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Zhong Z, Du J, Zhu X, Guan L, Hu Y, Zhang P, Wang H. Highly efficient conversion of mouse fibroblasts into functional hepatic cells under chemical induction. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 15:mjad071. [PMID: 37996395 PMCID: PMC11121195 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that hepatocyte-like cells can be generated from fibroblasts using either lineage-specific transcription factors or chemical induction methods. However, these methods have their own deficiencies that restrict the therapeutic applications of such induced hepatocytes. In this study, we present a transgene-free, highly efficient chemical-induced direct reprogramming approach to generate hepatocyte-like cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Using a small molecule cocktail (SMC) as an inducer, MEFs can be directly reprogrammed into hepatocyte-like cells, bypassing the intermediate stages of pluripotent and immature hepatoblasts. These chemical-induced hepatocyte-like cells (ciHeps) closely resemble mature primary hepatocytes in terms of morphology, biological behavior, gene expression patterns, marker expression levels, and hepatic functions. Furthermore, transplanted ciHeps can integrate into the liver, promote liver regeneration, and improve survival rates in mice with acute liver damage. ciHeps can also ameliorate liver fibrosis caused by chronic injuries and enhance liver function. Notably, ciHeps exhibit no tumorigenic potential either in vitro or in vivo. Mechanistically, SMC-induced mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and suppression of SNAI1 contribute to the fate conversion of fibroblasts into ciHeps. These results indicate that this transgene-free, chemical-induced direct reprogramming technique has the potential to serve as a valuable means of producing alternative hepatocytes for both research and therapeutic purposes. Additionally, this method also sheds light on the direct reprogramming of other cell types under chemical induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhong
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Jiangchuan Du
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Xiangjie Zhu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lingting Guan
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Yanyu Hu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Peilin Zhang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
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HPF Modulates the Differentiation of BMSCs into HLCs and Promotes the Recovery of Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065686. [PMID: 36982757 PMCID: PMC10058346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) to alleviate acute liver injury (ALI). Herpetfluorenone (HPF), as an active ingredient in the dried, mature seeds Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall, used in Tibetan medicine, has been proven to effectively alleviate ALI. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether HPF can promote the differentiation of BMSCs into HLCs and promote ALI recovery. Mouse BMSCs were isolated, and the BMSCs’ differentiation into HLCs was induced by HPF and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Under the induction of HPF and HGF, the expression of hepatocellular specific markers and the accumulation of glycogen and lipids in the BMSCs increased, indicating that BMSCs successfully differentiated into HLCs. Then, the ALI mouse model was established, using carbon tetrachloride, followed by an intravenous injection of BMSCs. Then, only HPF was injected intraperitoneally, in order to verify the effect of HPF in vivo. In vivo imaging was used to detect the homing ability of HPF–BMSCs, and it was detected that HPF–BMSCs significantly increased the levels of serum AST, ALT and ALP in the liver of ALI mice, and alleviated liver cell necrosis, oxidative stress and liver pathology. In conclusion, HPF can promote the differentiation of BMSCs into HLCs and promote the recovery of ALI in mice.
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Primary Hepatocyte Isolation and Cultures: Technical Aspects, Challenges and Advancements. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020131. [PMID: 36829625 PMCID: PMC9952008 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are differentiated cells that account for 80% of the hepatic volume and perform all major functions of the liver. In vivo, after an acute insult, adult hepatocytes retain their ability to proliferate and participate in liver regeneration. However, in vitro, prolonged culture and proliferation of viable and functional primary hepatocytes have remained the major and the most challenging goal of hepatocyte-based cell therapies and liver tissue engineering. The first functional cultures of rat primary hepatocytes between two layers of collagen gel, also termed as the "sandwich cultures", were reported in 1989. Since this study, several technical developments including choice of hydrogels, type of microenvironment, growth factors and culture conditions, mono or co-cultures of hepatocytes along with other supporting cell types have evolved for both rat and human primary hepatocytes in recent years. All these improvements have led to a substantial improvement in the number, life-span and hepatic functions of these cells in vitro for several downstream applications. In the current review, we highlight the details, limitations and prospects of different technical strategies being used in primary hepatocyte cultures. We discuss the use of newer biomaterials as scaffolds for efficient culture of primary hepatocytes. We also describe the derivation of mature hepatocytes from other cellular sources such as induced pluripotent stem cells, bone marrow stem cells and 3D liver organoids. Finally, we also explain the use of perfusion-based bioreactor systems and bioengineering strategies to support the long-term function of hepatocytes in 3D conditions.
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Long noncoding RNA SNHG1 silencing accelerates hepatocyte-like cell differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to alleviate cirrhosis via the microRNA-15a/SMURF1/UVRAG axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:77. [PMID: 35194023 PMCID: PMC8863836 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) to attenuate cirrhosis. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG1 has been demonstrated to orchestrate BMSC differentiation, whereas its role in cirrhosis remains elusive. Therefore, this study was performed to figure out whether lncRNA SNHG1 was involved in cirrhosis by affecting HLC differentiation of BMSCs. Mouse BMSCs were isolated, and the BMSC differentiation into HLCs was induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). A cirrhotic mouse model was established using carbon tetrachloride and phenobarbital, followed by intravenous injection of BMSCs with manipulated expression of lncRNA SNHG1, microRNA (miR)-15a, and SMURF1. Subsequent to HGF induction, expression of hepatocyte-related genes, albumin secretion, and glycogen accumulation was increased in BMSCs, suggesting the differentiation of BMSCs into HLCs. Mechanistically, lncRNA SNHG1 bound to miR-15a that targeted SMURF1, and SMURF1 diminished ATG5 and Wnt5a expression by enhancing the ubiquitination of UVRAG. LncRNA SNHG1 or SMURF1 silencing or miR-15a overexpression promoted differentiation of BMSCs into HLCs and repressed cirrhosis of mice by upregulating ATG5 and Wnt5a via UVRAG. Conclusively, lncRNA SNHG1 silencing might facilitate HLC differentiation from mouse BMSCs and alleviate cirrhosis via the miR-15a/SMURF1/UVRAG/ATG5/Wnt5a axis.
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BMP9 Promotes an Epithelial Phenotype and a Hepatocyte-like Gene Expression Profile in Adult Hepatic Progenitor Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030365. [PMID: 35159174 PMCID: PMC8834621 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, has emerged as a new player in chronic liver diseases (CLDs). Its levels increase in the fibrotic liver where it promotes fibrogenesis. It also regulates hepatic progenitor cells (oval cells in rodents), a cell population that contributes to repopulate the liver and recover functionality upon severe damage, but it can also be pro-fibrogenic, depending upon the hepatic microenvironment. Here we analyze the effect of chronic exposure to BMP9 in oval cells. We show that cells chronically treated with BMP9 (B9T-OC) display a more epithelial and hepatocyte-like phenotype while acquiring proliferative and survival advantages. Since our previous studies had revealed a functional crosstalk between BMP9 and the HGF/c-Met signaling pathways in oval cells, we analyzed a possible role for HGF/c-Met in BMP9-induced long-term effects. Data evidence that active c-Met signaling is necessary to obtain maximum effects in terms of BMP9-triggered hepatocytic differentiation potential, further supporting functionally relevant cooperation between these pathways. In conclusion, our work reveals a novel action of BMP9 in liver cells and helps elucidate the mechanisms that serve to increase oval cell regenerative potential, which could be therapeutically modulated in CLD.
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Li Y, Yang X, Plummer R, Hayashi Y, Deng XS, Nie YZ, Taniguchi H. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells and Organoids for Liver Disease and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910471. [PMID: 34638810 PMCID: PMC8508923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a global health issue that has caused an economic burden worldwide. Organ transplantation is the only effective therapy for end-stage liver disease; however, it has been hampered by a shortage of donors. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been widely used for studying liver biology and pathology as well as facilitating the development of alternative therapies. hPSCs can differentiate into multiple types of cells, which enables the generation of various models that can be applied to investigate and recapitulate a range of biological activities in vitro. Here, we summarize the recent development of hPSC-derived hepatocytes and their applications in disease modeling, cell therapy, and drug discovery. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these applications and critical challenges for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (R.P.); (Y.H.); (X.-S.D.)
