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Méchin MC, Simon M. Deimination in epidermal barrier and hair formation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220245. [PMID: 37778378 PMCID: PMC10542453 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) transform a protein arginine residue into the non-standard amino acid citrulline. This calcium-dependent post-translational modification of proteins is called citrullination or deimination. As described in this special issue, PADs play a role in various physiological processes, and PAD deregulations are involved in many human diseases. Three PADs are expressed in the epidermis, where their roles begin to be deciphered. PAD1 and PAD3 are involved in keratinocyte differentiation, particularly in the epidermal barrier function, keratins, filaggrin and filaggrin-related proteins being the most abundant deiminated epidermal proteins. Reduced amounts of deiminated proteins and PAD1 expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, two very frequent and chronic skin inflammatory diseases. The trichohyalin/PAD3/transglutaminase three pathway is important for hair shaft formation. Mutations of the PADI3 gene, leading to a decreased activity or abnormal localization of the corresponding isotype, are the cause of a rare hair disorder called uncombable hair syndrome, and are associated with the central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, a frequent alopecia mainly affecting women of African ancestry. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
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Li R, Rodrigues M, Li L, Winget J, Wang Y, Wang C, Smith E, Wei K. Association Between Skin Acid Mantle, Natural Moisturizing Factors, and Antibacterial Activity Against S. aureus in the Stratum Corneum. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1595-1606. [PMID: 37378303 PMCID: PMC10292209 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s409534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The skin has evolved a system to prevent pathogenic microorganism colonization and infection. This study examined the role of natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) and skin pH on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) growth and colonization on the human stratum corneum (SC). Study Population and Methods A survey study with 82 female participants was performed. Participants maintained their daily hygiene routine, except for refraining from using leave-on products on their forearms on the day of the test. Skin sampling was performed using adhesive tapes. An ex vivo method was developed to study the viability and growth of S. aureus on human SC sampled from normal skin. NMFs, including pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA), urocanic acid (UCA), histidine, and proline in SC samples, were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The impact of PCA and UCA on S. aureus growth and metabolic activity was measured by optical density and isothermal microcalorimetry, respectively. Results Heterogeneity of S. aureus viability on human SC samples was observed. Skin pH showed a significant negative association (p<0.05) with SC antibacterial activity in the ex vivo assay. One unit of skin pH decrease corresponded to 68.1% of S. aureus cell death. The levels of PCA and histidine were significantly negatively associated (p<0.05) with skin pH. The addition of 5 mM and 10 mM PCA significantly inhibited S. aureus growth by approximately 25% at 20 hours and reduced its metabolic activity in vitro. Conclusion The results indicate that PCA, one of the NMFs in human skin, plays an important role in regulating the human skin acid mantle in vivo and contributes to antibacterial activity against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Beauty Revealed, Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, Singapore, Singapore
| | - MyriamRubecca Rodrigues
- Beauty Revealed, Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lijuan Li
- Corporate Functions Analytical, Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason Winget
- Corporate Functions Analytical, Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Beauty Revealed, Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caroline Wang
- Beauty Revealed, Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ed Smith
- Personal Care, Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Karl Wei
- Personal Care, Procter & Gamble Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Cadau S, Gault M, Berthelemy N, Hsu CY, Danoux L, Pelletier N, Goudounèche D, Pons C, Leprince C, André-Frei V, Simon M, Pain S. An Inflamed and Infected Reconstructed Human Epidermis to Study Atopic Dermatitis and Skin Care Ingredients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12880. [PMID: 36361668 PMCID: PMC9656979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common inflammatory skin disorder, is a multifactorial disease characterized by a genetic predisposition, epidermal barrier disruption, a strong T helper (Th) type 2 immune reaction to environmental antigens and an altered cutaneous microbiome. Microbial dysbiosis characterized by the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been shown to exacerbate AD. In recent years, in vitro models of AD have been developed, but none of them reproduce all of the pathophysiological features. To better mimic AD, we developed reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) exposed to a Th2 pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail and S. aureus. This model well reproduced some of the vicious loops involved in AD, with alterations at the physical, microbial and immune levels. Our results strongly suggest that S. aureus acquired a higher virulence potential when the epidermis was challenged with inflammatory cytokines, thus later contributing to the chronic inflammatory status. Furthermore, a topical application of a Castanea sativa extract was shown to prevent the apparition of the AD-like phenotype. It increased filaggrin, claudin-1 and loricrin expressions and controlled S. aureus by impairing its biofilm formation, enzymatic activities and inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Cadau
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Manon Gault
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Berthelemy
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Chiung-Yueh Hsu
