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Lee MC, Chen YK, Tsai-Wu JJ, Hsu YJ, Lin BR. Zinc supplementation augments the suppressive effects of repurposed NF-κB inhibitors on ACE2 expression in human lung cell lines. Life Sci 2021; 280:119752. [PMID: 34171382 PMCID: PMC8219909 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and also a major receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we reveal a role for NF-κB in human lung cell expression of ACE2, and we further explore the potential utility of repurposing NF-κB inhibitors to downregulate ACE2. Main methods Expression of ACE2 was assessed by Western blotting and RT-qPCR in multiple human lung cell lines with or without NF-κB inhibitor treatment. Surface ACE2 expression and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured with flow cytometry. p50 was knocked down with siRNA. Cytotoxicity was monitored by PARP cleavage and MTS assay. Key findings Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an NF-κB inhibitor, suppressed endogenous ACE2 mRNA and protein expression in H322M and Calu-3 cells. The ROS level in H322M cells was increased after PDTC treatment, and pretreatment with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) reversed PDTC-induced ACE2 suppression. Meanwhile, treatment with hydrogen peroxide augmented ACE2 suppression in H322M cells with p50 knockdown. Two repurposed NF-κB inhibitors, the anthelmintic drug triclabendazole and the antiprotozoal drug emetine, also reduced ACE2 mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, zinc supplementation augmented the suppressive effects of triclabendazole and emetine on ACE2 expression in H322M and Calu-3 cells. Significance These results suggest that ACE2 expression is modulated by ROS and NF-κB signaling in human lung cells, and the combination of zinc with triclabendazole or emetine shows promise for clinical treatment of ACE2-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yin-Kai Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Hematology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 10672, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jyy-Jih Tsai-Wu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yih-Jen Hsu
- Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bor-Ru Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, ROC.
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Abstract
Across all kingdoms in the tree of life, calcium (Ca2+) is an essential element used by cells to respond and adapt to constantly changing environments. In multicellular organisms, it plays fundamental roles during fertilization, development and adulthood. The inability of cells to regulate Ca2+ can lead to pathological conditions that ultimately culminate in cell death. One such pathological condition is manifested in Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurological disorder in humans, which is characterized by the aggregation of the protein, α-synuclein. This Review discusses current evidence that implicates Ca2+ in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Understanding the mechanisms by which Ca2+ signaling contributes to the progression of this disease will be crucial for the development of effective therapies to combat this devastating neurological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia V Zaichick
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M McGrath
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Bodiga VL, Inapurapu SP, Vemuri PK, Kudle MR, Bodiga S. Intracellular zinc status influences cisplatin-induced endothelial permeability through modulation of PKCα, NF-κB and ICAM-1 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:355-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Functional role of inorganic trace elements in angiogenesis-Part II: Cr, Si, Zn, Cu, and S. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:143-55. [PMID: 26088455 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements play critical roles in angiogenesis events. The effects of nitrogen, iron, selenium, phosphorus, gold, and calcium were discussed in part I. In part II, we evaluated the effect of chromium, silicon, zinc, copper, and sulfur on different aspects of angiogenesis, with critical roles in healing and regeneration processes, and undeniable roles in tumor growth and cancer therapy. This review is the second of series that serves as an overview of the role of inorganic elements in regulation of angiogenesis and vascular function. The methods of exposure, structure, mechanism, and potential activity of these trace elements are briefly discussed. An electronic search was performed on the role of these trace elements in angiogenesis from January 2005 to April 2014. The recent aspects of the relationship between five different trace elements and their role in regulation of angiogenesis, and homeostasis of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors were assessed. Many studies have investigated the effects and importance of these elements in angiogenesis events. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on angiogenesis are observed for the evaluated elements. Chromium can promote angiogenesis in pathological manners. Silicon as silica nanoparticles is anti-angiogenic, while in calcium silicate extracts and bioactive silicate glasses promote angiogenesis. Zinc is an anti-angiogenic agent acting on important genes and growth factors. Copper and sulfur compositions have pro-angiogenic functions by activating pro-angiogenic growth factors and promoting endothelial cells migration, growth, and tube formation. Thus, utilization of these elements may provide a unique opportunity to modulate angiogenesis under various setting.
