Use of Mobile Applications to Collect Data in Sport, Health, and Exercise Science: A Narrative Review

Feasibility study of the digital tool Max for the patient-provided medication list in the medication reconciliation process prior to hospitalisation: patient willingness and usability, time saved and reliability

PURPOSE

More than 20% of prescription errors in hospitals are due to an incomplete medication history. Medication reconciliation is a solution to decrease unintentional discrepancies between medications taken at home and hospital prescriptions. It is a normalised clinical activity but it is time consuming. Medication reconciliation usually uses three sources of information for an optimised medical synthesis, one of which is the patient. A conversational robot for patients could be a solution to assist. Numerous digital applications are designed for patients and need to be tested for usability, satisfaction, reliability and time saved.

METHOD

We analysed Max, a conversational robot for patients scheduled for surgery in Toulouse University Hospital, using routinely collected health data in three successive steps. We examined willingness, compliance and patient satisfaction of usability with a Likert questionnaire and measured the time spent with Max and without. Finally, the reliability has been explored.

RESULTS

The three successive observational steps were assessment of willingness and compliance (79 patients), time saved (61 patients) and reliability of the tool (68 patients). 71% agreed to use Max after a telephone call but only 73% of patients completed Max entirely. Max was well received and the overall satisfaction of usability was high for ease of use, readability, relevance and number of questions. Max saved a few minutes by optimised medical synthesis compared with a conventional telephone call. However, the reliability appeared to be lower than the human conventional telephone call. Randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm this feasibility study.

CONCLUSION

Max was appreciated by patients and appeared to be suitable for assisting pharmacists in medication reconciliation. The tool established the list of treatments taken by the patient at home but reliability appeared to be lower than a conventional telephone call, recommending a 'double check' on the patient's arrival.

Validity and Inter-Device Reliability of an Artificial Intelligence App for Real-Time Assessment of 505 Change of Direction Tests

The present study aimed to explore the validity and inter-device reliability of a novel artificial intelligence app (Asstrapp) for real-time measurement of the traditional (tra505) and modified-505 (mod505) change of direction (COD) tests. Twenty-five male Sports Science students (age, 23.5 ± 3.27 years; body height, 178 ± 9.76 cm; body mass, 79.4 ± 14.7 kg) completed 12 trials each, consisting of six tra505 and six mod505 trials. Completion times were simultaneously recorded via single-beam electronic timing gates (ETG) and two different iPhones (APP1 and APP2). In total 300 trials were collected across the two tests, using all three devices, to establish the reliability and validity of the app. The coefficient of variation indicated a similar level of dispersion between the ETG (≤ 2.73%), APP1 (≤ 2.39%) and APP2 (≤ 2.52%). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) revealed excellent reliability among the three timing devices (ICC ≥ 0.99) and Asstrapp relative reliability was excellent for both APP1 (ICC ≥ 0.91) and APP2 (ICC ≥ 0.91). There was a practically perfect correlation and agreement between ETG and Asstrapp (APP1: r = 0.97; APP2: r = 0.97) for both COD tests. However, small but significant differences were found between smartphones and ETG for tra505 (ES ≤ 0.33; p < 0.05). Collectively, these findings support the use of Asstrapp for real-time assessment of both 505 COD tests.

The validity and reliability of the jump power app for measuring vertical jump actions in professional soccer players

This research examines the reliability, validity, and usefulness of the Jump Power application by comparing it with the reliable and validated Optojump photoelectric cell system in measuring squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) in professional athletes. Twenty-two soccer players volunteered to participate in the research. The participants were the players of the U21 team in the 1st League. All athletes were subjected to SJ and CMJ tests. Jump Power app and Optojump data were acquired simultaneously during SJ and CMJ. Trial procedure was performed on three separate occasions (Session 1, Session 2, and Session 3), with 48 h intervals to examine the reliability of the data from session to session. For reliability analysis, coefficients of variation percent (%CV). Jump power app reliability values CV% is below 5%. In the validity analysis, significant differences were observed between the Optojump photoelectric cell system and the Jump Power App for SJ and CMJ. In conclusion, this study revealed that the Jump Power app is a reliable but not valid tool to measure vertical jumps in soccer players.

