1
|
Olszewski M, Stasevych M, Zvarych V, Maciejewska N. 9,10-Dioxoanthracenyldithiocarbamates effectively inhibit the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting multiple protein tyrosine kinases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2284113. [PMID: 38078360 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2284113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones have attracted considerable interest in the realm of cancer treatment owing to their potent anticancer properties. This study evaluates the potential of a series of new anthraquinone derivatives as anticancer agents for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The compounds were subjected to a range of tests to assess their cytotoxic and apoptotic properties, ability to inhibit colony formation, pro-DNA damage functions, and capacity to inhibit the activity of tyrosine kinase proteins (PTKs). Based on the research findings, it has been discovered that most active derivatives (i84, i87, and i90) possess a substantial capability to impede the viability of NSCLC while having mostly a negligible effect on the human kidney cell line. Moreover, the anthraquinones displayed pro-apoptotic and genotoxic attributes while blocking the phosphorylation of multiple PTKs. Collectively, our findings indicate that these derivatives may demonstrate promising potential as effective anticancer agents for lung cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maryna Stasevych
- Department of Technology of Biologically Active Substances, Pharmacy, and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University 13, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Viktor Zvarych
- Department of Technology of Biologically Active Substances, Pharmacy, and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University 13, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Maciejewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu W, Zhu H, Wu J, Liao S, Cheng G, Li X. Rhein attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling by modulating AMPK–FGF23 signaling. J Transl Med 2022; 20:305. [PMID: 35794561 PMCID: PMC9258170 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence indicates that myocardial oxidative injury plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy (CH) and heart failure (HF). The active component of rhubarb, rhein exerts significant actions on oxidative stress and inflammation. Nonetheless, its role in cardiac remodeling remains unclear. Methods CH was induced by angiotensin II (Ang II, 1.4 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks) in male C57BL/6 J mice. Then, rhein (50 and 100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 28 days. CH, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and cardiac function in the mice were examined. In vitro, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) pre-treated with rhein (5 and 25 μM) were challenged with Ang II. We performed RNA sequencing to determine the mechanistic role of rhein in the heart. Results Rhein significantly suppressed Ang II-induced CH, fibrosis, and reactive oxygen species production and improved cardiac systolic dysfunction in vivo. In vitro, rhein significantly attenuated Ang II-induced CM hypertrophy and CF collagen expression. In addition, rhein obviously alleviated the increased production of superoxide induced by Ang II. Mechanistically, rhein inhibited FGF23 expression significantly. Furthermore, FGF23 overexpression abolished the protective effects of rhein on CMs, CFs, and cardiac remodeling. Rhein reduced FGF23 expression, mostly through the activation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase). AMPK activity inhibition suppressed Ang II-induced CM hypertrophy and CF phenotypic transformation. Conclusion Rhein inhibited Ang II-induced CH, fibrosis, and oxidative stress during cardiac remodeling through the AMPK–FGF23 axis. These findings suggested that rhein could serve as a potential therapy in cardiac remodeling and HF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03482-9.
Collapse
|
3
|
Son Y, Quan KT, Shin S, Park S, Na M, Oh S. Lucidin 3-methyl ether from Rubia philippinensis suppresses the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells through the promotion of β-catenin degradation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153971. [PMID: 35196641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutive accumulation of β-catenin has been frequently observed in multiple myeloma. Extracts from genus Rubia plants exhibit cytotoxic activity against several types of cancer cells; however, little is known about their chemopreventive mechanisms and bioactive metabolites. PURPOSE Purpose: The study aimed to identify the underlying antiproliferative mechanisms of Rubia philippinensis extract in multiple myeloma cells and the major active metabolites responsible for cytotoxic activity of R. philippinensis. METHODS The effects of R. philippinensis extracts and lucidin 3-methyl ether on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were determined by cell-based reporter assay, Western blot analysis, and RT-PCR. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated by cell viability assay and apoptosis analysis in RPMI8226 and MM.1S multiple myeloma cells. RESULTS R. philippinensis extracts inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling and lucidin 3-methyl ether, an anthraquinone derivative, was identified as the major active metabolite responsible for the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Lucidin 3-methyl ether induced β-catenin phosphorylation at Ser33/Ser37/Thr41 residues and promoted proteasomal degradation of β-catenin via a GSK-3β-independent mechanism, thereby downregulating Wnt3a-induced β-catenin response transcription (CRT). Moreover, lucidin 3-methyl ether repressed the expression of β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF)-dependent genes, such as cyclin D1, c-myc, and axin-2, thus inhibiting MM cell proliferation. Apoptosis was also elicited by lucidin 3-methyl ether, as indicated by the increase in the population of annexin V-FITC positive cells and caspase-3/7 activity in MM cells. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that R. philippinensis and its active metabolite lucidin 3-methyl ether prevent cell proliferation through the suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and exhibit potential as chemopreventive agents for the treatment of MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younglim Son