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Cau SBA, Guimaraes DA, Rizzi E, Ceron CS, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. The Nuclear Factor kappaB Inhibitor Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Prevents Cardiac Remodelling and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Up-Regulation in Renovascular Hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 117:234-41. [PMID: 25816715 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Imbalanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is involved in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy. Pharmacological inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-кB) with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) can prevent MMP up-regulation. We suggested that treatment with PDTC could prevent 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) hypertension-induced left ventricular remodelling. Sham-operated controls or 2K1C rats with hypertension received either vehicle or PDTC (100 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was monitored every week. Histological assessment of left ventricles was carried out with haematoxylin/eosin sections, and fibrosis was quantified in picrosirius red-stained sections. Oxidative stress was evaluated in heart samples with the dihydroethidium probe. Cardiac MMP activity was determined by in situ zymography, and cardiac MMP-2 was assessed by immunofluorescence. 2K1C surgery significantly increased systolic blood pressure in the 2K1C vehicle. PDTC exerted antihypertensive effects after 2 weeks of treatment. Histology revealed increased left ventricular and septum wall thickness associated with augmented myocyte diameter in hypertensive rats, which were reversed by treatment with PDTC. Hypertensive rats developed pronounced cardiac fibrosis with increased interstitial collagen area, increased cardiac reactive oxygen species levels, gelatinase activity and MMP-2 expression. PDTC treatment decreased these alterations. These findings show that PDTC modulates myocardial MMP-2 expression and ameliorates cardiac remodelling in renovascular hypertension. These results suggest that interfering with MMP expression at transcriptional level may be an interesting strategy in the therapy of organ damage associated with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefany B A Cau
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle A Guimaraes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elen Rizzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla S Ceron
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Gerlach
- Department of Morphology, Estomatology and Physiology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose E Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Valerio MS, Herbert BA, Basilakos DS, Browne C, Yu H, Kirkwood KL. Critical role of MKP-1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclast formation through CXCL1 and CXCL2. Cytokine 2014; 71:71-80. [PMID: 25261746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoclast (OC) progenitors (OCP) have been defined in the bone marrow (BM) as CD3(-)CD45R(B220)(-)GR1(-)CD11b(lo/)(-)CD115(+) (dOCP) and more recently in the peripheral blood (PB) as Lym(-)Ly6G(-)CD11b(+)Ly6C(+). These progenitors respond to stimuli, including LPS from periopathogenic Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, activating MAPK signaling, resulting in cytokine/chemokine-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Intracellular negative signaling pathways, including MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1, gene Dusp1) deactivate MAPK pathways (p-p38 and p-JNK) and reduce inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. OBJECTIVE To delineate the role of MKP-1 in chemokine-mediated OC formation using defined OC progenitor populations. Given its role in innate immune inflammatory signaling, we hypothesize that MKP-1 regulates LPS-induced OC formation from BM OCP through deregulated chemokines. METHODS BM and PB from WT and Dusp1(-/-) female mice (8-12weeks) was obtained and sorted into defined progenitor populations. BM sorted dOCP were primed with MCSF and RANKL (48h), blocked with vehicle or chemokine blocking antibodies and stimulated with LPS (48-96h). TRAP assay and OC activity were measured for OC formation and activity following treatments. NanoString Array and qPCR were utilized for gene expression analysis. RESULTS Dusp1(-/-) dOCPs formed more and larger osteoclasts from CD11b(hi) and dOCP compared to matched WT (P<0.05 each). PB-derived dOCP produced larger and more functional osteoclasts from Dusp1(-/-) mice compared to WT controls. NanoString array data revealed significant deregulation in chemokine expression from Dusp1(-/-) versus WT cells. qPCR validation of target genes revealed that Dusp1 deficient CD11b(+) populations display 1.5-3.5-fold greater expression of CXCL1 and 2-3-fold greater expression of CXCL2 compared to WT in CD11b(hi) and dOCP (P<0.05 each). Antibody blocking studies using anti-CXCL1 and CXCL2 antibodies blunted osteoclastogenesis in Dusp1(-/-) cells. CONCLUSION MKP-1 negatively regulates chemokine-driven OC formation and subsequent bone resorption in response to LPS stimulation. Collectively, these data provide useful insight into mechanisms potentially leading to the development of therapeutic treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Valerio
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Bethany A Herbert
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Dimitrios S Basilakos
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Courtney Browne
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Keith L Kirkwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Madonna R, Geng YJ, Bolli R, Rokosh G, Ferdinandy P, Patterson C, De Caterina R. Co-activation of nuclear factor-κB and myocardin/serum response factor conveys the hypertrophy signal of high insulin levels in cardiac myoblasts. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19585-98. [PMID: 24855642 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia contributes to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in patients with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Here, high circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α may synergize with insulin in signaling inflammation and cardiac hypertrophy. We tested whether high insulin affects activation of TNF-α-induced NF-κB and myocardin/serum response factor (SRF) to convey hypertrophy signaling in cardiac myoblasts. In canine cardiac myoblasts, treatment with high insulin (10(-8) to 10(-7) m) for 0-24 h increased insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylation at Ser-307, decreased protein levels of chaperone-associated ubiquitin (Ub) E3 ligase C terminus of heat shock protein 70-interacting protein (CHIP), increased SRF activity, as well as β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) and myocardin expressions. Here siRNAs to myocardin or NF-κB, as well as CHIP overexpression prevented (while siRNA-mediated CHIP disruption potentiated) high insulin-induced SR element (SRE) activation and β-MHC expression. Insulin markedly potentiated TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Compared with insulin alone, insulin+TNF-α increased SRF/SRE binding and β-MHC expression, which was reversed by the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and by NF-κB silencing. In the hearts of db/db diabetic mice, in which Akt phosphorylation was decreased, p38MAPK, Akt1, and IRS-1 phosphorylation at Ser-307 were increased, together with myocardin expression as well as SRE and NF-κB activities. In response to high insulin, cardiac myoblasts increase the expression or the promyogenic transcription factors myocardin/SRF in a CHIP-dependent manner. Insulin potentiates TNF-α in inducing NF-κB and SRF/SRE activities. In hyperinsulinemic states, myocardin may act as a nuclear effector of insulin, promoting cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Madonna
- From the Texas Heart Institute and University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, the Institute of Cardiology, and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- From the Texas Heart Institute and University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Roberto Bolli
- the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary, and
| | - Cam Patterson
- the Center for Molecular Cardiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- the Institute of Cardiology, and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University, 66100 Chieti, Italy,
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Designed Chemical Intervention with Thiols for Prophylactic Contraception. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67365. [PMID: 23826278 PMCID: PMC3694959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike somatic cells, sperm have several-fold more available-thiols that are susceptible to redox-active agents. The present study explains the mechanism behind the instant sperm-immobilizing and trichomonacidal activities of pyrrolidinium pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate (PPC), a novel thiol agent rationally created for prophylactic contraception by minor chemical modifications of some known thiol drugs. PPC, and its three derivatives (with potential active-site blocked by alkylation), were synthesized and evaluated against live human sperm and metronidazole-susceptible and resistant Trichomonas vaginalis, in vitro. Sperm hexokinase activity was evaluated by coupled enzyme assay. PPC irreversibly immobilized 100% human sperm in ∼30 seconds and totally eliminated Trichomonas vaginalis more efficiently than nonoxynol-9 and metronidazole. It significantly inhibited (P<0.001) thiol-sensitive sperm hexokinase. However, the molecule completely lost all its biological activities once its thiol group was blocked by alkylation. PPC was subsequently formulated into a mucoadhesive vaginal film using GRaS excipients and evaluated for spermicidal and microbicidal activities (in vitro), and contraceptive efficacy in rabbits. PPC remained fully active in quick-dissolving, mucoadhesive vaginal-film formulation, and these PPC-films significantly reduced pregnancy and fertility rates in rabbits. The films released ∼90% of PPC in simulated vaginal fluid (pH 4.2) at 37°C in 5 minutes, in vitro. We have thus discovered a common target (reactive thiols) on chiefly-anaerobic, redox-sensitive cells like sperm and Trichomonas, which is susceptible to designed chemical interference for prophylactic contraception. The active thiol in PPC inactivates sperm and Trichomonas via interference with crucial sulfhydryl-disulfide based reactions, e.g. hexokinase activation in human sperm. In comparison to non-specific surfactant action of OTC spermicide nonoxynol-9, the action of thiol-active PPC is apparently much more specific, potent and safe. PPC presents a proof-of-concept for prophylactic contraception via manipulation of thiols in vagina for selective targeting of sperm and Trichomonas, and qualifies as a promising lead for the development of dually protective vaginal-contraceptive.
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Nagy EM, Sitran S, Montopoli M, Favaro M, Marchiò L, Caparrotta L, Fregona D. Zinc(II) complexes with dithiocarbamato derivatives: Structural characterisation and biological assays on cancerous cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 117:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Nagy EM, Pettenuzzo A, Boscutti G, Marchiò L, Dalla Via L, Fregona D. Ruthenium(II/III)-Based Compounds with Encouraging Antiproliferative Activity against Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer. Chemistry 2012; 18:14464-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kumar L, Jain A, Lal N, Sarswat A, Jangir S, Kumar L, Singh V, Shah P, Jain SK, Maikhuri JP, Siddiqi MI, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Potentiating Metronidazole Scaffold against Resistant Trichomonas: Design, Synthesis, Biology and 3D-QSAR Analysis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:83-7. [PMID: 24900434 DOI: 10.1021/ml200161t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole (MTZ), the FDA-approved drug against Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), is being challenged seriously by drug resistance, while its inertness to sperm makes it ineffective as a vaginal contraceptive. Thirteen piperidine dithiocarbamate hybrids of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethane (8-20) were designed to potentiate the MTZ framework against drug resistance and sperm. New compounds were 1.2-12.1 times more effective against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant strains of TV. All of the compounds exhibited high safety toward cervical (HeLa) cells and Lactobacillus. Thirty-eight compounds were scrutinized by CoMFA and CoMSIA techniques of 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship. Good predictive r pred (2) values for CoMFA and CoMSIA models reflected the robustness of the predictive ability. This was validated by designing five new analogues (46-50), which were potently microbicidal (3-10 and 10-20 times against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant TV, respectively) and spermicidal. This in vitro study may have significant clinical relevance, which could become evident in due course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Swatantra K. Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India
