1
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Baudry M, Luo YL, Bi X. Calpain-2 Inhibitors as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1592-1602. [PMID: 37474874 PMCID: PMC10684478 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While calpains have long been implicated in neurodegeneration, no calpain inhibitor has been developed for the treatment of neurodegeneration. This is partly due to the lack of understanding of the specific functions of most of the 15 members of the calpain family. Work from our laboratory over the last 5-10 years has revealed that calpain-1 and calpain-2, two of the major calpain isoforms in the brain, play opposite roles in both synaptic plasticity/learning and memory and neuroprotection/neurodegeneration. Thus, calpain-1 activation is required for triggering certain forms of synaptic plasticity and for learning some types of information and is neuroprotective. In contrast, calpain-2 activation limits the extent of synaptic plasticity and of learning and is neurodegenerative. These results have been validated with the use of calpain-1 knock-out mice and mice with a selective calpain-2 deletion in excitatory neurons of the forebrain. Through a medicinal chemistry campaign, we have identified a number of selective calpain-2 inhibitors and shown that these inhibitors do facilitate learning of certain tasks and are neuroprotective in a number of animal models of acute neurodegeneration. One of these inhibitors, NA-184, is currently being developed for the treatment of traumatic brain injury, and clinical trials are being planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Baudry
- CDM, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. 2nd St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
| | - Yun Lyna Luo
- CoP, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Xiaoning Bi
- COMP, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
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2
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Therapeutic use of calpeptin in COVID-19 infection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1439-1447. [PMID: 36268783 PMCID: PMC9594985 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This perspective considers the benefits of the potential future use of the cell permeant calpain inhibitor, calpeptin, as a drug to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Recent work has reported calpeptin’s capacity to inhibit entry of the virus into cells. Elsewhere, several drugs, including calpeptin, were found to be able to inhibit extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis. Unsurprisingly, because of similarities between viral and EV release mechanisms, calpeptin has also been shown to inhibit viral egress. This approach, identifying calpeptin, through large-scale screening studies as a candidate drug to treat COVID-19, however, has not considered the longer term likely benefits of calpain inhibition, post-COVID-19. This perspective will reflect on the capacity of calpeptin for treating long COVID by inhibiting the overproduction of neutrophil extracellular traps potentially damaging lung cells and promoting clotting, together with limiting associated chronic inflammation, tissue damage and pulmonary fibrosis. It will also reflect on the tolerated and detrimental in vivo side-effects of calpain inhibition from various preclinical studies.
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3
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Reetu R, Gujjarappa R, Malakar CC. Recent Advances in Synthesis and Medicinal Evaluation of 1,2‐Benzothiazine Analogues. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Reetu
- National Institute of Technology Manipur Chemistry INDIA
| | | | - Chandi C Malakar
- National Institute of Technology Manipur Department of Chemistry Langol, Imphal 795004 Imphal INDIA
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4
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Antileishmanial Efficacy of the Calpain Inhibitor MDL28170 in Combination with Amphotericin B. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7020029. [PMID: 35202224 PMCID: PMC8878347 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity of drug combinations to treat leishmaniasis came to the surface mainly because of the toxicity of current treatments and the emergence of resistant strains. The calpain inhibitor MDL28170 has previously shown anti-Leishmania activity, therefore its use in association with standard drugs could provide a new alternative for the treatment strategy against leishmaniasis. In this study, we analyzed the potential of the combination of MDL28170 and the antileishmanial drug amphotericin B against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania chagasi. The compounds were tested in the combination of the ½ × IC50 value of MDL28170 plus the ¼ × IC50 value of amphotericin B, which led to an increment in the anti-promastigote activity when compared to the single drug treatments. This drug association revealed several and severe morphophysiological changes on parasite cells, such as loss of plasma membrane integrity, reduced size of flagellum, and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential besides increased reactive oxygen species production. In addition, the combination of both drugs had a deleterious effect on the Leishmania–macrophage interaction, reflecting in a significant anti-amastigote action, which achieved a reduction of 50% in the association index. These results indicate that the combination treatment proposed here may represent a new alternative for leishmaniasis chemotherapy.
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Bandaru S, Ala C, Zhou AX, Akyürek LM. Filamin A Regulates Cardiovascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126555. [PMID: 34207234 PMCID: PMC8235345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamin A (FLNA) is a large actin-binding cytoskeletal protein that is important for cell motility by stabilizing actin networks and integrating them with cell membranes. Interestingly, a C-terminal fragment of FLNA can be cleaved off by calpain to stimulate adaptive angiogenesis by transporting multiple transcription factors into the nucleus. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that FLNA participates in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in which the interaction of FLNA with transcription factors and/or cell signaling molecules dictate the function of vascular cells. Localized FLNA mutations associate with cardiovascular malformations in humans. A lack of FLNA in experimental animal models disrupts cell migration during embryogenesis and causes anomalies, including heart and vessels, similar to human malformations. More recently, it was shown that FLNA mediates the progression of myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. Thus, these latest findings identify FLNA as an important novel mediator of cardiovascular development and remodeling, and thus a potential target for therapy. In this update, we summarized the literature on filamin biology with regard to cardiovascular cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashidar Bandaru
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.A.); (A.-X.Z.)
| | - Chandu Ala
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.A.); (A.-X.Z.)
| | - Alex-Xianghua Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.A.); (A.-X.Z.)