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Louis Danoux
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Pelletier
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Goudounèche
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie, Paul Sabatier University, 133, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Pons
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), CNRS UMR5051and Inserm UMR1291, CHU Purpan BP 3028, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Leprince
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), CNRS UMR5051and Inserm UMR1291, CHU Purpan BP 3028, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie André-Frei
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), CNRS UMR5051and Inserm UMR1291, CHU Purpan BP 3028, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sabine Pain
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France, 32 Rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007 Lyon, France
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Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Leprince C, Méchin MC, Simon M, Blunder S, Gruber R, Dubrac S. Revisiting the Roles of Filaggrin in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5318. [PMID: 35628125 PMCID: PMC9140947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery in 2006 that loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) cause ichthyosis vulgaris and can predispose to atopic dermatitis (AD) galvanized the dermatology research community and shed new light on a skin protein that was first identified in 1981. However, although outstanding work has uncovered several key functions of filaggrin in epidermal homeostasis, a comprehensive understanding of how filaggrin deficiency contributes to AD is still incomplete, including details of the upstream factors that lead to the reduced amounts of filaggrin, regardless of genotype. In this review, we re-evaluate data focusing on the roles of filaggrin in the epidermis, as well as in AD. Filaggrin is important for alignment of keratin intermediate filaments, control of keratinocyte shape, and maintenance of epidermal texture via production of water-retaining molecules. Moreover, filaggrin deficiency leads to cellular abnormalities in keratinocytes and induces subtle epidermal barrier impairment that is sufficient enough to facilitate the ingress of certain exogenous molecules into the epidermis. However, although FLG null mutations regulate skin moisture in non-lesional AD skin, filaggrin deficiency per se does not lead to the neutralization of skin surface pH or to excessive transepidermal water loss in atopic skin. Separating facts from chaff regarding the functions of filaggrin in the epidermis is necessary for the design efficacious therapies to treat dry and atopic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Corinne Leprince
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
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Nowicka D, Chilicka K, Dzieńdziora-Urbińska I. Host-Microbe Interaction on the Skin and Its Role in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010071. [PMID: 35056019 PMCID: PMC8779626 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a condition with a complex and unclear aetiology. Possible causes of AD encompass alterations in the structure and function of the epidermal barrier, disturbances in the skin microbiome, immune factors, allergens, bacterial and fungal infections as well as environmental and genetic factors. In patients with AD, acute skin lesions are colonized by a greater number of bacteria and fungi than chronic lesions, clinically unchanged atopic skin and the skin of healthy people. Mechanisms promoting skin colonization by pathogens include complex interplay among several factors. Apart from disturbances of the skin microbiome, increased adhesion in atopic skin, defects of innate immune response resulting in the lack of or restriction of growth of microorganisms also contribute to susceptibility to the skin colonization of and infections, especially with Staphylococcus aureus. This review of the literature attempts to identify factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of AD-related bacterial and fungal skin colonization. Studies on the microbiome, commensal microorganisms and the role of skin microorganisms in maintaining healthy skin bring additional insight into the treatment and prevention of AD. In the light of presented mechanisms, reduction in colonization may become both causative and symptomatic treatment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Nowicka
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Chilicka
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland; (K.C.); (I.D.-U.)
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Topical Application of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-Tang Recovers Skin-Lipid Barrier and Ameliorates Inflammation via Filaggrin-Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin-Interleukin 4 Pathway. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57121387. [PMID: 34946332 PMCID: PMC8708970 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-tang (GGRT) on the skin barrier integrity and inflammation in an atopic dermatitis-like animal model. Materials and Methods: The model was established using lipid barrier elimination (LBE) in BALB/c mice. Ceramide 3B, a control drug, and GGRT were applied to the skin of LBE mice. Gross observation and histological examination were combined with measurement of skin score, trans-epidermal water loss, and pH. The expression of filaggrin, kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7), protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and interleukin 4 (IL-4) was examined. Results: The effect of GGRT on atopic dermatitis was estimated in silico using two individual gene sets of human atopic dermatitis. In animal experiments, GGRT treatment reduced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms, as confirmed via gross and histological observations, skin score, pH change, and trans-epidermal water loss. The expression level of filaggrin increased in the skin of GGRT-treated mice compared to that in the LBE group. The expression levels of KLK7, PAR2, TSLP, and IL-4 were decreased in GGRT-treated mice skin compared to those in LBE mice. Conclusions: We demonstrated that GGRT restored the skin barrier and reduced inflammatory reactions in a murine model of atopic dermatitis.