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Rudolf E, Cervinka M. External zinc stimulates proliferation of tumor Hep-2 cells by active modulation of key signaling pathways. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2008; 22:149-61. [PMID: 18565427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effect of external zinc supplementation (10 and 35 micromol) on cell proliferation and mitogenic signaling of Hep-2 tumor cells was examined during 72 h of treatment. Zinc levels were manipulated by using zinc-free cultivation medium with or without addition of zinc ions. Proliferation of Hep-2 cells exposed to zinc-free medium decreased in a time-dependent manner and corresponded to decreasing intracellular zinc content. Hep-2 cells accumulated in G(0)/G(1) phase, showed reduced abundance of AKT and NF-kappaB as well as of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins. Zinc supplied to Hep-2 cells maintained in the presence of zinc-free medium stimulated their proliferation as well as mitogenic signaling which paralleled increasing intracellular zinc content. In zinc-exposed Hep-2 cells, several changes in various mitogenic signaling pathways were noted such as enhanced expression of p53, AKT and MAP kinases, NF-kappaB and increased DNA binding of AP-1 family. Also, supplementation with zinc of Hep-2 cells resulted in the suppression of key apoptotic molecules such as Bax protein and increased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins. Since only the highest supplied zinc concentration (35 micromol) induced oxidative stress, it is reasoned that the observed activation of pro-survival signaling occurs both directly and indirectly. These data show that zinc may stimulate growth and proliferation of some tumor cells by a combination of internal mechanisms with a varying contribution of external signaling pathways too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Dieter Rudorf
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
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Evseev AV, Kovalyova VL, Krylov IA, Parfyonov EA. Complex N-acetyl-L-cysteine compounds with biometals as self-defense factors of biological system. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 142:22-5. [PMID: 17369893 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of complex N-acetyl-L-cysteine compounds with transitional biometals on the inflammatory and adaptation reactions. Some compounds were superior to known antihypoxants and actoprotectors and exhibited significant antiinflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Evseev
- Laboratory of Normal Physiology, Smolensk State Medical Academy
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15
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Das D, Tapryal N, Goswami S, Fox P, Mukhopadhyay C. Regulation of ceruloplasmin in human hepatic cells by redox active copper: identification of a novel AP-1 site in the ceruloplasmin gene. Biochem J 2007; 402:135-41. [PMID: 17032174 PMCID: PMC1783982 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cp (ceruloplasmin), a copper containing plasma protein, mainly synthesized in the liver, is known to be functional between the interface of iron and copper metabolism. We have reported previously that Cp is regulated by cellular iron status, but the process of the regulation of Cp by copper still remains a subject for investigation. In the present paper, we show that PDTC (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate), a thiol compound widely known to increase intracellular redox copper, regulates Cp expression in hepatic cells by a copper-dependent transcriptional mechanism. To find out the mechanism of induction, chimeric constructs of the Cp 5'-flanking region driving luciferase were transfected into human hepatic cells. Deletion and mutational analyses showed the requirement of a novel APRE [AP-1 (activator protein-1) responsive element] present about 3.7 kb upstream of the translation initiation site. The role of AP-1 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility-shift analysis. Western blot and overexpression studies detected the AP-1 as a heterodimer of c-jun and c-fos proteins. The activation of AP-1 was found to be copper-dependent as a specific extracellular chelator bathocuproine disulfonic acid blocked PDTC-mediated induction of AP-1-DNA binding and increased reporter gene activity. Whereas, in a copper-free medium, PDTC failed to activate either AP-1 or Cp synthesis, supplementation of copper could reverse AP-1 activation and Cp synthesis. Our finding is not only the first demonstration of regulation of Cp by redox copper but may also explain previous findings of increased Cp expression in cancers like hepatocarcinoma, where the intracellular copper level is higher in a redox compromised environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dola Das
- *Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
- †School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Nisha Tapryal
- *Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Shyamal K. Goswami
- *Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
- †School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Paul L. Fox
- ‡Department of Cell Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, U.S.A
| | - Chinmay K. Mukhopadhyay
- *Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Szotowski B, Antoniak S, Goldin-Lang P, Tran QV, Pels K, Rosenthal P, Bogdanov VY, Borchert HH, Schultheiss HP, Rauch U. Antioxidative treatment inhibits the release of thrombogenic tissue factor from irradiation- and cytokine-induced endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73:806-12. [PMID: 17266944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the antioxidants pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the ionizing radiation (IR)- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced tissue factor (TF) expression and its release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS HUVECs were irradiated with a single dose of either 5 Gy or 10 Gy and stimulated with TNF-alpha (10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of PDTC and NAC, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and TF activity measurements were performed, including TF activity in the supernatant. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric active caspase-3 measurement and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by chemiluminescence. RESULTS We demonstrated a thus far uninvestigated persistent induction of TF expression in HUVECs after treatment with IR and TNF-alpha. Combined stimulation with IR and TNF-alpha led to an immense shedding of microparticle-associated TF which was positively correlated with apoptosis and ROS formation. Antioxidative pre-treatment reduced not only apoptosis and ROS formation, but also the release of thrombogenic microparticles. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidative treatment inhibited apoptosis and shedding of microparticles, thereby reducing thrombogenicity. Thus, antioxidants may help to prevent late thrombosis after antiproliferative treatment when used in combination with anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Szotowski