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Khong Trong Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Subeen Shin
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangtaek Oh
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen A. Emodin - A natural anthraquinone derivative with diverse pharmacological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112854. [PMID: 34311280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone) is a natural anthraquinone derivative that is present in numerous globally renowned herbal medicines. It is recognised as a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and as an anticancer drug, active against various tumour cells, including lung, breast, liver, and ovarian cancer cells. Recently, its role in combination chemotherapy with various allopathic medicines, to minimize their toxicity and to enhance their efficacy, has been studied. The use of emodin in these therapies is gaining popularity, due to fewer associated side effects compared with standard anticancer drugs. Emodin has a broad therapeutic window, and in addition to its antineoplastic activity, it displays anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, muscle relaxant, immunosuppressive and antifibrotic activities, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Although reviews on the anticancer activity of emodin have been published, none coherently unite all the pharmacological properties of emodin, particularly the anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunosuppressive and hepatoprotective activities of the compound. Hence, in this review, all of the available data regarding the pharmacological properties of emodin are explored, with particular emphasis on the modes of action of the molecule. In addition, the manuscript details the occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of the compound, as well as its toxic effects on biotic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma Govt. Post Graduate College, Rishikesh, 249201, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaneko M, Ishikawa M, Nakanishi S, Ishihara K. Anticancer Activity of Cell-Penetrating Redox Phospholipid Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:926-932. [PMID: 35549201 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active molecules are promising anticancer compounds because cancer cells are vulnerable to oxidative stress. Anticancer drugs are often incorporated into synthetic polymers to improve water solubility, stability, and retention in the body. Most conventional redox-active polymers are regarded as stimuli-responsive polymers, which induce the release of anticancer drugs in response to the surrounding redox environment. Here, we prepared redox phospholipid polymers composed of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine units and ferrocene or quinone units as anticancer redox polymers. Redox phospholipid polymers can disturb the intracellular redox state owing to their redox activity and cell membrane permeability. We observed that the redox potential of the polymers affected the reactivity with intracellular redox species and O2, resulting in a different impact on the viability of human cancer and normal cells. Notably, the polymer with moderate reactivity with the intracellular redox species and O2 was shown to suppress the viability of the cancer cells selectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kaneko
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahito Ishikawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560−8531, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Choi YR, Shim J, Park JH, Kim YS, Kim MJ. Discovery of Orphan Olfactory Receptor 6M1 as a New Anticancer Target in MCF-7 Cells by a Combination of Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based and Cell-Based Systems. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103468. [PMID: 34065710 PMCID: PMC8156394 DOI: 10.3390/s21103468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) account for 49% of all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are important targets for drug discovery, and hence ORs may also be potential drug targets. Various ORs are expressed in breast cancer cells; however, most of them are orphan receptors, and thus, their functions are unknown. Herein, we present an experimental strategy using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system and a cell-based assay that allowed the identification of orphan OR6M1 as a new anticancer target in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. After the construction of stable OR6M1-expressing cells, the SPR-based screening of 108 chemicals for ligand activity was performed against OR6M1-expressing whole cells (primary screening) or membrane fragments (secondary screening). As a result, anthraquinone (AQ) and rutin were discovered to be new OR6M1 ligands. Based on calcium imaging in OR6M1-expressing Hana3A cells, AQ and rutin were classified as an OR6M1 agonist and antagonist, respectively. Cell viability and live/dead assays showed that AQ induced the death of MCF-7 cells, which was inhibited by rutin. Therefore, OR6M1 may be considered an anticancer target, and AQ may be considered a chemotherapeutic agent. This combined method can be widely used to discover the ligands and functions of other orphan GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yae Rim Choi
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (Y.R.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Jaewon Shim
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (Y.R.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Collage of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Park
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (Y.R.C.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9380