| | - Levent M. Akyürek
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.A.); (A.-X.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Spinozzi S, Albini S, Best H, Richard I. Calpains for dummies: What you need to know about the calpain family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140616. [PMID: 33545367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review was written in memory of our late friend, Dr. Hiroyuki Sorimachi, who, following the steps of his mentor Koichi Suzuki, a pioneer in calpain research, has made tremendous contributions to the field. During his career, Hiro also wrote several reviews on calpain, the last of which, published in 2016, was comprehensive. In this manuscript, we decided to put together a review with the basic information a novice may need to know about calpains. We also tried to avoid similarities with previous reviews and reported the most significant new findings, at the same time highlighting Hiro's contributions to the field. The review will cover a short history of calpain discovery, the presentation of the family, the life of calpain from transcription to activity, human diseases caused by calpain mutations and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Spinozzi
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Sonia Albini
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Heather Best
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France.
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Britti E, Delaspre F, Tamarit J, Ros J. Calpain-Inhibitors Protect Frataxin-Deficient Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons from Loss of Mitochondrial Na +/Ca 2+ Exchanger, NCLX, and Apoptosis. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:108-119. [PMID: 32249386 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are calcium-dependent proteases activated in apoptotic cell death and neurodegeneration. Friedreich Ataxia is a neurodegenerative rare disease caused by frataxin deficiency, a mitochondrial protein. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons are among the cellular types most affected in this disease. We have previously demonstrated that frataxin-deficient DRGs show calpain activation, alteration in calcium levels and decreased content of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX). This transporter is involved in mitochondrial calcium efflux. In this study, we have performed a time-course analysis of several parameters altered in a frataxin-deficient DRGs. These include decline of NCLX levels, calcium accumulation, mitochondrial depolarization, α-fodrin fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, we have analysed the effect of the calpain inhibitors MDL28170 and Calpeptin on these parameters. We have observed that these inhibitors increase NCLX levels, protect sensory neurons from neurite degeneration and calcium accumulation, and restore mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, calpain 1 reduction alleviated neurodegeneration in frataxin-deficient DRG neurons. These results strengthen the hypothesis of a central role for calcium homeostasis and calpains in frataxin-deficient dorsal root ganglia neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Britti
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Fabien Delaspre
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jordi Tamarit
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ros
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.
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8
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Donkor IO. An update on the therapeutic potential of calpain inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:659-675. [PMID: 32700591 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1797678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain is a cytosolic proteinase that regulates of a wide range of physiological functions. The enzyme has been implicated in various pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and several other diseases. Therefore, calpain inhibitors are of interest as therapeutic agents and have been studied in preclinical models of several diseases in which the enzyme has been implicated. AREAS COVERED Calpain inhibitors that were disclosed over the last 5 years (2015-2019) include calpastatin-based peptidomimetics; thalassospiramide lipopeptides; disulfide analogs of alpha-mercaptoacrylic acids; allosteric modulators; azoloimidazolidenones; and macrocyclic/non-macrocyclic carboxamides. The effectiveness of some of the inhibitors in preclinical animal models is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Significant milestones that were made over this time frame include: a) disclosure of novel blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable calpastatin analogs as calpain inhibitors; b) disclosure that potent calpain inhibitors can be obtained by targeting the hydrophobic pockets on chain A of PEF(S) of the small subunit of calpain; c) use of PEF(S) (PDB ID: 4WQ2) in virtual screening to identify novel structurally diverse calpain inhibitors; and d) mitigation of the metabolic instability of the alpha-ketoamide warhead of calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Donkor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy , Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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9
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Donkor IO, Xu J, Liu J, Cameron K. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of sulfonamide-based peptidomimetic calpain inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115433. [PMID: 32199690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The calpains are a conserved family of cysteine proteases that includes several isoforms of which µ-calpain and m-calpain are the most widely distributed in mammalian cells. Calpains have been implicated in normal physiological processes as well as cellular abnormalities such as neurodegenerative disorders, cataract, and cancer. Therefore, calpain inhibitors are of interest as potential therapeutic agents. We have synthesized four new sulfonamide-based peptidomimetic compounds 2-5 as inhibitors of μ-calpain that incorporate (E)-1-(phenyl)-2-phenyldiazene and (E)-1-(phenyl)-2-phenylethene functionalities as the N-terminal capping groups of the inhibitors. Compound 5 with Ki value of 9 nM versus μ-calpain was the most potent member of the group. The compounds were predicted to be more lipophilic compared to MDL28170 based on CLogP estimation. They displayed moderate to good antiproliferative activity versus melanoma cell lines (A-375 and B-16F1) and PC-3 prostate cancer cells in vitro. Additionally, one member of the group (compound 3) inhibited DU-145 cell invasion by 80% at 2 μM concentration in the Matrigel cell invasion assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Donkor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Keyuna Cameron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
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10
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Dókus LE, Yousef M, Bánóczi Z. Modulators of calpain activity: inhibitors and activators as potential drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:471-486. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1722638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Endre Dókus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mo’ath Yousef