Concurrent Validity and Reliability of a Free Smartphone Application for Evaluation of Jump Height

Background/Objectives: Jump test assessment is commonly used for physical tests, with different type of devices used for its evaluation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of a freely accessible mobile application (VertVision, version 2.0.5) for measuring jump performance. Methods: With that intent, thirty-eight college age recreationally active subjects underwent test assessment after a specific warm-up, performing countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) on a contact platform while being recorded with a smartphone camera. Jump height was the criterion variable, with the same formula being used for both methods. Data analysis was performed by two experienced observers. Results: The results showed strong correlations with the contact platform (ICC > 0.9) for both jumps. Furthermore, between-observer reliability was also high (ICC > 0.9; CV ≤ 2.19), with lower values for smallest worthwhile change (≤0.23) and typical error of measurement (≤0.14). Estimation error varied when accounting for both observers, with the SJ accounting for bigger differences (4.1-6.03%), when compared to the CMJ (0.73-3.09%). Conclusions: The study suggests that VertVision is a suitable and handy method for evaluating jump performance. However, it presents a slight estimation error when compared to the contact platform.

Novel Multi-View RGB Sensor for Continuous Motion Analysis in Kinetic Chain Exercises: A Pilot Study for Simultaneous Validity and Intra-Test Reliability

As the number of musculoskeletal disorders caused by smartphone usage, sedentary lifestyles, and active sports activities increases, there is a growing demand for precise and accurate measurement and evaluation of issues such as incorrect compensation patterns, asymmetrical posture, and limited joint operation range. Urgent development of new inspection equipment is necessary to address issues such as convenience, economic feasibility, and post-processing difficulties. Using 4DEYE®, a new multi-view red, green, and blue (RGB) sensor-based motion analysis equipment, and the VICON® ratio, which are infrared-based markers, we conducted a comparative analysis of the simultaneous validity of the joint angle (trajectory) and reliability. In this study, five healthy participants who could perform movements were selected for the pilot study and two movements (Y-balance and side dip) were analyzed. In addition, the ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) was analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) V.18 while the number of data frames of each equipment was equalized using the MATLAB program. The results revealed that side dips, which are open kinetic chain exercises (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC(2.1), 0.895-0.996), showed very high concordance with the Y-balance test, a closed kinetic chain exercise (ICC(2.1), 0.678-0.990). The joint measurement results were similar regardless of the movement in the open or closed kinetic chain exercise, confirming the high reliability of the newly developed multiview RGB sensor. This is of great significance because we obtained important and fundamental results that can be used in various patterns of exercise movements in the future.

The fus test: a promising tool for evaluating fundamental motor skills in children and adolescents

Fundamental motor skills (FMS) are essential for enjoyable, confident and skillful participation in physical activity across the lifespan. Due to the alarming low level of FMS proficiency in children and adolescents worldwide, the development of motor competency is an urgent issue for physical education. The promotion and implementation of a systematic process of teaching and learning FMS should be a physical education priority. Accordingly, effective assessment tools for evaluating FMS should be adopted or developed. Because FMS assessment for both children and adolescents need further effective solutions, the primary aim of this study was to develop the new age-related test of FMS (Fundamental Motor Skills in Sport test, in Polish: Test Fundamentalnych Umiejętności Ruchowych w Sporcie, FUS). The secondary aim of this study was to establish validity and inter-rater, intra-rater, test-retest reliabilities and internal consistency of the FUS test. The FUS test involves six sport skill-based tasks: hurdling, jumping rope, forward roll, ball bouncing, throwing and catching a ball, and kicking and stopping a ball. Two hundred sixty-four Polish students in grades 1-3 (7-9 yrs; n = 81), 4-6 (10-12 yrs; n = 89) and 7-8 (13-14 yrs; n = 94), including 139 girls and 125 boys completed the FUS test. The content validity index for all items was notably high. Both inter-rater and intra-rater reliability showed substantial to almost perfect agreement, with observed agreements for FUS skills between 78.5 and 93.1%. Ball bouncing had a moderate correlation with the forward roll and throwing and catching, while other correlations were low or insignificant. ICC values, ranging from 0.95 to 0.97, confirmed excellent test-retest reliability. The results of our study provide evidence that the FUS test is valid, reliable, and feasible to administer in school settings. Therefore, this tool test has the potential to support deliberate practice and improve motor competence by providing a standardized and structured approach to measuring FMS among school-aged children and adolescents.

