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Deng DK, Zhang JJ, Gan D, Zou JK, Wu RX, Tian Y, Yin Y, Li X, Chen FM, He XT. Roles of extracellular vesicles in periodontal homeostasis and their therapeutic potential. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:545. [PMID: 36585740 PMCID: PMC9801622 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal tissue is a highly dynamic and frequently stimulated area where homeostasis is easily destroyed, leading to proinflammatory periodontal diseases. Bacteria-bacteria and cell-bacteria interactions play pivotal roles in periodontal homeostasis and disease progression. Several reviews have comprehensively summarized the roles of bacteria and stem cells in periodontal homeostasis. However, they did not describe the roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from bacteria and cells. As communication mediators evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to eukaryotic cells, EVs secreted by bacteria or cells can mediate interactions between bacteria and their hosts, thereby offering great promise for the maintenance of periodontal homeostasis. This review offers an overview of EV biogenesis, the effects of EVs on periodontal homeostasis, and recent advances in EV-based periodontal regenerative strategies. Specifically, we document the pathogenic roles of bacteria-derived EVs (BEVs) in periodontal dyshomeostasis, focusing on plaque biofilm formation, immune evasion, inflammatory pathway activation and tissue destruction. Moreover, we summarize recent advancements in cell-derived EVs (CEVs) in periodontal homeostasis, emphasizing the multifunctional biological effects of CEVs on periodontal tissue regeneration. Finally, we discuss future challenges and practical perspectives for the clinical translation of EV-based therapies for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Kun Deng
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiu-Jiu Zhang
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dian Gan
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Kang Zou
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xin Wu
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Tian
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yin
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Li C, Yu R, Ding Y. Association between Porphyromonas Gingivalis and systemic diseases: Focus on T cells-mediated adaptive immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1026457. [PMID: 36467726 PMCID: PMC9712990 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1026457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic diseases. The pathogenicity of P. gingivalis is largely linked to interference with the host's immunity. This review aims to discover the role of P. gingivalis in the modulation of the host's adaptive immune system through a large number of virulence factors and the manipulation of cellular immunological responses (mainly mediated by T cells). These factors may affect the cause of large numbers of systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, adverse pregnancy outcomes, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. The point of view of adaptive immunity may provide a new idea for treating periodontitis and related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumei Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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3
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Núñez-Acurio D, Bravo D, Aguayo F. Epstein-Barr Virus-Oral Bacterial Link in the Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121059. [PMID: 33352891 PMCID: PMC7765927 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. Its development has been associated with diverse factors such as tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. In addition, it has been suggested that microorganisms are risk factors for oral carcinogenesis. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which establishes lifelong persistent infections and is intermittently shed in the saliva, has been associated with several lymphomas and carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity. In particular, it has been detected in a subset of OSCCs. Moreover, its presence in patients with periodontitis has also been described. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is an oral bacterium in the development of periodontal diseases. As a keystone pathogen of periodontitis, P. gingivalis is known not only to damage local periodontal tissues but also to evade the host immune system and eventually affect systemic health. Persistent exposure to P. gingivalis promotes tumorigenic properties of oral epithelial cells, suggesting that chronic P. gingivalis infection is a potential risk factor for OSCC. Given that the oral cavity serves as the main site where EBV and P. gingivalis are harbored, and because of their oncogenic potential, we review here the current information about the participation of these microorganisms in oral carcinogenesis, describe the mechanisms by which EBV and P. gingivalis independently or synergistically can collaborate, and propose a model of interaction between both microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Núñez-Acurio
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (F.A.)
