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Subramani B, Sathiyarajeswaran P. Current update on herbal sources of antithrombotic activity—a comprehensive review. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2022; 34:26. [PMID: 35283622 PMCID: PMC8899788 DOI: 10.1186/s43162-021-00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herbs are commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases in various traditional medicine. On the other hand, herb-drug interactions are most commonly encountered with conventional antiplatelet and anticoagulant drug prescriptions. This review presents a compilation of plants investigated for antiplatelet and anticoagulation recently and enumerates their possible lead compounds responsible for its action for paving further drug discovery and knowledge update. Main body of the abstract Information about the herbs was withdrawn from the PubMed database of the previous 5 years. We also hand-searched the bibliography of relevant articles for the acquisition of additional information. About 72 herbal sources were identified with the effect of antiplatelet activity, antithrombotic activity, and anticoagulant activity. Bioactive compounds and various secondary metabolites responsible for it, such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, polyphenols, furan derivatives, iridoid glycosides, sesquiterpenes, aporphine compounds, were reported. Conclusion Newer pharmacological moieties are needed to prevent or reduce the adverse effects of current anti-thrombotic agents and to improve the safety of patients and cost-effectiveness.
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Ekambaram R, Sugumar M, Swaminathan E, Micheal Raj AP, Dharmalingam S. Design and fabrication of electrospun Morinda citrifolia-based nanofibrous scaffold as skin wound dressing material: in vitroand in silicoanalysis. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33725680 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abef59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is an urgent problem that impacts quality of life, and the need for biomaterials suitable for the treatment of skin wound healing disease is increasing annually. Innovative biomaterials and treatments for skin abrasions are being relentlessly researched and established in order to improve treatment efficacy. Here, we describe a novel electrospun polymeric nanofibrous scaffold enriched with pharmaceutical bioactive materials extracted fromMorinda citrifolia(MC), which demonstrated efficient skin wound healing therapy due to its excellent human skin keratinocyte proliferation and adhesion inin vitroanalysis. Surface morphological analysis was used to reveal the nano-architectural structure of the electrospun scaffolds. The fabricated nanofibers displayed good antibacterial efficacy by creating an inhibitory zone for the pathogenic microbes studied. MC supported active healing due to the presence of pharmaceuticals associated with wound healing, as revealed by the results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) analysis. Since MC is a multi-potential therapeutic herbal plant, it was found that the linoleic acid, olelic acid, and diethyl phthalate present in the extract supported the wound healing proteins glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein and Protein Data Bank-1Q5K with binding energies of -4.6, -5.2, and -5.9 kcal mol-1, as established by the results ofin silicoanalysis. Thus, by being hydrophilic in nature, targeting wound proteins, increasing the proliferation and adhesion of keratinocytes and combating pathogens, the nanofibrous scaffolds endowed with MC extract proved to be an effective therapeutic material for skin wound dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moogambigai Sugumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Park CM, Lee S, Song J, Lee J. Discovery of ( E)‐5,5‐Difluoro‐1‐[2‐[5‐(3‐fluorophenyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]vinyl]octahydrospiro(indene‐2,5′‐oxazolidin)‐2′‐one as a PAR1 Antagonist. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Park
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Sunkyung Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology Daejeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Jong‐Hwan Song
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Joo‐Youn Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery ResearchKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Deajeon 34114 South Korea
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Qi H, Yang S, Zhang L. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:928. [PMID: 28824648 PMCID: PMC5545592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Neutrophils are a component of the innate immune system which protect against pathogen invasion; however, the contribution of neutrophils to cardiovascular disease has been underestimated, despite infiltration of leukocyte subsets being a known driving force of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In addition to their function as phagocytes, neutrophils can release their extracellular chromatin, nuclear protein, and serine proteases to form net-like fiber structures, termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs can entrap pathogens, induce endothelial activation, and trigger coagulation, and have been detected in atherosclerotic and thrombotic lesions in both humans and mice. Moreover, NETs can induce endothelial dysfunction and trigger proinflammatory immune responses. Overall, current data indicate that NETs are not only present in plaques and thrombi but also have causative roles in triggering formation of atherosclerotic plaques and venous thrombi. This review is focused on published findings regarding NET-associated endothelial dysfunction during atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, and venous thrombosis pathogenesis. The NET structure is a novel discovery that will find its appropriate place in our new understanding of cardiovascular disease. In addition, NETs have high potential to be further explored toward much better treatment of atherosclerosis and venous thromboembolism in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Qi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuofei Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Moon JY, Franchi F, Rollini F, Angiolillo DJ. Role for Thrombin Receptor Antagonism With Vorapaxar in Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Events: From Bench to Bedside. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2017; 23:23-37. [PMID: 28565918 DOI: 10.1177/1074248417708617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In spite of treatment with the current standard of care antiplatelet regimens including dual antiplatelet therapy, recurrence rates of ischemic events remain elevated for high-risk patients with atherosclerotic disease. This may be in part attributed to the fact that other key platelet activation pathways remain uninhibited and can thus continue to trigger platelet activation and lead to thrombotic complications. Thrombin is a powerful inducer of platelet activation and mediates its effects directly on platelets through protease activator receptors (PARs), particularly the PAR-1 subtype, making PAR-1 inhibition an attractive approach for reducing atherothrombotic events. These observations have led to the development of several PAR-1 antagonists. Vorapaxar is a direct inhibitor of PAR-1 and the only agent of this class approved for the prevention of recurrent ischemic events in patients with prior myocardial infarction or peripheral artery disease. In the present manuscript, we present a review of the pathophysiologic role of thrombin on thrombotic complications, the impact of vorapaxar on outcomes, including the most recent updates deriving from clinical trials, as well as future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youn Moon
- 1 Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francesco Franchi
- 1 Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Fabiana Rollini
- 1 Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Dominick J Angiolillo
- 1 Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Park CM, Baek S, Kim S, Song JH, Lee S, Kim M. Trans-fused 5-[(tert-Butoxtycarbonyl)amino]octahydroindenes as a protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) antagonist. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1275-95. [PMID: 27406140 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) has been considered as a promising antiplatelet target to prevent thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with prior myocardial infarction or peripheral arterial diseases. Previously, we found a series of octahydroindene analogues to have high potency on PAR1 and no significant cytotoxicity but poor metabolic stability in human and rat liver microsomes. We designed and synthesized substituted analogues of octahydroindenes at C5 or C6 aiming to improvement of metabolic stability, and identified that trans-fused 5-[(tert-butoxtycarbonyl)amino]octahydroindene analogues showed improved metabolic stability with maintaining good activity on PAR1. Especially, 2-methanesulfonate 57 (IC50 = 0.006 μM; R50 = 126.3 min in human, 83.3 min in rat), sulfamate 58 (IC50 = 0.020 μM; R50 = 52.8 min in human, 106.0 min in rat), and N-(cyclopropyl)methylsufonamide 63 (IC50 = 0.010 μM; R50 = 51.4 min in human, 90.5 min in rat) exhibited excellent activity and metabolic stability both on human and rat liver microsomes, comparable to those obtained for varapaxar (IC50 = 0.0015 μM; R50 = 83.2 min in human, 32.4 min in rat). Additionally, these compounds (57, 58, and 63) represented significant efficacy (IC50 = 0.0022, 0.0062, and 0.015 μM, each) in human washed platelet aggregation (WPA) assay without cytotoxicity and CYP3A4 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Park
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhyun Baek
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science and Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwoo Kim
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Song
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyung Lee
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea. .,Korea University of Science and Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Ungar L, Rodriguez F, Mahaffey KW. Vorapaxar: emerging evidence and clinical questions in a new era of PAR-1 inhibition. Coron Artery Dis 2016; 27:604-15. [PMID: 27398626 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the use of therapies recommended in practice guidelines for secondary prevention in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, the residual risk for cardiovascular events remains high. Some of the residual risk is believed to result from incomplete platelet inhibition with current therapy. Vorapaxar is a first-in-class, novel antiplatelet agent that acts by antagonizing the PAR-1 receptor, inhibiting thrombin-mediated platelet activation. Vorapaxar was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction or peripheral artery disease who do not have a history of transient ischemic attack or stroke. We review the data from two key phase III cardiovascular outcome trials with vorapaxar: TRACER and TRA 2P-TIMI 50. We will focus on identifying the key patient populations that should be identified for treatment, highlight practical clinical issues when prescribing vorapaxar, and review unanswered questions. Vorapaxar should be considered in patients at high risk for recurrent ischemic events and low risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Ungar
- aDepartment of Medicine bDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine and Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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8
