido
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shu-ichi Saitoh
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Kubota
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Takeishi
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Senescence-induced increases in intracellular oxidative stress and enhancement of the need for ascorbic acid in human fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:129-41. [PMID: 23613229 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that there is a close correlation among declines in internal ascorbic acid (AsA) levels, various disorders, and senescence. To clarify the relationships between age-associated changes in intracellular AsA levels and the effects of AsA administration on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, we investigated aging-related changes in AsA uptake, ROS levels, and the effects of AsA administration on intracellular ROS levels in young and old (senescent) human fibroblasts. Our results demonstrated that AsA uptake was increased in old cells compared with young cells, although mRNA and protein expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 was barely altered between the young and old cells. We also demonstrated that the intracellular superoxide anion level was higher in young cells, whereas the level of intracellular peroxides was significantly increased in old cells under both normal and oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, AsA administration markedly decreased the augmentation of intracellular peroxides in old cells, whereas there was no effect of AsA treatment in young cells under both normal and oxidative stress conditions. Therefore, our results also indicate that AsA could play an important role in regulating the intracellular ROS levels in senescent cells and that the need for AsA is enhanced by cellular senescence.
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Park JK, Lee EM, Kim AY, Lee EJ, Min CW, Kang KK, Lee MM, Jeong KS. Vitamin C deficiency accelerates bone loss inducing an increase in PPAR-γ expression in SMP30 knockout mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 93:332-40. [PMID: 22974214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence marker protein (SMP) 30 knockout (KO) mice display symptoms of scurvy, including spontaneous bone fractures, and this was considered to be induced by a failure of collagen synthesis owing to vitamin C deficiency. However, low bone mineral density is also known to be associated with spontaneous bone fracture. Therefore, we investigated the effects of vitamin C deficiency on the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts in SMP30 KO mice as evidenced by histopathology. All mice were fed a vitamin C-free diet, and only one group (KV) mice were given water containing 1.5 g/l of vitamin C, whereas wild-type (WT) and KO mice were given normal drinking tap water without vitamin C for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, all femur samples were removed for histopathological examination. The femurs of KO mice showed significantly reduced bone area and decreased number of osteoblasts compared with those of WT mice and KV mice. KO mice also exhibited the lowest level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in their femurs. However, KO mice showed the most elevated expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Moreover, KO mice had the strongest peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ expression level in their osteoblasts and the highest number of TUNEL-positive bone marrow cells. Therefore, we concluded that vitamin C deficiency plays an important role in spontaneous bone fracture by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation and promoting transition of osteoblasts to adipocytes, and this could in turn be related to the increased PPAR-γ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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13
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Senmaru T, Yamazaki M, Okada H, Asano M, Fukui M, Nakamura N, Obayashi H, Kondo Y, Maruyama N, Ishigami A, Hasegawa G. Pancreatic insulin release in vitamin C-deficient senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 50:114-8. [PMID: 22448091 PMCID: PMC3303473 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified senescence marker protein-30 as the lactone-hydrolyzing enzyme gluconolactonase, which is involved in vitamin C biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of vitamin C on insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells using senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice. In intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, vitamin C-deficient senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice demonstrated impaired glucose tolerance with significantly lower blood insulin levels at 30 and 120 min post-challenge than in wild type mice (p<0.01-0.05). In contrast, vitamin C-sufficient senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice demonstrated significantly higher blood glucose and lower insulin only at the 30 min post-challenge time point (p<0.05). Senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice showed enhanced insulin sensitivity regardless of vitamin C status. Static incubation of islets revealed that 20 mM glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and islet ATP production were significantly decreased at 60 min only in vitamin C-deficient SMP30/GNL knockout mice relative to wild type mice (p<0.05). These results indicate that the site of vitamin C action lies between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, while SMP30 deficiency itself impairs the distal portion of insulin secretion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8556, Japan
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14
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Chakraborti S, Bahnson BJ. Crystal structure of human senescence marker protein 30: insights linking structural, enzymatic, and physiological functions . Biochemistry 2010; 49:3436-44. [PMID: 20329768 DOI: 10.1021/bi9022297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30), which functions enzymatically as a lactonase, hydrolyzes various carbohydrate lactones. The penultimate step in vitamin-C biosynthesis is catalyzed by this enzyme in nonprimate mammals. It has also been implicated as an organophosphate hydrolase, with the ability to hydrolyze diisopropyl phosphofluoridate and other nerve agents. SMP30 was originally identified as an aging marker protein, whose expression decreased androgen independently in aging cells. SMP30 is also referred to as regucalcin and has been suggested to have functions in calcium homeostasis. The crystal structure of the human enzyme has been solved from X-ray diffraction data collected to a resolution of 1.4 A. The protein has a 6-bladed beta-propeller fold, and it contains a single metal ion. Crystal structures have been solved with the metal site bound with either a Ca(2+) or a Zn(2+) atom. The catalytic role of the metal ion has been confirmed by mutagenesis of the metal coordinating residues. Kinetic studies using the substrate gluconolactone showed a k(cat) preference of divalent cations in the order Zn(2+) > Mn(2+) > Ca(2+) > Mg(2+). Notably, the Ca(2+) had a significantly higher value of K(d) compared to those of the other metal ions tested (566, 82, 7, and 0.6 mum for Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Zn(2+), and Mn(2+), respectively), suggesting that the Ca(2+)-bound form may be physiologically relevant for stressed cells with an elevated free calcium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Chakraborti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Kakoki M, Smithies O. The kallikrein-kinin system in health and in diseases of the kidney. Kidney Int 2009; 75:1019-30. [PMID: 19190676 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since kallikrein was discovered as a vasodilatory substance in human urine, the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) has been considered to play a physiological role in controlling blood pressure. Gene targeting experiments in mice in which the KKS has been inactivated to varying degrees have, however, questioned this role, because basal blood pressures are not altered. Rather, these experiments have shown that the KKS has a different and important role in preventing changes associated with normal senescence in mice, and in reducing the nephropathy and accelerated senescence-associated phenotypes induced in mice by diabetes. Other experiments have shown that the KKS suppresses mitochondrial respiration, partly by nitric oxide and prostaglandins, and that this suppression may be a key to understanding how the KKS influences senescence-related diseases. Here we review the logical progression and experimental data leading to these conclusions, and discuss their relevance to human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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