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Gao S, Chen Y, Zhao J, Jing R, Guo K, Wang L, Li X, Li C, Hu Z, Xu N. Oat β-glucan ameliorates epidermal barrier disruption by upregulating the expression of CaSR through dectin-1-mediated ERK and p38 signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:876-889. [PMID: 34237364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the epidermal barrier and the maintenance of barrier homeostasis depend on the dynamic balance between the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Calcium (Ca2+) plays a crucial role in maintaining a balance of these two processes as well as in the formation of an epidermal permeability barrier. In this study, we showed that topical application of oat β-glucan (OG) could ameliorate epidermal hyperplasia and accelerate the recovery of the epidermal barrier by promoting epidermal differentiation. Mechanistic studies revealed a positive interaction between OG and the dectin-1 receptor, and this interaction could lead to an upregulated expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) via activation of the downstream ERK and p38 pathways. This consequently increased the sensitivity of keratinocytes to extracellular Ca2+ under the condition of calcium loss following the disruption of the epidermal barrier, resulting in the maintenance of normal keratinocyte differentiation in the epidermis, and ultimately promoting the recovery of the epidermal barrier. These findings clearly demonstrated the healing effect of OG on a physically damaged epidermal barrier. Thus, OG could be considered a valuable component in the development of skin repair agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jungang Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Rongrong Jing
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - KeKe Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lusheng Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuenan Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Germer G, Ohigashi T, Yuzawa H, Kosugi N, Flesch R, Rancan F, Vogt A, Rühl E. Improved Skin Permeability after Topical Treatment with Serine Protease: Probing the Penetration of Rapamycin by Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12213-12222. [PMID: 34056375 PMCID: PMC8154144 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug penetration in human skin ex vivo following a modification of skin barrier permeability is systematically investigated by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. Element-selective excitation is used in the O 1s regime for probing quantitatively the penetration of topically applied rapamycin in different formulations with a spatial resolution reaching <75 nm. The data were analyzed by a comparison of two methods: (i) two-photon energies employing the Beer-Lambert law and (ii) a singular value decomposition approach making use of the full spectral information in each pixel of the X-ray micrographs. The latter approach yields local drug concentrations more reliably and sensitively probed than the former. The present results from both approaches indicate that rapamycin is not observed within the stratum corneum of nontreated skin ex vivo, providing evidence for the observation that this high-molecular-weight drug inefficiently penetrates intact skin. However, rapamycin is observed to penetrate more efficiently the stratum corneum when modifications of the skin barrier are induced by the topical pretreatment with the serine protease trypsin for variable time periods ranging from 2 to 16 h. After the longest exposure time to serine protease, the drug is even found in the viable epidermis. High-resolution micrographs indicate that the lipophilic drug preferably associates with corneocytes, while signals found in the intercellular lipid compartment were less pronounced. This result is discussed in comparison to previous work obtained from low-molecular-weight lipophilic drugs as well as polymer nanocarriers, which were found to penetrate the intact stratum corneum exclusively via the lipid layers between the corneocytes. Also, the role of the tight junction barrier in the stratum granulosum is briefly discussed with respect to modifications of the skin barrier induced by enhanced serine protease activity, a phenomenon of clinical relevance in a range of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Germer
- Physical
Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Takuji Ohigashi
- UVSOR
Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular
Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hayato Yuzawa
- UVSOR
Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular
Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- UVSOR
Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular
Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Roman Flesch
- Physical
Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | | | - Annika Vogt
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical
Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