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Anjum K, Abbas SQ, Shah SAA, Akhter N, Batool S, Hassan SSU. Marine Sponges as a Drug Treasure. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:347-62. [PMID: 27350338 PMCID: PMC4930278 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges have been considered as a drug treasure house with respect to great potential regarding their secondary metabolites. Most of the studies have been conducted on sponge's derived compounds to examine its pharmacological properties. Such compounds proved to have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antimalarial, antitumor, immunosuppressive, and cardiovascular activity. Although, the mode of action of many compounds by which they interfere with human pathogenesis have not been clear till now, in this review not only the capability of the medicinal substances have been examined in vitro and in vivo against serious pathogenic microbes but, the mode of actions of medicinal compounds were explained with diagrammatic illustrations. This knowledge is one of the basic components to be known especially for transforming medicinal molecules to medicines. Sponges produce a different kind of chemical substances with numerous carbon skeletons, which have been found to be the main component interfering with human pathogenesis at different sites. The fact that different diseases have the capability to fight at different sites inside the body can increase the chances to produce targeted medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Anjum
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Syed Qamar Abbas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University D.I.Khan, K.P.K. 29050,
Pakistan
| | | | - Najeeb Akhter
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Sundas Batool
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg,
Germany
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9
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Octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyridine and octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran analogues as a protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) antagonist. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:2029-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Howell JM, Liu W, Young AJ, White MC. General allylic C-H alkylation with tertiary nucleophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5750-4. [PMID: 24641574 PMCID: PMC4004237 DOI: 10.1021/ja500726e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A general
method for intermolecular allylic C–H alkylation of terminal
olefins with tertiary nucleophiles has been accomplished employing
palladium(II)/bis(sulfoxide) catalysis. Allylic C–H alkylation
furnishes products in good yields (avg. 64%) with excellent regio-
and stereoselectivity (>20:1 linear:branched, >20:1 E:Z). For the first time, the olefin scope encompasses unactivated
aliphatic olefins as well as activated aromatic/heteroaromatic olefins
and 1,4-dienes. The ease of appending allyl moieties onto complex
scaffolds is leveraged to enable this mild and selective allylic C–H
alkylation to rapidly diversify phenolic natural products. The tertiary
nucleophile scope is broad and includes latent functionality for further
elaboration (e.g., aliphatic alcohols, α,β-unsaturated
esters). The opportunities to effect synthetic streamlining with such
general C–H reactivity are illustrated in an allylic C–H
alkylation/Diels–Alder reaction cascade: a reactive diene is
generated via intermolecular allylic C–H alkylation
and approximated to a dienophile contained within the tertiary nucleophile
to furnish a common tricyclic core found in the class I galbulimima
alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Howell
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
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11
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Lee S, Song JH, Park CM, Kim JS, Jeong JH, Cho WY, Lim DC. Discovery of Octahydroindenes as PAR1 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1054-8. [PMID: 24900604 DOI: 10.1021/ml400235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Octahydroindene was identified as a novel scaffold for protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) antagonists. Herein, the 2-position (C2) was explored for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Compounds 14, 19, and 23b showed IC50 values of 1.3, 8.6, and 2.7 nM in a PAR1 radioligand binding assay, respectively, and their inhibitory activities on platelet activation were comparable to that of vorapaxar in a platelet rich plasma (PRP) aggregation assay. This series of compounds showed high potency and no significant cytotoxicity; however, the compounds were metabolically unstable in both human and rat liver microsomes. Current research efforts are focused on optimizing the compounds to improve metabolic stability and physicochemical properties as well as potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Lee
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Song
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Kim
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Jeong
- Division
of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Technology, 141 Gajeongno, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Woo-Young Cho
- R&D Park, LG Life Sciences, 104-1 Munji-Dong, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-380, Korea
| | - Dong-Chul Lim
- R&D Park, LG Life Sciences, 104-1 Munji-Dong, Yuseong, Deajeon 305-380, Korea
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12
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Evans DA, Adams DJ, Kwan EE. Progress toward the Syntheses of (+)-GB 13, (+)-Himgaline, and Himandridine. New Insights into Intramolecular Imine/Enamine Aldol Cyclizations. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8162-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Evans
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Drew J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Eugene E. Kwan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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13