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Xia Yang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (R.P.); (Y.H.); (X.-S.D.)
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Richie Plummer
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (R.P.); (Y.H.); (X.-S.D.)
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Hayashi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (R.P.); (Y.H.); (X.-S.D.)
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Xiao-Shan Deng
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (R.P.); (Y.H.); (X.-S.D.)
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yun-Zhong Nie
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (R.P.); (Y.H.); (X.-S.D.)
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.-Z.N.); (H.T.); Tel.: +81-03-5449-5698 (H.T.)
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.L.); (X.Y.); (R.P.); (Y.H.); (X.-S.D.)
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.-Z.N.); (H.T.); Tel.: +81-03-5449-5698 (H.T.)
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7
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Eissa M, Elarabany N, Hyder A. In vitro efficacy of liver microenvironment in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:341-348. [PMID: 32270392 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) represent an interesting alternative to liver or hepatocyte transplantation to treat liver injuries. Many studies have reported that MSCs can treat several diseases, including liver damage, just by injection into the bloodstream, without evidence of differentiation. The improvements were attributed to the organotrophic factors, low immunogenicity, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs, rather than their differentiation. The aim of the present study was to answer the question of whether the presence of BM-MSCs in the hepatic microenvironment will lead to their differentiation to functional hepatocyte-like cells. The hepatic microenvironment was mimicked in vitro by culture for 21 d with liver extract. The resulted cells expressed marker genes of the hepatic lineage including AFP, CK18, and Hnf4a. Functionally, they were able to detoxify ammonia into urea, to store glycogen as observed by PAS staining, and to synthesize glucose from pyruvate/lactate mixture. Phenotypically, the expression of MSC surface markers CD90 and CD105 decreased by differentiation. This evidenced differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells was accompanied by a downregulation of the stem cell marker genes sox2 and Nanog and the cell cycle regulatory genes ANAPC2, CDC2, Cyclin A1, and ABL1. The present results suggest a clear differentiation of BM-MSCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells by the extracted liver microenvironment. This differentiation is confirmed by a decrease in the stemness and mitotic activities. Tracking transplanted BM-MSCs and proving their in vivo differentiation remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Eissa
- Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Elarabany
- Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Ayman Hyder
- Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt.
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Ghosheh N, Küppers-Munther B, Asplund A, Andersson CX, Björquist P, Andersson TB, Carén H, Simonsson S, Sartipy P, Synnergren J. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Show Higher Transcriptional Correlation with Adult Liver Tissue than with Fetal Liver Tissue. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4816-4827. [PMID: 32201767 PMCID: PMC7081255 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (hPSC-HEP) display many properties of mature hepatocytes, including expression of important genes of the drug metabolizing machinery, glycogen storage, and production of multiple serum proteins. To this date, hPSC-HEP do not, however, fully recapitulate the complete functionality of in vivo mature hepatocytes. In this study, we applied versatile bioinformatic algorithms, including functional annotation and pathway enrichment analyses, transcription factor binding-site enrichment, and similarity and correlation analyses, to datasets collected from different stages during hPSC-HEP differentiation and compared these to developmental stages and tissues from fetal and adult human liver. Our results demonstrate a high level of similarity between the in vitro differentiation of hPSC-HEP and in vivo hepatogenesis. Importantly, the transcriptional correlation of hPSC-HEP with adult liver (AL) tissues was higher than with fetal liver (FL) tissues (0.83 and 0.70, respectively). Functional data revealed mature features of hPSC-HEP including cytochrome P450 enzymes activities and albumin secretion. Moreover, hPSC-HEP showed expression of many genes involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Despite the high similarities observed, we identified differences of specific pathways and regulatory players by analyzing the gene expression between hPSC-HEP and AL. These findings will aid future intervention and improvement of in vitro hepatocyte differentiation protocol in order to generate hepatocytes displaying the complete functionality of mature hepatocytes. Finally, on the transcriptional level, our results show stronger correlation and higher similarity of hPSC-HEP to AL than to FL. In addition, potential targets for further functional improvement of hPSC-HEP were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Ghosheh
- School
of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | | | - Annika Asplund
- Takara
Bio Europe AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Petter Björquist
- VeriGraft
AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe
20, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Cardiovascular
Renal and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech
Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska
Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine,
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stina Simonsson
- Institute
of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine,
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sartipy
- School
of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
- Late
Stage Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- School
of Bioscience, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
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Aravalli RN, Collins DP, Hapke JH, Crane AT, Steer CJ. Hepatic Differentiation of Marmoset Embryonic Stem Cells and Functional Characterization of ESC-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Hepat Med 2020; 12:15-27. [PMID: 32104112 PMCID: PMC7026140 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s243277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are the ideal candidates for studying critical liver functions such as drug metabolism and toxicity. However, as they are isolated from discarded livers that are unsuitable for transplantation, they possess limited expansion ability in vitro and their enzymatic functions deteriorate rapidly because they are often of poor quality. Therefore, there is a compelling reason to find reliable alternative sources of hepatocytes. Methods In this study, we report on efficient and robust differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC) from the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) using a simple, and reproducible three-step procedure. ESC-derived HLCs were examined by morphological analysis and tested for their expression of hepatocyte-specific markers using a combination of immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and biochemical assays. Primary human hepatocytes were used as controls. Results ESC-derived HLCs expressed each of the hepatocyte-specific markers tested, including albumin; α-fetoprotein; asialoglycoprotein receptor 1; α-1 antitrypsin; hepatocyte nuclear factors 1α and 4; cytokeratin 18; hepatocyte growth factor receptor; transferrin; tyrosine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; c-reactive protein; cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4; and coagulation factors FVII and FIX. They were functionally competent as demonstrated by biochemical assays in addition to producing urea. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that marmoset HLCs possess characteristics similar to those of PHHs. They could, therefore, be invaluable for studies on drug metabolism and cell transplantation therapy for a variety of liver disorders. Because of the similarities in the anatomical and physiological features of the common marmoset to that of humans, Callithrix jacchus is an appropriate animal model to study human disease conditions and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Joel H Hapke
- Cytomedical Design Group LLC, St. Paul, MN 55127, USA
| | - Andrew T Crane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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10
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Assessment of the hepatocytic differentiation ability of human skin-derived ABCB5+ stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:335-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Highlight report: quality control of stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2409-2410. [PMID: 29968160 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Maymó JL, Riedel R, Pérez-Pérez A, Magatti M, Maskin B, Dueñas JL, Parolini O, Sánchez-Margalet V, Varone CL. Proliferation and survival of human amniotic epithelial cells during their hepatic differentiation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191489. [PMID: 29346426 PMCID: PMC5773201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells derived from placental tissues are an attractive source of cells for regenerative medicine. Amniotic epithelial cells isolated from human amnion (hAECs) have desirable and competitive characteristics that make them stand out between other stem cells. They have the ability to differentiate toward all three germ layers, they are not tumorigenic and they have immunosuppressive properties. Although liver transplantation is the best way to treat acute and chronic hepatic failure patients, there are several obstacles. Recently, stem cells have been spotlighted as alternative source of hepatocytes because of their potential for hepatogenic differentiation. In this work, we aimed to study the proliferation and survival of the hAECs during their hepatic differentiation. We have also analyzed the changes in pluripotency and hepatic markers. We differentiated amniotic cells applying a specific hepatic differentiation (HD) protocol. We determined by qRT-PCR that hAECs express significant levels of SOX-2, OCT-4 and NANOG during at least 15 days in culture and these pluripotent markers diminish during HD. SSEA-4 expression was reduced during HD, measured by immunofluorescence. Morphological characteristics became more similar to hepatic ones in differentiated cells and representative hepatic markers significantly augmented their expression, measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cells achieved a differentiation efficiency of 75%. We observed that HD induced proliferation and promoted survival of hAECs, during 30 days in culture, evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation and MTT assay. HD also promoted changes in hAECs cell cycle. Cyclin D1 expression increased, while p21 and p53 levels were reduced. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Ki-67 expression was upregulated during HD. Finally, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, which is intimately linked to proliferation and cell survival, augmented during all HD process and the inhibition of this signaling pathway affected not only proliferation but also differentiation. Our results suggest that HD promotes proliferation and survival of hAECs, providing important evidence about the mechanisms governing their hepatic differentiation. We bring new knowledge concerning some of the optimal transplantation conditions for these hepatic like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta L. Maymó
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Rodrigo Riedel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Sánchez Pizjuán 4 (41009), Sevilla, España
| | - Marta Magatti
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni- Fondazione Poliambulanza- Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italia
| | - Bernardo Maskin
- Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Luis Dueñas
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni- Fondazione Poliambulanza- Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italia
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Sánchez Pizjuán 4 (41009), Sevilla, España
| | - Cecilia L. Varone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, 4° piso, (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang XY, Li D, Zhou PP, Jin M, Ju XL. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:2956-2966. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i33.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced liver injury.