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Luger T, Amagai M, Dreno B, Dagnelie MA, Liao W, Kabashima K, Schikowski T, Proksch E, Elias PM, Simon M, Simpson E, Grinich E, Schmuth M. Atopic dermatitis: Role of the skin barrier, environment, microbiome, and therapeutic agents. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 102:142-157. [PMID: 34116898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous and pruritic skin lesions. In recent decades, the prevalence of AD has increased worldwide, most notably in developing countries. The enormous progress in our understanding of the complex composition and functions of the epidermal barrier allows for a deeper appreciation of the active role that the skin barrier plays in the initiation and maintenance of skin inflammation. The epidermis forms a physical, chemical, immunological, neuro-sensory, and microbial barrier between the internal and external environment. Not only lesional, but also non-lesional areas of AD skin display many morphological, biochemical and functional differences compared with healthy skin. Supporting this notion, genetic defects affecting structural proteins of the skin barrier, including filaggrin, contribute to an increased risk of AD. There is evidence to suggest that natural environmental allergens and man-made pollutants are associated with an increased likelihood of developing AD. A compromised epidermal barrier predisposes the skin to increased permeability of these compounds. Numerous topical and systemic therapies for AD are currently available or in development; while anti-inflammatory therapy is central to the treatment of AD, some existing and novel therapies also appear to exert beneficial effects on skin barrier function. Further research on the skin barrier, particularly addressing epidermal differentiation and inflammation, lipid metabolism, and the role of bacterial communities for skin barrier function, will likely expand our understanding of the complex etiology of AD and lead to identification of novel targets and the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Brigitte Dreno
- Dermatology Department, Nantes University, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Ange Dagnelie
- Dermatology Department, Nantes University, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter M Elias
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Inserm, University of Toulouse, U1056, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Erin Grinich
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Abstract
Human filaggrin (FLG) plays a key role in epidermal barrier function, and loss-of-function mutations of its gene are primarily responsible for the development of human atopic dermatitis (AD). FLG expression is also reduced in the epidermis of atopic patients, due to the transcriptional effect of Th2 type cytokines. Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a prevalent skin disease that shares many clinical and pathogenic features with its human homologue. The aim of this review is discuss current knowledge on canine filaggrin (Flg) in both healthy and atopic dogs, as compared to the human protein. Although the molecular structures of the two proteins, as deduced from the sequences of their gene, are different, their sites of expression and their proteolytic processing in the normal epidermis are similar. Concerning the expression of Flg in CAD, conflicting results have been published at the mRNA level and little accurate information is available at the protein level. It derives from a large precursor, named profilaggrin (proFLG), formed by several FLG units and stored in keratohyalin granules of the stratum granulosum. Canine and human proFLG sequences display little amino acid similarity (33% as shown using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)) except at the level of the S100 homologous part of the N-terminus (75%). Genetic studies in the dog are at an early stage and are limited by the variety of breeds and the small number of cases included. Many questions remain unanswered about the involvement of Flg in CAD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Combarros
- UDEAR, Université de Toulouse, INSERM UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- UDEAR, Université de Toulouse, INSERM UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Université de Toulouse, INSERM UPS, Toulouse, France
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11
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Briot J, Simon M, Méchin MC. Deimination, Intermediate Filaments and Associated Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8746. [PMID: 33228136 PMCID: PMC7699402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a calcium-dependent enzyme family of five peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is involved in physiological processes (cell differentiation, embryogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity, etc.) and in autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus), cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Intermediate filaments (IF) and associated proteins (IFAP) are major substrates of PADs. Here, we focus on the effects of deimination on the polymerization and solubility properties of IF proteins and on the proteolysis and cross-linking of IFAP, to finally expose some features of interest and some limitations of citrullinomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.S.)