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Lilly SM, Wilensky RL. Emerging therapies for acute coronary syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:61. [PMID: 22028691 PMCID: PMC3199568 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the majority of cases acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are caused by activation and aggregation of platelets and subsequent thrombus formation leading to a decrease in coronary artery blood flow. Recent focus on the treatment of ACS has centered on reducing the response of platelets to vascular injury as well as inhibiting fibrin deposition. Novel therapies include more effective P2Y12 receptor blockers thereby reducing inter-individual variability, targeting the platelet thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor 1) as well as directly inhibiting factor Xa or thrombin activity. In this review we discuss the clinical data evaluating the effectiveness of these various new ACS treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Lilly
- Cardiovascular Division, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Kogushi M, Matsuoka T, Kawata T, Kuramochi H, Kawaguchi S, Murakami K, Hiyoshi H, Suzuki S, Kawahara T, Kajiwara A, Hishinuma I. The novel and orally active thrombin receptor antagonist E5555 (Atopaxar) inhibits arterial thrombosis without affecting bleeding time in guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 657:131-7. [PMID: 21300059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is a powerful agonist for platelets, the action of which is mediated by the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Recently, we discovered that E5555 (1-(3-tert-butyl-4-methoxy-5-morpholinophenyl)-2-(5,6-diethoxy-7-fluoro-1-imino-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl) ethanone hydrobromide) is a potent thrombin receptor antagonist. We evaluated the anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic effects of E5555. E5555 inhibited the binding of a high-affinity thrombin receptor-activating peptide ([(3)H]haTRAP) to PAR-1 with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value of 0.019μM. E5555 showed potent inhibitory effects on human platelet aggregation induced by thrombin and TRAP with IC(50) values of 0.064 and 0.031μM, respectively, but had no effect on platelet aggregation induced by either ADP or collagen. Similarly, E5555 showed potent and selective inhibitory effects on guinea pig platelet aggregation induced by thrombin and TRAP with IC(50) values of 0.13 and 0.097μM, respectively. The antithrombotic activity of E5555 in vivo was evaluated in a photochemically-induced thrombosis (PIT) model using guinea pigs. Oral administration of E5555 at 30 and 100mg/kg prolonged the time to occlusion by 1.8-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively, compared with controls. Furthermore, E5555 did not prolong bleeding time in guinea pigs at the highest tested dosage of 1000mg/kg. The drug interactions between E5555 and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) were evaluated. Intravenous administration of 1mg/kg tPA significantly prolonged bleeding time, and its effects were not altered by the oral co-administration of 300mg/kg E5555. These results suggest that E5555 could be a therapeutic option for atherothrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoji Kogushi
- Eisai Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300–2635, Japan.
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Xia Y, Chackalamannil S, Greenlee WJ, Wang Y, Hu Z, Root Y, Wong J, Kong J, Ahn HS, Boykow G, Hsieh Y, Kurowski S, Chintala M. Discovery of a vorapaxar analog with increased aqueous solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6676-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Goto S, Ogawa H, Takeuchi M, Flather MD, Bhatt DL. Double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II studies of the protease-activated receptor 1 antagonist E5555 (atopaxar) in Japanese patients with acute coronary syndrome or high-risk coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:2601-13. [PMID: 20805115 PMCID: PMC2966970 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Two multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II studies assessed the safety and efficacy of the oral protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) antagonist E5555 in addition to standard therapy in Japanese patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or high-risk coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and results Patients with ACS (n = 241) or high-risk CAD (n = 263) received E5555 (50, 100, or 200 mg) or placebo once daily for 12 (ACS patients) or 24 weeks (CAD patients). The incidence of TIMI major, minor, and minimal bleeds requiring medical attention was similar in the placebo and combined E5555 (atopaxar) groups (ACS: 6.6% placebo vs. 5.0% E5555; CAD: 1.5% placebo vs. 1.5% E5555). There were no TIMI major bleeds and three CURE major bleeds (two with placebo; one with 100 mg E5555). There was a numerical increase in ‘any’ TIMI bleeding with the E5555 200 mg dose (ACS: 16.4% placebo vs. 23.0% E5555, P = 0.398; CAD: 4.5% placebo vs. 13.2% E5555, P = 0.081). The rate of major cardiovascular adverse events in the combined E5555 group was not different from placebo (ACS: 6.6% placebo vs. 5.0% E5555, P = 0.73; CAD: 4.5% placebo vs. 1.0% E5555, P = 0.066). There was a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in liver function abnormalities and QTcF with E5555. At trough dosing levels in both populations, mean inhibition of platelet aggregation was >90% with 100 and 200 mg E5555, and 20–60% with 50 mg E5555. Conclusion E5555 (50, 100, and 200 mg) did not increase clinically significant bleeding, although there was a higher rate of any TIMI bleeding with the highest two doses. All doses tested achieved a significant level of platelet inhibition. There was a significant dose-dependent increase in liver function abnormalities and QTcF. Although further study is needed, PAR-1 antagonism may have the potential to be a novel pathway for platelet inhibition to add on to the current standard of care therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Goto
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan.