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Verebová V, Beneš J, Staničová J. Biophysical Characterization and Anticancer Activities of Photosensitive Phytoanthraquinones Represented by Hypericin and Its Model Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:E5666. [PMID: 33271809 PMCID: PMC7731333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitive compounds found in herbs have been reported in recent years as having a variety of interesting medicinal and biological activities. In this review, we focus on photosensitizers such as hypericin and its model compounds emodin, quinizarin, and danthron, which have antiviral, antifungal, antineoplastic, and antitumor effects. They can be utilized as potential agents in photodynamic therapy, especially in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. We aimed to give a comprehensive summary of the physical and chemical properties of these interesting molecules, emphasizing their mechanism of action in relation to their different interactions with biomacromolecules, specifically with DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Verebová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Jiří Beneš
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 1, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Staničová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 1, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ribaudo G, Ongaro A, Zorzan M, Pezzani R, Redaelli M, Zagotto G, Memo M, Gianoncelli A. Investigation of the molecular reactivity of bioactive oxiranylmethyloxy anthraquinones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900030. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova Italy
| | - Alberto Ongaro
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
| | - Maira Zorzan
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM)University of PadovaPadova Italy
| | | | - Marco Redaelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bajpai VK, Alam MB, Quan KT, Choi HJ, An H, Ju MK, Lee SH, Huh YS, Han YK, Na M. Cytotoxic properties of the anthraquinone derivatives isolated from the roots of Rubia philippinensis. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:200. [PMID: 29970094 PMCID: PMC6029275 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer is one of the most frequently occurring diseases and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. In this study, anthraquinone derivatives (Compounds 1–5) were evaluated for their anti-cancer potential against various skin and breast cancer cell lines to assess whether these anthraquinone derivatives may serve as a lead for the augmentation of anti-cancer drug. Methods Anthraquinone derivatives, 2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-3-O-(6′-O-acetyl)-α-rhamnosyl(1 → 2)-β-glucoside (Comp 1), 2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (Comp 2), and alizarin (Comp 3) were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction of the roots of Rubia philippinensis., whereas ethyl acetate fraction yielded xanthopurpurin (Comp 4) and lucidin-ω-methyl ether (Comp 5). Structures of all the isolated compounds were determined by spectral data analysis. All isolated compounds (Comp 1–5) were assessed for cytotoxicity by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against four different cancer cell lines, i.e. human melanoma (SK-MEL-5), murine melanoma (B16F10), and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231). Results Significant activity of the compounds 4 and 5 was observed against the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 14.65 ± 1.45 and 13.03 ± 0.33 μM, respectively. Encouragingly, IC50 values of 67.89 ± 1.02 and 79.01 ± 0.03 μM against normal kidney epithelial cells (MDCK) were also obtained for compounds 4 and 5, respectively, which indicated very low toxicity and favorable selectivity indices for compounds 4 and 5 in the range of 1.85 to 3.95 and 2.11 to 6.06 against skin cancer cell lines (SK-MEL-5, and B16F10), and breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231), respectively. Conclusion Our results suggested that the compounds 4 (xanthopurpurin) and 5 (lucidin-ω-methyl ether) showed high selective toxicity towards breast cancer cells at lower concentrations without showing toxicity towards normal cells, thus could be of potential as new lead molecules in cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2253-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun Y, Xin X, Zhang K, Cui T, Peng Y, Zheng J. Cytochrome P450 mediated metabolic activation of chrysophanol. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 289:57-67. [PMID: 29698620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chrysophanol, a major anthraquinone component occurring in many traditional Chinese herbs, is accepted as important active component with various pharmacological actions such as antibacterial and anticancer activity. Previous studies demonstrated that exposure to chrysophanol induced cytotoxicity, but the mechanisms of the toxic effects remain unknown. In the present metabolism study, three oxidative metabolites (M1-M3, aloe-emodine, 7-hydroxychrysophanol, and 2-hydroxychrysophanol) and five GSH conjugates (M4-M8) were detected in rat and human liver microsomal incubations of chrysophanol supplemented with GSH, and the formation of the metabolites was NADPH dependent except M4 and M5. M4 and M5 were directly derived from parent compound chrysophanol, M6 arose from M2, and M7 and M8 resulted from the oxidation of M4 and M5. Metabolites M5 and M6 were also observed in bile of rats after exposure to chrysophanol, M1-M3 and one NAC conjugate (M9) were detected in urine of rats administrated chrysophanol, and urinary metabolite M9 originated from the degradation of biliary GSH conjugation M6. Recombinant P450 enzyme incubation and microsome inhibition studies demonstrated that P450 1A2 was the primary enzyme responsible for the metabolic activation of chrysophanol and that P450 2B6 and P450 3A4 also participated in the generation of the oxidative metabolites. These findings helped us to understand the mechanisms of chrysophanol-induced cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China(1)
| | - Xin Xin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China(1)
| | - Kehan Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China(1)
| | - Tiantian Cui
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China(1)
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China(1).