METHODS UC-MSCs were isolated from the human umbilical cord. Male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group, CTX group, and CTX + UC-MSC group. The CTX group and CTX + UC-MSC group were intraperitoneally injected with CTX. After that, the control group and CTX group were injected with water via the tail vein, and the CTX + UC-MSC group was injected with MSCs via the tail vein. Six rats of each group were selected randomly and sacrificed at different time points. Blood samples were taken to measure serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TBIL). Liver tissues were collected for biochemical assays of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid peroxide (LPO), NO, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD). qPCR was used to test the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A. Histological examination (HE straining) and immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Ki-67 were also performed.
RESULTS Compared with the control group, the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and TBIL were significantly higher, the SOD, GSH, and GSH-PX contents were significantly lower, MDA, LPO, and NO were significantly higher, cell apoptosis significantly increased, and the expression of VEGFA significantly decreased in the CTX group. Compared with the CTX group, the ALT, AST, ALP, and TBIL were significantly lower, the SOD, GSH, and GSH-PX contents were significantly higher, and MDA, LPO, and NO were significantly lower in the CTX + UC-MSC group (P < 0.05). The expression of Bax was lower and Bcl-2 and VEGFA expression was higher in the CTX + UC-MSC group than in the CTX group (P < 0.05). Pathological analysis showed that liver status was better in the CTX + UC-MSC group than in the CTX group. The α-SMA+ cells in the CTX + UC-MSC group were less than and Ki-67+ cells were more than those in the CTX group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION UC-MSCs injected via the tail vein could alleviate CTX-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Anesthesia, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiu-Li Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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14
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Coto-Llerena M, Koutsoudakis G, Boix L, López-Oliva JM, Caro-Pérez N, Fernández-Carrillo C, González P, Gastaminza P, Bruix J, Forns X, Pérez-Del-Pulgar S. Permissiveness of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines for hepatitis C virus entry and replication. Virus Res 2017; 240:35-46. [PMID: 28751105 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally prevalent pathogen and is associated with high death rates and morbidity. Since its discovery in 1989, HCV research has been impeded by the lack of a robust infectious cell culture system and thus in vitro studies on diverse genetic backgrounds are hampered because of the limited number of hepatoma cell lines which are able to support different aspects of the HCV life cycle. In the current study, we sought to expand the limited number of permissive cells capable of supporting the diverse phases of the HCV life cycle. Initially, we screened a panel of new hepatoma-derived cell lines, designated BCLC-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -9 and -10 cells, for their ability to express essential HCV receptors and subsequently to support HCV entry by using the well-characterized HCV pseudoparticle system (HCVpp). Apart from BCLC-9, all BCLC cell lines were permissive for HCVpp infection. Next, BCLC cells were subjected to short- and long-term HCV RNA replication studies using HCV subgenomic replicons. Interestingly, only BCLC-1, -5 and -9 cells, supported short-term HCV RNA replication, but the latter were excluded from further studies since they were refractory for HCV entry. BCLC-1, -5 were able to support long-term HCV replication too; yet BCLC-5 cells supported the highest long-term HCV RNA replication levels. Furthermore, cured BCLC-5 clones from HCV subgenomic replicon, showed increased permissiveness for HCV RNA replication. Strikingly, we were unable to detect endogenous BCLC-5 miR122 expression - an important HCV host factor- and as expected, the exogenous expression of miR122 in BCLC-5 cells increased their permissiveness for HCV RNA replication. However, this cell line was unable to produce HCV infectious particles despite ectopic expression of apolipoprotein E, which in other hepatoma cell lines has been shown to be sufficient to enable the HCV secretion process, suggesting a lack of other host cellular factor(s) and/or the presence of inhibitory factor(s). In conclusion, the establishment of these new permissive cell lines for HCV entry and replication, which possess a different genetic background compared to the well-established models, expands the current repertoire of hepatoma cell lines susceptible to the study of the HCV life cycle and also will aid to further elucidate the cellular determinants that modulate HCV replication, assembly and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Loreto Boix
- Barcelona Clínic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Centro Nacional De Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruix
- Barcelona Clínic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Spain
| | - Xavier Forns
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Guo Y, Chen B, Chen LJ, Zhang CF, Xiang C. Current status and future prospects of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver fibrosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:831-841. [PMID: 27819130 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the end-stage of many chronic liver diseases and is a significant health threat. The only effective therapy is liver transplantation, which still has many problems, including the lack of donor sources, immunological rejection, and high surgery costs, among others. However, the use of cell therapy is becoming more prevalent, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem to be a promising cell type for the treatment of liver fibrosis. MSCs have multiple differentiation abilities, allowing them to migrate directly into injured tissue and differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells. Additionally, MSCs can release various growth factors and cytokines to increase hepatocyte regeneration, regress liver fibrosis, and regulate inflammation and immune responses. In this review, we summarize the current uses of MSC therapies for liver fibrosis and suggest potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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16
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Microencapsulation of Hepatocytes and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1506:259-271. [PMID: 27830559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6506-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulated hepatocyte transplantation and encapsulated mesenchymal stem cell transplantation are newly developed potential treatments for acute and chronic liver diseases, respectively. Cells are microencapsulated in biocompatible semipermeable alginate-based hydrogels. Microspheres protect cells against antibodies and immune cells, while allowing nutrients, small/medium size proteins and drugs to diffuse inside and outside the polymer matrix. Microencapsulated cells are assessed in vitro and designed for experimental transplantation and for future clinical applications.Here, we describe the protocol for microencapsulation of hepatocytes and mesenchymal stem cells within hybrid poly(ethylene glycol)-alginate hydrogels.