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Liu H, Huang L, Cai Y, Bikker FJ, Wei X, Mei Deng D. A novel gingipain regulatory gene in Porphyromonas gingivalis mediates host cell detachment and inhibition of wound closure. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1128. [PMID: 33047890 PMCID: PMC7755767 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The black pigmentation-related genes in Porphyromonas gingivalis are primarily involved in regulating gingipain functions. In this study, we identified a pigmentation-related gene, designated as pgn_0361. To characterize the role of pgn_0361 in regulating P. gingivalis-mediated epithelial cell detachment and inhibition of wound closure, PgΔ0361, an isogenic pgn_0361-defective mutant strain, and PgΔ0361C, a complementation strain, were constructed using P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. The gingipain and hemagglutination activities, as well as biofilm formation, were examined in all three strains. The effect of P. gingivalis strains on epithelial cell detachment was investigated using the HO-1-N-1 and Ca9-22 epithelial cell lines. The inhibition of wound closure by heat-killed P. gingivalis cells and culture supernatant was analyzed using an in vitro wound closure assay. Compared to the wild-type strain, the PgΔ0361 strain did not exhibit gingipain or hemagglutination activity but exhibited enhanced biofilm formation. Additionally, the PgΔ0361 strain exhibited attenuated ability to detach the epithelial cells and to inhibit wound closure in vitro. Contrastingly, the culture supernatant of PgΔ0361 exhibited high gingipain activity and strong inhibition of wound closure. The characteristics of PgΔ0361C and wild-type strains were comparable. In conclusion, the pgn_0361 gene is involved in regulating gingipains. The PGN_0361-defective strain exhibited reduced virulence in terms of epithelial cell detachment and inhibition of wound closure. The culture supernatant of the mutant strain highly inhibited wound closure, which may be due to high gingipain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijia Huang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Free University and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Mei Deng
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Hočevar K, Vizovišek M, Wong A, Kozieł J, Fonović M, Potempa B, Lamont RJ, Potempa J, Turk B. Proteolysis of Gingival Keratinocyte Cell Surface Proteins by Gingipains Secreted From Porphyromonas gingivalis - Proteomic Insights Into Mechanisms Behind Tissue Damage in the Diseased Gingiva. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32411104 PMCID: PMC7198712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main etiologic agent of periodontitis, secretes cysteine proteases named gingipains. HRgpA and RgpB gingipains have Arg-specificity, while Kgp gingipain is Lys-specific. Together they can cleave an array of proteins and importantly contribute to the development of periodontitis. In this study we focused on gingipain-exerted proteolysis at the cell surface of human gingival epithelial cells [telomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK)] in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind tissue destruction in periodontitis. Using mass spectrometry, we investigated the whole sheddome/degradome of TIGK cell surface proteins by P. gingivalis strains differing in gingipain expression and by purified gingipains, and performed the first global proteomic analysis of gignpain proteolysis at the membrane. Incubation of TIGK cells with P. gingivalis resulted in massive degradation of proteins already at low multiplicity of infection, whereas incubating cells with purified gingipains resulted in more discrete patterns, indicative of a combination of complete degradation and shedding of membrane proteins. Most of the identified gingipain substrates were molecules involved in adhesion, suggesting that gingipains may cause tissue damage through cleavage of cell contacts, resulting in cell detachment and rounding, and consequently leading to anoikis. However, HRgpA and RgpB gingipains differ in their mechanism of action. While RgpB rapidly degraded the proteins, HRgpA exhibited a much slower proteolysis indicative of ectodomain shedding, as demonstrated for the transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC). These results reveal a molecular underpinning to P. gingivalis-induced tissue destruction and enhance our knowledge of the role of P. gingivalis proteases in the pathobiology of periodontitis. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD015679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hočevar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozieł
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Gingipains promote RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through the enhancement of integrin β3 in RAW264.7 cells. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:147-159. [PMID: 32193744 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis, gingipains play an important role in periodontal destruction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gingipains on osteoclastogenesis. We used RAW264.7 cells as osteoclast precursors in our study. In experimental groups, cells were treated with gingipains and/or receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity staining assay showed osteoclast precursors and RANKL-induced mature osteoclasts were increased in a gingipains dose-dependent manner. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that gingipains upregulated osteoclastic genes including the protease cathepsin K (Ctsk), matrix metalloprotein 9 (Mmp9), nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (Nfatc1) and acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant (Acp5) in a time-dependent manner. Western blotting assays presented upregulated expressions of TNF receptor-activating factor 6 (TRAF6) and integrin β3 induced by gingipains and RANKL compared to RANKL alone. Enhanced integrin-related signaling was also demonstrated by elevated phosphorylations of FAK and paxillin compared to control. Moreover, the pit resorption assays showed that gingipains augmented bone resorptive function of osteoclasts induced by RANKL. When we used Cilengitide to block integrin αvβ3, gingipains reversed the reduction of formation and resorptive function in RANKL-induced osteoclasts, as they enhanced integrin αvβ3 levels more than RANKL treatment alone. In conclusion, our data suggest that gingipains augmented the differentiation and function of mature osteoclasts induced by RANKL through the increase in integrin αvβ3.