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Sanabria-de la Torre R, Fernández-González A, Quiñones-Vico MI, Montero-Vilchez T, Arias-Santiago S. Bioengineered Skin Intended as In Vitro Model for Pharmacosmetics, Skin Disease Study and Environmental Skin Impact Analysis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E464. [PMID: 33142704 PMCID: PMC7694072 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to be an update of Bioengineered Artificial Skin Substitutes (BASS) applications. At the first moment, they were created as an attempt to replace native skin grafts transplantation. Nowadays, these in vitro models have been increasing and widening their application areas, becoming important tools for research. This study is focus on the ability to design in vitro BASS which have been demonstrated to be appropriate to develop new products in the cosmetic and pharmacology industry. Allowing to go deeper into the skin disease research, and to analyze the effects provoked by environmental stressful agents. The importance of BASS to replace animal experimentation is also highlighted. Furthermore, the BASS validation parameters approved by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) are also analyzed. This report presents an overview of the skin models applicable to skin research along with their design methods. Finally, the potential and limitations of the currently available BASS to supply the demands for disease modeling and pharmaceutical screening are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanabria-de la Torre
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-González
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María I. Quiñones-Vico
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vilchez
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-d.l.T.); (M.I.Q.-V.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Granada University, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Ramos Campos EV, Proença PLDF, Doretto-Silva L, Andrade-Oliveira V, Fraceto LF, de Araujo DR. Trends in nanoformulations for atopic dermatitis treatment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1615-1630. [PMID: 32816566 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1813107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunological skin dysfunctions trigger the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines, which induce recurrent skin inflammation associated with chronic itching, inefficient barrier behavior, and reduced skin hydration. These features characterize a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease atopic dermatitis (AD). AD therapy includes anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressors as well as non-pharmacological alternatives such as emollients, moisturizers, and lipids (ceramides, phospholipids) for modulating the skin hydration and the barrier repair. However, these treatments are inconvenient with low drug skin penetration and insufficient maintenance on the application site. AREAS COVERED Nanotechnology-based therapies can be a great strategy to overcome these limitations. Considering the particular skin morphological organization, SC lipid matrix composition, and immunological functions/features related to nanocarriers, this review focuses on recent developments of nanoparticulate systems (polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic) as parent or hybrid systems including their chemical composition, physico-chemical and biopharmaceutical properties, and differential characteristics that evaluate them as new effective drug-delivery systems for AD treatment. EXPERT OPINION Despite the several innovative formulations, research in nanotechnology-based carriers should address specific aspects such as the use of moisturizers associated to pharmacological therapies, toxicity studies, scale-up production processes and the nanocarrier influence on immunological response. These approaches will help researchers choose the most appropriate nanocarrier system and widen nanomedicine applications and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Luiza De Freitas Proença
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology , Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Doretto-Silva
- Human and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC , Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology , Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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Méchin MC, Takahara H, Simon M. Deimination and Peptidylarginine Deiminases in Skin Physiology and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020566. [PMID: 31952341 PMCID: PMC7014782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination, also known as citrullination, corresponds to the conversion of the amino acid arginine, within a peptide sequence, into the non-standard amino acid citrulline. This post-translational modification is catalyzed by a family of calcium-dependent enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is implicated in a growing number of physiological processes (innate and adaptive immunity, gene regulation, embryonic development, etc.) and concerns several human diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, female infertility, cancer, etc.). Here, we update the involvement of PADs in both the homeostasis of skin and skin diseases. We particularly focus on keratinocyte differentiation and the epidermal barrier function, and on hair follicles. Indeed, alteration of PAD activity in the hair shaft is responsible for two hair disorders, the uncombable hair syndrome and a particular form of inflammatory scarring alopecia, mainly affecting women of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- University of Ibaraki, School of Agriculture, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan;
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-6115-8427
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Lee JH, Shih YT, Wei ML, Sun CK, Chiang BL. Classification of established atopic dermatitis in children with the in vivo imaging methods. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800148. [PMID: 30302943 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a cutaneous disease resulting from a defective barrier and dysregulated immune response. The severity scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) is used to classify AD. Noninvasive imaging approaches supplementary to SCORAD were investigated. Cr:forsterite laser-based microscopy was employed to analyze endogenous third-harmonic generation (THG) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) signals from skin. Imaging parameters were compared between different AD severities. Three-dimensional reconstruction of imaged skin layers was performed. Finally, statistic models from quantitative imaging parameters were developed for predicting disease severity. Our data demonstrate that THG signal intensity of lesional skin in AD were significantly increased and was positively correlated with AD severity. Characteristic gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) values were observed in more severe AD. In the 3D reconstruction video, individual dermal papilla and obvious fibrosis in the upper papillary dermis were easily identified. Our estimation models could predict the disease severity of AD patients with an accuracy of nearly 85%. The THG signal intensity and characteristic GLCM patterns are associated with AD severity and can serve as quantitative predictive parameters. Our imaging approach can be used to identify the histopathological changes of AD objectively, and to complement the SCORAD index, thus improving the accuracy of classifying AD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Hong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ta Shih