On-Field Methodological Approach to Monitor the Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Phases in Elite Female Athletes

OBJECTIVES

Currently, there are no guidelines for implementing the monitoring of menstrual status, including the natural menstrual cycle (NC) or oral contraception (OC), in a sport setting. We aimed to provide a feasible, on-field methodological approach for monitoring NC and OC in female athletes.

METHODS

We developed a smartphone app with daily questionnaires to monitor both NC and OC phases in 19 elite female soccer players (23.7 [4.4] y) over 7 months. Adherence and compliance were evaluated. The NC and OC phases were based on calendar data to establish an individual menstrual profile for each athlete.

RESULTS

The initial questionnaire revealed that the vast majority of female players (80%) were interested in monitoring their menstrual status. The online monitoring yielded high athlete adherence (87.0% [14.2%]) with a slight decrease over the winter break and at the end of the championship, which necessitated adaptations to promote compliance. Monitoring identified the specific menstrual pattern of each athlete and highlighted large interindividual variability.

CONCLUSION

This study assesses, for the first time, the interest of female players in monitoring their menstrual status. It provides a new methodological approach, as well as guidelines for optimizing on-field monitoring. It also anticipates some obstacles sport staff may encounter when trying to implement such follow-up. It is essential to better understand the menstrual profile of athletes and determine its potential impacts on well-being and performance.

Analysis of the accuracy and reliability of vertical jump evaluation using a low-cost acquisition system

BACKGROUND

The vertical jump can be analyzed based on the flight time achieved by the individual. This measurement can be obtained using a force platform or a three-dimensional infrared camera system, but such equipment is expensive and requires training for data collection and processing. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of using a smartphone and the Kinovea software compared with a force platform as a method of vertical jump analysis.

METHODS

For this purpose, two independent evaluators analyzed videos of bipodal and unipodal vertical jumps by counting the variables among participants. The participants performed three consecutive jumps in bipodal and unipodal conditions with the dominant and non-dominant legs.

RESULTS

The intra-rater analysis for bipodal jumps was found to have excellent reproducibility (ICC = 0.903 to 0.934), whereas for unipodal jumps, the reproducibility was moderate to excellent (ICC = 0.713 to 0.902). The inter-rater analysis showed that for bipodal jumps, the reproducibility is substantial to excellent (ICC = 0.823 to 0.926), while for unipodal jumps, it is moderate (ICC = 0.554 to 0.702).

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, it can be concluded that the vertical jump evaluation can be performed using the smartphone-Kinovea system. However, the same evaluator should carry out the evaluation to maintain reliable indices.

Validity, Reliability, and Sensitivity of Mobile Applications to Assess Change of Direction Speed

This study aimed to assess the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of mobile applications for assessing change-of-direction speed (CODS) performance. Thirty college athletes performed two Illinois CODS tests during one session. Assessments were carried out simultaneously using six devices (the CODTimer app, Seconds Count app, StopwatchCamera app, two analog stopwatches, and timing gates). Validity analyses included Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis, a linear regression model, and Bland-Altman plots. Reliability analyses included the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the coefficient of variation (CV%), and the paired-sample t test. Sensitivity analyses included the typical error and smallest worthwhile change (SWC). The results showed that validity, reliability, and sensitivity values were higher for the CODTimer app (r = 0.99, R2 = 0.99, mean bias = -0.03 ± 0.10, CV% = 3.21, ICC = 0.89, SWC rating: good, p = 0.84) and the Seconds Count app (r = 0.99, R2 = 0.99, mean bias = -0.03 ± 0.08, CV% = 3.28, ICC = 0.88, SWC rating: good, p = 0.84) relative to the StopwatchCamera app (r = 0.98, R2 = 0.97, mean bias = -0.11 ± 0.22, CV% = 3.43, ICC = 0.86, SWC rating: marginal, p = 0.10), Analog Stopwatch 1 (r = 0.98, R2 = 0.96, mean bias = -0.09 ± 0.42, CV% = 2.95, ICC = 0.90, SWC rating: good, p = 0.91), and Analog Stopwatch 2 (r = 0.99, R2 = 0.97, mean bias = -0.12 ± 0.88, CV% = 3.51, ICC = 0.87, SWC rating: marginal, p = 0.96). In conclusion, compared to timing gates, the CODTimer app and Seconds Count app provided lower measurement bias and higher sensitivity for assessing CODS performance.