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7
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Takeuchi H, Sasaki N, Yamaga S, Kuboniwa M, Matsusaki M, Amano A. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces penetration of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan through the gingival epithelium via degradation of junctional adhesion molecule 1. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008124. [PMID: 31697789 PMCID: PMC6932823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in severe and chronic manifestations of periodontal disease, which is one of the most common infections of humans. A central feature of P. gingivalis pathogenicity is dysregulation of innate immunity at the gingival epithelial interface; however, the molecular basis underlying P. gingivalis–dependent abrogation of epithelial barrier function remains unknown. Gingival epithelial cells express junctional adhesion molecule (JAM1), a tight junction–associated protein, and JAM1 homodimers regulate epithelial barrier function. Here we show that Arg-specific or Lys-specific cysteine proteases (gingipains) secreted by P. gingivalis can specifically degrade JAM1 at K134 and R234 in gingival epithelial cells, resulting in permeability of the gingival epithelium to 40 kDa dextran, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and proteoglycan (PGN). A P. gingivalis strain lacking gingipains was impaired in degradation of JAM1. Knockdown of JAM1 in monolayer cells and a three-dimensional multilayered tissue model also increased permeability to LPS, PGN, and gingipains. Inversely, overexpression of JAM1 in epithelial cells prevented penetration by these agents following P. gingivalis infection. Our findings strongly suggest that P. gingivalis gingipains disrupt barrier function of stratified squamous epithelium via degradation of JAM1, allowing bacterial virulence factors to penetrate into subepithelial tissues. Periodontal diseases, which are among the most common infections of humans, are characterized by gingival inflammation and destruction of the hard and soft tissues that support the tooth, eventually causing tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in periodontal diseases. Infection of gingival epithelial cells by P. gingivalis increases epithelial permeability. However, the molecular mechanism and pathological significance of P. gingivalis–dependent barrier dysfunction in human gingival epithelium remain unknown. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional multilayered tissue model of gingival epithelium infected by P. gingivalis and used it to monitor penetration of bacterial products derived from P. gingivalis and other bacteria. We found that P. gingivalis proteases, called gingipains, have a potent and specific ability to degrade JAM1, which regulates epithelial barrier function. Mechanistically, gingipains degrade mature form of JAM1 on the plasma membrane, increasing penetration of 40 kDa dextran, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and gingipains. Our study provides new insights into the etiological role of P. gingivalis, leading to periodontal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (HT); (AA)
| | - Naoko Sasaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamaga
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masae Kuboniwa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (HT); (AA)
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8
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Immunological Pathways Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: Therapeutic Possibilities? Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7241312. [PMID: 31341421 PMCID: PMC6612971 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7241312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria possessing several virulence factors that make them potential pathogens associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and is considered one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum possess virulence factors that allow them to survive in hostile environments by selectively modulating the host's immune-inflammatory response, thereby creating major challenges to host cell survival. Studies have demonstrated that bacterial infection and the host immune responses are involved in the induction of periodontitis. The NLRP3 inflammasome and its effector molecules (IL-1β and caspase-1) play roles in the development of periodontitis. We and others have reported that the purinergic P2X7 receptor plays a role in the modulation of periodontal disease and intracellular pathogen control. Caspase-4/5 (in humans) and caspase-11 (in mice) are important effectors for combating bacterial pathogens via mediation of cell death and IL-1β release. The exact molecular events of the host's response to these bacteria are not fully understood. Here, we review innate and adaptive immune responses induced by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum infections and discuss the possibility of manipulations of the immune response as therapeutic strategies. Given the global burden of periodontitis, it is important to develop therapeutic targets for the prophylaxis of periodontopathogen infections.
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9
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Pandruvada SN, Ebersole JL, Huja SS. Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by opsonized Porphyromonas gingivalis. FASEB Bioadv 2018; 1:213-226. [PMID: 31355360 PMCID: PMC6660169 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2018-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial step in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease (PD) is activation of osteoclasts (OC) by numerous virulence factors produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). To understand pathogenesis of PD and the role of specific adaptive immune responses, effects of antibodies on Pg‐induced OC differentiation and function were investigated. Human peripheral blood‐derived monocytes were differentiated to OC in the presence or absence of: (a) Pg; (b) antibodies to Pg; and (c) antibody‐opsonized Pg. Findings suggest significant induction of osteoclastogenesis by Pg when compared to control cultures, whereas opsonization decreased osteoclastogenesis by 45%. Immune receptor gene expression profile in the presence of opsonized Pg showed marked upregulation of TLR1 (three‐fold) and TLR2 (twofold) along with FcγRIIB (two‐fold) and FcγRIII receptors (five‐fold), but not TLR4 and FcRγ receptors. Interestingly, blocking FcγRIIB, but not FcγRIII receptor, reversed the inhibitory effects of opsonized Pg suggesting a critical role played by FcγRIIB in osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, opsonized Pg transformed OC precursors to a “macrophage phenotype” suggesting a bone protective role of the immune complexes in modulating osteoclastogenesis, probably by competing as an agonist for pattern recognition receptors, and inducing selective activation of FcγRs with simultaneous suppression of FcRγ which regulates bone resorptive process. Further defining effective antibody isotypes, avidity, and antigenic specificity could improve targets for eliciting protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanya N Pandruvada