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Matos AM, Pinto FR, Barros P, Amaral MD, Pepperkok R, Matos P. Inhibition of calpain 1 restores plasma membrane stability to pharmacologically rescued Phe508del-CFTR variant. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13396-13410. [PMID: 31324722 PMCID: PMC6737230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel normally expressed at the surface of epithelial cells. The most frequent mutation, resulting in Phe-508 deletion, causes CFTR misfolding and its premature degradation. Low temperature or pharmacological correctors can partly rescue the Phe508del-CFTR processing defect and enhance trafficking of this channel variant to the plasma membrane (PM). Nevertheless, the rescued channels have an increased endocytosis rate, being quickly removed from the PM by the peripheral protein quality-control pathway. We previously reported that rescued Phe508del-CFTR (rPhe508del) can be retained at the cell surface by stimulating signaling pathways that coax the adaptor molecule ezrin (EZR) to tether rPhe508del-Na+/H+-exchange regulatory factor-1 complexes to the actin cytoskeleton, thereby averting the rapid internalization of this channel variant. However, the molecular basis for why rPhe508del fails to recruit active EZR to the PM remains elusive. Here, using a proteomics approach, we characterized and compared the core components of wt-CFTR- or rPhe508del-containing macromolecular complexes at the surface of human bronchial epithelial cells. We identified calpain 1 (CAPN1) as an exclusive rPhe508del interactor that prevents active EZR recruitment, impairs rPhe508del anchoring to actin, and reduces its stability in the PM. We show that either CAPN1 down-regulation or its chemical inhibition dramatically improves the functional rescue of Phe508del-CFTR in airway cells. These observations suggest that CAPN1 constitutes an appealing target for pharmacological intervention, as part of CF combination therapies restoring Phe508del-CFTR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco R Pinto
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Barros
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida D Amaral
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit and Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paulo Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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12
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Jantos K, Kling A, Mack H, Hornberger W, Moeller A, Nimmrich V, Lao Y, Nijsen M. Discovery of ABT-957: 1-Benzyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamides as selective calpain inhibitors with enhanced metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1968-1973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Backus KM, Cao J, Maddox SM. Opportunities and challenges for the development of covalent chemical immunomodulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3421-3439. [PMID: 31204229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that react irreversibly with cysteines have reemerged as potent and selective tools for altering protein function, serving as chemical probes and even clinically approved drugs. The exquisite sensitivity of human immune cell signaling pathways to oxidative stress indicates the likely, yet still underexploited, general utility of covalent probes for selective chemical immunomodulation. Here, we provide an overview of immunomodulatory cysteines, including identification of electrophilic compounds available to label these residues. We focus our discussion on three protein classes essential for cell signaling, which span the 'druggability' spectrum from amenable to chemical probes (kinases), somewhat druggable (proteases), to inaccessible (phosphatases). Using existing inhibitors as a guide, we identify general strategies to guide the development of covalent probes for selected undruggable classes of proteins and propose the application of such compounds to alter immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriann M Backus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Jian Cao
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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Buijsen RAM, Toonen LJA, Gardiner SL, van Roon-Mom WMC. Genetics, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Progress in Polyglutamine Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:263-286. [PMID: 30607747 PMCID: PMC6554265 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum and its connections. All ADCAs have progressive ataxia as their main clinical feature, frequently accompanied by dysarthria and oculomotor deficits. The most common spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are 6 polyglutamine (polyQ) SCAs. These diseases are all caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the coding region of a gene. Currently, no curative treatment is available for any of the polyQ SCAs, but increasing knowledge on the genetics and the pathological mechanisms of these polyQ SCAs has provided promising therapeutic targets to potentially slow disease progression. Potential treatments can be divided into pharmacological and gene therapies that target the toxic downstream effects, gene therapies that target the polyQ SCA genes, and stem cell replacement therapies. Here, we will provide a review on the genetics, mechanisms, and therapeutic progress in polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A M Buijsen
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lodewijk J A Toonen
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah L Gardiner
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, LUMC, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Calpains are signaling proteases that have relatively little sequence specificity but some preferences for certain residues on either side of the scissile bond. As with most proteases, they mainly cut unstructured or extended regions of their target proteins. The tendency for concentrated calpain to rapidly autoproteolyze when activated by calcium complicates the kinetic assessment of calpain activity. As calpain autoproteolyzes, the amount of fully active enzyme continuously decreases until all of the calpain molecules have been cut and their activity reduced to a tiny fraction of the starting rate. To accurately measure calpain kinetics, only the initial rate of substrate hydrolysis, where autoproteolysis is minimal, can be used. To accomplish this, a method for rapid, quantifiable determination of substrate cleavage is required. Many of the existing assays are lacking in their sensitivity to accurately quantify calpain activity within this timeframe. However, the FRET peptide substrates developed by Cuerrier et al. have been shown to have sufficiently high affinity between substrate and enzyme to accurately measure the initial enzyme reaction velocity at substrate concentrations above the Km value. With a suitably sensitive fluorimeter, sufficient data can be obtained to evaluate calpain kinetics and inhibition. Here we describe a facile, reliable calpain assay based on the continuous monitoring of FRET fluorescence from the highly sensitive calpain-specific substrate, (EDANS)-EPLFAERK-(DABCYL). We illustrate some difficulties associated with determining kinetic constants of whole calpains that are simultaneously undergoing autoproteolysis and how the assay can be used to help characterize calpain-specific inhibitors. We also present a variation of this fluorescence-based assay for high-throughput screening using the calpain protease core and a fluorescence plate reader.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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16
