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Fowler A, Knaus KR, Khuu S, Khalilimeybodi A, Schenk S, Ward SR, Fry AC, Rangamani P, McCulloch AD. Network model of skeletal muscle cell signalling predicts differential responses to endurance and resistance exercise training. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:939-955. [PMID: 38643471 PMCID: PMC11140181 DOI: 10.1113/ep091712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle adaptations vary based on exercise modality and intensity. We constructed a signalling network model from 87 published studies of human or rodent skeletal muscle cell responses to endurance or resistance exercise in vivo or simulated exercise in vitro. The network comprises 259 signalling interactions between 120 nodes, representing eight membrane receptors and eight canonical signalling pathways regulating 14 transcriptional regulators, 28 target genes and 12 exercise-induced phenotypes. Using this network, we formulated a logic-based ordinary differential equation model predicting time-dependent molecular and phenotypic alterations following acute endurance and resistance exercises. Compared with nine independent studies, the model accurately predicted 18/21 (85%) acute responses to resistance exercise and 12/16 (75%) acute responses to endurance exercise. Detailed sensitivity analysis of differential phenotypic responses to resistance and endurance training showed that, in the model, exercise regulates cell growth and protein synthesis primarily by signalling via mechanistic target of rapamycin, which is activated by Akt and inhibited in endurance exercise by AMP-activated protein kinase. Endurance exercise preferentially activates inflammation via reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor κB signalling. Furthermore, the expected preferential activation of mitochondrial biogenesis by endurance exercise was counterbalanced in the model by protein kinase C in response to resistance training. This model provides a new tool for investigating cross-talk between skeletal muscle signalling pathways activated by endurance and resistance exercise, and the mechanisms of interactions such as the interference effects of endurance training on resistance exercise outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Fowler
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katherine R. Knaus
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Khuu
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ali Khalilimeybodi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samuel R. Ward
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrew C. Fry
- Department of Health, Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrew D. McCulloch
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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Guerrier L, Malpuech-Brugère C, Richard R, Touron J. Mitochondrial Function in Healthy Human White Adipose Tissue: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4430. [PMID: 37892505 PMCID: PMC10609723 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As ¾ of the global population either have excess or insufficient fat, it has become increasingly critical to understand the functions and dysfunctions of adipose tissue (AT). AT serves as a key organ in energy metabolism, and recently, attention has been focused on white AT, particularly its mitochondria, as the literature evidence links their functions to adiposity. This narrative review provides an overview of mitochondrial functionality in human white AT. Firstly, it is noteworthy that the two primary AT depots, subcutaneous AT (scAT) and visceral AT (vAT), exhibit differences in mitochondrial density and activity. Notably, vAT tends to have a higher mitochondrial activity compared to scAT. Subsequently, studies have unveiled a negative correlation between mitochondrial activity and body mass index (BMI), indicating that obesity is associated with a lower mitochondrial function. While the impact of exercise on AT mitochondria remains uncertain, dietary interventions have demonstrated varying effects on AT mitochondria. This variability holds promise for the modulation of AT mitochondrial activity. In summary, AT mitochondria exert a significant influence on health outcomes and can be influenced by factors such as obesity and dietary interventions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these responses can offer potential insights into managing conditions related to AT and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Guerrier
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.M.-B.); (R.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.M.-B.); (R.R.); (J.T.)
- CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ruddy Richard
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.M.-B.); (R.R.); (J.T.)
- CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julianne Touron
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.M.-B.); (R.R.); (J.T.)
- CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Tian JJ, Levy M, Zhang X, Sinnott R, Maddela R. Counteracting Health Risks by Modulating Homeostatic Signaling. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106281. [PMID: 35661711 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis was initially conceptualized by Bernard and Cannon around a century ago as a steady state of physiological parameters that vary within a certain range, such as blood pH, body temperature, and heart rate1,2. The underlying mechanisms that maintain homeostasis are explained by negative feedbacks that are executed by the neuronal, endocrine, and immune systems. At the cellular level, homeostasis, such as that of redox and energy steady state, also exists and is regulated by various cell signaling pathways. The induction of homeostatic mechanism is critical for human to adapt to various disruptive insults (stressors); while on the other hand, adaptation occurs at the expense of other physiological processes and thus runs the risk of collateral damages, particularly under conditions of chronic stress. Conceivably, anti-stress protection can be achieved by stressor-mimicking medicinals that elicit adaptive responses prior to an insult and thereby serve as health risk countermeasures; and in situations where maladaptation may occur, downregulating medicinals could be used to suppress the responses and prevent subsequent pathogenesis. Both strategies are preemptive interventions particularly suited for individuals who carry certain lifestyle, environmental, or genetic risk factors. In this article, we will define and characterize a new modality of prophylactic intervention that forestalls diseases via modulating homeostatic signaling. Moreover, we will provide evidence from the literature that support this concept and distinguish it from other homeostasis-related interventions such as adaptogen, hormesis, and xenohormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang J Tian
- USANA Health Science, Inc., 3838 Parkway Blvd, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA.
| | - Mark Levy
- USANA Health Science, Inc., 3838 Parkway Blvd, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing100029, China; US Center for Chinese Medicine, 14801 Physicians lane, 171 A 2nd Floor, #281, Rockville MD 20850, USA
| | - Robert Sinnott
- USANA Health Science, Inc., 3838 Parkway Blvd, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
| | - Rolando Maddela
- USANA Health Science, Inc., 3838 Parkway Blvd, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
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Effect of acute swimming exercise at different intensities but equal total load over metabolic and molecular responses in swimming rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 43:35-44. [PMID: 35084659 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute metabolic and molecular response to exercise may vary according to exercise's intensity and duration. However, there is a lack regarding specific tissue alterations after acute exercise with aerobic or anaerobic predominance. The present study investigated the effects of acute exercise performed at different intensities, but with equal total load on molecular and physiological responses in swimming rats. Sixty male rats were divided into a control group and five groups performing an acute bout of swimming exercise at different intensities (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% of anaerobic threshold [AnT]). The exercise duration of each group was balanced so all groups performed at the same total load. Gene expression (HIF-1α, PGC-1α, MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA), blood biomarkers and tissue glycogen depletion were analyzed after the exercise session. ANOVA One-Way was used to indicate statistical mean differences considering 5% significance level. Blood lactate concentration was the only biomarker sensitive to acute exercise, with a significant increase in rats exercised above AnT intensities (p < 0.000). Glycogen stores of gluteus muscle were significantly reduced in all exercised animals in comparison to control group (p = 0.02). Hepatic tissue presented significant reduction in glycogen in animals exercised above AnT (p = 0.000, as well as reduced HIF-1α mRNA and increased MCT1 mRNA, especially at the highest intensity (p = 0.002). Physiological parameters did not alter amongst groups for most tissues. Our results indicate the hepatic tissue alterations (glycogen stores and gene expressions) in response to different exercise intensities of exercise, even with the total load matched.