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Chen M, Li W, Wang N, Zhu Y, Wang X. ROS and NF-kappaB but not LXR mediate IL-1beta signaling for the downregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C1493-501. [PMID: 17135302 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00016.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a pivotal regulator of cholesterol efflux from cells to apolipoproteins, plays an important role in cholesterol homeostasis. As an inflammatory factor, IL-1beta has been shown to downregulate ABCA1 in macrophages and facilitates foam cell formation. However, the molecular mechanism underlining the downregulated ABCA1 by IL-1beta is still elusive. In the present study, we demonstrated that IL-1beta downregulated ABCA1 but not ABCG1 at mRNA and protein levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner in THP-1 and A549 cells. IL-1beta attenuated ABCA1 promoter activity through an LXR (liver X receptor)-independent pathway, since IL-1beta did not alter the expression and activities of LXRalpha/beta, and deletion of the LXR responsive element from the ABCA1 promoter failed to reverse the IL-1beta effect. In contrast, NF-kappaB inhibition by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and MG132 prevented the suppression of ABCA1 by IL-1beta. Cotransfection with ABCA1 luciferase reporter and the expression plasmids of Rel A decreased ABCA1 promoter activities. An adenovirus expressing NF-kappaB inhibitor subunit-alpha inhibited NF-kappaB activities and also reversed the IL-1beta effect at the promoter activity and protein levels of ABCA1. In addition, IL-1beta could induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a scavenger of ROS, reversed the decreased level of ABCA1 induced by IL-1beta. H(2)O(2) decreased ABCA1 at the mRNA and protein levels and the promoter activity. Thus our data provide strong evidence that ROS and NF-kappaB, but not LXR, mediate the IL-1beta-induced downregulation of ABCA1 via a novel transcriptional mechanism, which might play an important role of proinflammation in the alteration of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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18
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Nooteboom A, Bleichrodt RP, Hendriks T. Modulation of endothelial monolayer permeability induced by plasma obtained from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:362-9. [PMID: 16634811 PMCID: PMC1809663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the time course of the permeability response of endothelial monolayers after exposure to plasma obtained from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human whole blood; to investigate the role of apoptosis in monolayer permeability, and to inhibit the permeability increase, particularly after addition of the plasma stimulus. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured on semiporous membranes and the permeability for albumin was measured after exposure, according to different schedules, to LPS-conditioned plasma. Apoptotic HUVEC were measured by both flow cytometry and ELISA. A variety of agents, including antibodies against cytokines, inhibitors of NF-kappaB, and a caspase inhibitor, were added to HUVEC, either prior to or after the stimulus. A maximum increase of the permeability was achieved after 4-6 h of exposure to LPS-conditioned plasma. This response was not accompanied by an increase in the number of apoptotic HUVEC. Administration of antibodies against both Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) to HUVEC within 1 h after stimulation significantly reduced the permeability increase. Similarly, pyrollidine di-thiocarbamate (PDTC), but not N-acetylcysteine, could prevent the permeability response, and was still effective when added within 2 h after LPS-conditioned plasma. The TNF-alpha/IL-1beta signal present in LPS-conditioned plasma appears to increase endothelial permeability through intracellular pathways that very likely involve the activation of NF-kappaB. Although poststimulatory inhibition of the permeability response proves to be possible with agents such as PDTC, the window of opportunity appears very small if placed in a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nooteboom
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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19
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Abstract
Human alveolar macrophages play a critical role in host defense and in the development of inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. Unlike their precursor cells, blood monocytes, alveolar macrophages are long-lived and tend to be resistant to apoptotic stimuli. In this study, we examined the role of differentiation in altering baseline phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/Akt activity. We found that differentiation increased activity of pro-survival PI 3-kinase/Akt while decreasing amounts of the negative PI 3-kinase regulator, PTEN. PTEN is a lipid phosphatase with activity against phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3), the major bioactive product of PI 3-kinase. Examining in vivo differentiation of alveolar macrophages (by comparing blood monocytes to alveolar macrophages from single donors), we found that differentiation resulted in increased baseline reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the alveolar macrophages. This led to a deficiency in PTEN, increased activity of Akt, and prolonged survival of alveolar macrophages. These data support the hypothesis that alterations in ROS levels contribute to macrophage homeostasis by altering the balance between PI 3-kinase/Akt and the phosphatase, PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Flaherty
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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20