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Liang Wei
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Applied Sciences and Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Cau L, Takahara H, Thompson PR, Serre G, Méchin MC, Simon M. Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitor Cl-Amidine Attenuates Cornification and Interferes with the Regulation of Autophagy in Reconstructed Human Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1889-1897.e4. [PMID: 30878672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deimination, a post-translational modification catalyzed by a family of enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is the conversion of arginine into citrulline residues in a protein. Deimination has been associated with numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our aim was to study its implication in the homeostasis of human epidermis, where three PADs are expressed, namely PAD1, 2, and 3. Three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis (RHEs) were treated for 2 days with increased concentrations (0-800 μM) of Cl-amidine, a specific PAD inhibitor. Cl-amidine treatments inhibited deimination in a dose-dependent manner and were not cytotoxic for keratinocytes. At 800 μM , Cl-amidine was shown to reduce deimination by half, alter keratinocyte differentiation, decrease the number of corneocyte layers, significantly increase the number of transitional cells, induce clustering of mitochondria and of heterogeneous vesicles in the cytoplasm of granular keratinocytes, and upregulate the expression of autophagy proteins, including LC3-II, sestrin-2, and p62/SQSTM1. LC3 and PADs were further shown to partially co-localize in the upper epidermis. These results demonstrated that Cl-amidine treatments slow down cornification and alter autophagy in the granular layer. They suggest that PAD1 and/or PAD3 play a role in the constitutive epidermal autophagy process that appears as an important step in cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cau
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- Department of Applied Biological Resource Sciences, School of Agriculture, University of Ibaraki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guy Serre
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France.
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Pin D, Pendaries V, Keita Alassane S, Froment C, Amalric N, Cadiergues MC, Serre G, Haftek M, Vidémont E, Simon M. Refined Immunochemical Characterization in Healthy Dog Skin of the Epidermal Cornification Proteins, Filaggrin, and Corneodesmosin. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 67:85-97. [PMID: 30199656 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418798807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filaggrin (FLG) and corneodesmosin (CDSN) are two key proteins of the human epidermis. FLG loss-of-function mutations are the strongest genetic risk factors for human atopic dermatitis. Studies of the epidermal distribution of canine FLG and CDSN are limited. Our aim was to better characterize the distribution of FLG and CDSN in canine skin. Using immunohistochemistry on beagle skin, we screened a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for human FLG and CDSN. The cross-reactive mAbs were further used using immunoelectron microscopy and Western blotting. The structure of canine CDSN and FLG was determined using publicly available databases. In the epidermis, four anti-FLG mAbs stained keratohyalin granules in the granular keratinocytes and corneocyte matrix of the lower cornified layer. In urea-extracts of dog epidermis, several bands corresponding to proFLG and FLG monomers were detected. One anti-CDSN mAb stained the cytoplasm of granular keratinocytes and cells of both the inner root sheath and medulla of hair follicles. Dog CDSN was located in lamellar bodies, in the extracellular parts of desmosomes and in corneodesmosomes. A protein of 52 kDa was immunodetected. Genomic DNA analysis revealed that the amino acid sequence and structure of canine and human CDSN were highly similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Pin
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UP Interaction Cellules Environnement, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Carine Froment
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- UDEAR, INSERM, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Department of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Guy Serre
- UDEAR, INSERM, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Emilie Vidémont
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UP Interaction Cellules Environnement, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, INSERM, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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The Role of Immune Defects and Colonization of Staphylococcus aureus in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:1956403. [PMID: 29854575 PMCID: PMC5954962 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1956403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a condition with a complex and not fully understood etiology. In patients with AD, acute skin lesions are colonized by a greater number of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria than chronic lesions, clinically unchanged atopic skin, or the skin of healthy people. Mechanisms promoting skin colonization by S. aureus include complex interactions among several factors. Apart from increased adhesion of S. aureus in atopic skin, defects of the innate immune response resulting in the lack of restriction of the growth of microorganisms also contribute to susceptibility to colonization by and infection with S. aureus. A deficiency in the endogenous antimicrobial peptides may be partly responsible for the susceptibility to colonization by and skin infection with S. aureus in patients with AD. Majority of isolated S. aureus stains are able to produce exotoxins, which act as superantigens. Moreover, anti-S. aureus-specific IgE was identified and measured in patients with AD, revealing that its level corresponds to the severity of the disease. This review of the literature attempts to identify factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of AD-related S. aureus skin colonization. In the light of presented mechanisms, a reduction of colonization may become both causative and symptomatic treatment in AD.