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Bordignon C, dos Santos BS, Rosa DD. Impact of Cancer Cachexia on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle: Role of Exercise Training. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020342. [PMID: 35053505 PMCID: PMC8773522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cachexia is a syndrome that can be present in many patients diagnosed with cancer, especially in those with metastatic or very advanced tumors. The patient may present with weight loss, loss of muscle mass, and even cardiac dysfunction as a result of it. The aim of this review is to understand how cachexia manifests and whether physical exercise has any role in trying to prevent or reverse this syndrome in cancer patients. Abstract Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that presents with, among other characteristics, progressive loss of muscle mass and anti-cardiac remodeling effect that may lead to heart failure. This condition affects about 80% of patients with advanced cancer and contributes to worsening patients’ tolerance to anticancer treatments and to their premature death. Its pathogenesis involves an imbalance in metabolic homeostasis, with increased catabolism and inflammatory cytokines levels, leading to proteolysis and lipolysis, with insufficient food intake. A multimodal approach is indicated for patients with cachexia, with the aim of reducing the speed of muscle wasting and improving their quality of life, which may include nutritional, physical, pharmacologic, and psychological support. This review aims to outline the mechanisms of muscle loss, as well as to evaluate the current clinical evidence of the use of physical exercise in patients with cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bordignon
- Oncology Center, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre 90560-030, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-070, Brazil
| | - Bethânia S. dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20560-121, Brazil;
- Rede D’Or São Luiz, Rio de Janeiro 22271-110, Brazil
| | - Daniela D. Rosa
- Oncology Center, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre 90560-030, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-070, Brazil
- Brazilian Breast Cancer Study Group (GBECAM), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Yeo HS, Lim JY. Effects of different types of exercise training on angiogenic responses in the left ventricular muscle of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2021; 158:111650. [PMID: 34890715 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated angiogenic responses in the left ventricular muscle and aerobic capacity according to exercise type (aerobic, resistance, combined) in aged rats. METHODS In total, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats (100 weeks old) were used. To investigate the effect of regular training, the rats were divided into non-exercise (NE), aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE), and combined exercise (CE) groups (six rats per group). Regular training tailored to each exercise type was performed for 8 weeks (five times a week, 1 h per day). After 8 weeks of training, aerobic capacity was evaluated by a treadmill running test. Left ventricular muscle tissue was collected and the protein levels of angiogenesis indicators (eNOS, HIF-1α, PGC-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, Ang-2) were analyzed by Western blotting. Capillaries were observed by immunohistochemical staining for CD31. RESULTS Body weight, heart weight, and heart/body weight ratio showed no difference among the groups. The AE and CE groups showed higher treadmill running capacity than the NE and RE groups. The eNOS, VEGF, HIF-1α, PGC-1α, and Ang-2 protein levels were significantly higher in the AE than NE group. The PGC-1α and FLK-1 protein levels were significantly higher in the RE than NE group. In addition, in the CE group, the eNOS, FLK-1, and PGC-1α protein levels were significantly higher than in the NE group. Expression of CD31 in cardiac tissue was higher in the AE and CE groups than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggest that regular exercise training, irrespective of exercise type, might improve cardiovascular function by inducing angiogenic responses in the aged myocardium; however, AE may be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Seong Yeo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Seoul National University Institute on Aging, Seoul, South Korea; Aging & Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Seoul National University Institute on Aging, Seoul, South Korea; Aging & Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
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Petrie MA, Taylor EB, Suneja M, Shields RK. Genomic and Epigenomic Evaluation of Electrically Induced Exercise in People With Spinal Cord Injury: Application to Precision Rehabilitation. Phys Ther 2021; 102:6413907. [PMID: 34718779 PMCID: PMC8754383 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical therapists develop patient-centered exercise prescriptions to help overcome the physical, emotional, psychosocial, and environmental stressors that undermine a person's health. Optimally prescribing muscle activity for people with disability, such as a spinal cord injury, is challenging because of their loss of volitional movement control and the deterioration of their underlying skeletal systems. This report summarizes spinal cord injury-specific factors that should be considered in patient-centered, precision prescription of muscle activity for people with spinal cord injury. This report also presents a muscle genomic and epigenomic analysis to examine the regulation of the proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (oxidative) and myostatin (hypertrophy) signaling pathways in skeletal muscle during low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise versus higher-frequency (higher-force) electrically induced exercise under constant muscle recruitment (intensity). METHODS Seventeen people with spinal cord injury participated in 1 or more unilateral electrically induced exercise sessions using a lower-force (1-, 3-, or 5-Hz) or higher-force (20-Hz) protocol. Three hours after the exercise session, percutaneous muscle biopsies were performed on exercised and nonexercised muscles for genomic and epigenomic analysis. RESULTS We found that low-frequency (low-force) electrically induced exercise significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α and decreased the expression of myostatin, consistent with the expression changes observed with high-frequency (higher-force) electrically induced exercise. Further, we found that low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise significantly demethylated, or epigenetically promoted, the PGC-1α signaling pathway. A global epigenetic analysis showed that >70 pathways were regulated with low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise. CONCLUSION These novel results support the notion that low-frequency (low-force) electrically induced exercise may offer a more precise rehabilitation strategy for people with chronic paralysis and severe osteoporosis. Future clinical trials are warranted to explore whether low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise training affects the overall health of people with chronic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Kittilsen HT, Goleva-Fjellet S, Freberg BI, Nicolaisen I, Støa EM, Bratland-Sanda S, Helgerud J, Wang E, Sæbø M, Støren Ø. Responses to Maximal Strength Training in Different Age and Gender Groups. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636972. [PMID: 33679448 PMCID: PMC7925619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to investigate the potential impact of age, gender, baseline strength, and selected candidate polymorphisms on maximal strength training (MST) adaptations. Methods A total of 49 subjects (22 men and 27 women) aged 20–76 years, divided into five age groups, completed an 8 weeks MST intervention. Each MST session consisted of 4 sets with 4 repetitions at ∼85–90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) intensity in leg-press, three times per week. 1RM was tested pre and post the intervention and blood samples were drawn to genotype candidate polymorphisms ACE I/D (rs1799752), ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678). Results All age groups increased leg-press 1RM (p < 0.01), with a mean improvement of 24.2 ± 14.0%. There were no differences in improvements between the five age groups or between male and female participants, and there were no non-responders. Baseline strength status did not correlate with 1RM improvements. PPARGC1A rs8192678 T allele carriers had a 15% higher age- and gender corrected baseline 1RM than the CC genotype (p < 0.05). C allele carriers improved 1RM (%) by 34.2% more than homozygotes for the T allele (p < 0.05). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report improvement in leg-press maximal strength regardless of gender, baseline strength status in all age groups. The present study is also first to demonstrate an association between the PPARGC1A rs8192678 and maximal strength and its trainability in a moderately trained cohort. MST may be beneficial for good health and performance of all healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Torvild Kittilsen
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Sannija Goleva-Fjellet
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Baard Ingegerdsson Freberg
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway.,The Norwegian Biathlon Association, Oslo, Norway.,Top Sports Medical Office, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Iver Nicolaisen
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Eva Maria Støa
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mona Sæbø
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Øyvind Støren
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