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17
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Larson KK, Sarpong R. Total synthesis of alkaloid (+/-)-G. B. 13 using a Rh(I)-catalyzed ketone hydroarylation and late-stage pyridine reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:13244-5. [PMID: 19754185 DOI: 10.1021/ja9063487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Total synthesis of the Galbulimima alkaloid G. B. 13 was achieved utilizing a functionalized pyridine moiety as a piperidine surrogate. Key to the success of the synthesis was the development of an unprecedented rhodium-catalyzed 1,2-addition of an arylboronic ester into an unactivated ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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18
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Perez M, Lamothe M, Maraval C, Mirabel E, Loubat C, Planty B, Horn C, Michaux J, Marrot S, Letienne R, Pignier C, Bocquet A, Nadal-Wollbold F, Cussac D, de Vries L, Le Grand B. Discovery of novel protease activated receptors 1 antagonists with potent antithrombotic activity in vivo. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5826-36. [PMID: 19791800 DOI: 10.1021/jm900553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) or thrombin receptors constitute a class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) implicated in the activation of many physiological mechanisms. Thus, thrombin activates many cell types such as vascular smooth muscle cells, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and platelets via activation of these receptors. In humans, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is mediated by one subtype of these receptors, termed PAR1. This article describes the discovery of new antagonists of these receptors and more specifically two compounds: 2-[5-oxo-5-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)penta-1,3-dienyl]benzonitrile 36 (F 16618) and 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]propenone 39 (F 16357), obtained after optimization. Both compounds are able to inhibit SFLLR-induced human platelet aggregation and display antithrombotic activity in an arteriovenous shunt model in the rat after iv or oral administration. Furthermore, these compounds are devoid of bleeding side effects often observed with other types of antiplatelet drugs, which constitutes a promising advantage for this new class of antithrombotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Perez
- Medicinal Chemistry 4 Division, Pierre Fabre Research Center, Castres Cedex, France.
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19
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Létienne R, Leparq-Panissié A, Bocquet A, Calmettes Y, Culié C, Le Grand B. PAR1 antagonist mediated antithrombotic activity in extracorporeal arterio-venous shunt in the rat. Thromb Res 2009; 125:257-61. [PMID: 19476974 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Létienne
- Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17 Av. Jean Moulin, 81106 Castres Cedex, France.
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20
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Pinet C, Algalarrondo V, Sablayrolles S, Le Grand B, Pignier C, Cussac D, Perez M, Hatem SN, Coulombe A. Protease-activated receptor-1 mediates thrombin-induced persistent sodium current in human cardiomyocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1622-31. [PMID: 18326052 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.043182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After the thrombus formation in cardiac cavities or coronaries, the serine protease thrombin is produced and can therefore reach the myocardial tissue by the active process of extravasation and binds to the G protein-coupled protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) expressed in human myocardium. The role of PAR1 was investigated in the thrombin effect on sodium current (I(Na)). I(Na) was recorded in freshly isolated human atrial myocytes by the whole-cell patch-clamp method. Action potentials (AP) were recorded in guinea pig ventricular tissue by the conventional glass microelectrode technique. Thrombin-activated PAR1 induced a tetrodotoxin-blocked persistent sodium current, I(NaP), in a concentration-dependent manner with an apparent EC(50) of 28 U/ml. The PAR1 agonist peptide SFLLR-NH(2) (50 microM) was able to mimic PAR1-thrombin action, whereas PAR1 antagonists N(3)-cyclopropyl-7-((4-(1-methylethyl)-phenyl)methyl)-7H-pyrrolo(3,2-f)quinazoline-1,3-diamine (SCH 203099; 10 microM) and 1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-[3-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-pentyl)-2-imino-2,3-dihydro-imidazol-1-yl]-ethanone (ER 112787) (1 microM), completely inhibited it. The activated PAR1 involves the calcium-independent phospholipase-A(2) signaling pathway because two inhibitors of this cascade, bromoenol lactone (50 microM) and haloenol lactone suicide substrate (50 microM), block PAR1-thrombin-induced I(NaP).Asa consequence of I(NaP) activation, in guinea pig right ventricle papillary muscle, action potential duration (APD) were significantly increased by 20% and 15% under the respective action of 32 U/ml thrombin and 50 microM SFLLR-NH(2), and these increases in APD were prevented by 1 microM tetrodotoxin or markedly reduced by application of 1 microM SCH 203099 or ER 112787. Thrombin, through PAR1 activation, increases persistent component of the Na(+) current resulting in an uncontrolled sodium influx into the cardiomyocyte, which can contribute to cellular injuries observed during cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pinet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité 8162, Université de Paris XI, and Laboratoire de Recherches Médicales, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