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Torchinsky A, Gongadze M, Savion S, Fein A, Toder V. Differential teratogenic response of TNFα+/+ and TNFα−/− mice to cyclophosphamide: The possible role of NF-κB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 76:437-44. [PMID: 16933209 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We observed previously that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-knockout embryos are more sensitive to a cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced teratogenic insult than their TNFalpha-positive counterparts, implicating molecules acting in TNFalpha-activated antiapoptotic pathways in the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The main goal of this study was to assess whether the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) may be 1 of those molecules. Such a choice is based by evidence demonstrating TNFalpha as a powerful activator of NF-kappaB and a key role of the transcription factor in the most effective TNFalpha-activated antiapoptotic cascade. Also, the expression pattern of active caspases 3, 8, and 9 was researched to assess the sensitivity of TNFalpha+/+ and TNFalpha-/- embryos to CP-induced apoptotic stimuli. METHODS TNFalpha-knockout mice were exposed to CP on day 12 of pregnancy, with or without an NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and sacrificed on day 18 of pregnancy to evaluate the CP-induced teratogenic effect. Embryos harvested 24 or 48 hr after the CP treatment were used to evaluate NF-kappaB DNA-binding and activity of caspases 3, 8, and 9. RESULTS PDTC potentiated the CP-induced teratogenic effect and augmented the CP-induced suppression of NF-kappaB DNA-binding. These effects were more prominent in TNFalpha-/- than TNFalpha+/+ embryos. CP-induced caspase activation was found to be similar in TNFalpha-/- and TNFalpha+/+ embryos at 24 hr after treatment. At 48 hr, TNFalpha-/- embryos exhibited higher levels of active caspases 8 and 9 than their TNFalpha-positive counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study allow us to hypothesize that NF-kappaB may be a component of mechanisms underlying differential sensitivity of TNFalpha-/- and TNFalpha+/+ mice to CP-induced teratogenic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Torchinsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Norberto F, Araújo MEM, Santos L, Jaime MSP, Mateus PMV, Hervés P. Synthesis of Phenyl Arylsulfonyl-alkyl-dithiocarbamates and Their Hydrolytic Reactivity in Hydroxide and Hydroperoxide Media. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Parodi FE, Mao D, Ennis TL, Bartoli MA, Thompson RW. Suppression of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice by treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an antioxidant inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41:479-89. [PMID: 15838484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are prominent mediators of the connective tissue destruction that characterizes abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is a cytokine-responsive transcription factor that promotes macrophage MMP expression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aneurysmal degeneration is influenced by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a pharmacologic inhibitor of NF-kappaB. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice underwent transient elastase perfusion of the abdominal aorta to induce the development of AAAs. Animals were treated every 48 hours by intraperitoneal injection with either saline (n = 34) or PDTC 20 mg/kg (n = 49). Aortic diameter (AD) measurements were used to determine the extent of aortic dilatation before and immediately after elastase perfusion and again at day 14. RESULTS All saline-treated mice developed AAAs associated with mononuclear inflammation and destruction of medial elastin (overall increase in AD, mean +/- SEM, 169.1% +/- 7.5%). In contrast, the incidence of AAAs was only 63% in PDTC-treated mice, with a reduction in the overall increase in AD to 109.8% +/- 4.2% ( P < .0001 vs saline), decreased inflammation, and structural preservation of aortic wall connective tissue. Although aneurysm development in saline-treated mice was associated with a marked increase in aortic tissue NF-kappaB and activator protein 1 DNA-binding activities, both activities were substantially reduced in PDTC-treated animals. PDTC-treated mice also exhibited significantly lower serum and aortic wall concentrations of interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6, as well as lower amounts of aortic wall MMP-9, as compared with saline-treated controls. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with PDTC inhibits elastase-induced experimental AAAs in the mouse, along with suppression of aortic wall NF-kappaB and activator protein 1 transcription factor activities, reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and suppression of MMP-9. NF-kappaB is therefore a potentially important therapeutic target for the suppression of aneurysmal degeneration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Development and progression of human AAAs is associated with inflammation and enzymatic degradation of connective tissue proteins. MMP-9 is one of the enzymes involved in aneurysm disease, and its production may be induced in part by activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. In this mouse model, treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (a pharmacologic inhibitor of NF-kappaB) acted to suppress MMP-9 and aneurysm development. It is hoped that treatment strategies that target NF-kappaB may eventually be shown to suppress the growth of small aortic aneurysms in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico E Parodi
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, One Barnes-Jewish Hospital Plaza, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Jiang MZ, Tsukahara H, Hayakawa K, Todoroki Y, Tamura S, Ohshima Y, Hiraoka M, Mayumi M. Effects of antioxidants and NO on TNF-alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Respir Med 2004; 99:580-91. [PMID: 15823455 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate the vascular inflammatory response via upregulation of adhesion molecules on the endothelium. Recent observations suggest that reactive oxygen intermediates may play a pivotal role in TNF-alpha signaling and upregulate gene expression. We therefore evaluated the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 0.1 mM) and spermine NONOate (Sper-NO; 1 mM) on adhesion molecule expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation induced by TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) in cultured human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC). Treatment of cells with TNF-alpha for 4 h significantly induced the surface expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1. Treatment with TNF-alpha for 8 h significantly induced the surface expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The upregulation of these adhesion molecules was suppressed significantly by pretreatment with PDTC or Sper-NO for 1 h. 8-Bromo-cyclic GMP (1 mM) had no such effect, suggesting that the NO donor's effect was non-cGMP-dependent. The mRNA expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and activation of NF-kappaB induced by TNF-alpha for 2 h were decreased significantly by the above two pretreatments. N-acetylcysteine (10 mM) and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (1 mM) had little inhibitory effects on the cell surface and mRNA expression of these adhesion molecules stimulated by TNF-alpha. Treatment with TNF-alpha for 4 h enhanced HL-60 leukocyte adhesion to human PMVEC, the effect of which was inhibited significantly by pretreatment with PDTC or Sper-NO. These findings indicate that both cell surface and mRNA expression of adhesion molecules in human PMVEC induced by TNF-alpha are inhibited significantly by pretreatment with PDTC or Sper-NO, possibly in part through blocking the activation of NF-kappaB. Although our in vitro results cannot be directly extrapolated to the in vivo situation, they suggest a potential therapeutic approach for intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Zu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Shukla A, Flanders T, Lounsbury KM, Mossman BT. The γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase and Glutathione Regulate Asbestos-induced Expression of Activator Protein-1 Family Members and Activity. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7780-6. [PMID: 15520183 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Asbestos fibers cause persistent increases in activator protein-1 (AP-1) family member proto-oncogenes in lung epithelial and mesothelial cells that are linked to proliferation and cell transformation. Using lung epithelial cells, the progenitor cells of lung cancers, we report that crocidolite asbestos initially depletes intracellular glutathione followed by up-regulation of both catalytic and modifier subunits of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. In vivo asbestos inhalation experiments confirm increased protein levels of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in mouse lungs. We also show that asbestos-induced mRNA levels of fos/jun proto-oncogenes, fra-1 transactivation, and AP-1 to DNA binding activity are glutathione-dependent. Epidermal growth factor receptor activity by asbestos is blocked by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, suggesting that it is an initial redox-activated event leading to downstream AP-1 proto-oncogene up-regulation. The overexpression of subunits of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in combination completely blocked asbestos-induced up-regulation of AP-1 proto-oncogene expression. However, when overexpressed individually, the modifier subunit had more dramatic effects than the catalytic subunit. Our work shows that the glutathione-controlled redox status of the epithelial cell plays a pivotal role in asbestos-induced epidermal growth factor receptor and proto-oncogene activation as well as AP-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Shukla
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Kim I, Kim CH, Kim JH, Lee J, Choi JJ, Chen ZA, Lee MG, Chung KC, Hsu CY, Ahn YS. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and zinc inhibit proteasome-dependent proteolysis. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:229-38. [PMID: 15242777 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes play important roles in a variety of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, signal transduction and immune responses. Proteasome activity is important in maintaining rapid turnover of short-lived proteins, as well as preventing accumulation of misfolded or damaged proteins. Alteration in ubiquitin-proteasome function may be detrimental to its crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Here, we have found that treatment of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a zinc ionophore, resulted in the accumulation of several proteasome substrates including p53 and p21 in HeLa cells. The PDTC effect was due to an extended half-life of these proteins through the mobilization of zinc. PDTC and/or zinc also increased fluorescence intensity of Ub(G76V)-GFP fusion protein that is degraded rapidly by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Treatment of cells with zinc induced formation of ubiquitinated inclusions in the centrosome, a histological marker of proteasome inhibition. Western blotting showed zinc-induced increase in laddering bands of polyubiquitin-conjugated proteins. In vitro study, zinc inhibited the ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradations of p21 and alpha-synuclein. These results suggest that zinc may modulate cell functions through its action on the turnover of proteins that are susceptible to proteasome-dependent proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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Jiang MZ, Tsukahara H, Ohshima Y, Todoroki Y, Hiraoka M, Maeda M, Mayumi M. Effects of antioxidants and nitric oxide on TNF-α-induced adhesion molecule expression and NF-κB activation in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Life Sci 2004; 75:1159-70. [PMID: 15219804 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells in inflamed skin appear to be controlled by the actions of cytokines and reactive oxygen species. However, molecular mechanisms of the expression of adhesion molecules during skin inflammation are currently not well understood. To evaluate the role of antioxidants and nitric oxide in modulating inflammatory processes in the skin, we examined the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 0.1 mM) and spermine NONOate (Sper-NO, 1 mM) on adhesion molecule expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation induced by TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) in cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC). Treatment of cells with TNF-alpha for 4 h significantly induced the surface expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Treatment with TNF-alpha for 8 h significantly induced the surface expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The up-regulation of these adhesion molecules was suppressed significantly by pretreatment with PDTC or Sper-NO for 1 h. The mRNA expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and activation of NF-kappaB induced by TNF-alpha for 2 h were significantly decreased by the above two pretreatments. N-acetylcysteine (10 mM) and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (1 mM) had no significant inhibitory effects on the cell surface and mRNA expression of these adhesion molecules stimulated by TNF-alpha. These findings indicate that both cell surface and mRNA expression of adhesion molecules in HDMEC induced by TNF-alpha are inhibited significantly by pretreatment with PDTC or Sper-NO, possibly in part through blocking the activation of NF-kappaB. These results suggest a potential therapeutic approach using antioxidant agents or nitric oxide pathway modulators in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Zu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Marshall M, Moore PK. Effect of nitric oxide releasing paracetamol and flurbiprofen on cytokine production in human blood. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 483:317-22. [PMID: 14729123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of anti-coagulated human blood to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (50 ng/ml) resulted in the time-dependent (maximum at 5 h) biosynthesis of interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Preincubation with nitroparacetamol or nitroflurbiprofen (but not paracetamol or flurbiprofen) caused dose-related inhibition of the formation of interleukin 1 beta (IC(50)s, 44.5 and 362 microM, n=12) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (IC(50)s, 9.0 and 0.0009 microM, n=12). The inhibitory effect of nitroparacetamol was completely reversed by (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide; 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1H-imidazol-1-yloxy-3-oxide potassium (carboxy-PTIO, 100 microM; NO scavenging agent). Neither the nuclear factor-kappaB transduction inhibitor, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (10-1000 microM) nor the nitric oxide donor, 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(3-aminopropyl)-3-isopropyl-1-triazene (NOC-5, 10-1000 microM), affected cytokine formation in these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Marshall