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17
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Kim E, Tae G. Direct reprogramming and biomaterials for controlling cell fate. Biomater Res 2016; 20:39. [PMID: 27980804 PMCID: PMC5142385 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming which changes the fate of matured cell is a very useful technique with a great interest recently. This approach can eliminate the drawbacks of direct usage of stem cells and allow the patient specific treatment in regenerative medicine. Overexpression of diverse factors such as general reprogramming factors or lineage specific transcription factors can change the fate of already differentiated cells. On the other hand, biomaterials can provide physical and topographical cues or biochemical cues on cells, which can dictate or significantly affect the differentiation of stem cells. The role of biomaterials on direct reprogramming has not been elucidated much, but will be potentially significant to improve the efficiency or specificity of direct reprogramming. In this review, the strategies for general direct reprogramming and biomaterials-guided stem cell differentiation are summarized with the addition of the up-to-date progress on biomaterials for direct reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsol Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoong Tae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
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18
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Cipriano M, Correia JC, Camões SP, Oliveira NG, Cruz P, Cruz H, Castro M, Ruas JL, Santos JM, Miranda JP. The role of epigenetic modifiers in extended cultures of functional hepatocyte-like cells derived from human neonatal mesenchymal stem cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2469-2489. [PMID: 27909741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of predictive in vitro stem cell-derived hepatic models for toxicological drug screening is an increasingly important topic. Herein, umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hnMSCs) underwent hepatic differentiation using an optimized three-step core protocol of 24 days that mimicked liver embryogenesis with further exposure to epigenetic markers, namely the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), the cytidine analogue 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). FGF-2 and FGF-4 were also tested to improve endoderm commitment and foregut induction during Step 1 of the differentiation protocol, being HHEX expression increased with FGF-2 (4 ng/mL). DMSO (1%, v/v) when added at day 10 enhanced cell morphology, glycogen storage ability, enzymatic activity and induction capacity. Moreover, the stability of the hepatic phenotype under the optimized differentiation conditions was examined up to day 34. Our findings showed that hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) acquired the ability to metabolize glucose, produce albumin and detoxify ammonia. Global transcriptional analysis of the HLCs showed a partial hepatic differentiation degree. Global analysis of gene expression in the different cells revealed shared expression of gene groups between HLCs and human primary hepatocytes (hpHeps) that were not observed between HepG2 and hpHeps. In addition, bioinformatics analysis of gene expression data placed HLCs between the HepG2 cell line and hpHeps and distant from hnMSCs. The enhanced hepatic differentiation observed was supported by the presence of the hepatic drug transporters OATP-C and MRP-2 and gene expression of the hepatic markers CK18, TAT, AFP, ALB, HNF4A and CEBPA; and by their ability to display stable UGT-, EROD-, ECOD-, CYP1A1-, CYP2C9- and CYP3A4-dependent activities at levels either comparable with or even higher than those observed in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Overall, an improvement of the hepatocyte-like phenotype was achieved for an extended culture time suggesting a role of the epigenetic modifiers in hepatic differentiation and maturation and presenting hnMSC-HLCs as an advantageous alternative for drug discovery and in vitro toxicology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cipriano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J C Correia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S P Camões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N G Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Amadora, Portugal
| | - H Cruz
- ECBio S.A., Amadora, Portugal
| | - M Castro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - J P Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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19
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Zhou X, Cui L, Zhou X, Yang Q, Wang L, Guo G, Hou Y, Cai W, Han Z, Shi Y, Han Y. Induction of hepatocyte-like cells from human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells by defined microRNAs. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:881-893. [PMID: 27874233 PMCID: PMC5387126 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating functional hepatocyte‐like cells (HLCs) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is of great urgency for bio‐artificial liver support system (BALSS). Previously, we obtained HLCs from human umbilical cord‐derived MSCs by overexpressing seven microRNAs (HLC‐7) and characterized their liver functions in vitro and in vivo. Here, we aimed to screen out the optimal miRNA candidates for hepatic differentiation. We sequentially removed individual miRNAs from the pool and examined the effect of transfection with remainder using RT‐PCR, periodic acid—Schiff (PAS) staining and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake assays and by assessing their function in liver injury models. Surprisingly, miR‐30a and miR‐1290 were dispensable for hepatic differentiation. The remaining five miRNAs (miR‐122, miR‐148a, miR‐424, miR‐542‐5p and miR‐1246) are essential for this process, because omitting any one from the five‐miRNA combination prevented hepatic trans‐differentiation. We found that HLCs trans‐differentiated from five microRNAs (HLC‐5) expressed high level of hepatic markers and functioned similar to hepatocytes. Intravenous transplantation of HLC‐5 into nude mice with CCl4‐induced fulminant liver failure and acute liver injury not only improved serum parameters and their liver histology, but also improved survival rate of mice in severe hepatic failure. These data indicated that HLC‐5 functioned similar to HLC‐7 in vitro and in vivo, which have been shown to resemble hepatocytes. Instead of using seven‐miRNA combination, a simplified five‐miRNA combination can be used to obtain functional HLCs in only 7 days. Our study demonstrated an optimized and efficient method for generating functional MSC‐derived HLCs that may serve as an attractive cell alternative for BALSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lina Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xinmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guanya Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Weile Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zheyi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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20
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Hepatocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatol Int 2016; 11:54-69. [PMID: 27530815 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-016-9757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that coordinated expression of a limited number of genes can reprogram differentiated somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has opened novel possibilities for developing cell-based models of diseases and regenerative medicine utilizing cell reprogramming or cell transplantation. Directed differentiation of iPSCs can potentially generate differentiated cells belonging to any germ layer, including cells with hepatocyte-like morphology and function. Such cells, termed iHeps, can be derived by sequential cell signaling using available information on embryological development or by forced expression of hepatocyte-enriched transcription factors. In addition to the translational aspects of iHeps, the experimental findings have provided insights into the mechanisms of cell plasticity that permit one cell type to transition to another. However, iHeps generated by current methods do not fully exhibit all characteristics of mature hepatocytes, highlighting the need for additional research in this area. Here we summarize the current approaches and achievements in this field and discuss some existing hurdles and emerging approaches for improving iPSC differentiation, as well as maintaining such cells in culture for increasing their utility in disease modeling and drug development.
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21
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Sauer V, Tchaikovskaya T, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang W, Tar K, Polgar Z, Ding J, Guha C, Fox IJ, Roy-Chowdhury N, Roy-Chowdhury J. Human Urinary Epithelial Cells as a Source of Engraftable Hepatocyte-Like Cells Using Stem Cell Technology. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:2221-2243. [PMID: 27512979 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several types of somatic cells have been reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and then differentiated to hepatocyte-like cells (iHeps), the method for generating such cells from renal tubular epithelial cells shed in human urine and transplanting them into animal livers has not been described systematically. We report reprogramming of human urinary epithelial cells into iPSCs and subsequent hepatic differentiation, followed by a detailed characterization of the newly generated iHeps. The epithelial cells were reprogrammed into iPSCs by delivering the pluripotency factors OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC using methods that do not involve transgene integration, such as nucleofection of episomal (oriP/EBNA-1) plasmids or infection with recombinant Sendai viruses. After characterization of stable iPSC lines, a three-step differentiation toward hepatocytes was performed. The iHeps expressed a large number of hepatocyte-preferred genes, including nuclear receptors that regulate genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis, bile acid transport, and detoxification. MicroRNA profile of the iHeps largely paralleled that of primary human hepatocytes. The iHeps engrafted into the livers of Scid mice transgenic for mutant human SERPINA1 after intrasplenic injection. Thus, urine is a readily available source for generating human iHeps that could be potentially useful for disease modeling, pharmacological development, and regenerative medicine.
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22
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Najimi M, Defresne F, Sokal EM. Concise Review: Updated Advances and Current Challenges in Cell Therapy for Inborn Liver Metabolic Defects. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1117-25. [PMID: 27245366 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : The development of liver cell transplantation (LCT), considered a major biotechnological breakthrough, was intended to provide more accessible treatments for liver disease patients. By preserving the native recipient liver and decreasing hospitalization time, this innovative approach has progressively gained interest among clinicians. LCT initially targets inborn errors of liver metabolism, enabling the compensation of deficient metabolic functions for up to 18 months post-transplantation, supporting its use at least as a bridge to transplantation. The rigorous clinical development and widespread use of LCT depends strongly on controlled and consistent clinical trial data, which may help improve several critical factors, including the standardization of raw biological material and immunosuppression regimens. Substantial effort has also been made in defining and optimizing the most efficient cell population to be transplanted in the liver setting. Although isolated hepatocytes remain the best cell type, showing positive clinical results, their widespread use is hampered by their poor resistance to both cryopreservation and in vitro culture, as well as ever-more-significant donor shortages. Hence, there is considerable interest in developing more standardized and widely accessible cell medicinal products to improve engraftment permanency and post-cell transplantation metabolic effects. SIGNIFICANCE In this therapeutic approach to liver disease, new solutions are being designed and evaluated to bypass the documented limitations and move forward toward wide clinical use. Future developments also require a deep knowledge of regulatory framework to launch specific clinical trials that will allow clear assessment of cell therapy and help patients with significant unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Defresne
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Wang Y, Yu X, Chen E, Li L. Liver-derived human mesenchymal stem cells: a novel therapeutic source for liver diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:71. [PMID: 27176654 PMCID: PMC4866276 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an attractive cell type for research and therapy due to their ability to proliferate, differentiate, modulate immune reactions, and secrete trophic factors. MSCs exist in a multitude of tissues, including bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissues. Moreover, MSCs have recently been isolated from the liver. Compared with other MSC types, liver-derived human MSCs (LHMSCs) possess general morphologies, immune functions, and differentiation capacities. Interestingly, LHMCSs produce higher levels of pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic cytokines than those of bone marrow-derived MSCs. Thus, these cells may be a promising therapeutic source for liver diseases. This paper summarizes the biological characteristics of LHMSCs and their potential benefits and risks for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ermei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lanuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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24
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Ezquer F, Bruna F, Calligaris S, Conget P, Ezquer M. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: A promising strategy to manage alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:24-36. [PMID: 26755858 PMCID: PMC4698489 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is a major cause of liver disease. The term alcoholic liver disease (ALD) refers to a spectrum of mild to severe disorders including steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. With limited therapeutic options, stem cell therapy offers significant potential for these patients. In this article, we review the pathophysiologic features of ALD and the therapeutic mechanisms of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, also referred to as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), based on their potential to differentiate into hepatocytes, their immunomodulatory properties, their potential to promote residual hepatocyte regeneration, and their capacity to inhibit hepatic stellate cells. The perfect match between ALD pathogenesis and MSC therapeutic mechanisms, together with encouraging, available preclinical data, allow us to support the notion that MSC transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy to manage ALD onset and progression.