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D'Amico D, Marino Gammazza A, Macaluso F, Paladino L, Scalia F, Spinoso G, Dimauro I, Caporossi D, Cappello F, Di Felice V, Barone R. Sex-based differences after a single bout of exercise on PGC1α isoforms in skeletal muscle: A pilot study. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21328. [PMID: 33433932 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002173r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, there are limited and incomplete data on possible sex-based differences in fiber-types of skeletal muscle and their response to physical exercise. Adult healthy male and female mice completed a single bout of endurance exercise to examine the sex-based differences of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60), interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression, as well as the Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) fiber-type distribution in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Our results showed for the first time that in male soleus, a muscle rich of type IIa fibers, endurance exercise activates specifically genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis such as PGC1 α1 isoform, Hsp60 and IL-6, whereas the expression of PGC1 α2 and α3 was significantly upregulated in EDL muscle, a fast-twitch skeletal muscle, independently from the gender. Moreover, we found that the acute response of different PGC1α isoforms was muscle and gender dependent. These findings add a new piece to the huge puzzle of muscle response to physical exercise. Given the importance of these genes in the physiological response of the muscle to exercise, we strongly believe that our data could support future research studies to personalize a specific and sex-based exercise training protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies Research Center, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Letizia Paladino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Scalia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies Research Center, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulio Spinoso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies Research Center, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Yeong KY, Berdigaliyev N, Chang Y. Sirtuins and Their Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases from a Drug Discovery Perspective. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4073-4091. [PMID: 33280374 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes that target both histone and non-histone substrates. They are linked to different brain functions and the regulation of different isoforms of these enzymes is touted to be an emerging therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The level of sirtuins affects brain health as many sirtuin-regulated pathways are responsible for the progression of NDs. Certain sirtuins are also implicated in aging, which is a risk factor for many NDs. In addition to SIRT1-3, it has been suggested that the less studied sirtuins (SIRT4-7) also play critical roles in brain health. This review delineates the role of each sirtuin isoform in NDs from a disease centric perspective and provides an up-to-date overview of sirtuin modulators and their potential use as therapeutics in these diseases. Furthermore, the future perspectives for sirtuin modulator development and their therapeutic application in neurodegeneration are outlined in detail, hence providing a research direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurken Berdigaliyev
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuin Chang
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TARUC), Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Seo DY, Hwang BG. Effects of exercise training on the biochemical pathways associated with sarcopenia. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:32-38. [PMID: 33108716 PMCID: PMC7669465 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Sarcopenia is considered one of the major causes of disability in the elderly population and is highly associated with aging. Exercise is an essential strategy for improving muscle health while aging and involves multiple metabolic and transcriptional adaptations. Although the beneficial effects of exercise modalities on skeletal muscle structure and function in aging are well recognized, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of exercise have not been fully elucidated. [Methods] We summarize the biochemical pathways involved in the progression and pathogenesis of sarcopenia and describe the beneficial effects of exercise training on the relevant signaling pathways associated with sarcopenia. [Results] This study briefly introduces current knowledge on the signaling pathways involved in the development of sarcopenia, effects of aerobic exercise on mitochondria-related parameters and mitochondrial function, and role of resistance exercise in the regulation of muscle protein synthesis against sarcopenia. [Conclusion] This review suggested that the beneficial effects of exercise are still under-explored, and accelerated research will help develop better modalities for the prevention, management, and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Geun Hwang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Tong Myong University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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PGC-1α alternative promoter (Exon 1b) controls augmentation of total PGC-1α gene expression in response to cold water immersion and low glycogen availability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2487-2493. [PMID: 32840695 PMCID: PMC7560925 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This investigation sought to determine whether post-exercise cold water immersion and low glycogen availability, separately and in combination, would preferentially activate either the Exon 1a or Exon 1b Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) promoter. Through a reanalysis of sample design, we identified that the systemic cold-induced augmentation of total PGC-1α gene expression observed previously (Allan et al. in J Appl Physiol 123(2):451–459, 2017) was largely a result of increased expression from the alternative promoter (Exon 1b), rather than canonical promoter (Exon 1a). Low glycogen availability in combination with local cooling of the muscle (Allan et al. in Physiol Rep 7(11):e14082, 2019) demonstrated that PGC-1α alternative promoter (Exon 1b) expression continued to rise at 3 h post-exercise in all conditions; whilst, expression from the canonical promoter (Exon 1a) decreased between the same time points (post-exercise–3 h post-exercise). Importantly, this increase in PGC-1α Exon 1b expression was reduced compared to the response of low glycogen or cold water immersion alone, suggesting that the combination of prior low glycogen and CWI post-exercise impaired the response in gene expression versus these conditions individually. Data herein emphasise the influence of post-exercise cooling and low glycogen availability on Exon-specific control of total PGC-1 α gene expression and highlight the need for future research to assess Exon-specific regulation of PGC-1α.
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Myostatin as a Biomarker of Muscle Wasting and other Pathologies-State of the Art and Knowledge Gaps. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082401. [PMID: 32796600 PMCID: PMC7469036 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome with a significant impact on older patients’ quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Despite the new available criteria, its early diagnosis remains difficult, highlighting the necessity of looking for a valid muscle wasting biomarker. Myostatin, a muscle mass negative regulator, is one of the potential candidates. The aim of this work is to point out various factors affecting the potential of myostatin as a biomarker of muscle wasting. Based on the literature review, we can say that recent studies produced conflicting results and revealed a number of potential confounding factors influencing their use in sarcopenia diagnosing. These factors include physiological variables (such as age, sex and physical activity) as well as a variety of disorders (including heart failure, metabolic syndrome, kidney failure and inflammatory diseases) and differences in laboratory measurement methodology. Our conclusion is that although myostatin alone might not prove to be a feasible biomarker, it could become an important part of a recently proposed panel of muscle wasting biomarkers. However, a thorough understanding of the interrelationship of these markers, as well as establishing a valid measurement methodology for myostatin and revising current research data in the light of new criteria of sarcopenia, is needed.
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Exercise- and Cold-Induced Human PGC-1α mRNA Isoform Specific Responses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165740. [PMID: 32784428 PMCID: PMC7460212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cold exposure in conjunction with aerobic exercise stimulates gene expression of PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α can be expressed as multiple isoforms due to alternative splicing mechanisms. Among these isoforms is NT-PGC-1α, which produces a truncated form of the PGC-1α protein, as well as isoforms derived from the first exon of the transcript, PGC-1α-a, PGC-1α-b, and PGC-1α-c. Relatively little is known about the individual responses of these isoforms to exercise and environmental temperature. Therefore, we determined the expression of PGC-1α isoforms following an acute bout of cycling in cold (C) and room temperature (RT) conditions. Nine male participants cycled for 1h at 65% Wmax at −2 °C and 20 °C. A muscle biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis before and 3h post-exercise. RT-qPCR was used to analyze gene expression of PGC-1α isoforms. Gene expression of all PGC-1α isoforms increased due to the exercise intervention (p < 0.05). Exercise and cold exposure induced a greater increase in gene expression for total PGC-1α (p = 0.028) and its truncated isoform, NT-PGC-1α (p = 0.034), but there was no temperature-dependent response in the other PGC-1α isoforms measured. It appears that NT-PGC-1α may have a significant contribution to the reported alterations in the exercise- and temperature-induced PGC-1α response.