Common High-Speed Running Thresholds Likely Do Not Correspond to High-Speed Running in Field Sports

ABSTRACT

Freeman, BW, Talpey, SW, James, LP, Opar, DA, and Young, WB. Common high-speed running thresholds likely do not correspond to high-speed running in field sports. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1411-1418, 2023-The purpose of this study was to clarify what percentage of maximum speed is associated with various running gaits. Fifteen amateur field sport athletes (age = 23 ± 3.6 years) participated in a series of 55-meter running trials. The speed of each trial was determined by instructions relating to 5 previously identified gait patterns (jog, run, stride, near maximum sprint, and sprint). Each trial was filmed in slow motion (240 fps), whereas running speed was obtained using Global Positioning Systems. Contact time, stride angle, and midstance free-leg knee angle were determined from video footage. Running gaits corresponded with the following running speeds, jogging = 4.51 m·s -1 , 56%Vmax, running = 5.41 m·s -1 , 66%Vmax , striding = 6.37 m·s -1 , 78%Vmax, near maximum sprinting = 7.08 m·s -1 , 87%Vmax, and sprinting = 8.15 m·s -1 , 100%Vmax. Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in stride angle were observed as running speed increased. Significant ( p < 0.05) decreases were observed in contact time and midstance free-leg knee angle as running speed increased. These findings suggest currently used thresholds for high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting most likely correspond with jogging and striding, which likely underestimates the true HSR demands. Therefore, a higher relative speed could be used to describe HSR and sprinting more accurately in field sports.

Concurrent validity and reliability of a mobile iOS application used to assess calf raise test kinematics

BACKGROUND

Calf raise test (CRT) is used in rehabilitation and sports medicine to evaluate calf muscle function. The Calf Raise application (CR_app) uses computer-vision algorithms to objectively measure CRT outcomes and replicate laboratory-based metrics that are difficult to measure clinically.

OBJECTIVE

To validate the CR_app by examining its concurrent validity and agreement levels against laboratory-based equipment, and its intra- and inter-rater reliability.

DESIGN

Observational cross-sectional validation study.

METHODS

CRT outcomes (i.e., repetitions, positive work, total height, peak height, fatigue index, and peak power) were assessed in thirteen individuals (6 males, 7 females) on three occasions on both legs using the CR_app, 3D motion capture, and force plate simultaneously. Data were extracted from two markers: below lateral malleolus (n = 77) and on the heel (n = 77). Concurrent validity and agreement were determined from 154 data files using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC_3,k), typical errors expressed as coefficient of variations (CV), and Bland-Altman plots to assess biases and precision. Reliability was assessed using ICC_3,1 and CV values.

RESULTS

Validity of CR_app outcomes was good to excellent across measures for both markers (mean ICC ≥0.878), precision plots showing good agreement and precision. CV ranged from 0% (repetitions) to 33.3% (fatigue index) and were on average better for the lateral malleolus marker. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were excellent (ICC≥0.949, CV ≤ 5.6%).

CONCLUSION

CR_app is valid and reliable within and between users for measuring CRT outcomes in healthy adults. CR_app provides a tool to objectivise CRT outcomes in research and practice, aligning with recent advances in mobile technologies and their increased use in healthcare.

Validity of a Smartphone Application in Calculating Measures of Heart Rate Variability

The purpose of the current study was to determine the concurrent validity of the Elite HRV smartphone application when calculating heart rate variability (HRV) metrics in reference to an independent software criterion. A total of 5 minutes of R−R interval and natural log of root mean square of the successive differences (lnRMSSD) resting HRV data were simultaneously collected using two Polar H10 heart rate monitors (HRMs) in both the seated and supine positions from 22 participants (14 males, 8 females). One H10 HRM was paired with a Polar V800 watch and one with the Elite HRV application. When no artifact correction was applied, significant, but small, differences in the lnRMSSD data were observed between the software in the seated position (p = 0.022), and trivial and nonstatistically significant differences were observed in the supine position (p = 0.087). However, significant differences (p > 0.05) in the lnRMSSD data were no longer identifiable in either the seated or the supine positions when applying Very Low, Low, or Automatic artifact-correction filters. Additionally, excellent agreements (ICC3,1 = 0.938 − 0.998) and very strong to near-perfect (r = 0.889 − 0.997) relationships were observed throughout all correction levels. The Elite HRV smartphone application is a valid tool for calculating resting lnRMSSD HRV metrics.