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Current address: College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Current address: School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Sarandeep S Huja
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Current address: College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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10
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Nakayama M, Ohara N. Molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis-host cell interaction on periodontal diseases. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 53:134-140. [PMID: 29201258 PMCID: PMC5703693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major oral pathogen and associated with periodontal diseases including periodontitis and alveolar bone loss. In this review, we indicate that two virulence factors, which are hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR) and cysteine proteases “gingipains”, expressed by P. gingivalis have novel functions on the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis produces three types of gingipains and concomitantly several adhesin domains. Among the adhesin domains, hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR), also called HGP15, has the function of induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in human gingival epithelial cells, indicating the possibility that HbR is associated with P. gingivalis-induced periodontal inflammation. On bacteria-host cells contact, P. gingivalis induces cellular signaling alteration in host cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt are well known to play a pivotal role in various cellular physiological functions including cell survival and glucose metabolism in mammalian cells. Recently, we demonstrated that gingipains attenuate the activity of PI3K and Akt, which might have a causal influence on periodontal diseases by chronic infection to the host cells from the speculation of molecular analysis. In this review, we discuss new molecular and biological characterization of the virulence factors from P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,The Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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11
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Potential Value of a Rice Protein Extract, Containing Proteinaceous Inhibitors against Cysteine Proteinases fromPorphyromonas gingivalis, for Managing Periodontal Diseases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:80-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Ruggiero S, Cosgarea R, Potempa J, Potempa B, Eick S, Chiquet M. Cleavage of extracellular matrix in periodontitis: gingipains differentially affect cell adhesion activities of fibronectin and tenascin-C. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:517-26. [PMID: 23313574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gingipains are cysteine proteases that represent major virulence factors of the periodontopathogenic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Gingipains are reported to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) of periodontal tissues, leading to tissue destruction and apoptosis. The exact mechanism is not known, however. Fibronectin and tenascin-C are pericellular ECM glycoproteins present in periodontal tissues. Whereas fibronectin mediates fibroblast adhesion, tenascin-C binds to fibronectin and inhibits its cell-spreading activity. Using purified proteins in vitro, we asked whether fibronectin and tenascin-C are cleaved by gingipains at clinically relevant concentrations, and how fragmentation by the bacterial proteases affects their biological activity in cell adhesion. Fibronectin was cleaved into distinct fragments by all three gingipains; however, only arginine-specific HRgpA and RgpB but not lysine-specific Kgp destroyed its cell-spreading activity. This result was confirmed with recombinant cell-binding domain of fibronectin. Of the two major tenascin-C splice variants, the large but not the small was a substrate for gingipains, indicating that cleavage occurred primarily in the alternatively spliced domain. Surprisingly, cleavage of large tenascin-C variant by all three gingipains generated fragments with increased anti-adhesive activity towards intact fibronectin. Fibronectin and tenascin-C fragments were detected in gingival crevicular fluid of a subset of periodontitis patients. We conclude that cleavage by gingipains directly affects the biological activity of both fibronectin and tenascin-C in a manner that might lead to increased cell detachment and loss during periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ruggiero
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Singh B, Fleury C, Jalalvand F, Riesbeck K. Human pathogens utilize host extracellular matrix proteins laminin and collagen for adhesion and invasion of the host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:1122-80. [PMID: 22537156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminin (Ln) and collagen are multifunctional glycoproteins that play an important role in cellular morphogenesis, cell signalling, tissue repair and cell migration. These proteins are ubiquitously present in tissues as a part of the basement membrane (BM), constitute a protective layer around blood capillaries and are included in the extracellular matrix (ECM). As a component of BMs, both Lns and collagen(s), thus function as major mechanical containment molecules that protect tissues from pathogens. Invasive pathogens breach the basal lamina and degrade ECM proteins of interstitial spaces and connective tissues using various ECM-degrading proteases or surface-bound plasminogen and matrix metalloproteinases recruited from the host. Most pathogens associated with the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urogenital tracts, as well as with the central nervous system or the skin, have the capacity to bind and degrade Lns and collagen(s) in order to adhere to and invade host tissues. In this review, we focus on the adaptability of various pathogens to utilize these ECM proteins as enhancers for adhesion to host tissues or as a targets for degradation in order to breach the cellular barriers. The major pathogens discussed are Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Yersinia, Treponema, Mycobacterium, Clostridium, Listeria, Porphyromonas and Haemophilus; Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus and Coccidioides; Acanthamoeba, Trypanosoma and Trichomonas; retrovirus and papilloma virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Singh