- Department of Pharmacology, King's College, University of London, Guys' Site, Hodgkin Building, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Xu S, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Ni W, Chen S. Effect of nuclear factor-kappaB on airway remodeling in asthmatic rats. Curr Med Sci 2004; 24:13-8. [PMID: 15165105 DOI: 10.1007/bf02830695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) on airway remodeling in asthmatic rats, 18 Wistar rats were divided into three groups: asthmatic group; pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group, in which rats were injected intraperitoneally with NF-kappaB specific inhibitor PDTC (100 mg/kg) before ovalbumin (OVA) challenge; control group. The NF-kappaB activity and the expression of inhibitory protein kappaBalpha (I-kappaBalpha) in airway were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), Western blot and immunohistochemistry respectively. The infiltration of inflammatory cells, the number of Goblet cells, the area of collagen and smooth muscle in airway were measured by means of image analysis system. The results showed that with the up-regulation of airway NF-kappaB activity in asthmatic group, the number of goblet cells (3.084 +/- 0.86/100 microm basement membrane (BM)), the area of collagen (24.71 +/- 4.24 microm2/microm BM) and smooth muscle (13.81 +/- 2.11 microm2/microm BM) in airway were significantly increased (P<0.05) as compared with control group (0.14 +/- 0.05/100 microm BM, 14.31 +/- 3.16 microm2/microm BM and 7.67 +/- 2.35 microm2/microm BM respectively) and PDTC group (0.33 +/- 0.14/100 microm BM, 18.16 +/- 2.85 microm/microm BM and 8.95 +/- 2.16 microm2/microm BM respectively). However, there was no significant difference between PDTC group and control group (P>0.05). It was concluded that the activity of NF-kappaB is increased in airway of asthmatic rats. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation can attenuate constructional changes in asthma airway, suggesting NF-kappaB may contribute to asthmatic airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030
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Dukic-Stefanovic S, Gasic-Milenkovic J, Deuther-Conrad W, Münch G. Signal transduction pathways in mouse microglia N-11 cells activated by advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). J Neurochem 2003; 87:44-55. [PMID: 12969251 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of cross-linked insoluble protein aggregates such as amyloid plaques is characteristic for Alzheimer's disease. Microglial activation by these extracullar deposits has been proposed to play a crucial role in functional degeneration as well as cell death of neurones. A sugar-derived post-translational modification of long-lived proteins, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), activate specific signal transduction pathways, resulting in the up-regulation of various pro-inflammatory signals such as cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)] and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Our goal was to study AGE-activated signal transduction pathways involved in the induction of pro-inflammatory effectors in the murine microglial cell line N-11. Chicken egg albumin-AGE (CEA-AGE), used as model AGE, induces nitric oxide (NO), TNF-alpha and IL-6 production. The AGE receptor, RAGE, and the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), appear to be involved in all pathways, since a neutralizing RAGE antibody and a peptide inhibiting NF-kappaB translocation down-regulated NO, TNF-alpha and IL-6 production. NO and TNF-alpha, but not IL-6 production appear to be regulated independently, since NOS inhibitors did not decrease TNF-alpha secretion and a neutralizing TNF-alpha antibody did not reduce NO production, while employment of NOS inhibitors reduced significantly the secretion of IL-6. Inhibition of the MAP-kinase-kinase (MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, but not that of mitogen-activated protein kinase-p38 (MAPK-p38), reduced NO, TNF-alpha and IL-6 significantly, suggesting that simultaneous activation of the first two pathways is necessary for the AGE-induced induction of these pro-inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Dukic-Stefanovic
- Neuroimmunological Cell Biology Unit, Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF), Leipzig, Germany
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Kim CH, Kim JH, Lee J, Ahn YS. Zinc-induced NF-kappaB inhibition can be modulated by changes in the intracellular metallothionein level. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 190:189-96. [PMID: 12878048 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT), a small metal-binding protein, is involved in the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis. Sequestration and the release of metals to and from MT plays an important role in the attenuation or amplification of signal transduction. Zinc has been suggested to be an important regulator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). In this study, the effect of MT expression on the zinc-induced inhibition of NF-kappaB activity was examined. In HeLa cells, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a zinc ionophore, and zinc itself inhibited NF-kappaB activity. When the cells were pretreated with MT-inducers, cadmium, or dexamethasone, PDTC did not inhibit NF-kappaB activity. We transfected HeLa cells with a DNA construct in which expression of MT-IIA is controlled by tet operator protein. Treatment of HeLa cells with doxycycline, a tetracycline analogue, induced the expression of MT-IIA, which attenuated the effect of PDTC on NF-kappaB activity. These results implicate MT in the zinc regulation of NF-kappaB and identify MT as one of the potential intracellular modulators of NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Hoon Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Brain Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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