Kinematic Analysis of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming Cycle: A Systematic and Synthetic Review

The increase of low-cost technology for underwater filming has made quantitative analysis an affordable resource for swimming coaches on a frequent basis. In this context, a synthesis of the kinematic determinants of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) seems to be lacking. The aim of the present study was to synthesise the scientific evidence on the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers during UUS and the main kinematic determinants of UUS performance, as well as to summarise the main methodological considerations for UUS kinematic analysis. A systematic literature search was performed through four electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines and STROBE for evaluating the quality of the included studies. Twenty-three research studies from the first search and two from the second search were finally considered. In total, 412 competitive swimmers (321 males and 91 females) with a performance standard of international B (11%), national (51%), or regional (35%) level were analysed. Most studies focused on a two-dimensional analysis of the ventral UUS performed from a push start and filmed 6-12 m from the starting wall. Kinematic analysis of UUS included kicking parameters (kicking length, frequency, and amplitude) as well as selected segmental kinematics in 76% of studies and the analysis of UUS performance determinants in 36%. Information about the determinants of UUS performance was inconsistent due in part to inconsistencies in the definition of kinematic parameters. Further research studies where automatic motion capture systems are applied to the analysis of UUS on the aforementioned conditions should be conducted.

Validity, reliability, and normative data on calf muscle function in rugby union players from the Calf Raise application

We examined the validity and reliability of biomechanical outcomes extracted using the Calf Raise application of three calf muscle tests. We then established normative calf muscle function values for male rugby union players accounting for rugby-related factors (position, level) alone and together with clinical factors (age, leg dominance, BMI, previous injury). In total, 120 athletes performed three single-leg calf muscle tests. Twenty athletes participated in application validation; 18 in test-retest reliability; and all in establishing normative equations. Validity of application outcomes against 3D motion and force plate data was good-to-excellent (CV ≤ 6.6%, ICC ≥0.84). Test-retest reliability was good across outcomes following familiarisation (CV < 10%, ICC ≥0.83). Forwards produced superior power than backs during the bodyweight (59 W, p = 0.007) and weighted (73 W, p < 0.001) power tests. Playing level influenced power outcomes (p < 0.009). Super Rugby players were more powerful than Club (both power tests), Provincial (both power tests), and International (bodyweight power). Backs completed more repetitions (3 repetitions, p = 0.001) and positive displacement (30 cm, p = 0.001) than forwards during endurance testing. When accounting for clinical factors; BMI, age, and previous injury explained some of the differences observed between positions and levels. This study provides initial benchmark values of calf muscle function in rugby union.

Evaluation of Applications for Mobile Devices on the Practice of Physical Exercise in Adolescents

The use of mobile devices has changed the way we relate to each other, influencing teaching–learning processes and the motivation of adolescents towards these processes. One of the most developed tools has been applications (apps), which are software used on cell phones, tablets or computers. Hence, the aim of this study is to analyze the content of applications for mobile devices that is considered the most suitable complement to Physical Education (PE) classes for secondary school students. A retrospective descriptive study was carried out, collecting information on the main characteristics of 31 free fitness apps: the descriptive, technical, educational and psychological dimensions. The results of this study show that most of the apps for physical activity have recent updates and are mainly related to cardiovascular exercise or strength for two purposes: either for exercise accounting or the creation of training plans for the user. They are intended for users of very heterogeneous ages and, therefore, do not take into account their individual characteristics. They do not have an adequate design to facilitate their didactic use. Therefore, we conclude that the applications evaluated lack the necessary educational potential to be used in the PE classroom. Based on the content analysis carried out, we describe a series of criteria that allow teachers and adolescents themselves to select physical exercise apps, and we propose to carry out research to guide developers when developing digital training/physical exercise content with an educational component that can be used as a complement for adolescents in- and outside the field of PE.