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Protective effect of calpeptin on acrylamide-induced microtubule injury in sciatic nerve. Toxicology 2018; 409:103-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Song Z, Chen H, Xu W, Wu S, Zhu G. Basolateral amygdala calpain is required for extinction of contextual fear-memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:180-188. [PMID: 30086394 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extinction of fear-memory is essential for emotional and mental changes. However, the mechanisms underlying extinction of fear-memory are largely unknown. Calpain is a type of calcium-dependent protease that plays a critical role in memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Whether calpain functions in extinction of fear-memory is unknown, as are the molecular mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the pivotal role of calpain in extinction of fear-memory in mice, and assessed its mechanism. Conditioned stimulation/unconditioned stimulation-conditioned stimulation paradigms combined with pharmacological methods were employed to evaluate the action of calpain in memory extinction. Our data demonstrated that intraperitoneal or intra-basolateral amygdala (BLA) injection of calpain inhibitors could eliminate extinction of fear-memory in mice. Moreover, extinction of fear-memory paradigm-activated BLA calpain activity, which degraded suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian oscillatory protein (SCOP) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), subsequently contributing to activation of a protein kinase B (AKT)-mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTor) signaling pathway. Additionally, cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation was also augmented following extinction of fear-memory. Calpain inhibitor blocked the signaling pathway activation induced by extinction of fear-memory. Additionally, intra-BLA injection of rapamycin or cycloheximide also blocked the extinction of fear-memory. Conversely, intra-BLA injection of PTEN inhibitor, bpV, reversed the effect of calpeptin on extinction of fear-memory. Together, our data confirmed the function of BLA calpain in extinction of fear-memory, likely via degrading PTEN and activating AKT-mTor-dependent protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujin Song
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The first Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Shengbing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
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18
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Alon M, Arafeh R, Lee JS, Madan S, Kalaora S, Nagler A, Abgarian T, Greenberg P, Ruppin E, Samuels Y. CAPN1 is a novel binding partner and regulator of the tumor suppressor NF1 in melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31264-31277. [PMID: 30131853 PMCID: PMC6101293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin 1 (NF1), a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates RAS through its GTPase activity, is highly mutated in various types of sporadic human cancers, including melanoma. However, the binding partners of NF1 and the pathways in which it is involved in melanoma have not been characterized in an in depth manner. Utilizing a mass spectrometry analysis of NF1 binding partners, we revealed Calpain1 (CAPN1), a calcium-dependent neutral cysteine protease, as a novel NF1 binding partner that regulates NF1 degradation in melanoma cells. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of CAPN1 or treatment with a CAPN1 inhibitor stabilizes NF1 protein levels, downregulates AKT signaling and melanoma cell growth. Combination treatment of Calpain inhibitor I with MEKi Trametinib in different melanoma cells is more effective in reducing melanoma cell growth compared to treatment with Trametinib alone, suggesting that this combination may have a therapeutic potential in melanoma. This novel mechanism for regulating NF1 in melanoma provides a molecular basis for targeting CAPN1 in order to stabilize NF1 levels and, in doing so, suppressing Ras activation; this mechanism can be exploited therapeutically in melanoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Alon
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rand Arafeh
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joo Sang Lee
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanna Madan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelly Kalaora
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Nagler
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tereza Abgarian
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Polina Greenberg
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS), the domain responsible for action potential initiation and maintenance of neuronal polarity, is targeted for disruption in a variety of central nervous system pathological insults. Previous work in our laboratory implicates oxidative stress as a potential mediator of structural AIS alterations in two separate mouse models of central nervous system inflammation, as these effects were attenuated following reactive oxygen species scavenging and NADPH oxidase-2 ablation. While these studies suggest a role for oxidative stress in modulation of the AIS, the direct effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) on the stability of this domain remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that oxidative stress, as induced through treatment with 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a spontaneous ROS/RNS generator, drives a reversible loss of AIS protein clustering in primary cortical neurons in vitro. Pharmacological inhibition of both voltage-dependent and intracellular calcium (Ca2+) channels suggests that this mechanism of AIS disruption involves Ca2+ entry specifically through L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and its release from IP3-gated intracellular stores. Furthermore, ROS/RNS-induced AIS disruption is dependent upon activation of calpain, a Ca2+-activated protease previously shown to drive AIS modulation. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that oxidative stress, as induced through exogenously applied ROS/RNS, is capable of driving structural alterations in the AIS complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Clark
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 72054 Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA.,2 Neuroscience Curriculum, 72054 Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brooke A Sword
- 3 20125 Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center , Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 72054 Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA.,3 20125 Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center , Richmond, VA, USA
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20