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Joisten N, Walzik D, Metcalfe AJ, Bloch W, Zimmer P. Physical Exercise as Kynurenine Pathway Modulator in Chronic Diseases: Implications for Immune and Energy Homeostasis. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920938688. [PMID: 32684749 PMCID: PMC7346690 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920938688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the substantial role of the kynurenine pathway in various physiological systems and pathological conditions. Physical exercise has been shown to impact the kynurenine pathway in response to both single (acute) and multiple (chronic) exercise training stimuli. In this perspective article, we briefly outline the current knowledge concerning exercise-induced modulations of the kynurenine pathway and discuss underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we expose the potential involvement of exercise-induced kynurenine pathway modulations on energy homeostasis (eg, through de novo synthesis of NAD+) and finally suggest how these modulations may contribute to exercise-induced benefits in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Joisten
- Department of ‘Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)’, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Walzik
- Department of ‘Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)’, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alan J Metcalfe
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Department of ‘Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)’, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Acute hypertrophic but not maximal strength loading transiently enhances the kynurenine pathway towards kynurenic acid. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1429-1436. [PMID: 32306154 PMCID: PMC7237519 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Due to distinct immuno- and neuro-modulatory properties, growing research interest focuses on exercise-induced alterations of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway in healthy and clinical populations. To date, knowledge about the impact of different acute strength exercise modalities on the KYN pathway is scarce. Therefore, we investigated the acute effects of hypertrophic (HYP) compared to maximal (MAX) strength loadings on the KYN pathway regulation. Methods Blood samples of twelve healthy males (mean age and weight: 23.5 ± 3.2 years; 77.5 ± 7.5 kg) were collected before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 1 h after completion (T2) of HYP (5 sets with 10 repetitions at 80% of 1RM) and MAX (15 sets with 1RM) loadings performed in a randomized cross-over design. Serum concentrations of tryptophan (TRP), KYN, kynurenic acid (KA), and quinolinic acid (QA) were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results The KA/KYN ratio increased from T0 to T1 (p = 0.01) and decreased from T1 to T2 (p = 0.011) in HYP, while it was maintained within MAX. Compared to MAX, serum concentrations of KA were greater in HYP at T1 (p = 0.014). Moreover, the QA/KA ratio was significantly lower in HYP than in MAX at T1 (p = 0.002). Conclusion Acute HYP loading led to increases in the metabolic flux yielding KA, thereby possibly promoting immunosuppression and neuroprotection. Our findings emphasize the potential of acute HYP exercise as short-term modulator of KYN pathway downstream to KA in healthy males and need to be proven in other samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-020-04375-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Musclin, A Myokine Induced by Aerobic Exercise, Retards Muscle Atrophy During Cancer Cachexia in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101541. [PMID: 31614775 PMCID: PMC6826436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity improves the prognosis of cancer patients, partly by contrasting the associated muscle wasting (cachexia), through still unknown mechanisms. We asked whether aerobic exercise causes secretion by skeletal muscles of proteins (myokines) that may contrast cachexia. Media conditioned by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α)-expressing myotubes, reproducing some metabolic adaptations of aerobic exercise, as increased mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation, restrained constitutively active Forkhead box-containing subfamily O3 (caFoxO3)-induced proteolysis. Microarray analysis identified amphiregulin (AREG), natriuretic peptide precursor B (NppB), musclin and fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) as myokines highly induced by PGC1α. Notably, only musclin tended to be low in muscle of mice with a rare human renal carcinoma; it was reduced in plasma and in muscles of C26-bearing mice and in atrophying myotubes, where PGC1α expression is impaired. Therefore, we electroporated the Tibialis Anterior (TA) of C26-bearing mice with musclin or (its receptor) natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (Npr3)-encoding plasmids and found a preserved fiber area, as a result of restrained proteolysis. Musclin knockout (KO) mice lose more muscle tissue during growth of two distinct cachexia-causing tumors. Running protected C26-bearing mice from cachexia, not changing tumor growth, and rescued the C26-induced downregulation of musclin in muscles and plasma. Musclin expression did not change in overloaded plantaris of mice, recapitulating partially muscle adaptations to anaerobic exercise. Musclin might, therefore, be beneficial to cancer patients who cannot exercise and are at risk of cachexia and may help to explain how aerobic exercise alleviates cancer-induced muscle wasting.
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Gorski T, De Bock K. Metabolic regulation of exercise-induced angiogenesis. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 1:H1-H8. [PMID: 32923947 PMCID: PMC7439921 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle relies on an ingenious network of blood vessels, which ensures optimal oxygen and nutrient supply. An increase in muscle vascularization is an early adaptive event to exercise training, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-induced blood vessel formation are not completely clear. In this review, we provide a concise overview on how exercise-induced alterations in muscle metabolism can evoke metabolic changes in endothelial cells (ECs) that drive muscle angiogenesis. In skeletal muscle, angiogenesis can occur via sprouting and splitting angiogenesis and is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. In the resting muscle, VEGF levels are controlled by the estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ). Upon exercise, the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) orchestrates several adaptations to endurance exercise within muscle fibers and simultaneously promotes transcriptional activation of Vegf expression and increased muscle capillary density. While ECs are highly glycolytic and change their metabolism during sprouting angiogenesis in development and disease, a similar role for EC metabolism in exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle remains to be elucidated. Nonetheless, recent studies have illustrated the importance of endothelial hydrogen sulfide and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity for exercise-induced angiogenesis, suggesting that EC metabolic reprogramming may be fundamental in this process. We hypothesize that the exercise-induced angiogenic response can also be modulated by metabolic crosstalk between muscle and the endothelium. Defining the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for skeletal muscle angiogenesis in response to exercise will yield valuable insight into metabolic regulation as well as the determinants of exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Gorski
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Picca A, Calvani R, Leeuwenburgh C, Coelho-Junior HJ, Bernabei R, Landi F, Marzetti E. Targeting mitochondrial quality control for treating sarcopenia: lessons from physical exercise. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:153-160. [PMID: 30580640 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging and hence is a candidate target for intervention. Sarcopenia of aging is a prevalent condition and is associated with numerous negative health outcomes. Alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis have been reported in sarcopenic muscle. Area covered: We discuss the evidence that points to mitochondrial dysfunction having a causative role in sarcopenia and the mechanisms involved in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in the aged muscle. We also discuss the effects of physical exercise on mitochondrial quality control and muscle health in advanced age. Expert opinion: In the aged muscle, the mitochondrial quality control axis is altered at several levels, including proteostasis, biogenesis, dynamics, and autophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction arising from impaired quality control is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Physical exercise is the most effective strategy for the management of sarcopenia. Improvements in mitochondrial health and plasticity may mediate several beneficial effects of exercise in muscle. A greater understanding of the molecular changes that occur in the aged muscle following exercise and how they impact mitochondrial homeostasis is necessary for the exploration of potential targets that are amenable for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- a Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics , Rome , Italy.,b Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- a Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics , Rome , Italy.,b Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- c Department of Aging and Geriatric Research , Institute on Aging, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Junior
- a Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics , Rome , Italy.,d Applied Kinesiology Laboratory-LCA , School of Physical Education, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- a Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics , Rome , Italy.,b Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- a Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics , Rome , Italy.,b Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- b Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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Masuzawa R, Konno R, Ohsawa I, Watanabe A, Kawano F. Muscle type-specific RNA polymerase II recruitment during PGC-1α gene transcription after acute exercise in adult rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1238-1245. [PMID: 30113273 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00202.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression differs between fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles in adult rats, although the precise mechanisms are still unknown. The present study investigates the differences in responses of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and histone acetylation during transcriptional activation in the plantaris and soleus muscles of adult rats after acute treadmill running. We targeted the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) gene to analyze epigenomic changes by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The mRNA expression of the PGC-1α-b isoform was significantly up-regulated in both plantaris and soleus muscles 2 h after acute running, although the magnitude of the up-regulation was more pronounced in the plantaris muscle. The sequences of proximal exons of the PGC-1α locus were expressed more in the plantaris muscle after acute running. Accumulation of Pol II was noted near the alternative exon 1 in both plantaris and soleus muscles in association with the enhanced distribution of acetylated histone 3. Accumulation of Pol II was also observed at the transcription start site, exon 2, and exon 3 in the plantaris muscle, but not the soleus muscle. It was noted that in the soleus muscle, acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 was enhanced throughout the PGC-1α locus in response to transcriptional activation, suggesting that elongating Pol II was capable of traveling through to the end of the locus. These results indicate that the mobility of Pol II during PGC-1αtranscription differed between fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles, affecting the strength of the transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Masuzawa