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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14
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Löhr G, Beikler T, Podbielski A, Standar K, Redanz S, Hensel A. Polyphenols from Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. inhibit in vitro adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis and exert anti-inflammatory cytoprotective effects in KB cells. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 38:457-69. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Guo Y, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:15-44. [PMID: 20712631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Murakami J, Kato T, Kawai S, Akiyama S, Amano A, Morisaki I. Cellular motility of Down syndrome gingival fibroblasts is susceptible to impairment by Porphyromonas gingivalis invasion. J Periodontol 2008; 79:721-7. [PMID: 18380567 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe periodontal breakdown is often associated with Down syndrome (DS); however, the etiology of this condition is not understood fully. Cellular motility of gingival fibroblasts is a critical event for wound healing and regeneration of periodontal tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis is known to be a periodontal pathogen that invades host cells, contributing to periodontal destruction. In this study, we examined the influence of P. gingivalis infection on the motility of DS gingival fibroblasts (DGFs). METHODS DGFs and normal gingival fibroblasts (NGFs) were infected with P. gingivalis with type II fimbriae, and cellular motility was evaluated using an in vitro wounding assay. Protein degradation of alpha5beta1-integrin subunits and a migration-regulating signaling molecule, paxillin, were investigated using specific antibodies. The adhesion to and invasion of fibroblasts by P. gingivalis were determined with a colony forming assay. The gene expressions of alpha5beta1-integrin subunits were also quantified using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS The cellular motility of DGFs was impaired significantly by P. gingivalis compared to NGFs, and the former were invaded readily by P. gingivalis. Further, cellular paxillin from DGFs was degraded markedly by the pathogen. Although protein degradation of alpha5beta1 integrin was induced, its mRNA expression was not affected significantly. CONCLUSIONS P. gingivalis readily invades DGFs and subsequently degrades paxillin, which impairs cellular motility and likely prevents wound healing and the regeneration of periodontal tissues. These characteristics may be involved in the etiology of DS periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Murakami
- Division of Special Care Dentistry, Osaka University Dental Hospital, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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17
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Sheets SM, Robles-Price AG, McKenzie RME, Casiano CA, Fletcher HM. Gingipain-dependent interactions with the host are important for survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:3215-38. [PMID: 18508429 PMCID: PMC3403687 DOI: 10.2741/2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, must acquire nutrients from host derived substrates, overcome oxidative stress and subvert the immune system. These activities can be coordinated via the gingipains which represent the most significant virulence factor produced by this organism. In the context of our contribution to this field, we will review the current understanding of gingipain biogenesis, glycosylation, and regulation, as well as discuss their role in oxidative stress resistance and apoptosis. We can postulate a model, in which gingipains may be part of the mechanism for P. gingivalis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. Sheets
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Antonette G. Robles-Price
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Rachelle M. E. McKenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Carlos A. Casiano
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- The Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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18
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Yamatake K, Maeda M, Kadowaki T, Takii R, Tsukuba T, Ueno T, Kominami E, Yokota S, Yamamoto K. Role for gingipains in Porphyromonas gingivalis traffic to phagolysosomes and survival in human aortic endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2090-100. [PMID: 17296756 PMCID: PMC1865784 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01013-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains are cysteine proteinases that are responsible for the virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Recent studies have shown that P. gingivalis is trapped within autophagic compartments of infected cells, where it promotes survival. In this study we investigated the role of gingipains in the intracellular trafficking and survival of this bacterium in human aortic endothelial cells and any possible involvement of these enzymes in the autophagic pathway. Although autophagic events were enhanced by infection with either wild-type (WT) P. gingivalis strains (ATCC 33277, 381, and W83) or an ATCC 33277 mutant lacking gingipains (KDP136), we have found that more than 90% of intracellular WT and KDP136 colocalized with cathepsin B, a lysosome marker, and only a few of the internalized cells colocalized with LC3, an autophagosome marker, during the 0.5- to 4-h postinfection period. This was further substantiated by immunogold electron microscopic analyses, thus implying that P. gingivalis evades the autophagic pathway and instead directly traffics to the endocytic pathway to lysosomes. At the late stages after infection, WT strains in phagolysosomes retained their double-membrane structures. KDP136 in these compartments, however, lost its double-membrane structures, representing a characteristic feature of its vulnerability to rupture. Together with the ultrastructural observations, we found that the number of intracellular viable WT cells decreased more slowly than that of KDP136 cells, thus suggesting that gingipains contribute to bacterial survival, but not to trafficking, within the infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Yamatake
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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19