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Susceptibility of promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes from distinct Leishmania species to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2085-2094. [PMID: 29728827 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the available drug options, leishmaniasis treatment remains unsatisfactory. The repurposing of calpain inhibitors originally developed for human diseases became an interesting alternative, since Leishmania cells express calpain-related proteins. The susceptibility of six Leishmania species (L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, L. major, L. mexicana, L. chagasi, and L. donovani) to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 was determined. Promastigote and intracellular amastigote viability in the presence of MDL28170 was evaluated. MDL28170 was able to reduce promastigote proliferation in a dose-dependent manner for all the parasites. A significant reduction on the general parasite metabolism was detected, as judged by resazurin assay, as well as induced important morphological alterations, including rounding promastigotes and loss of the flagellum. MDL28170 was also able to reduce the number of intracellular amastigotes in RAW macrophages. The susceptibility of both parasite stages (promastigotes and amastigotes) to MDL28170 was similar for all Leishmania species tested. MDL28170 showed a much higher toxicity to Leishmania amastigotes when compared with mammalian macrophages, displaying selectivity index values varying from 13.1 to 39.8. These results suggest that the development of calpain inhibitors may represent an interesting alternative in the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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21
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Popik B, Crestani AP, Silva MO, Quillfeldt JA, de Oliveira Alvares L. Calpain modulates fear memory consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation in the hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 151:53-58. [PMID: 29630999 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that long-lasting changes in dendritic spines provide a physical correlate for memory formation and maintenance. Spine size and shape are highly plastic, controlled by actin polymerization/depolymerization cycles. This actin dynamics are regulated by proteins such as calpain, a calcium-dependent cysteine protease that cleaves the structural cytoskeleton proteins and other targets involved in synaptic plasticity. Here, we tested whether the pharmacological inhibition of calpain in the dorsal hippocampus affects memory consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation in rats trained in contextual fear conditioning. We first found that post-training infusion of the calpain inhibitor PD150606 impaired long-term memory consolidation, but not short-term memory. Next, we showed that pre-test infusion of the calpain inhibitor hindered memory retrieval. Finally, blocking calpain activity after memory reactivation disrupted reconsolidation. Taken together, our results show that calpain play an essential role in the hippocampus by enabling memory formation, expression and reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Popik
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90.046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Crestani
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia e Neurocomputação, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91.501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90.046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mateus Oliveira Silva
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90.046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Quillfeldt
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia e Neurocomputação, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91.501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90.046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90.046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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22
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Kling A, Jantos K, Mack H, Hornberger W, Backfisch G, Lao Y, Nijsen M, Rendenbach-Mueller B, Moeller A. Mitigating the Metabolic Liability of Carbonyl Reduction: Novel Calpain Inhibitors with P1' Extension. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541364 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of calpains 1 and 2 has been implicated in a variety of pathological disorders including ischemia/reperfusion injuries, kidney diseases, cataract formation, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). 2-(3-Phenyl-1H)-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinamides represent a series of novel and potent calpain inhibitors with high selectivity and in vivo efficacy. However, carbonyl reduction leading to the formation of the inactive hydroxyamide was identified as major metabolic liability in monkey and human, a pathway not reflected by routine absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) assays. Using cytosolic clearance as a tailored in vitro ADME assay coupled with in vitro hepatocyte metabolism enabled the identification of analogues with enhanced stability against carbonyl reduction. These efforts led to the identification of P1' modified calpain inhibitors with significantly improved pharmacokinetic profile including P1' N-methoxyamide 23 as potential candidate compound for non-central nervous system indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kling
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Katja Jantos
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Helmut Mack
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wilfried Hornberger
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Gisela Backfisch
- Development Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Yanbin Lao
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6125, United States
| | - Marjoleen Nijsen
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6125, United States
| | | | - Achim Moeller
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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23
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In vitro selection of Phytomonas serpens cells resistant to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170: alterations in fitness and expression of the major peptidases and efflux pumps. Parasitology 2017; 145:355-370. [PMID: 29039273 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The species Phytomonas serpens is known to express some molecules displaying similarity to those described in trypanosomatids pathogenic to humans, such as peptidases from Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzipain) and Leishmania spp. (gp63). In this work, a population of P. serpens resistant to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 at 70 µ m (MDLR population) was selected by culturing promastigotes in increasing concentrations of the drug. The only relevant ultrastructural difference between wild-type (WT) and MDLR promastigotes was the presence of microvesicles within the flagellar pocket of the latter. MDLR population also showed an increased reactivity to anti-cruzipain antibody as well as a higher papain-like proteolytic activity, while the expression of calpain-like molecules cross-reactive to anti-Dm-calpain (from Drosophila melanogaster) antibody and calcium-dependent cysteine peptidase activity were decreased. Gp63-like molecules also presented a diminished expression in MDLR population, which is probably correlated to the reduction in the parasite adhesion to the salivary glands of the insect vector Oncopeltus fasciatus. A lower accumulation of Rhodamine 123 was detected in MDLR cells when compared with the WT population, a phenotype that was reversed when MDLR cells were treated with cyclosporin A and verapamil. Collectively, our results may help in the understanding of the roles of calpain inhibitors in trypanosomatids.