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Matsumoto University
| | - Ryotaro Konno
- Department of Sports and Health Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University
| | - Ikumi Ohsawa
- Department of Sports and Health Science, Faculty of Human Health and Science, Matsumoto University
| | | | - Fuminori Kawano
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Matsumoto University, Japan
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21
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Ahn N, Koh J, Kim K. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Training Effects in Aging and Obesity. THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.15758/ajk.2018.20.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Makhnovskii PA, Kurochkina NS, Vinogradova OL. Regulation of PPARGC1A gene expression in trained and untrained human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29233908 PMCID: PMC5727290 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter‐specific expression of the PPARGC1A gene in untrained and trained human skeletal muscle was investigated. Ten untrained males performed a one‐legged knee extension exercise (for 60 min) with the same relative intensity both before and after 8 weeks of cycling training. Samples from the m. vastus lateralis of each leg were taken before and after exercise. Postexercise PPARGC1A gene expression via the canonical promoter increased by ~100% (P < 0.05) in exercised and nonexercised untrained muscles, but did not change in either leg after training program. In untrained and trained exercised muscle, PPARGC1A gene expression via the alternative promoter increased by two orders of magnitude (P < 0.01). We found increases in postexercise content of dephosphorylated (activated) CRTC2, a coactivator of CREB1, in untrained exercised muscle and in expression of CREB1‐related genes in untrained and trained exercised muscle (P < 0.01–0.05); this may partially explain the increased expression of PPARGC1A via the alternative promoter. In addition, comparison of the regulatory regions of both promoters revealed unique conserved motifs in the alternative promoter that were associated with transcriptional repressors SNAI1 and HIC1. In conclusion, in untrained muscle, exercise‐induced expression of the PPARGC1A gene via the canonical promoter may be regulated by systemic factors, while in trained muscle the canonical promoter shows constitutive expression at rest and after exercise. Exercise‐induced expression of PPARGC1A via the alternative promoter relates to intramuscular factors and associates with activation of CRTC2‐CREB1. Apparently, expression via the alternative promoter is regulated by other transcription factors, particularly repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V Popov
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Lysenko
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A Makhnovskii
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadia S Kurochkina
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga L Vinogradova
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Muscle health and performance in monozygotic twins with 30 years of discordant exercise habits. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2097-2110. [PMID: 30006671 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical health and function depend upon both genetic inheritance and environmental factors (e.g., exercise training). PURPOSE To enhance the understanding of heritability/adaptability, we explored the skeletal muscle health and physiological performance of monozygotic (MZ) twins with > 30 years of chronic endurance training vs. no specific/consistent exercise. METHODS One pair of male MZ twins (age = 52 years; Trained Twin, TT; Untrained Twin, UT) underwent analyses of: (1) anthropometric characteristics and blood profiles, (2) markers of cardiovascular and pulmonary health, and (3) skeletal muscle size, strength, and power and molecular markers of muscle health. RESULTS This case study represents the most comprehensive physiological comparison of MZ twins with this length and magnitude of differing exercise history. TT exhibited: (1) lower body mass, body fat%, resting heart rate, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and plasma glucose, (2) greater relative cycling power, anaerobic endurance, and aerobic capacity (VO2max), but lower muscle size/strength and poorer muscle quality, (3) more MHC I (slow-twitch) and fewer MHC IIa (fast-twitch) fibers, (4) greater AMPK protein expression, and (5) greater PAX7, IGF1Ec, IGF1Ea, and FN14 mRNA expression than UT. CONCLUSIONS Several measured differences are the largest reported between MZ twins (TT expressed 55% more MHC I fibers, 12.4 ml/kg/min greater VO2max, and 8.6% lower body fat% vs. UT). These data collectively (a) support utilizing chronic endurance training to improve body composition and cardiovascular health and (b) suggest the cardiovascular and skeletal muscle systems exhibit greater plasticity than previously thought, further highlighting the importance of studying MZ twins with large (long-term) differences in exposomes.
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Popov DV. Adaptation of Skeletal Muscles to Contractile Activity of Varying Duration and Intensity: The Role of PGC-1α. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:613-628. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Christiansen D, Murphy RM, Bangsbo J, Stathis CG, Bishop DJ. Increased FXYD1 and PGC-1α mRNA after blood flow-restricted running is related to fibre type-specific AMPK signalling and oxidative stress in human muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13045. [PMID: 29383885 PMCID: PMC5969286 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study explored the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) on mRNA responses of PGC‐1α (total, 1α1, and 1α4) and Na+,K+‐ATPase isoforms (NKA; α1‐3, β1‐3, and FXYD1) to an interval running session and determined whether these effects were related to increased oxidative stress, hypoxia, and fibre type‐specific AMPK and CaMKII signalling, in human skeletal muscle. Methods In a randomized, crossover fashion, 8 healthy men (26 ± 5 year and 57.4 ± 6.3 mL kg−1 min−1) completed 3 exercise sessions: without (CON) or with blood flow restriction (BFR), or in systemic hypoxia (HYP, ~3250 m). A muscle sample was collected before (Pre) and after exercise (+0 hour, +3 hours) to quantify mRNA, indicators of oxidative stress (HSP27 protein in type I and II fibres, and catalase and HSP70 mRNA), metabolites, and α‐AMPK Thr172/α‐AMPK, ACC Ser221/ACC, CaMKII Thr287/CaMKII, and PLBSer16/PLB ratios in type I and II fibres. Results Muscle hypoxia (assessed by near‐infrared spectroscopy) was matched between BFR and HYP, which was higher than CON (~90% vs ~70%; P < .05). The mRNA levels of FXYD1 and PGC‐1α isoforms (1α1 and 1α4) increased in BFR only (P < .05) and were associated with increases in indicators of oxidative stress and type I fibre ACC Ser221/ACC ratio, but dissociated from muscle hypoxia, lactate, and CaMKII signalling. Conclusion Blood flow restriction augmented exercise‐induced increases in muscle FXYD1 and PGC‐1α mRNA in men. This effect was related to increased oxidative stress and fibre type‐dependent AMPK signalling, but unrelated to the severity of muscle hypoxia, lactate accumulation, and modulation of fibre type‐specific CaMKII signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Christiansen
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - R. M. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics; La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science; La Trobe University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - J. Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS); University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - C. G. Stathis
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - D. J. Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences; Edith Cowan University; Perth WA Australia
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Reibe S, Hjorth M, Febbraio MA, Whitham M. GeneXX: an online tool for the exploration of transcript changes in skeletal muscle associated with exercise. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:376-384. [PMID: 29547064 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00127.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise stimulates a wide array of biological processes, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Many previous studies have adopted transcriptomic analyses of skeletal muscle to address particular research questions, a process that ultimately results in the collection of large amounts of publicly available data that has not been fully integrated or interrogated. To maximize the use of these available transcriptomic exercise data sets, we have downloaded and reanalyzed them and formulated the data into a searchable online tool, geneXX. GeneXX is highly intuitive and free and provides immediate information regarding the response of a transcript of interest to exercise in skeletal muscle. To demonstrate its utility, we carried out a meta-analysis on the included data sets and show transcript changes in skeletal muscle that persist regardless of sex, exercise mode, and duration, some of which have had minimal attention in the context of exercise. We also demonstrate how geneXX can be used to formulate novel hypotheses on the complex effects of exercise, using preliminary data already generated. This resource represents a valuable tool for researchers with interests in human skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Reibe
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Marit Hjorth
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Martin Whitham
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
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Islam H, Edgett BA, Gurd BJ. Coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC-1α in human skeletal muscle: A re-evaluation. Metabolism 2018; 79:42-51. [PMID: 29126696 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is proposed to coordinate skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis through the integrated induction of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded gene transcription. This paradigm is based largely on experiments demonstrating PGC-1α's ability to co-activate various nuclear transcription factors that increase the expression of mitochondrial genes, as well as PGC-1α's direct interaction with mitochondrial transcription factor A within mitochondria to increase the transcription of mitochondrial DNA. While this paradigm is supported by evidence from cellular and transgenic animal models, as well as acute exercise studies involving animals, the up-regulation of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes in response to exercise does not appear to occur in a coordinated fashion in human skeletal muscle. This review re-evaluates our current understanding of this phenomenon by highlighting evidence from recent studies examining the exercise-induced expression of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes targeted by PGC-1α. We also highlight several possible theories that may explain the apparent inability of PGC-1α to coordinately up-regulate the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle, and provide directions for future work exploring mitochondrial biogenic gene expression following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada; Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada.