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Masuda T, Murakami Y, Noguchi T, Yoshimura F. Effects of various growth conditions in a chemostat on expression of virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3458-67. [PMID: 16672491 PMCID: PMC1472382 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.5.3458-3467.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the gram-negative organisms associated with periodontal disease, possesses potential virulence factors, including fimbriae, proteases, and major outer membrane proteins (OMPs). In this study, P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was cultured in a chemostat under hemin excess and presumably peptide-limiting conditions to better understand the mechanisms of expression of the virulence factors upon environmental changes. At higher growth rates, the amounts of FimA and the 75-kDa protein, forming long and short fimbriae, respectively, increased significantly, whereas gingipains decreased in amount and activity. In a nutrient-limited medium, lesser amounts of the above two fimbrial proteins were observed, whereas clear differences were not found in the amounts of gingipains. In addition, two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that proteins in cells were generally fewer in number during nutrient-limited growth. Under aeration, a considerable reduction in gingipain activity was found, whereas several proteins associated with intact cells significantly increased. However, the expression of major OMPs, such as RagA, RagB, and the OmpA-like proteins, was almost constant under all conditions tested. These results suggest that P. gingivalis may actively control expression of several virulence factors to survive in the widely fluctuating oral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Masuda
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
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20
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Urnowey S, Ansai T, Bitko V, Nakayama K, Takehara T, Barik S. Temporal activation of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors in human gingival fibroblasts infected with the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis: potential role of bacterial proteases in host signalling. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:26. [PMID: 16524480 PMCID: PMC1431544 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is the foremost oral pathogen of adult periodontitis in humans. However, the mechanisms of bacterial invasion and the resultant destruction of the gingival tissue remain largely undefined. Results We report host-P. gingivalis interactions in primary human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. Quantitative immunostaining revealed the need for a high multiplicity of infection for optimal infection. Early in infection (2–12 h), P. gingivalis activated the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappa B, partly via the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway. This was accompanied by the induction of cellular anti-apoptotic genes, including Bfl-1, Boo, Bcl-XL, Bcl2, Mcl-1, Bcl-w and Survivin. Late in infection (24–36 h) the anti-apoptotic genes largely shut down and the pro-apoptotic genes, including Nip3, Hrk, Bak, Bik, Bok, Bax, Bad, Bim and Moap-1, were activated. Apoptosis was characterized by nuclear DNA degradation and activation of caspases-3, -6, -7 and -9 via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Use of inhibitors revealed an anti-apoptotic function of NF-kappa B and PI3 kinase in P. gingivalis-infected HGF cells. Use of a triple protease mutant P. gingivalis lacking three major gingipains (rgpA rgpB kgp) suggested a role of some or all these proteases in myriad aspects of bacteria-gingival interaction. Conclusion The pathology of the gingival fibroblast in P. gingivalis infection is affected by a temporal shift from cellular survival response to apoptosis, regulated by a number of anti- and pro-apoptotic molecules. The gingipain group of proteases affects bacteria-host interactions and may directly promote apoptosis by intracellular proteolytic activation of caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Urnowey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Blvd., Mobile, Alabama 36688-0002, USA
| | - Toshihiro Ansai
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Vira Bitko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Blvd., Mobile, Alabama 36688-0002, USA
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Takehara
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Sailen Barik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Blvd., Mobile, Alabama 36688-0002, USA
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21
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Vanterpool E, Roy F, Fletcher HM. Inactivation of vimF, a putative glycosyltransferase gene downstream of vimE, alters glycosylation and activation of the gingipains in Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3971-82. [PMID: 15972484 PMCID: PMC1168568 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.7.3971-3982.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation/activation of the Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains is poorly understood. A 1.2-kb open reading frame, a putative glycosyltransferase, downstream of vimE, was cloned, insertionally inactivated using the ermF-ermAM antibiotic resistance cassette, and used to create a defective mutant by allelic exchange. In contrast to the wild-type W83 strain, this mutant, designated P. gingivalis FLL95, was nonpigmented and nonhemolytic when plated on Brucella blood agar. Arginine- and lysine-specific gingipain activities were reduced by approximately 97% and 96%, respectively, relative to that of the parent strain. These activities were unaffected by the growth phase, in contrast to the vimA-defective mutant P. gingivalis FLL92. Expression of the rgpA, rgpB, and kgp gingipain genes was unaffected in P. gingivalis FLL95 in comparison to the wild-type strain. In nonactive gingipain extracellular protein fractions, multiple high-molecular-weight proteins immunoreacted with gingipain-specific antibodies. The specific gingipain-associated sugar moiety recognized by monoclonal antibody 1B5 was absent in FLL95. Taken together, these results suggest that the vimE downstream gene, designated vimF (virulence modulating gene F), which is a putative glycosyltransferase group 1, is involved in the regulation of the major virulence factors of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Vanterpool
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
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22
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Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2005; 38:72-122. [PMID: 15853938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Holt