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China(1); State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China(1).
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fouillaud M, Venkatachalam M, Girard-Valenciennes E, Caro Y, Dufossé L. Anthraquinones and Derivatives from Marine-Derived Fungi: Structural Diversity and Selected Biological Activities. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E64. [PMID: 27023571 PMCID: PMC4849068 DOI: 10.3390/md14040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones and their derivatives constitute a large group of quinoid compounds with about 700 molecules described. They are widespread in fungi and their chemical diversity and biological activities recently attracted attention of industries in such fields as pharmaceuticals, clothes dyeing, and food colorants. Their positive and/or negative effect(s) due to the 9,10-anthracenedione structure and its substituents are still not clearly understood and their potential roles or effects on human health are today strongly discussed among scientists. As marine microorganisms recently appeared as producers of an astonishing variety of structurally unique secondary metabolites, they may represent a promising resource for identifying new candidates for therapeutic drugs or daily additives. Within this review, we investigate the present knowledge about the anthraquinones and derivatives listed to date from marine-derived filamentous fungi's productions. This overview highlights the molecules which have been identified in microorganisms for the first time. The structures and colors of the anthraquinoid compounds come along with the known roles of some molecules in the life of the organisms. Some specific biological activities are also described. This may help to open doors towards innovative natural substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Fouillaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments-LCSNSA EA 2212, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Ile de la Réunion, France.
- Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Réunion Océan Indien-ESIROI, 2 Rue Joseph Wetzell, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France.
| | - Mekala Venkatachalam
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments-LCSNSA EA 2212, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Ile de la Réunion, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Girard-Valenciennes
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments-LCSNSA EA 2212, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Ile de la Réunion, France.
| | - Yanis Caro
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments-LCSNSA EA 2212, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Ile de la Réunion, France.
- Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Réunion Océan Indien-ESIROI, 2 Rue Joseph Wetzell, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France.
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments-LCSNSA EA 2212, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, Ile de la Réunion, France.
- Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Réunion Océan Indien-ESIROI, 2 Rue Joseph Wetzell, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Verebova V, Belej D, Joniova J, Jurasekova Z, Miskovsky P, Kozar T, Horvath D, Stanicova J, Huntosova V. Deeper insights into the drug defense of glioma cells against hydrophobic molecules. Int J Pharm 2016; 503:56-67. [PMID: 26940808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By means of fluorescence microscopy the intracellular distribution of fluorescent drugs with different hydrophobicity (quinizarin, emodin and hypericin) was studied. Selective photoactivation of these drugs in precisely defined position (nuclear envelope) allowed moderately hydrophobic emodin enter the nucleus. Highly hydrophobic hypericin was predominantly kept in the membranes with no fluorescence observed in the nucleus. The redistribution of quinizarin, emodin and hypericin between lipids, proteins and DNA was studied in solutions and cells. Based on these results was proposed theoretical model of hydrophobic drugs' nuclear internalization after photo-activation. Molecular docking models showed that hypericin has the strongest affinity to P-glycoprotein involved in the cell detoxification. Presence of 10 μM quinizarin, emodin or hypericin increased P-glycoprotein function in U87 MG cells. Moreover, emodin pretreatment allowed quinizarin nuclear internalization without photo-activation, which was not the case for hypericin. The synergy of such pretreatment and photo-activation should lessen the drug doses with simultaneous increase of drug efficacy triggering cell apoptosis/necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Verebova
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Dominik Belej
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Jaroslava Joniova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Jurasekova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Pavol Miskovsky
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Tibor Kozar
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Denis Horvath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Stanicova