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Huet F, Severino-Freire M, Chéret J, Gouin O, Praneuf J, Pierre O, Misery L, Le Gall-Ianotto C. Reconstructed human epidermis for in vitro studies on atopic dermatitis: A review. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 89:213-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Umar M, Sastry KS, Al Ali F, Al-Khulaifi M, Wang E, Chouchane AI. Vitamin D and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:74-86. [DOI: 10.1159/000485132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Urwyler-Rösselet C, Tanghe G, Leurs K, Gilbert B, De Rycke R, De Bruyne M, Lippens S, Bartunkova S, De Groote P, Niessen C, Haftek M, Vandenabeele P, Declercq W. Keratinocyte-Specific Ablation of RIPK4 Allows Epidermal Cornification but Impairs Skin Barrier Formation. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1268-1278. [PMID: 29317263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In humans, receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4) mutations can lead to the autosomal recessive Bartsocas-Papas and popliteal pterygium syndromes, which are characterized by severe skin defects, pterygia, as well as clefting. We show here that the epithelial fusions observed in RIPK4 full knockout (KO) mice are E-cadherin dependent, as keratinocyte-specific deletion of E-cadherin in RIPK4 full KO mice rescued the tail-to-body fusion and fusion of oral epithelia. To elucidate RIPK4 function in epidermal differentiation and development, we generated epidermis-specific RIPK4 KO mice (RIPK4EKO). In contrast to RIPK4 full KO epidermis, RIPK4EKO epidermis was normally stratified and the outside-in skin barrier in RIPK4EKO mice was largely intact at the trunk, in contrast to the skin covering the head and the outer end of the extremities. However, RIPK4EKO mice die shortly after birth due to excessive water loss because of loss of tight junction protein claudin-1 localization at the cell membrane, which results in tight junction leakiness. In contrast, mice with keratinocyte-specific RIPK4 deletion during adult life remain viable. Furthermore, our data indicate that epidermis-specific deletion of RIPK4 results in delayed keratinization and stratum corneum maturation and altered lipid organization and is thus indispensable during embryonic development for the formation of a functional inside-out epidermal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Urwyler-Rösselet
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Current affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giel Tanghe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Leurs
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gilbert
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel De Bruyne
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saskia Lippens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonia Bartunkova
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe De Groote
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carien Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marek Haftek
- LBTI, UMR5305 CNRS, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Cau L, Pendaries V, Lhuillier E, Thompson PR, Serre G, Takahara H, Méchin MC, Simon M. Lowering relative humidity level increases epidermal protein deimination and drives human filaggrin breakdown. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 86:106-113. [PMID: 28242341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.02.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deimination (also known as citrullination), the conversion of arginine in a protein to citrulline, is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Three PADs are expressed in the epidermis, one of their targets being filaggrin. Filaggrin plays a central role in atopic dermatitis and is a key protein for the epidermal barrier. It aggregates keratins and is cross-linked to cornified envelopes. Following its deimination, it is totally degraded to release free amino acids, contributing to the natural moisturizing factor (NMF). The mechanisms controlling this multistep catabolism in human are unknown. OBJECTIVE To test whether external humidity plays a role, and investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS Specimens of reconstructed human epidermis (RHEs) produced in humid or dry conditions (>95% or 30-50% relative humidity) were compared. RESULTS RHEs produced in the dry condition presented structural changes, including a thicker stratum corneum and a larger amount of keratohyalin granules. The transepidermal water loss and the stratum corneum pH were decreased whereas the quantity of NMF was greater. This highly suggested that filaggrin proteolysis was up-regulated. The expression/activity of the proteases involved in filaggrin breakdown did not increase while PAD1 expression and the deimination rate of proteins, including filaggrin, were drastically enhanced. Partial inhibition of PADs with Cl-amidine reversed the effect of dryness on filaggrin breakdown. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the importance of external humidity in the control of human filaggrin metabolism, and suggest that deimination plays a major role in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cau
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Pendaries
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Lhuillier
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Plateau de Génomique GeT-Purpan, Genotoul, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guy Serre
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Hidenari Takahara
- Department of Applied Biological Resource Sciences, School of Agriculture, University of Ibaraki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France.
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