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Sheets SM, Potempa J, Travis J, Casiano CA, Fletcher HM. Gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 induce cell adhesion molecule cleavage and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1543-52. [PMID: 15731052 PMCID: PMC1064927 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.3.1543-1552.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the periodontal pocket and the high levels of gingipain activity detected in gingival crevicular fluid could implicate a role for gingipains in the destruction of the highly vascular periodontal tissue. To explore the effects of these proteases on endothelial cells, we exposed bovine coronary artery endothelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells to gingipain-active extracellular protein preparations and/or purified gingipains from P. gingivalis. Treated cells exhibited a rapid loss of cell adhesion properties that was followed by apoptotic cell death. Cleavage of N- and VE-cadherin and integrin beta1 was observed in immunoblots of cell lysates. There was a direct correlation between the kinetics of cleavage of N- and VE-cadherin and loss of cell adhesion properties. Loss of cell adhesion, as well as N- and VE-cadherin and integrin beta1 cleavage, could be inhibited or significantly delayed by preincubation of P. gingivalis W83 gingipain-active extracellular extracts with the cysteine protease inhibitor Nalpha-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethylketone. Furthermore, purified gingipains also induced endothelial cell detachment and apoptosis. Apoptosis-associated events, including annexin V positivity, caspase-3 activation, and cleavage of the caspase substrates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and topoisomerase I (Topo I), were observed in endothelial cells after detachment. All of the effects observed were correlated with the different levels of cysteine-dependent proteolytic activity of the extracts tested. Taken together, these results indicate that gingipains from P. gingivalis can alter cell adhesion molecules and induce endothelial cell death, which could have implications for the pathogenicity of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Sheets
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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24
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Takii R, Kadowaki T, Baba A, Tsukuba T, Yamamoto K. A functional virulence complex composed of gingipains, adhesins, and lipopolysaccharide shows high affinity to host cells and matrix proteins and escapes recognition by host immune systems. Infect Immun 2005; 73:883-93. [PMID: 15664930 PMCID: PMC547079 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.883-893.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp) are Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine proteinases implicated as major virulence factors in pathologies of periodontitis. We purified a 660-kDa cell-associated gingipain complex existing as a homodimer of two catalytically active monomers which comprises their catalytic and adhesin domains. Electron microscopy revealed that the complex was composed of a globular particle with a 10-nm external diameter possessing one or two electron-dense hole-like structures. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analyses revealed the association of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with the catalytic domains and a hemagglutinin domain, Hgp44, of Rgp and Kgp in the complex. The complex significantly degraded human type I collagen and elastin and strongly disrupted viability of human gingival fibroblasts and umbilical vein endotherial cells with an efficiency which was higher than that of the monomeric gingipains. The native complex produced only a small amount of nitrogen dioxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 by macrophages, whereas the heat-denatured complex resulted in increased production. Inhibition of the proteolytic activities of the gingipain complex did not up-regulate the cytokine production, indicating that the functional domains in LPS are structurally masked by the complex proteins. These results indicate the importance of the complex in evasion of host defense mechanisms as well as in host tissue breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Takii
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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25
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Nakagawa I, Amano A, Inaba H, Kawai S, Hamada S. Inhibitory effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae on interactions between extracellular matrix proteins and cellular integrins. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:157-63. [PMID: 15716056 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2004] [Revised: 10/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a predominant periodontal pathogen, whose fimbriae are considered to be a major virulence factor, especially for bacterial adherence and invasion of host cells. In the present study, we investigated the influence of fimbriae on the interactions between alphavbeta3- and alpha5beta1-integrins and their ligand extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (vitronectin and fibronectin), using human alphavbeta3- and alpha5beta1-integrin-overexpressing CHO cell lines (CHOalphavbeta3 and CHOalpha5beta1, respectively). P. gingivalis was found to have significantly greater binding to CHOalphavbeta3 and CHOalpha5beta1 than to control cells, whereas a fimbria-deficient mutant showed negligible binding to any of the tested cell lines. CHOalphavbeta3 and CHOalpha5beta1 cells attached to the polystyrene culture dishes in the presence of their ligand ECM proteins, while fimbriae markedly inhibited those attachments in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose of fimbriae achieving complete inhibition. In addition, the binding of vitronectin and fibronectin to CHOalphavbeta3 and CHOalpha5beta1 was inhibited by P. gingivalis cells. These results suggest that P. gingivalis fimbriae compete with ECM proteins for alphavbeta3- and alpha5beta1-integrins, and inhibit integrin/ECM protein-related cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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26
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Kadowaki T, Baba A, Abe N, Takii R, Hashimoto M, Tsukuba T, Okazaki S, Suda Y, Asao T, Yamamoto K. Suppression of Pathogenicity ofPorphyromonas gingivalisby Newly Developed Gingipain Inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:1599-606. [PMID: 15361547 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.004366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp) are cysteine proteinases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major etiological bacterium of periodontal diseases. Here we show a series of small peptide analogs able to inhibit either Rgp or Kgp, which are synthesized on the basis of the cleavage site specificity of human salivary histatins by each enzyme. Among this series of compounds, carbobenzoxy-Lys-Arg-CO-Lys-N-(CH2)2 (KYT-1) and carbobenzoxy-Glu(NHN(CH3)Ph)-Lys-CO-NHCH2Ph (KYT-36) were found to be the most potent inhibitors of Rgp and Kgp, respectively, with Ki values of 10(-11) to 10(-10) M order. Both inhibitors exhibited slight or no inhibition on mammalian proteinases such as trypsin and cathepsins B, L, and H. All of the virulence induced by the culture supernatant of P. gingivalis tested, including the degradation of various host proteins such as human type I collagen, immunoglobulins, fibronectin, and fibrinogen, disruption