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovska 1, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Interaction of Calf Thymus DNA with the Ni(II) Complex of Sodium 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-Anthraquinone-2-Sulphonate: A Novel Method of Analysis Using Cyclic Voltammetry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/183745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones are cheaper alternatives to anthracycline drugs. They closely resemble anthracycline drugs both from a structural and functional viewpoint. Electrochemical behavior of the Ni(II) complex (Na2[Ni(NaLH)2Cl2]⋅2H2O) of sodium 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulphonate (NaLH2), analogue of the core unit of anthracycline anticancer drugs, was studied at physiological pH using cyclic voltammetry. The Ni(II) complex of sodium 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulphonate undergoes diffusion-controlled one-electron reduction that enables performing an electrochemical study on the interaction of the complex with calf thymus DNA. The complex was titrated with increasing concentrations of DNA, and the reduction peak for the unbound complex helped in evaluating binding parameters. Analysis of binding data using nonlinear curve fit in a cyclic voltammetry experiment is the first such attempt. The paper evaluates site size of interaction that also serves as a means to determine stoichiometry of complex formation, between a metal ion and ligand from a DNA interaction study, probably a first of its kind.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mukherjee S, Das P, Das S. Exploration of small hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones as anthracycline analogues: physicochemical characteristics and DNA binding for comparison. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Piyal Das
- Department of Chemistry; Jadavpur University; Kolkata; 700032; India
| | - Saurabh Das
- Department of Chemistry; Jadavpur University; Kolkata; 700032; India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu SY, Lo CT, Shibu MA, Leu YL, Jen BY, Peng KC. Study on the anthraquinones separated from the cultivation of Trichoderma harzianum strain Th-R16 and their biological activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7288-7292. [PMID: 19650641 DOI: 10.1021/jf901405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol fungal species of Trichoderma, which colonizes plant roots, are well-known for their potential to control plant pathogens. Six anthraquinones, of which four have been identified for the first time from Trichoderma and two have already been reported in other strains, were purified from Trichoderma harzianum strain Th-R16 to evaluate their biological activities. The structures of the compounds were determined by one- and two-dimensional NMR. The compounds were shown to exhibit stronger antifungal activity than antibacterial activity. Low yield compounds, like 1,5-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone, were found to be more active against fungal pathogens than pachybasin and crysophanol, which were found to be the major extracellular metabolites. Test anthraquinones with higher oxidation numbers had better antifungal activity, and their activities were concentration-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guiraud P, Bonnet JL, Boumendjel A, Kadri-Dakir M, Dusser M, Bohatier J, Steiman R. Involvement of Tetrahymena pyriformis and selected fungi in the elimination of anthracene, and toxicity assessment of the biotransformation products. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 69:296-305. [PMID: 17257678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene (AC) is a non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic, low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in the environment. Its toxicity can be dramatically increased after solar-light exposure. Biotransformation capacities of AC by Tetrahymena pyriformis and a selection of eight micromycetes were studied, and the ability of these microorganisms to detoxify the polluted ecosystems was assessed. We showed that T. pyriformis was able to accumulate high amounts of AC without any transformation. In contrast, the fungi Cunninghamella elegans, Absidia fusca, Absidia cylindrospora, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Aspergillus terreus were able to transform AC with a high efficiency. Cytotoxicity assays conducted on HeLa cells and T. pyriformis showed that crude extract from A. fusca culture medium obtained after AC biotransformation was not toxic. For A. fusca and A. cylindrospora, 1-4 dihydroxyanthraquinone was shown to be the major product during the biotransformation process. This compound seemed to be a dead-end metabolite at least for the Absidia strains. The cytotoxicity of 1-4 dihydroxyanthraquinone was higher than that of AC to T. pyriformis but lower to HeLa cells. On the whole our results showed that the microorganisms studied were all able to decontaminate an AC-polluted ecosystem, either by accumulating or transforming the compound. A possible detoxification process resulting from AC biotransformation can be considered only using the human cell model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Guiraud