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25
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Gow AG, Muirhead R, Hay DC, Argyle DJ. Low-Density Lipoprotein Uptake Demonstrates a Hepatocyte Phenotype in the Dog, but Is Nonspecific. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:90-100. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona Muirhead
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Marinho AT, Dias CG, Pinheiro PF, Lemos AR, Antunes AMM, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Miranda JP, Pereira SA. Nevirapine modulation of paraoxonase-1 in the liver: An in vitro three-model approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 82:147-53. [PMID: 26620700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nevirapine is associated with severe hepatotoxicity, through the formation of reactive metabolites. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a promiscuous enzyme involved in the metabolism of xeno- and endobiotics and proposed as a biomarker of hepatotoxicity. The aim of this work was to explore the effects of nevirapine and its phase I metabolites, 2-hydroxy-nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine, on PON-1 activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2D and 3D primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, and also HepG2 2D cell cultures, were exposed to nevirapine, 2-hydroxy-nevirapine, and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine. The paraoxonase (POase), arylesterase (AREase) and lactonase (LACase) activities of PON-1 were quantified. RESULTS Effects of nevirapine and its metabolites were only observed in the 3D cell model. Both nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine increased POase (p<0.05, p<0.01) and LACase activities (p<0.05, p<0.001). The AREase activity was increased only upon 12-hydroxy-nevirapine exposure (p<0.01). These modulatory effects were observed at 300μM concentrations of nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine. CONCLUSIONS The formation of 12-hydroxy-nevirapine seems to be the main factor responsible for the increase of PON-1 activities induced by nevirapine exposure. This effect was only observed in the 3D model, suggesting that an in vivo-like system is necessary for this modulation to occur. The present data suggest that the 3D model is a more suitable in vitro model than the conventional ones to explore drug effects on PON-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline T Marinho
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Clara G Dias
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro F Pinheiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Lemos
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana P Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Xin J, Ding W, Hao S, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Wu T, Shi D, Cao H, Li L, Li J. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocytes express tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 and follistatin. Liver Int 2015; 35:2301-10. [PMID: 25645195 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) transplantation is expected to become an alternative regenerative technique for liver diseases. However, the mechanism by which hBMSCs differentiate into hepatocytes is still unclear. The aim of this study was to establish the specific characteristics of hBMSC-derived hepatocytes (hBMSC-Heps) for future clinical applications. METHODS Potential hBMSC-Hep biomarkers were screened using cytokine arrays. Significant biomarkers were then validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in vitro and in an in vivo xenotransplantation model in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) pigs. RESULTS After 20 days of differentiation, the expression levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 (TIMP-4) and follistatin (FST) in functional hBMSC-Heps were significantly increased, whereas those of activin A, osteoprotegerin and platelet-derived growth factor α polypeptide (PDGF-A) were significantly decreased. The high levels of TIMP-4 and FST were validated by ELISA in hBMSC-Heps grown in differentiation medium. The in vivo xenotransplantation model in FHF pigs showed that the serum levels of TIMP-4 and FST were significantly increased 6 h after hBMSC transplantation and reached their highest levels at 24 and 48 h, respectively, after hBMSC transplantation. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that TIMP-4 and FST were expressed in cultured hBMSC-Heps and in implanted hBMSC-Heps in pig livers. CONCLUSIONS The transdifferentiation of hBMSCs into hepatocytes is associated with the expression of TIMP-4 and FST. TIMP-4 and FST represent potential novel biomarkers for the characterisation of hBMSC-Heps and may be useful for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Ding
- Systems Biology Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaorui Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Godoy P, Schmidt-Heck W, Natarajan K, Lucendo-Villarin B, Szkolnicka D, Asplund A, Björquist P, Widera A, Stöber R, Campos G, Hammad S, Sachinidis A, Chaudhari U, Damm G, Weiss TS, Nüssler A, Synnergren J, Edlund K, Küppers-Munther B, Hay DC, Hengstler JG. Gene networks and transcription factor motifs defining the differentiation of stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells. J Hepatol 2015; 63:934-42. [PMID: 26022688 PMCID: PMC4580233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The differentiation of stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) offers the perspective of unlimited supply of human hepatocytes. However, the degree of differentiation of HLC remains controversial. To obtain an unbiased characterization, we performed a transcriptomic study with HLC derived from human embryonic and induced stem cells (ESC, hiPSC) from three different laboratories. METHODS Genome-wide gene expression profiles of ESC and HLC were compared to freshly isolated and up to 14days cultivated primary human hepatocytes. Gene networks representing successful and failed hepatocyte differentiation, and the transcription factors involved in their regulation were identified. RESULTS Gene regulatory network analysis demonstrated that HLC represent a mixed cell type with features of liver, intestine, fibroblast and stem cells. The "unwanted" intestinal features were associated with KLF5 and CDX2 transcriptional networks. Cluster analysis identified highly correlated groups of genes associated with mature liver functions (n=1057) and downregulated proliferation associated genes (n=1562) that approach levels of primary hepatocytes. However, three further clusters containing 447, 101, and 505 genes failed to reach levels of hepatocytes. Key TF of two of these clusters include SOX11, FOXQ1, and YBX3. The third unsuccessful cluster, controlled by HNF1, CAR, FXR, and PXR, strongly overlaps with genes repressed in cultivated hepatocytes compared to freshly isolated hepatocytes, suggesting that current in vitro conditions lack stimuli required to maintain gene expression in hepatocytes, which consequently also explains a corresponding deficiency of HLC. CONCLUSIONS The present gene regulatory network approach identifies key transcription factors which require modulation to improve HLC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology eV-Hans-Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Karthick Natarajan
- University of Cologne, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Dagmara Szkolnicka
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Asplund
- Takara Bio Europe AB (former Cellartis AB), Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden,Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | | | - Agata Widera
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Regina Stöber
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gisela Campos
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Seddik Hammad
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- University of Cologne, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Umesh Chaudhari
- University of Cologne, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, D13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Center for Liver Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Nüssler
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, D72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | - Karolina Edlund
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Barbara Küppers-Munther
- Takara Bio Europe AB (former Cellartis AB), Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom,Corresponding authors. Addresses: MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 131 651 9549; fax: +44 131 651 9501 (D. Hay). Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany. Tel.: +49 231 108 4348; fax: +49 231 108 4403 (J.G. Hengstler).
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany,Corresponding authors. Addresses: MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 131 651 9549; fax: +44 131 651 9501 (D. Hay). Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany. Tel.: +49 231 108 4348; fax: +49 231 108 4403 (J.G. Hengstler).