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Effects of combined and resistance training on the inflammatory profile in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med 2018; 36:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Kadlec AO, Barnes C, Durand MJ, Gutterman DD. Microvascular Adaptations to Exercise: Protective Effect of PGC-1 Alpha. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:240-246. [PMID: 29140431 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary behavior and obesity are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Regular physical activity has independent protective effects on the cardiovascular system, but the mechanisms responsible remain elusive. Recent studies suggest that the protein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) participates in the response to exercise training. We hypothesized that the arterioles of athletes maintain dilation to flow despite combined inhibition of multiple vasodilators, but loss of PGC-1α renders these vessels susceptible to inhibition of a single vasodilator pathway. In addition, arterioles from overweight and obese individuals will display an an exercise-like phenotype when PGC-1α is activated. METHODS Isolated arterioles from exercise-trained (ET) and from mildly overweight or obese subjects (body mass index >25) were cannulated, and changes in lumen diameter in response to graded increases in flow were recorded in the absence and presence of compounds that inhibit various endothelium-dependent vasodilators. RESULTS Microvessels of ET subjects displayed robust dilation that could not be inhibited through targeting the combination of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and hydrogen peroxide, but were inhibited via interference with membrane hyperpolarization. Loss of PGC-1α (siRNA) in the microcirculation of ET subjects eliminates this vasodilatory robustness rendering vessels susceptible to blockade of H2O2 alone. Pharmacological activation of PGC-1α with alpha-lipoic acid in isolated microvessels from sedentary, overweight, and obese subjects increases arteriolar resistance to vasodilator blockade and protects against acute increases in intraluminal pressure. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the microvascular adaptations to exercise training, and the exercise-induced protection against acute vascular stress in overweight/obese subjects, are mediated by PGC-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Kadlec
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chad Barnes
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew J Durand
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Nikolić N, Görgens SW, Thoresen GH, Aas V, Eckel J, Eckardt K. Electrical pulse stimulation of cultured skeletal muscle cells as a model for in vitro exercise - possibilities and limitations. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:310-331. [PMID: 27863008 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial health-related effects of exercise are well recognized, and numerous studies have investigated underlying mechanism using various in vivo and in vitro models. Although electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) for the induction of muscle contraction has been used for quite some time, its application on cultured skeletal muscle cells of animal or human origin as a model of in vitro exercise is a more recent development. In this review, we compare in vivo exercise and in vitro EPS with regard to effects on signalling, expression level and metabolism. We provide a comprehensive overview of different EPS protocols and their applications, discuss technical aspects of this model including critical controls and the importance of a proper maintenance procedure and finally discuss the limitations of the EPS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - S. W. Görgens
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - G. H. Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - V. Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health; Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - J. Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center; Düsseldorf Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.); Düsseldorf Germany
| | - K. Eckardt
- Department of Nutrition; Institute for Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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Scribbans TD, Edgett BA, Bonafiglia JT, Baechler BL, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. A systematic upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial genes is not present in the initial postexercise recovery period in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:571-578. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current investigation was to determine if an exercise-mediated upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded genes targeted by the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) occurs in a systematic manner following different exercise intensities in humans. Ten recreationally active males (age: 23 ± 3 years; peak oxygen uptake: 41.8 ± 6.6 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed 2 acute bouts of work-matched interval exercise at ∼73% (low; LO) and ∼100% (high; HI) of work rate at peak oxygen uptake in a randomized crossover design. Muscle biopsies were taken before, immediately after, and 3 h into recovery following each exercise bout. A main effect of time (p < 0.05) was observed for glycogen depletion. PGC-1α messenger RNA (mRNA) increased following both conditions and was significantly (p < 0.05) higher following HI compared with LO (PGC-1α, LO: +442% vs. HI: +845%). PDK4 mRNA increased following LO whereas PPARα, NRF1, and CS increased following HI. However, a systematic upregulation of nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded genes was not present as TFAM, COXIV, COXI, COXII, ND1, and ND4 mRNA were unchanged. However, changes in COXI, COXII, ND1 and ND4 mRNA were positively correlated following LO and COXI, ND1, and ND4 were positively correlated following HI, which suggests mitochondrial-encoded gene expression was coordinated. PGC-1α and ND4 mRNA, as well as PGC-1α mRNA and the change in muscle glycogen, were positively correlated in response to LO. The lack of observed systematic upregulation of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes suggests that exercise-induced upregulation of PGC-1α targets are differentially regulated during the initial hours following acute exercise in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha D. Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brittany A. Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Impact of Aging and Exercise on Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3165396. [PMID: 28656072 PMCID: PMC5471566 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3165396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are characterized by its pivotal roles in managing energy production, reactive oxygen species, and calcium, whose aging-related structural and functional deteriorations are observed in aging muscle. Although it is still unclear how aging alters mitochondrial quality and quantity in skeletal muscle, dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamic controls has been suggested as key players for that. In this paper, we summarize current understandings on how aging regulates muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, while focusing on transcriptional regulations including PGC-1α, AMPK, p53, mtDNA, and Tfam. Further, we review current findings on the muscle mitochondrial dynamic systems in aging muscle: fusion/fission, autophagy/mitophagy, and protein import. Next, we also discuss how endurance and resistance exercises impact on the mitochondrial quality controls in aging muscle, suggesting possible effective exercise strategies to improve/maintain mitochondrial health.