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21
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Shah U, Chackalamannil S, Ganguly AK, Chelliah M, Kolotuchin S, Buevich A, McPhail A. Total synthesis of (-)-himgaline. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:12654-5. [PMID: 17002352 DOI: 10.1021/ja065198n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of (-)-himgaline and a highly enantioselective synthesis of its congener (-)-GB 13 are described. Decarboxylative aza-Michael reaction of the hexacyclic lactone precursor under acidic conditions, followed by basic workup, yielded (-)-GB 13 in 80% yield. Cyclization of (-)-GB 13 to oxohimgaline under acidic conditions, followed by internally coordinated sodium triacetoxyborohydride reduction, gave (-)-himgaline as the exclusive product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unmesh Shah
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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22
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Xia Y, Chackalamannil S, Clasby M, Doller D, Eagen K, Greenlee WJ, Tsai H, Agans-Fantuzzi J, Ahn HS, Boykow GC, Hsieh Y, Lunn CA, Chintala M. Himbacine derived thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonists: SAR of the pyridine ring. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4509-13. [PMID: 17574850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the vinyl pyridine region of himbacine derived thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonists is described. A 2-vinylpyridyl ring substituted with an aryl or a heteroaryl group at the 5-position showed the best overall PAR-1 affinity and pharmacokinetic properties. One of the newly discovered analogs bearing a 5-(3-pyridyl) substituent showed excellent PAR-1 affinity (Ki = 22 nM) and oral activity with reduced ClogP and improved off-target selectivity compared to an earlier development candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xia
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Himbacine derived thrombin receptor antagonists: discovery of a new tricyclic core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3647-51. [PMID: 17490877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of thrombin receptor antagonists is described. This series of compounds showed excellent in vitro and in vivo potency. The most potent compound 40 had an IC(50) of 7.6 nM and showed robust inhibition of platelet aggregation in a cynomolgus monkey model after oral administration.
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Clasby MC, Chackalamannil S, Czarniecki M, Doller D, Eagen K, Greenlee W, Kao G, Lin Y, Tsai H, Xia Y, Ahn HS, Agans-Fantuzzi J, Boykow G, Chintala M, Foster C, Smith-Torhan A, Alton K, Bryant M, Hsieh Y, Lau J, Palamanda J. Metabolism-Based Identification of a Potent Thrombin Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2006; 50:129-38. [PMID: 17201416 DOI: 10.1021/jm061043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of our prototypical thrombin receptor antagonist 1, Ki = 2.7 nM, was studied and three major metabolites (2, 4, and 5) were found. The structures of the metabolites were verified independently by synthesis. Compound 4 was shown to be a potent antagonist of the thrombin receptor with a Ki = 11 nM. Additionally, compound 4 showed a 3-fold improvement in potency with respect to 1 in an agonist-induced ex-vivo platelet aggregation assay in cynomolgus monkeys after oral administration; this activity was sustained with 60% inhibition observed at 24 h post-dose. Compound 4 was highly active in functional assays and showed excellent oral bioavailability in rats and monkeys. Compound 4 showed a superior rat enzyme induction profile relative to compound 1, allowing it to replace compound 1 as a development candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Clasby
- Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular Chemical Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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25
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Chackalamannil S. Thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor-1) antagonists as potent antithrombotic agents with strong antiplatelet effects. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5389-403. [PMID: 16942011 DOI: 10.1021/jm0603670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chackalamannil
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA. samuel.
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