of the bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and enhancement of the vascular permeability, were strongly inhibited by a combined action of both inhibitors. The functions essential for the bacterium to grow and survive in the periodontal pocket, such as coaggregation and acquisition of amino acids, were also strongly inhibited by the combined action of both inhibitors. The disruption of the adhesion and viability of human fibroblasts and hemagglutination by the organism were strongly suppressed by a single use of KYT-1. These results thus indicate that the newly developed KYT-1 and KYT-36 both should provide a broader application in studies of this important class of enzymes and facilitate the development of new approaches to periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Inaba H, Kawai S, Nakayama K, Okahashi N, Amano A. Effect of enamel matrix derivative on periodontal ligament cells in vitro is diminished by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2004; 75:858-65. [PMID: 15295953 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.6.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to possess a mitogenic effect to induce effective periodontal regeneration, however, it is unclear whether periodontal pathogens can modulate the effect of EMD. The present study examined the influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis on EMD-stimulated periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. METHODS P. gingivalis ATCC33277 and its mutants deficient in fimbriae (delta fimA) or gingipains (delta rgpA delta rgpB, delta kgp, and delta rgpA delta rgpB delta kgp) were employed. PDL cells were grown on EMD-coated dishes and infected with P. gingivalis wild strain or a mutant. Cell migration and proliferation were then evaluated with an in vitro wound healing assay. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA by PDL cells was examined. Further, the degradation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) as well as paxillin in infected PDL cells were estimated using Western blot analysis. RESULTS P. gingivalis ATCC33277 inhibited the migration and proliferation of PDL cells on EMD-coated dishes, and the mutants delta fimA, delta rgpA delta rgpB, and delta kgp showed the same effects. Further, each of these organisms diminished the expression of TGF-beta1 and IGF-I mRNA, as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 from EMD-stimulated PDL cells. In addition, total paxillin protein was markedly degraded by both the wild-type strain and each of the mutants except for delta rgpA delta rgpB delta kgp, which showed a negligible effect in all of the assays with EMD-stimulated PDL cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that P. gingivalis diminishes the effect of EMD on PDL cells in vitro through a cooperative action of gingipains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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Kadowaki T, Kitano S, Baba A, Takii R, Hashimoto M, Katunuma N, Yamamoto K. Isolation and characterization of a novel and potent inhibitor of Arg-gingipain from Streptomyces sp. strain FA-70. Biol Chem 2003; 384:911-20. [PMID: 12887058 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arg-gingipain (Rgp) is a major cysteine proteinase produced by the oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is a major pathogen of advanced periodontal diseases. This enzyme is important for the bacterium both to exhibit its virulence and to survive in periodontal pockets. The development of Rgp inhibitors thus provides new therapeutic approaches to periodontal diseases. In this study, we first isolated and purified a novel and potent inhibitor of Rgp from the culture supernatant of Streptomyces species strain FA-70, now designated as FA-70C1. This compound was found to be an antipain analog composed of phenylalanyl-ureido-citrullinyl-valinyl-cycloarginal (C27H43N9O7). The Ki value was calculated to be 4.5x10(-9) M when benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-arginine-4-methly-coumaryl-7-amide was used as a substrate. This compound also inhibited cathepsins B, L, and H, though their Ki values were much higher than that of Rgp. FA-70C1 had little or no inhibitory activity on Lys-gingipain, another cysteine proteinase of P. gingivalis. The Rgp-induced degradation of various human proteins was completely blocked by this inhibitor. Disruption of both the bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the viability of human fibroblasts and umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by the culture supernatant of P. gingivalis was suppressed by the inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner. The enhancement of vascular permeability induced by in vivo administration of the culture supernatant of P. gingivalis was strongly inhibited by the inhibitor. Furthermore, the growth of P. gingivalis was suppressed by FA-70C1 in a dose-dependent manner. These results strongly suggest that FA-70C1 is a useful tool to prevent the virulence of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Baba A, Kadowaki T, Asao T, Yamamoto K. Roles for Arg- and Lys-gingipains in the disruption of cytokine responses and loss of viability of human endothelial cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1223-30. [PMID: 12437109 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that periodontal disease is associated with human cardiovascular diseases. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis was shown to be present in atherosclerotic plaques in addition to periodontal pockets. This bacterium is known to produce two individual cysteine proteinases, Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp). Here we show that these two enzymes are responsible for either the disruption of cytokine responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to the bacterium infection or the loss of cell viability. The expression of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA in HUVEC was greatly induced when infected with the wild-type strain, nevertheless, their protein levels in the culture medium were markedly decreased. This decrease was completely abolished in the cells infected with the Rgp/Kgp-null mutant, but not in either the Rgp- or Kgp-null mutants. Loss of the adhesion activity and viability of HUVEC were greatly induced by the culture supernatant of the wild-type strain and strongly inhibited by either a combination of the Rgp- and the Kgp-specific inhibitors or the deficiency of the Rgp- and Kgp-encoding genes. These findings indicate that P. gingivalis modulates the cytokine response in the cells and disrupts the adhesion activity and the viability through the cooperative action of Rgp and Kgp and thereby may contribute to pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases as well as periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyo Baba
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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