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Lu Y, Bradley JS, McCoski SR, Gonzalez JM, Ealy AD, Johnson SE. Reduced skeletal muscle fiber size following caloric restriction is associated with calpain-mediated proteolysis and attenuation of IGF-1 signaling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R806-R815. [PMID: 28228415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00400.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction decreases skeletal muscle mass in mammals, principally due to a reduction in fiber size. The effect of suboptimal nutrient intake on skeletal muscle metabolic properties in neonatal calves was examined. The longissimus muscle (LM) was collected after a control (CON) or caloric restricted (CR) diet was cosnumed for 8 wk and muscle fiber size, gene expression, and metabolic signal transduction activity were measured. Results revealed that CR animals had smaller (P < 0.05) LM fiber cross-sectional area than CON, as expected. Western blot analysis detected equivalent amounts of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) but reduced (P < 0.05) amounts of the splice-variant, PGC1α-4 in CR LM. Expression of IGF-1, a PGC1α-4 target gene, was 40% less (P < 0.05) in CR than CON. Downstream mediators of autocrine IGF-1 signaling also are attenuated in CR by comparison with CON. The amount of phosphorylated AKT1 was less (P < 0.05) in CR than CON. The ratio of p4EBP1T37/46 to total 4EBP1, a downstream mediator of AKT1, did not differ between CON and CR. By contrast, protein lysates from CR LM contained less (P < 0.05) total glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and phosphorylated GSK3β than CON LM, suggesting blunted protein synthesis. Smaller CR LM fiber size associates with increased (P < 0.05) calpain 1 (CAPN1) activity coupled with lower (P < 0.05) expression of calpastatin, the endogenous inhibitor of CAPN1. Atrogin-1 and MuRF expression and autophagy components were unaffected by CR. Thus CR suppresses the hypertrophic PGC1α-4/IGF-1/AKT1 pathway while promoting activation of the calpain system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
| | - Jennifer S Bradley
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
| | - Sarah R McCoski
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
| | - John M Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Alan D Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
| | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
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Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Butkov AD, Vepkhvadze TF, Perfilov DV, Vinogradova OL. AMPK does not play a requisite role in regulation ofPPARGC1Agene expression via the alternative promoter in endurance-trained human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:366-375. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V. Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Lysenko
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Alexey D. Butkov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Tatiana F. Vepkhvadze
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Perfilov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Olga L. Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
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Bonafiglia JT, Edgett BA, Baechler BL, Nelms MW, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. Acute upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA correlates with training-induced increases in SDH activity in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:656-666. [PMID: 28177701 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine if acute responses in PGC-1α, VEGFA, SDHA, and GPD1-2 mRNA expression predict their associated chronic skeletal muscle molecular (SDH-GPD activity and substrate storage) and morphological (fibre-type composition and capillary density) adaptations following training. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from 14 recreationally active men (age: 22.0 ± 2.4 years) before (PRE) and 3 h after (3HR) the completion of an acute bout of sprint interval training (SIT) (eight 20-s intervals at ∼170% peak oxygen uptake work rate separated by 10 s of recovery). Participants then completed 6 weeks of SIT 4 times per week with additional biopsies after 2 (MID) and 6 (POST) weeks of training. Acute increases in PGC-1α mRNA strongly predicted increases in SDH activity (a marker of oxidative capacity) from PRE and MID to POST (PRE-POST: r = 0.81, r2 = 0.65, p < 0.01; MID-POST: r = 0.79, r2 = 0.62, p < 0.01) and glycogen content from MID to POST (r = 0.60, r2 = 0.36, p < 0.05). No other significant relationships were found between acute responses in PGC-1α, VEGFA, SDHA, and GPD1-2 mRNA expression and chronic adaptations to training. These results suggest that acute upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA relates to the magnitude of subsequent training-induced increases in oxidative capacity, but not other molecular and morphological chronic skeletal muscle adaptations. Additionally, acute mRNA responses in PGC-1α correlated with VEGFA, but not SDHA, suggesting a coordinated upregulation between PGC-1α and only some of its proposed targets in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Brittany L Baechler
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Matthew W Nelms
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Craig A Simpson
- b Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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Ballmann C, Tang Y, Bush Z, Rowe GC. Adult expression of PGC-1α and -1β in skeletal muscle is not required for endurance exercise-induced enhancement of exercise capacity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E928-E938. [PMID: 27780821 PMCID: PMC5183883 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00209.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to be the best intervention in the treatment of many diseases. Many of the benefits of exercise are mediated by adaptions induced in skeletal muscle. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family of transcriptional coactivators has emerged as being key mediators of the exercise response and is considered to be essential for many of the adaptions seen in skeletal muscle. However, the contribution of the PGC-1s in skeletal muscle has been evaluated by the use of either whole body or congenital skeletal muscle-specific deletion. In these models, PGC-1s were never present, thereby opening the possibility to developmental compensation. Therefore, we generated an inducible muscle-specific deletion of PGC-1α and -1β (iMyo-PGC-1DKO), in which both PGC-1α and -β can be deleted specifically in adult skeletal muscle. These iMyo-PGC-1DKO animals were used to assess the role of both PGC-1α and -1β in adult skeletal muscle and their contribution to the exercise training response. Untrained iMyo-PGC-1DKO animals exhibited a time-dependent decrease in exercise performance 8 wk postdeletion, similar to what was observed in the congenital muscle-specific PGC-1DKOs. However, after 4 wk of voluntary training, the iMyo-PGC-1DKOs exhibited an increase in exercise performance with a similar adaptive response compared with control animals. This increase was associated with an increase in electron transport complex (ETC) expression and activity in the absence of PGC-1α and -1β expression. Taken together these data suggest that PGC-1α and -1β expression are not required for training-induced exercise performance, highlighting the contribution of PGC-1-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ballmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Yawen Tang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zachary Bush
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Glenn C Rowe
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Pattanakuhar S, Pongchaidecha A, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The effect of exercise on skeletal muscle fibre type distribution in obesity: From cellular levels to clinical application. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016; 11:112-132. [PMID: 27756527 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles play important roles in metabolism, energy expenditure, physical strength, and locomotive activity. Skeletal muscle fibre types in the body are heterogeneous. They can be classified as oxidative types and glycolytic types with oxidative-type are fatigue-resistant and use oxidative metabolism, while fibres with glycolytic-type are fatigue-sensitive and prefer glycolytic metabolism. Several studies demonstrated that an obese condition with abnormal metabolic parameters has been negatively correlated with the distribution of oxidative-type skeletal muscle fibres, but positively associated with that of glycolytic-type muscle fibres. However, some studies demonstrated otherwise. In addition, several studies demonstrated that an exercise training programme caused the redistribution of oxidative-type skeletal muscle fibres in obesity. In contrast, some studies showed inconsistent findings. Therefore, the present review comprehensively summarizes and discusses those consistent and inconsistent findings from clinical studies, regarding the association among the distribution of skeletal muscle fibre types, obese condition, and exercise training programmes. Furthermore, the possible underlying mechanisms and clinical application of the alterations in muscle fibre type following obesity are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintip Pattanakuhar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Pongchaidecha
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Corpas R, Revilla S, Ursulet S, Castro-Freire M, Kaliman P, Petegnief V, Giménez-Llort L, Sarkis C, Pallàs M, Sanfeliu C. SIRT1 Overexpression in Mouse Hippocampus Induces Cognitive Enhancement Through Proteostatic and Neurotrophic Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5604-5619. [PMID: 27614878 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SIRT1 induces cell survival and has shown neuroprotection against amyloid and tau pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, protective effects against memory loss or the enhancement of cognitive functions have not yet been proven. We aimed to investigate the benefits induced by SIRT1 overexpression in the hippocampus of the AD mouse model 3xTg-AD and in control non-transgenic mice. A lentiviral vector encoding mouse SIRT1 or GFP, selectively transducing neurons, was injected into the dorsal CA1 hippocampal area of 4-month-old mice. Six-month overexpression of SIRT1 fully preserved learning and memory in 10-month-old 3xTg-AD mice. Remarkably, SIRT1 also induced cognitive enhancement in healthy non-transgenic mice. Neuron cultures of 3xTg-AD mice, which show traits of AD-like pathology, and neuron cultures from non-transgenic mice were also transduced with lentiviral vectors to analyze beneficial SIRT1 mechanisms. We uncovered novel pathways of SIRT1 neuroprotection through enhancement of cell proteostatic mechanisms and activation of neurotrophic factors not previously reported such as GDNF, present in both AD-like and healthy neurons. Therefore, SIRT1 may increase neuron function and resilience against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Corpas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Revilla
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marco Castro-Freire
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perla Kaliman
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valérie Petegnief
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Mercè Pallàs
- Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBERNED, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Unravelling the mechanisms regulating muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Biochem J 2016; 473:2295-314. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue with a low mitochondrial content under basal conditions, but it is responsive to acute increases in contractile activity patterns (i.e. exercise) which initiate the signalling of a compensatory response, leading to the biogenesis of mitochondria and improved organelle function. Exercise also promotes the degradation of poorly functioning mitochondria (i.e. mitophagy), thereby accelerating mitochondrial turnover, and preserving a pool of healthy organelles. In contrast, muscle disuse, as well as the aging process, are associated with reduced mitochondrial quality and quantity in muscle. This has strong negative implications for whole-body metabolic health and the preservation of muscle mass. A number of traditional, as well as novel regulatory pathways exist in muscle that control both biogenesis and mitophagy. Interestingly, although the ablation of single regulatory transcription factors within these pathways often leads to a reduction in the basal mitochondrial content of muscle, this can invariably be overcome with exercise, signifying that exercise activates a multitude of pathways which can respond to restore mitochondrial health. This knowledge, along with growing realization that pharmacological agents can also promote mitochondrial health independently of exercise, leads to an optimistic outlook in which the maintenance of mitochondrial and whole-body metabolic health can be achieved by taking advantage of the broad benefits of exercise, along with the potential specificity of drug action.