Mobile applications for the sport and exercise nutritionist: a narrative review

Mobile technology is widespread in modern society, and the applications (apps) that they run can serve various purposes. Features such as portability, ease of communication, storage, and relative low cost may make such technology attractive to practitioners in several fields. This review provides a critical narrative on the existing literature for apps relevant to the field of sport and exercise nutrition. Three main areas are discussed: (1) dietary analysis of athletes, (2) nutrition education for athletes, (3) estimating body composition. The key purpose of the review was to identify what literature is available, in what areas apps may have a benefit over traditional methods, and considerations that practitioners should make before they implement apps into their practice or recommend their use to coaches and athletes.

Validity and Reliability of a Phone App and Stopwatch for the Measurement of 505 Change of Direction Performance: A Test-Retest Study Design

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the validity and reliability of a phone app [named: change of direction (COD) timer] and stopwatches for the measurement of COD performance.

Methods: Sixty-two youth basketball players (age: 15.9±1.4yrs., height: 178.8±11.0cm, and body mass: 70.0±14.1kg) performed six trials of 505 COD test (with the left side being the plant leg first, then the right side). The completion time was measured simultaneously via timing gates (with error correction processing algorithms), the phone app, and stopwatches.

Results: There was an almost perfect correlation and agreement between timing gates and COD timer (r=0.978; SEE=0.035s; and LoA=−0.08~0.06s), but a lower correlation and agreement between timing gates and stopwatch (r=0.954; SEE=0.050s; and LoA=−0.17~0.04s) with statistical significance in completion time (ES=1.29, 95%CI: 1.15–1.43, p<0.01). The coefficient of variation revealed similar level of dispersion between the three timing devices (timing gates: 6.58%; COD timer: 6.32%; and stopwatch: 6.71%). Inter-observer reliability (ICC=0.991) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.998) were excellent in COD timer, while the inter-observer reliability was lower (ICC=0.890) in the stopwatches.

Conclusion: In the 505 COD test, the COD timer was able to provide a valid and reliable measurement. On the contrary, stopwatch was not recommended because of large error. Thus, if timing gates are unavailable, practitioners can adopt the COD timer app to assess 505 COD speed times.

Transcending Conventional Biometry Frontiers: Diffusive Dynamics PPG Biometry

This paper presents the first photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal dynamic-based biometric authentication system with a Siamese convolutional neural network (CNN). Our method extracts the PPG signal's biometric characteristics from its diffusive dynamics, characterized by geometric patterns in the (p,q)-planes specific to the 0-1 test. PPG signal diffusive dynamics are strongly dependent on the vascular bed's biostructure, unique to each individual. The dynamic characteristics of the PPG signal are more stable over time than its morphological features, particularly in the presence of psychosomatic conditions. Besides its robustness, our biometric method is anti-spoofing, given the complex nature of the blood network. Our proposal trains using a national research study database with 40 real-world PPG signals measured with commercial equipment. Biometric system results for input data, raw and preprocessed, are studied and compared with eight primary biometric methods related to PPG, achieving the best equal error rate (ERR) and processing times with a single attempt, among all of them.

Accuracy of the SWAY Mobile Cognitive Assessment Application

BACKGROUND

Mobile electronic devices have become integral tools in addressing the need for portable assessment of cognitive function following neurocognitive/motor injury. SWAY Medical, Inc., has employed mobile device motion-based technology in the SWAY Cognitive Assessment (SWAY CA) application to assess cognitive function.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the SWAY CA application (reaction time, impulse control and inspective time) was able to reliably operate on different mobile devices and operating systems (iOS, Android). The study further sought to assess the validity of the SWAY CA application against the FDA approved ImPACT QT mobile device application.

STUDY DESIGN

Original Research, observational study of validity.

METHODS

88 healthy, young adults, 18 to 48 years (mean= 22.09 ± sd=4.47 years) completed four, randomized and counter-balanced, reaction time tests (2- SWAY RT, 2- ImPACT QT) using different operating systems (iOS, Android) of 4 randomly assigned mobile devices.