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Ghallab A. Highlight report: perspectives in stem cell research--unbiased quantification of the similarity between in vitro generated and primary hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:2185-7. [PMID: 26410582 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
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30
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Ghallab A. Highlight report: Blueprint for stem cell differentiation into liver cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:1017-9. [PMID: 26648827 PMCID: PMC4669944 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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31
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Sampaziotis F, Segeritz CP, Vallier L. Potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells in studies of liver disease. Hepatology 2015; 62:303-11. [PMID: 25502113 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a leading cause of death in the Western world. However, our insight into the underlying disease mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutic agents has been hindered by limited availability of primary tissue, intraspecies variability associated with the use of animal models, and reduced long-term viability of isolated and diseased liver cells. The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cells and differentiation protocols to generate hepatocyte-like cells has opened the possibility of addressing these issues. Here, we discuss the recent progress and potential in the production of various cell types constituting the liver and their applications to model liver diseases and test drug toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Sampaziotis
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Charis-Patricia Segeritz
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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32
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Sinz MW, Kim S. Stem cells, immortalized cells and primary cells in ADMET assays. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 3:79-85. [PMID: 24980105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based assays are beginning to replace traditional absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicology (ADMET) models employing subcellular fractions in high throughput drug discovery screening and drug development where drugs are characterized and predictions are formulated to forecast in vivo biological outcomes. Significant and continuing advances in stem cell research, new immortalized cell lines and our enhanced ability to predict outcomes from primary cells have increased the ability to employ cell-based assays to study ADMET properties of new drugs.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Sinz
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Sean Kim
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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33
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Clark AM, Wheeler SE, Taylor DP, Pillai VC, Young CL, Prantil-Baun R, Nguyen T, Stolz DB, Borenstein JT, Lauffenburger DA, Venkataramanan R, Griffith LG, Wells A. A microphysiological system model of therapy for liver micrometastases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1170-9. [PMID: 24821820 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214532596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for almost 90% of cancer-associated mortality. The effectiveness of cancer therapeutics is limited by the protective microenvironment of the metastatic niche and consequently these disseminated tumors remain incurable. Metastatic disease progression continues to be poorly understood due to the lack of appropriate model systems. To address this gap in understanding, we propose an all-human microphysiological system that facilitates the investigation of cancer behavior in the liver metastatic niche. This existing LiverChip is a 3D-system modeling the hepatic niche; it incorporates a full complement of human parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells and effectively recapitulates micrometastases. Moreover, this system allows real-time monitoring of micrometastasis and assessment of human-specific signaling. It is being utilized to further our understanding of the efficacy of chemotherapeutics by examining the activity of established and novel agents on micrometastases under conditions replicating diurnal variations in hormones, nutrients and mild inflammatory states using programmable microdispensers. These inputs affect the cues that govern tumor cell responses. Three critical signaling groups are targeted: the glucose/insulin responses, the stress hormone cortisol and the gut microbiome in relation to inflammatory cues. Currently, the system sustains functioning hepatocytes for a minimum of 15 days; confirmed by monitoring hepatic function (urea, α-1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen, and cytochrome P450) and injury (AST and ALT). Breast cancer cell lines effectively integrate into the hepatic niche without detectable disruption to tissue, and preliminary evidence suggests growth attenuation amongst a subpopulation of breast cancer cells. xMAP technology combined with systems biology modeling are also employed to evaluate cellular crosstalk and illustrate communication networks in the early microenvironment of micrometastases. This model is anticipated to identify new therapeutic strategies for metastasis by elucidating the paracrine effects between the hepatic and metastatic cells, while concurrently evaluating agent efficacy for metastasis, metabolism and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Clark
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah E Wheeler
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donald P Taylor
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Venkateswaran C Pillai
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carissa L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02319, USA
| | | | - Transon Nguyen
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02319, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02319, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Sengupta S, Johnson BP, Swanson SA, Stewart R, Bradfield CA, Thomson JA. Aggregate culture of human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocytes in suspension are an improved in vitro model for drug metabolism and toxicity testing. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:236-45. [PMID: 24752503 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early phase drug development relies on primary human hepatocytes for studies of drug metabolism, cytotoxicity, and drug-drug interactions. However, primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose metabolic functions ex vivo and are refractory to expansion in culture and thus are limited in quantity. Hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (either embryonic stem (ES) or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells), have the potential to overcome many of the limitations of primary human hepatocytes, but to date the use of human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes has been limited by poor enzyme inducibility and immature metabolic function. Here, we present a simple suspension culture of aggregates of ES cell-derived hepatocytes that compared to conventional monolayer adherent culture significantly increases induction of CYP 1A2 by omeprazole and 3A4 by rifampicin. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we further show that ES cell-derived hepatocytes in aggregate culture convert omeprazole and rifampicin to their human-specific metabolites. We also show that these cells convert acetaminophen (APAP) to its cytotoxic metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI)), although they fail to perform APAP glucuronidation. In summary, we show that human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes in aggregate culture display improved enzymatic inducibility and metabolic function and is a promising step toward a simple, scalable system, but nonetheless will require further improvements to completely replace primary human hepatocytes in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Patrick Johnson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Christopher Alan Bradfield
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - James Alexander Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715 Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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35
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Esmaeli S, Allameh A, Soleimani M, Rahbarizadeh F, Frouzandeh-Moghadam M. The role of albumin and PPAR-α in differentiation-dependent change of fatty acid profile during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:410-9. [PMID: 24585388 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to hepatocyte-like cells is associated with morphological and biological changes. In this study, the effect of hepatogenic differentiation on fatty acid profile and the expression of proliferator-activated receptors-α (PPAR-α) have been studied. For this purpose, MSCs isolated from human umbilical cord were differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells on selective culture media. The morphological and biochemical changes, PPAR-α expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were studied during the differentiation process. Besides, the cells were processed to determine changes in fatty acid profile using gas chromatography analysis. The results showed that hepatic differentiation of the MSCs is associated with a decrease in major polyunsaturated fatty acids in mature hepatocytes, whereas there was an increase in the saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels during hepatocyte maturation. The differentiation-dependent shift in the ratio of SFA/USFA was associated with changes in albumin and PPAR-α expression, whereas changes in fatty acid profile were independent of ROS production and lipid peroxidation in differentiating cells. In conclusion, these data may suggest that hepatocyte formation during the stem cell differentiation is associated with a shift in the fatty acid profile that is probably a normal phenomenon in hepatogenic differentiation of the MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Esmaeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Atrazine represses S100A4 gene expression and TPA-induced motility in HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Huang P, Zhang L, Gao Y, He Z, Yao D, Wu Z, Cen J, Chen X, Liu C, Hu Y, Lai D, Hu Z, Chen L, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Ma X, Pan G, Wang X, Hui L. Direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to functional and expandable hepatocytes. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:370-84. [PMID: 24582927 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The generation of large numbers of functional human hepatocytes for cell-based approaches to liver disease is an important and unmet goal. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to hepatic lineages could offer a solution to this problem but so far has only been achieved with mouse cells. Here, we generated human induced hepatocytes (hiHeps) from fibroblasts by lentiviral expression of FOXA3, HNF1A, and HNF4A. hiHeps express hepatic gene programs, can be expanded in vitro, and display functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes, including cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and biliary drug clearance. Upon transplantation into mice with concanavalin-A-induced acute liver failure and fatal metabolic liver disease due to fumarylacetoacetate dehydrolase (Fah) deficiency, hiHeps restore the liver function and prolong survival. Collectively, our results demonstrate successful lineage conversion of nonhepatic human cells into mature hepatocytes with potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yimeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhitao Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaotao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changcheng Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhenlei Hu
- Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Hepatoscience Incorporation, 4062 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Sauer V, Roy-Chowdhury N, Guha C, Roy-Chowdhury J. Induced pluripotent stem cells as a source of hepatocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:11-20. [PMID: 25650171 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, a series of discoveries has established the potential of the so called terminally differentiated cells to transition to more primitive progenitor cells. The dramatic demonstration of the ability to reprogram differentiated somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) that can then give rise to cells of all three germ layers has opened the possibility of generating virtually any cell type in culture, from any given individual. Taking advantage of these concepts, researchers have generated iPSCs by reprogramming a wide variety of somatic cells. In addition to their practical implications, these studies have provided crucial insights into the mechanism of cell plasticity that underlies the transition from one cell type to another. Using concepts derived from research on embryological development, investigators have differentiated iPSCs to cells resembling hepatocytes in many ways. Such hepatocyte-like cells could be of enormous value in disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. However, the currently available methods do not yield cells that fully reproduce the characteristics of adult primary hepatocytes. Thus generating hepatocytes from iPSCs is very much a work in progress. In addition to chronicling these exciting developments, this review will discuss the emergent new approaches to generating iPSCs, improving their differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells and maintaining the hepatocyte-like cells in culture for longer survival and better function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sauer
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
| | - Namita Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
| | - Chandan Guha
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
| | - Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
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Gerbal-Chaloin S, Funakoshi N, Caillaud A, Gondeau C, Champon B, Si-Tayeb K. Human induced pluripotent stem cells in hepatology: beyond the proof of concept. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:332-47. [PMID: 24269594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the wide plasticity of most cell types means that it is now possible to produce virtually any cell type in vitro. This concept, developed because of the possibility of reprogramming somatic cells toward induced pluripotent stem cells, provides the opportunity to produce specialized cells that harbor multiple phenotypical traits, thus integrating genetic interindividual variability. The field of hepatology has exploited this concept, and hepatocyte-like cells can now be differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. This review discusses the choice of somatic cells to be reprogrammed by emergent new and nonintegrative strategies, as well as the application of differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells in hepatology, including liver development, disease modeling, host-pathogen interactions, and drug metabolism and toxicity. The actual consensus is that hepatocyte-like cells generated in vitro present an immature phenotype. Currently, developed strategies used to resolve this problem, such as overexpression of transcription factors, mimicking liver neonatal and postnatal modifications, and re-creating the three-dimensional hepatocyte environment in vitro and in vivo, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- INSERM, U1087, Montpellier, France; UMR 1040, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Natalie Funakoshi
- INSERM, U1087, Montpellier, France; UMR 1040, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Hepato-Gastroenterology Service B, Saint Eloi Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Caillaud
- INSERM, UMR 1087, the Institute of the Thorax, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France; School of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Gondeau
- INSERM, U1087, Montpellier, France; UMR 1040, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoite Champon
- INSERM, UMR 1087, the Institute of the Thorax, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France; School of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Karim Si-Tayeb
- INSERM, UMR 1087, the Institute of the Thorax, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France; School of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Brückner S, Tautenhahn HM, Winkler S, Stock P, Dollinger M, Christ B. A fat option for the pig: hepatocytic differentiated mesenchymal stem cells for translational research. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:267-75. [PMID: 24200501 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY BACKGROUND Extended liver resection is the only curative treatment option of liver cancer. Yet, the residual liver may not accomplish the high metabolic and regenerative capacity needed, which frequently leads to acute liver failure. Because of their anti-inflammatory and -apoptotic as well as pro-proliferative features, mesenchymal stem cells differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells might provide functional and regenerative compensation. Clinical translation of basic research requires pre-clinical approval in large animals. Therefore, we characterized porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from adipose tissue and bone marrow and their hepatocyte differentiation potential for future assessment of functional liver support after surgical intervention in the pig model. METHODS Mesenchymal surface antigens and multi-lineage differentiation potential of porcine MSC isolated by collagenase digestion either from bone marrow or adipose tissue (subcutaneous/visceral) were assessed by flow cytometry. Morphology and functional properties (urea-, glycogen synthesis and cytochrome P450 activity) were determined during culture under differentiation conditions and compared with primary porcine hepatocytes. RESULTS MSC from porcine adipose tissue and from bone marrow express the typical mesenchymal markers CD44, CD29, CD90 and CD105 but not haematopoietic markers. MSC from both sources displayed differentiation into the osteogenic as well as adipogenic lineage. After hepatocyte differentiation, expression of CD105 decreased significantly and cells adopted the typical polygonal morphology of hepatocytes. Glycogen storage was comparable in adipose tissue- and bone marrow-derived cells. Urea synthesis was about 35% lower in visceral than in subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived MSC. Cytochrome P450 activity increased significantly during differentiation and was twice as high in hepatocyte-like cells generated from bone marrow as from adipose tissue. CONCLUSION The hepatocyte differentiation of porcine adipose tissue-derived MSC was shown for the first time yielding hepatocyte-like cells with specific functions similar in bone marrow and subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived MSC. That makes them good pre-clinical candidates for supportive approaches after liver resection in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Brückner
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig D-04103, Germany; TRM, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | - Sandra Winkler
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | - Peggy Stock
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
| | - Matthias Dollinger
- University Hospital Ulm, First Department of Medicine, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm D-89081, Germany.
| | - Bruno Christ
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig D-04103, Germany; TRM, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
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Gómez-Icazbalceta G, González-Sánchez I, Moreno J, Cerbón MA, Cervantes A. In vitro drug metabolism testing using blood-monocyte derivatives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1571-80. [PMID: 23984653 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.831069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monocytes and their cell derivatives can participate in drug metabolism. These cells express different Phase-I or -II drug metabolizing enzymes and can be differentiated into neo-hepatocytes (NeoHep) and represent a promising alternative strategy to test drug metabolism. This is particularly useful as primary human hepatocytes (PHH), are difficult to obtain and maintain in culture. AREAS COVERED The authors analyze the use of blood monocytes and their derivatives for the study of drug metabolism. They also compare them to the in vitro ability of cells from different sources including: PHH, immortalized hepatocytes, tumor cell lines and NeoHep. EXPERT OPINION The use of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic or Kupffer cells, to test drug metabolism, has serious limitations because these cells express lower levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes than PHH. The best available option, to replace PHH, have been tumor cell lines such as HepaRG, as well as immortalized hepatocytes from adult or fetal sources. Monocyte-derived NeoHep cells are novel and easily accessible cells, which express many drug metabolizing enzymes at levels comparable to PHH. These cells allow drug evaluation under a diverse genetic background. While these cells are in the early stages of evaluation and do need to be examined more thoroughly, they constitute a promising new tool for in vitro drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Gómez-Icazbalceta
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology , Mexico City, D.F. 04510 , Mexico +52 55 5622 3820 ; +52 55 5616 2010 ;
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Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of liver diseases, is there enough evidence? Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1348-64. [PMID: 24090934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively investigated in small animal models to treat both acute and chronic liver injuries. Mechanisms of action are not clearly elucidated but may include their ability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, to reduce inflammation, and to enhance tissue repair at the site of injury. This approach is controversial and evidence in large animals is missing. Side effects of MSC infusion such as the contribution to a fibrotic process have been reported in experimental settings. Nevertheless, MSCs moved quickly from bench to bedside and over 280 clinical trials are registered, of which 28 focus on the treatment of liver diseases. If no severe side-effects were observed so far, long-term benefits remain uncertain. More preclinical data regarding mechanisms of action, long term safety and efficacy are warranted before initiating large scale clinical application. The proposal of this review is to visit the current state of knowledge regarding mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of MSCs in the treatment of experimental liver diseases, to address questions about efficacy and risk, and to discuss recent clinical advances involving MSC-based therapies.