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41
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Samuelsson H, Moberg M, Apró W, Ekblom B, Blomstrand E. Intake of branched-chain or essential amino acids attenuates the elevation in muscle levels of PGC-1α4 mRNA caused by resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E246-51. [PMID: 27245337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00154.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α is recognized as the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. However, recently a novel isoform, PGC-1α4, that specifically regulates muscle hypertrophy was discovered. Because stimulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity is tightly coupled to hypertrophy, we hypothesized that activation of this pathway would upregulate PGC-1α4. Eight male subjects performed heavy resistance exercise (10 × 8-12 repetitions at ∼75% of 1 repetition maximum in leg press) on four different occasions, ingesting in random order a solution containing essential amino acids (EAA), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), leucine, or flavored water (placebo) during and after the exercise. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and immediately after exercise, as well as following 90 and 180 min of recovery. Signaling through mTORC1, as reflected in p70S6 kinase phosphorylation, was stimulated to a greater extent by the EAA and BCAA than the leucine or placebo supplements. Unexpectedly, intake of EAA or BCAA attenuated the stimulatory effect of exercise on PGC-1α4 expression by ∼50% (from a 10- to 5-fold increase with BCAA and EAA, P < 0.05) 3 h after exercise, whereas intake of leucine alone did not reduce this response. The 60% increase (P < 0.05) in the level of PGC-1α1 mRNA 90 min after exercise was uninfluenced by amino acid intake. Muscle glycogen levels were reduced and AMP-activated protein kinase α2 activity and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase enhanced to the same extent with all four supplements. In conclusion, induction of PGC-1α4 does not appear to regulate the nutritional (BCAA or EAA)-mediated activation of mTORC1 in human muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Samuelsson
- The Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Marcus Moberg
- The Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - William Apró
- The Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Björn Ekblom
- The Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- The Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Martínez-Redondo V, Jannig PR, Correia JC, Ferreira DMS, Cervenka I, Lindvall JM, Sinha I, Izadi M, Pettersson-Klein AT, Agudelo LZ, Gimenez-Cassina A, Brum PC, Dahlman-Wright K, Ruas JL. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1 α Isoforms Selectively Regulate Multiple Splicing Events on Target Genes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15169-84. [PMID: 27231350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance and resistance exercise training induces specific and profound changes in the skeletal muscle transcriptome. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α) coactivators are not only among the genes differentially induced by distinct training methods, but they also participate in the ensuing signaling cascades that allow skeletal muscle to adapt to each type of exercise. Although endurance training preferentially induces PGC-1α1 expression, resistance exercise activates the expression of PGC-1α2, -α3, and -α4. These three alternative PGC-1α isoforms lack the arginine/serine-rich (RS) and RNA recognition motifs characteristic of PGC-1α1. Discrete functions for PGC-1α1 and -α4 have been described, but the biological role of PGC-1α2 and -α3 remains elusive. Here we show that different PGC-1α variants can affect target gene splicing through diverse mechanisms, including alternative promoter usage. By analyzing the exon structure of the target transcripts for each PGC-1α isoform, we were able to identify a large number of previously unknown PGC-1α2 and -α3 target genes and pathways in skeletal muscle. In particular, PGC-1α2 seems to mediate a decrease in the levels of cholesterol synthesis genes. Our results suggest that the conservation of the N-terminal activation and repression domains (and not the RS/RNA recognition motif) is what determines the gene programs and splicing options modulated by each PGC-1α isoform. By using skeletal muscle-specific transgenic mice for PGC-1α1 and -α4, we could validate, in vivo, splicing events observed in in vitro studies. These results show that alternative PGC-1α variants can affect target gene expression both quantitatively and qualitatively and identify novel biological pathways under the control of this system of coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martínez-Redondo
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, 05508-030 São Paulo, Brazil, and
| | - Jorge C Correia
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and
| | - Duarte M S Ferreira
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and
| | - Igor Cervenka
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and
| | - Jessica M Lindvall
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Indranil Sinha
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Manizheh Izadi
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and
| | - Amanda T Pettersson-Klein
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and
| | - Leandro Z Agudelo
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and
| | - Alfredo Gimenez-Cassina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, 05508-030 São Paulo, Brazil, and
| | - Karin Dahlman-Wright
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Unit and
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43
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Erlich AT, Tryon LD, Crilly MJ, Memme JM, Moosavi ZSM, Oliveira AN, Beyfuss K, Hood DA. Function of specialized regulatory proteins and signaling pathways in exercise-induced muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Integr Med Res 2016; 5:187-197. [PMID: 28462117 PMCID: PMC5390460 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function are regulated by a number of specialized molecular pathways that remain to be fully defined. Although a number of proteins have been identified to be important for the maintenance of mitochondria in quiescent muscle, the requirement for these appears to decrease with the activation of multiple overlapping signaling events that are triggered by exercise. This makes exercise a valuable therapeutic tool for the treatment of mitochondrially based metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize some of the traditional and more recently appreciated pathways that are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle, particularly during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A. Hood
- Corresponding author. Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada.
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Editors T. Muscle Decline in Aging and Neuromuscular Disorders - Mechanisms and Countermeasures: Terme Euganee, Padova (Italy), April 13-16, 2016. Eur J Transl Myol 2016; 26:5904. [PMID: 27054021 PMCID: PMC4821223 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2016.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Not available.
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Romanello V, Sandri M. Mitochondrial Quality Control and Muscle Mass Maintenance. Front Physiol 2016; 6:422. [PMID: 26793123 PMCID: PMC4709858 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass and force occurs in many diseases such as disuse/inactivity, diabetes, cancer, renal, and cardiac failure and in aging-sarcopenia. In these catabolic conditions the mitochondrial content, morphology and function are greatly affected. The changes of mitochondrial network influence the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play an important role in muscle function. Moreover, dysfunctional mitochondria trigger catabolic signaling pathways which feed-forward to the nucleus to promote the activation of muscle atrophy. Exercise, on the other hand, improves mitochondrial function by activating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, possibly playing an important part in the beneficial effects of physical activity in several diseases. Optimized mitochondrial function is strictly maintained by the coordinated activation of different mitochondrial quality control pathways. In this review we outline the current knowledge linking mitochondria-dependent signaling pathways to muscle homeostasis in aging and disease and the resulting implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular MedicinePadova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Science, University of PadovaPadova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePadova, Italy; Department of Medicine, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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Kupr B, Handschin C. Complex Coordination of Cell Plasticity by a PGC-1α-controlled Transcriptional Network in Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2015; 6:325. [PMID: 26617528 PMCID: PMC4639707 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells exhibit an enormous plastic capacity in order to adapt to external stimuli. Even though our overall understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie phenotypic changes in skeletal muscle cells remains poor, several factors involved in the regulation and coordination of relevant transcriptional programs have been identified in recent years. For example, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a central regulatory nexus in the adaptation of muscle to endurance training. Intriguingly, PGC-1α integrates numerous signaling pathways and translates their activity into various transcriptional programs. This selectivity is in part controlled by differential expression of PGC-1α variants and post-translational modifications of the PGC-1α protein. PGC-1α-controlled activation of transcriptional networks subsequently enables a spatio-temporal specification and hence allows a complex coordination of changes in metabolic and contractile properties, protein synthesis and degradation rates and other features of trained muscle. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PGC-1α-regulated skeletal muscle cell plasticity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kupr
- Biozentrum, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
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