RESULTS

ANOVAs reported the SWAY CA application (reaction time, impulse control, inspection time) operated reliably with iPhone 6S, Samsung Galaxy S9, and iPad Pro 5 mobile devices (p > 0.05), respectively. Google Pixel 3 reliability with SWAY CA application remains undetermined. SWAY CA simple reaction motion measures were in agreement (r = -0.46 to 0.22, p ≤ 0.05) with several ImPACT QT reaction time measures. SWAY CA impulse control and inspection time measures are weakly correlated (r = -0.25 to -0.46, p ≤ 0.05) with five ImPACT QT reaction time measures.

CONCLUSION

The motion-based SWAY CA mobile device application appears to reliably operate when being administered on different mobile devices and software operating systems. Furthermore, the SWAY CA application appears to be comparable to the ImPACT QT and serve as a valid tool for assessing reaction time measures.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level 2b (observational study of validity).

Satisfaction, Usability, and Compliance With the Use of Smartwatches for Ecological Momentary Assessment of Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms in Older Adults: Usability Study

Background

Smartwatches enable physicians to monitor symptoms in patients with knee osteoarthritis, their behavior, and their environment. Older adults experience fluctuations in their pain and related symptoms (mood, fatigue, and sleep quality) that smartwatches are ideally suited to capture remotely in a convenient manner.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate satisfaction, usability, and compliance using the real-time, online assessment and mobility monitoring (ROAMM) mobile app designed for smartwatches for individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods

Participants (N=28; mean age 73.2, SD 5.5 years; 70% female) with reported knee osteoarthritis were asked to wear a smartwatch with the ROAMM app installed. They were prompted to report their prior night’s sleep quality in the morning, followed by ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) of their pain, fatigue, mood, and activity in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Satisfaction, comfort, and usability were evaluated using a standardized questionnaire. Compliance with regard to answering EMAs was calculated after excluding time when the watch was not being worn for technical reasons (eg, while charging).

Results

A majority of participants reported that the text displayed was large enough to read (22/26, 85%), and all participants found it easy to enter ratings using the smartwatch. Approximately half of the participants found the smartwatch to be comfortable (14/26, 54%) and would consider wearing it as their personal watch (11/24, 46%). Most participants were satisfied with its battery charging system (20/26, 77%). A majority of participants (19/26, 73%) expressed their willingness to use the ROAMM app for a 1-year research study. The overall EMA compliance rate was 83% (2505/3036 responses). The compliance rate was lower among those not regularly wearing a wristwatch (10/26, 88% vs 16/26, 71%) and among those who found the text too small to read (4/26, 86% vs 22/26, 60%).

Conclusions

Older adults with knee osteoarthritis positively rated the ROAMM smartwatch app and were generally satisfied with the device. The high compliance rates coupled with the willingness to participate in a long-term study suggest that the ROAMM app is a viable approach to remotely collecting health symptoms and behaviors for both research and clinical endeavors.

The Effect of Smartphone App-Use Patterns on the Performance of Professional Golfers

Smartphone app-use patterns will predict professional golfers' athletic performance, and the use time of serious apps would be associated with improved performance. This longitudinal 4-week observation of 79 professional golfers assessed golf handicaps and smartphone app-use patterns at the start of the Korean professional golf season and 2 and 4 weeks later. We classified use as social networking, entertainment, serious apps, and others. Use time of entertainment apps increased for non-improved golfers but did not change for improved golfers. Use time of serious apps increased for improved golfers and decreased for non-improved ones. Changes in golf handicaps were positively correlated with changes in entertainment app use time and negatively correlated with changes in serious app use time. Professional golfers' sports performance was not associated with smartphone use time but was with the smartphone app type. The management of smartphone app-use patterns is important for professional golfers' performance.

Smartphone and Tablet Software Apps to Collect Data in Sport and Exercise Settings: Cross-sectional International Survey

BACKGROUND

Advances in smartphone technology have facilitated an increase in the number of commercially available smartphone and tablet apps that enable the collection of physiological and biomechanical variables typically monitored in sport and exercise settings. Currently, it is not fully understood whether individuals collect data using mobile devices and tablets, independent of additional hardware, in their practice.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to explore the use of smartphone and tablet software apps to collect data by individuals working in various sport and exercise settings, such as sports coaching, strength and conditioning, and personal training.