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24
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Kling A, Jantos K, Mack H, Hornberger W, Drescher K, Nimmrich V, Relo A, Wicke K, Hutchins CW, Lao Y, Marsh K, Moeller A. Discovery of Novel and Highly Selective Inhibitors of Calpain for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: 2-(3-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-nicotinamides. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7123-7138. [PMID: 28759231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Calpain overactivation has been implicated in a variety of pathological disorders including ischemia/reperfusion injury, cataract formation, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein we describe our efforts leading to the identification of ketoamide-based 2-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinamides as potent and reversible inhibitors of calpain with high selectivity versus related cysteine protease cathepsins, other proteases, and receptors. Broad efficacy in a set of preclinical models relevant to AD suggests that inhibition of calpain represents an attractive approach with potential benefit for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kling
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Katja Jantos
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Helmut Mack
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wilfried Hornberger
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karla Drescher
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Volker Nimmrich
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ana Relo
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karsten Wicke
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Charles W Hutchins
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6125, United States
| | - Yanbin Lao
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6125, United States
| | - Kennan Marsh
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6125, United States
| | - Achim Moeller
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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25
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Marinho FA, Sangenito LS, Oliveira SSC, De Arruda LB, D'Ávila-Levy CM, Santos ALS, Branquinha MH. The potent cell permeable calpain inhibitor MDL28170 affects the interaction of Leishmania amazonensis with macrophages and shows anti-amastigote activity. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:579-583. [PMID: 28663009 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the28 first drugs used in leishmaniasis treatment up to now, the search for compounds with anti-Leishmania activity without toxic effects and able to overcome the emergency of resistant strains remains a major goal to combat this neglected disease. With this in mind, in the present work, we evaluated the effects of the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 on the interaction process of Leishmania amazonensis promastigote forms with murine peritoneal macrophages and on the intracellular amastigotes. Our results showed that the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 at 15 and 30μM significantly reduced the interaction process of promastigotes with macrophages by 16% and 41%, respectively. The inhibitor was also able to drastically reduce the number of infected macrophages in a time- and dose-dependent manner: after only 24h, MDL28170 was able to significantly diminish the infection rate, presenting an IC50 value of 18.2μM for amastigotes. The treatment with MDL28170 did not alter the nitric oxide production, but the production of TNF-α was significantly raised. Altogether, the results presented here contribute to the search of new proteolytic inhibitors able to act in a selective and effective manner against the diseases caused by trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A Marinho
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Leandro S Sangenito
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Simone S C Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Luciana B De Arruda
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Claudia M D'Ávila-Levy
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
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26
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Lin XY, Chen SZ. Calpain inhibitors ameliorate muscle wasting in a cachectic mouse model bearing CT26 colorectal adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1601-1610. [PMID: 28112357 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related cachexia involves increased protein breakdown through various proteolytic pathways, including the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). We hypothesized that a calcium- and calpain-dependent pathway might play a crucial role during the proteolytic procedure, and that pathway interventions would ameliorate cancer cachexia in vivo. After being inoculated with CT26 adenocarcinoma cell culture subcutaneously, BALB/c mice developed cachexia in 12 days. They were then administered with different types of calpain inhibitors individually or in combination for 7 consecutive days. Eighteen healthy mice were also assessed as a control group. Changes in body weight, gastrocnemius muscle mass, tumor volume, food intake, survival time, and serum nutritional markers were monitored. Also measured were the levels of calpains, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and apoptosis-associated markers in gastrocnemius muscle. Our study showed that the intraperitoneal administration of calpain inhibitors significantly improved tumor-free body weight and gastrocnemius muscle mass in all treatment groups. Treatment with calpain inhibitors also ameliorated cachexia-associated negative effects in metabolic profiles and increased survival time in most of the tumor-bearing mice compared with the cachexia controls. Furthermore, calpain inhibitors reduced the calpain activity and the expression of MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 in all treatment groups, while increasing the level of cleaved caspase-3 and BAX and lowering the level of BCL-2 in some groups. These results justify further evaluation of calpain inhibitors both alone and in combination with other candidate agents as a potential new therapeutic strategy for treating cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Si-Zeng Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
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27
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Oliveira SSCD, Gonçalves DDS, Garcia-Gomes ADS, Gonçalves IC, Seabra SH, Menna-Barreto RF, Lopes AHDCS, D'Avila-Levy CM, Santos ALSD, Branquinha MH. Susceptibility of Phytomonas serpens to calpain inhibitors in vitro: interference on the proliferation, ultrastructure, cysteine peptidase expression and interaction with the invertebrate host. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 112:31-43. [PMID: 27925020 PMCID: PMC5224352 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A pleiotropic response to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 was detected in the tomato
parasite Phytomonas serpens. Ultrastructural studies revealed that
MDL28170 caused mitochondrial swelling, shortening of flagellum and disruption of
trans Golgi network. This effect was correlated to the inhibition in processing of
cruzipain-like molecules, which presented an increase in expression paralleled by
decreased proteolytic activity. Concomitantly, a calcium-dependent cysteine peptidase
was detected in the parasite extract, the activity of which was repressed by
pre-incubation of parasites with MDL28170. Flow cytometry and Western blotting
analyses revealed the differential expression of calpain-like proteins (CALPs) in
response to the pre-incubation of parasites with the MDL28170, and confocal
fluorescence microscopy confirmed their surface location. The interaction of
promastigotes with explanted salivary glands of the insect Oncopeltus
fasciatus was reduced when parasites were pre-treated with MDL28170,
which was correlated to reduced levels of surface cruzipain-like and gp63-like
molecules. Treatment of parasites with anti-Drosophila melanogaster
(Dm) calpain antibody also decreased the adhesion process. Additionally, parasites
recovered from the interaction process presented higher levels of surface
cruzipain-like and gp63-like molecules, with similar levels of CALPs cross-reactive
to anti-Dm-calpain antibody. The results confirm the importance of exploring the use
of calpain inhibitors in studying parasites’ physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Santiago Carvalho de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline Dos Santos Garcia-Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Inês Correa Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Sergio Henrique Seabra
- Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste, Laboratório de Tecnologia em Cultura de Células, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Angela Hampshire de Carvalho Santos Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudia Masini D'Avila-Levy
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Why calpain inhibitors are interesting leading compounds to search for new therapeutic options to treat leishmaniasis? Parasitology 2016; 144:117-123. [PMID: 27869056 PMCID: PMC5300003 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201600189x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease, which needs improvements in drug development, mainly due to the toxicity, parasite resistance and low compliance of patients to treatment. Therefore, the development of new chemotherapeutic compounds is an urgent need. This opinion article will briefly highlight the feasible use of calpain inhibitors as leading compounds to search for new therapeutic options to treat leishmaniasis. The milestone of this approach is to take advantage on the myriad of inhibitors developed against calpains, some of which are in advanced clinical trials. The deregulated activity of these enzymes is associated with several pathologies, such as strokes, diabetes and Parkinson's disease, to name a few. In Leishmania, calpain upregulation has been associated to drug resistance and virulence. Whereas the difficulties in developing new drugs for neglected diseases are more economical than biotechnological, repurposing approach with compounds already approved for clinical use by the regulatory agencies can be an interesting shortcut to a successful chemotherapeutic treatment for leishmaniasis.