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43
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Aravalli RN, Cressman EN, Steer CJ. Hepatic differentiation of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Vet J 2012; 194:369-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gabriel E, Schievenbusch S, Kolossov E, Hengstler JG, Rotshteyn T, Bohlen H, Nierhoff D, Hescheler J, Drobinskaya I. Differentiation and selection of hepatocyte precursors in suspension spheroid culture of transgenic murine embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44912. [PMID: 23028675 PMCID: PMC3454367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocyte precursor cells represent a promising model for clinical transplantations to diseased livers, as well as for establishment of in vitro systems for drug metabolism and toxicology investigations. This study aimed to establish an in vitro culture system for scalable generation of hepatic progenitor cells. We used stable transgenic clones of murine embryonic stem cells possessing a reporter/selection vector, in which the enhanced green fluorescent protein- and puromycin N-acetyltransferase-coding genes are driven by a common alpha-fetoprotein gene promoter. This allowed for "live" monitoring and puromycin selection of the desired differentiating cell type possessing the activated alpha-fetoprotein gene. A rotary culture system was established, sequentially yielding initially partially selected hepatocyte lineage-committed cells, and finally, a highly purified cell population maintained as a dynamic suspension spheroid culture, which progressively developed the hepatic gene expression phenotype. The latter was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis, which showed a progressive up-regulation of hepatic genes during spheroid culture, indicating development of a mixed hepatocyte precursor-/fetal hepatocyte-like cell population. Adherent spheroids gave rise to advanced differentiated hepatocyte-like cells expressing hepatic proteins such as albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, cytokeratin 18, E-cadherin, and liver-specific organic anion transporter 1, as demonstrated by fluorescent immunostaining. A fraction of adherent cells was capable of glycogen storage and of reversible up-take of indocyanine green, demonstrating their hepatocyte-like functionality. Moreover, after transplantation of spheroids into the mouse liver, the spheroid-derived cells integrated into recipient. These results demonstrate that large-scale hepatocyte precursor-/hepatocyte-like cultures can be established for use in clinical trials, as well as in in vitro screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gabriel
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tamara Rotshteyn
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Nierhoff
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Irina Drobinskaya
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Hyder A, Ehnert S, Hinz H, Nüssler AK, Fändrich F, Ungefroren H. EGF and HB-EGF enhance the proliferation of programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO) through activation of MEK/ERK signaling and improve differentiation of PCMO-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:23. [PMID: 22873932 PMCID: PMC3425323 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte-like cells (NeoHepatocytes) generated from a peripheral blood monocyte-derived stem cell-like cell (the PCMO) are a promising alternative for primary hepatocytes in cell transplantation studies to cure liver diseases. However, to be therapeutically effective NeoHepatocytes are needed in large quantities. It was the aim of the present study to investigate i) whether the proportion of actively proliferating NeoHepatocytes can be enhanced by supplementing the PCMO differentiation medium (containing M-CSF, IL-3, and human serum) with either EGF or HB-EGF and ii) which signaling pathway underlies the promitotic effect. Results EGF and HB-EGF enhanced cell proliferation of PCMOs as demonstrated by increased expression of cycle control genes (ABL, ANAPC2, CDC2, CDK4, CDK6), phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, and increased PCMO cell numbers after stimulation with EGF or HB-EGF. EGF also raised the number of monocytes expressing the proliferation marker Ki67. PCMOs expressed the EGF receptors EGFR (ERBB1) and ERBB3, and expression of both increased during PCMO generation. Phosphoimmunoblotting of PCMOs indicated that both EGF and HB-EGF activated MEK-1/2 and ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent fashion with the effect of EGF being more prominent. EGF treatment further decreased expression of p47phox and increased that of Nanog indicating enhanced dedifferentiation and pluripotency, respectively. Treatment with both EGF and HB-EGF resulted in NeoHepatocytes with improved functional parameters. Conclusions The results suggested that the addition of EGF or HB-EGF to PCMO differentiation medium superactivates MEK/ERK signaling which then increases both PCMO proliferation, number, and functional differentiation of PCMO-derived NeoHepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Hyder
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Hs, 18, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Knobeloch D, Ehnert S, Schyschka L, Büchler P, Schoenberg M, Kleeff J, Thasler WE, Nussler NC, Godoy P, Hengstler J, Nussler AK. Human hepatocytes: isolation, culture, and quality procedures. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 806:99-120. [PMID: 22057448 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-367-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of isolated human liver cells in research and development has gained increasing interest during the past years. The possible application may vary between elucidation of new biochemical pathways in liver diseases, drug development, safety issues, and new therapeutic strategies up to direct clinical translation for liver support. However, the isolation of human liver cells requires a well-developed logistic network among surgeons, biologists, and technicians to obtain a high quality of cells. Our laboratories have been involved in various applications of human liver cells and we have long-lasting experiences in human liver cell isolation and their application in R&D. We here summarize the present protocol of our laboratories for cell isolation from normal resected liver tissue, the most common tissue available. In addition, we discuss the necessary network in the clinic and quality controls to maintain human liver cells in culture and the effect of 3D extracellular matrix in cultured cells which results in preservation of hepatocyte epithelial polarity in the form of bile canaliculi and repression of epithelial to mesenchymal transitions occurring in 2D cultures.
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Lin J, Schyschka L, Mühl-Benninghaus R, Neumann J, Hao L, Nussler N, Dooley S, Liu L, Stöckle U, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Comparative analysis of phase I and II enzyme activities in 5 hepatic cell lines identifies Huh-7 and HCC-T cells with the highest potential to study drug metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:87-95. [PMID: 21735230 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (hHeps) are still gold standard to perform human drug metabolism studies, but their availability is limited by donor organ scarcity. Therefore, hepatoma cell lines are widely used as alternatives, although their phases I and II drug-metabolizing activities are substantially lower compared with hHeps. The major advantage of these cell lines is immediate availability, standardized culture conditions and unlimited life span. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the drug-metabolizing profile of five human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, HCC-T, HCC-M and Huh-7) over a culture period of 10 passages. Fluorescent-based assays for seven different cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms and seven different phase II enzymes were performed and compared with enzymatic activities of hHeps. CYP activities were much lower in the cell lines (5-15% of hHeps), whereas phase II enzyme activities that are involved in buffering oxidative stress (e.g., Glutathione-S-transferase) reached levels comparable with hHeps. Furthermore, phases I and II enzyme activities in hepatoma cell lines vary strongly during culture time. Interestingly, the most constant results were obtained with Huh-7 cells. Huh-7 cells as well as HCC-T cells exhibited a drug-metabolizing profile closest to hHeps between passages two and four. Toxicity studies with Diclofenac, Paracetamol and Verapamil in both cell lines show dose-response characteristics and EC(50) values similar to hHeps. Therefore, we propose that due to the more consistent results throughout the passages, Huh-7 could be an alternative system to the limitedly available hHeps and frequently used HepG2 cell line in the study of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- Department of Traumatology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Ehnert S, Schyschka L, Noss A, Knobeloch D, Kleeff J, Büchler P, Gillen S, Stöckle U, Burkhart J, Fabian E, Nussler AK. Further characterization of autologous NeoHepatocytes for in vitro toxicity testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1203-8. [PMID: 21621600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gold standard for in vitro toxicity tests and drug screenings is primary human hepatocytes (hHeps). Because of their limited availability efforts have been made to provide alternatives, e.g., monocyte-derived NeoHepatocytes. In the past years it has been critically discussed if gaining hepatocyte features is associated with trans-differentiation of monocytes or their activation towards a macrophage phenotype. Generating NeoHepatocytes in the presence of six different human AB sera, fetal calf serum (FCS) or autologous serum showed that yield and quality of NeoHepatocytes is inversely correlated to macrophage activation. Using autologous serum constantly the highest amount of cells with the best metabolic capacity was obtained. Focus of this study was to further analyze bio-transformation capacity of the optimized NeoHepatocytes for use as in vitro toxicity test-system. Treatment of the optimized NeoHepatocytes with two different pro-teratogenic substances with corresponding metabolites and eight known hepatotoxins showed comparable toxicity to hHeps. Bio-transformation rates, assessed by testosterone metabolism, were comparable in both cell types. Our data reveal that use of autologous serum reduced macrophage activation which improved yield and function of NeoHepatocytes resulting in bio-transformation and toxicity profiles comparable to hHeps. Thus, their easy accessibility makes them an ideal candidate for in vitro toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ehnert
- Dept. of Traumatology, MRI, Technische Universität München, Germany.
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