- Laboratoire ORSOX (EA-3776, CEA-LRC 8M), Université Joseph Fourier, UFR de Pharmacie, Domaine de La Merci, 38700 La Tronche, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu SY, Lo CT, Chen C, Liu MY, Chen JH, Peng KC. Efficient isolation of anthraquinone-derivatives from Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 70:391-5. [PMID: 17067682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinone-derivatives, chrysophanol and pachybasin, were purified by a silica column chromatography with two different solvent systems from Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323. The fungus was incubated in sugarcane bagasse solid medium at room temperature without rotation. Structure of chrysophanol was solved by X-ray diffraction and pachybasin by NMR spectra. About 233+/-13 mg of pure chrysophanol and 773+/-40 mg of pure pachybasin were recovered per kg of solid cultural medium, with yields 1.7+/-0.2% and 5.6+/-0.5%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sarlauskas J, Nemeikaite-Ceniene A, Anusevicius Z, Miseviciene L, Julvez MM, Medina M, Gomez-Moreno C, Cenas N. Flavoenzyme-catalyzed redox cycling of hydroxylamino- and amino metabolites of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene: implications for their cytotoxicity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 425:184-92. [PMID: 15111126 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a widespread environmental contaminant, is exerted through its enzymatic redox cycling and/or covalent binding of its reduction products to proteins and DNA. In this study, we examined the possibility of another cytotoxicity mechanism of the amino- and hydroxylamino metabolites of TNT, their flavoenzyme-catalyzed redox cycling. The above compounds acted as redox-cycling substrates for single-electron transferring NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (P-450R) and ferredoxin:NADP(+) reductase (FNR), as well as substrates for the two-electron transferring flavoenzymes rat liver NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and Enterobacter cloacae NAD(P)H:nitroreductase (NR). Their reactivity in P-450R-, FNR-, and NR-catalyzed reactions increased with an increase in their single-electron reduction potential (E(1)(7)) or the decrease in the enthalpy of free radical formation. The cytotoxicity of the amino- and hydroxylamino metabolites of TNT towards bovine leukemia virus-transformed lamb kidney fibroblasts (line FLK) was partly prevented by the antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine and desferrioxamine, and potentiated by 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, thus pointing to the involvement of oxidative stress. In general, their cytotoxicity increased with an increase in their electron accepting properties, or their reactivity towards the single-electron transferring FNR and P-450R. Thus, our data imply that the flavoenzyme-catalyzed redox cycling of amino and hydroxylamino metabolites of TNT may be an important factor in their cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sarlauskas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Sector of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, MokslininkuSt. 12, Vilnius 2600, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cenas N, Anusevicius Z, Nivinskas H, Miseviciene L, Sarlauskas J. Structure-Activity Relationships in Two-Electron Reduction of Quinones. Methods Enzymol 2004; 382:258-77. [PMID: 15047107 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)82015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
21
|
Nemeikaite-Ceniene A, Sarlauskas J, Anusevicius Z, Nivinskas H, Cenas N. Cytotoxicity of RH1 and related aziridinylbenzoquinones: involvement of activation by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 416:110-8. [PMID: 12859987 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is supposed that the main cytotoxicity mechanism of antitumour aziridinyl-substituted benzoquinones is their two-electron reduction to alkylating products by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1, DT-diaphorase, EC 1.6.99.2). However, other possible cytotoxicity mechanisms, e.g., oxidative stress, are studied insufficiently. In the single-electron reduction of quinones including a novel compound RH1 (2,5-diaziridinyl- 3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone), by NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4, P-450R), their reactivity increased with an increase in the redox potential of quinone/semiquinone couple (E(1)7), reaching a limiting value at E(1)7> or =-0.1V. The reactivity of quinones towards NQO1 did not depend on their E(1)7. The cytotoxicity of aziridinyl-unsubstituted quinones in bovine leukemia virus-transformed lamb kidney fibroblasts (line FLK) mimics their reactivity in P-450R-catalyzed reactions, exhibiting a parabolic dependence on their E(1)7. The toxicity of aziridinyl-benzoquinones, although being higher, also followed this trend and did not depend on their reactivity towards NQO1. The action of aziridinylbenzoquinones in FLK cells was accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxidation, their toxicity decreased by desferrioxamine and the antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine, and potentiated by 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. The inhibitor of NQO1, dicumarol, protected against the toxicity of aziridinyl-benzoquinones except of 2,5-bis-(2'-hydroxyethylamino)-3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BZQ), which was almost inactive as NQO1 substrate. The same events except the absence of pronounced effect of dicumarol were characteristic in the cytotoxicity of aziridinyl-unsubstituted quinones. These findings indicate that in addition to the activation by NQO1, the oxidative stress presumably initiated by single-electron transferring enzymes may be an important factor in the cytotoxicity of aziridinylbenzoquinones. The information obtained may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of aziridinylquinone cytotoxicity and may be useful in the design of future bioreductive drugs.
Collapse
|