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Ono Y, Saido TC, Sorimachi H. Calpain research for drug discovery: challenges and potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:854-876. [PMID: 27833121 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of proteases that were scientifically recognized earlier than proteasomes and caspases, but remain enigmatic. However, they are known to participate in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, performing 'limited proteolysis' whereby they do not destroy but rather modulate the functions of their substrates. Calpains are therefore referred to as 'modulator proteases'. Multidisciplinary research on calpains has begun to elucidate their involvement in pathophysiological mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies targeting malfunctions of calpains have been developed, driven primarily by improvements in the specificity and bioavailability of calpain inhibitors. Here, we review the calpain superfamily and calpain-related disorders, and discuss emerging calpain-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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30
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Gene/protein expression of CAPN1/2-CAST system members is associated with ERK1/2 kinases activity as well as progression and clinical outcome in human laryngeal cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13185-13203. [PMID: 27456359 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates the involvement of calpains (CAPNs), a family of cysteine proteases, in cancer development and progression, as well as the insufficient response to cancer therapies. The contribution of CAPNs and regulatory calpastatin (CAST) and ERK1/2 kinases to aggressiveness, disease course, and outcome in laryngeal cancer remains elusive. This study was aimed to evaluate the CAPN1/2-CAST-ERK1/2 enzyme system mRNA/protein level and to investigate whether they can promote the dynamic of tumor growth and prognosis. The mRNA expression of marker genes was determined in 106 laryngeal cancer (SCLC) cases and 73 non-cancerous adjacent mucosa (NCLM) controls using quantitative real-time PCR. The level of corresponding proteins was analyzed by Western Blot. SLUG expression, as indicator of pathological advancement was determined using IHC staining. Significant increases of CAPN1/2-CAST-ERK1/2 levels of mRNA/protein were noted in SCLC compared to NCLM (p < 0.05). As a result, a higher level of CAPN1 and ERK1 genes was related to larger tumor size, more aggressive and deeper growth according to TFG scale and SLUG level (p < 0.05). There were also relationships of CAPN1/2 and ERK1 with incidences of local/nodal recurrences (p < 0.05). An inverse association for CAPN1/2, CAST, and ERK1/2 transcripts was determined with regard to overall survival (p < 0.05). In addition, a higher CAPN1 and phospho-ERK1 protein level was related to higher grade and stage (p < 0.05) and was found to promote worse prognosis. This is the first study to show that activity of CAPN1/2- CAST-ERK1/2 axis may be an indicator of tumor phenotype and unfavorable outcome in SCLC.
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Low KE, Ler S, Chen KJ, Campbell RL, Hickey JL, Tan J, Scully CCG, Davies PL, Yudin AK, Zaretsky S. Rational Design of Calpain Inhibitors Based on Calpastatin Peptidomimetics. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5403-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Low
- Department
of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Spencer Ler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kevin J. Chen
- Department
of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert L. Campbell
- Department
of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Hickey
- Encycle Therapeutics Inc., 101
College Street, Suite 314, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Joanne Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Conor C. G. Scully
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department
of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Serge Zaretsky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:506-19. [PMID: 26713267 PMCID: PMC4675809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases continue to provide validated targets for treatment of human diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders, multiple cysteine proteases provide targets for enzyme inhibitors, notably caspases, calpains, and cathepsins. The reactive, active-site cysteine provides specificity for many inhibitor designs over other families of proteases, such as aspartate and serine; however, a) inhibitor strategies often use covalent enzyme modification, and b) obtaining selectivity within families of cysteine proteases and their isozymes is problematic. This review provides a general update on strategies for cysteine protease inhibitor design and a focus on cathepsin B and calpain 1 as drug targets for neurodegenerative disorders; the latter focus providing an interesting query for the contemporary assumptions that irreversible, covalent protein modification and low selectivity are anathema to therapeutic safety and efficacy.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- APP/PS1, Aβ overexpressing mice APP (K670N/M671L) and PS1 (M146L) mutants
- Ala, alanine
- Alzheimer׳s disease
- AppLon, London familial amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (V717I)
- AppSwe, Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (K670N/M671L)
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, amyloid β
- Aβ1-42, amyloid β, 42 amino acid protein
- BACE-1, β-amyloid cleaving enzyme
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CANP, calcium-activated neutral protease
- CNS, central nervous system
- CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II
- Calpain
- Cathepsin
- Cdk5/p35, activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- Cysteine protease
- DTT, dithioerythritol
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Enzyme inhibitors
- GSH, glutathione
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamic acid
- Gly, glutamine
- Hsp70.1, heat shock protein 70.1
- Ile, isoleucine
- KO, knockout
- Leu, leucine
- Lys, lysine
- MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- Met, methionine
- NFT, neurofibrilliary tangles
- Neurodegeneration
- Nle, norleucine
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- Phe, phenylalanine
- Pro, proline
- SP, senile plaques
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Thr, threonine
- Tyr, tyrosine
- Val, valine
- WRX, Trp-Arg containing epoxysuccinate cysteine protease inhibitor
- WT, wildtype
- isoAsp, isoaspartate
- pGlu, pyroglutamate
- pyroGluAβ, pyroglutamate-amyloid β
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Clemens LE, Weber JJ, Wlodkowski TT, Yu-Taeger L, Michaud M, Calaminus C, Eckert SH, Gaca J, Weiss A, Magg JCD, Jansson EKH, Eckert GP, Pichler BJ, Bordet T, Pruss RM, Riess O, Nguyen HP. Olesoxime suppresses calpain activation and mutant huntingtin fragmentation in the BACHD rat. Brain 2015; 138:3632-53. [PMID: 26490331 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a fatal human neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene, which translates into a mutant huntingtin protein. A key event in the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington's disease is the proteolytic cleavage of mutant huntingtin, leading to the accumulation of toxic protein fragments. Mutant huntingtin cleavage has been linked to the overactivation of proteases due to mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium derangements. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of olesoxime, a mitochondria-targeting, neuroprotective compound, in the BACHD rat model of Huntington's disease. BACHD rats were treated with olesoxime via the food for 12 months. In vivo analysis covered motor impairments, cognitive deficits, mood disturbances and brain atrophy. Ex vivo analyses addressed olesoxime's effect on mutant huntingtin aggregation and cleavage, as well as brain mitochondria function. Olesoxime improved cognitive and psychiatric phenotypes, and ameliorated cortical thinning in the BACHD rat. The treatment reduced cerebral mutant huntingtin aggregates and nuclear accumulation. Further analysis revealed a cortex-specific overactivation of calpain in untreated BACHD rats. Treated BACHD rats instead showed significantly reduced levels of mutant huntingtin fragments due to the suppression of calpain-mediated cleavage. In addition, olesoxime reduced the amount of mutant huntingtin fragments associated with mitochondria, restored a respiration deficit, and enhanced the expression of fusion and outer-membrane transport proteins. In conclusion, we discovered the calpain proteolytic system, a key player in Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, as a target of olesoxime. Our findings suggest that olesoxime exerts its beneficial effects by improving mitochondrial function, which results in reduced calpain activation. The observed alleviation of behavioural and neuropathological phenotypes encourages further investigations on the use of olesoxime as a therapeutic for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Clemens
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonasz J Weber
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tanja T Wlodkowski
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Libo Yu-Taeger
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Magali Michaud
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Carsten Calaminus
- 4 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Schamim H Eckert
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janett Gaca
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weiss
- 6 Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine C D Magg
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Erik K H Jansson
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- 4 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Bordet
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Rebecca M Pruss
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Olaf Riess
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Huu P Nguyen
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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de Oliveira SSC, Garcia-Gomes ADS, d'Avila-Levy CM, dos Santos ALS, Branquinha MH. Expression of calpain-like proteins and effects of calpain inhibitors on the growth rate of Angomonas deanei wild type and aposymbiotic strains. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:188. [PMID: 26415499 PMCID: PMC4587752 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angomonas deanei is a trypanosomatid parasite of insects that has a bacterial endosymbiont, which supplies amino acids and other nutrients to its host. Bacterium loss induced by antibiotic treatment of the protozoan leads to an aposymbiotic strain with increased need for amino acids and results in increased production of extracellular peptidases. In this work, a more detailed examination of A. deanei was conducted to determine the effects of endosymbiont loss on the host calpain-like proteins (CALPs), followed by testing of different calpain inhibitors on parasite proliferation. Results Western blotting showed the presence of different protein bands reactive to antibodies against calpain from Drosophila melanogaster (anti-Dm-calpain), lobster calpain (anti-CDPIIb) and cytoskeleton-associated calpain from Trypanosoma brucei (anti-CAP5.5), suggesting a possible modulation of CALPs influenced by the endosymbiont. In the cell-free culture supernatant of A. deanei wild type and aposymbiotic strains, a protein of 80 kDa cross-reacted with the anti-Dm-calpain antibody; however, no cross-reactivity was found with anti-CAP5.5 and anti-CDPIIb antibodies. A search in A. deanei genome for homologues of D. melanogaster calpain, T. brucei CAP5.5 and lobster CDPIIb calpain revealed the presence of hits with at least one calpain conserved domain and also with theoretical molecular mass consistent with the recognition by each antibody. No significant hit was observed in the endosymbiont genome, indicating that calpain molecules might be absent from the symbiont. Flow cytometry analysis of cells treated with the anti-calpain antibodies showed that a larger amount of reactive epitopes was located intracellularly. The reversible calpain inhibitor MDL28170 displayed a much higher efficacy in diminishing the growth of both strains compared to the non-competitive calpain inhibitor PD150606, while the irreversible calpain inhibitor V only marginally diminished the proliferation. Conclusions Altogether, these results indicate that distinct calpain-like molecules are expressed by A. deanei, with a possible modulation in the expression influenced by the endosymbiont. In addition, treatment with MDL28170 affects the growth rate of both strains, as previously determined in the human pathogenic species Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi, with whom A. deanei shares immunological and biochemical relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Santiago Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Aline dos Santos Garcia-Gomes
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Masini d'Avila-Levy
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - André Luis Souza dos Santos
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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