METHODS

A total of 335 practitioners completed an electronic questionnaire that surveyed their current training practices, with a focus on 2 areas: type of data collection and perceptions of reliability and validity regarding app use. An 18-item questionnaire, using a 5-point Likert scale, evaluated the perception of app use.

RESULTS

A total of 204 respondents reported using apps to directly collect data, with most of them (196/335, 58.5%) collecting biomechanical data, and 41.2% (138/335) respondents reported using at least one evidence-based app. A binomial general linear model determined that evidence accessibility (β=.35, 95% CI 0.04-0.67; P=.03) was significantly related to evidence-based app use. Age (β=-.03, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.00; P=.03) had a significant negative effect on evidence-based app use.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that practitioners show a greater preference for using smartphones and tablet devices to collect biomechanical data such as sprint velocity and jump performance variables. When it is easier to access information on the quality of apps, practitioners are more likely to use evidence-based apps. App developers should seek independent research to validate their apps. In addition, app developers should seek to provide clear signposting to the scientific support of their software in alternative ways.

Validity and Reliability of Mobile Applications for Assessing Strength, Power, Velocity, and Change-of-Direction: A Systematic Review

This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction, and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 435 studies initially identified, 23 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. In total, 11 mobile applications were analyzed and summarized for their validity and reliability to test movement velocity, movement time, movement displacement, power output, and workload. The present systematic review revealed that the tested apps are valid and reliable for measuring bar movement velocity during lower and upper body resistance exercises; however, systematic bias was detected with heavier loads.

Validity and Reliability of the Inertial Measurement Unit for Barbell Velocity Assessments: A Systematic Review

The use of inertial measurement unit (IMU) has become popular in sports assessment. In the case of velocity-based training (VBT), there is a need to measure barbell velocity in each repetition. The use of IMUs may make the monitoring process easier; however, its validity and reliability should be established. Thus, this systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of wearable wireless IMUs for measuring barbell velocity and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of IMUs for measuring barbell velocity. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 161 studies initially identified, 22 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Among the eight different IMU models, seven can be considered valid and reliable for measuring barbell velocity. The great majority of IMUs used for measuring barbell velocity in linear trajectories are valid and reliable, and thus can be used by coaches for external load monitoring.

2021 ISHNE/HRS/EHRA/APHRS collaborative statement on mHealth in Arrhythmia Management: Digital Medical Tools for Heart Rhythm Professionals: From the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society

This collaborative statement from the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society describes the current status of mobile health ("mHealth") technologies in arrhythmia management. The range of digital medical tools and heart rhythm disorders that they may be applied to and clinical decisions that may be enabled are discussed. The facilitation of comorbidity and lifestyle management (increasingly recognized to play a role in heart rhythm disorders) and patient self-management are novel aspects of mHealth. The promises of predictive analytics but also operational challenges in embedding mHealth into routine clinical care are explored.

Sensitivity of the iLOAD® Application for Monitoring Changes in Barbell Velocity Following Power- and Strength-Oriented Resistance Training Programs

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the sensitivity of the iLOAD® application to detect the changes in mean barbell velocity of complete sets following power- and strength-oriented resistance training (RT) programs.

METHODS

Twenty men were randomly assigned to a power training group (countermovement jump and bench press throw at 40% of the 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) or strength training group (back squat and bench press at 70% to 90% of 1RM). Single sets of 10 repetitions at 25% and 70% of 1RM during the back squat and bench press exercises were assessed before and after the 4-week RT programs simultaneously with the iLOAD® application and a linear velocity transducer.

RESULTS

The power training group showed a greater increment in velocity performance at the 25% of 1RM (effect size range = 0.66-1.53) and the 70% of 1RM (effect size range = 0.11-0.30). The percent change in mean velocity after the RT programs highly correlated between the iLOAD® application and the linear velocity transducer for the back squat (r range = .85-.88) and bench press (r range = .87-.93). However, the iLOAD® application revealed a 2% greater increase in mean velocity after training compared to the linear velocity transducer.

CONCLUSIONS

The iLOAD® application is a cost-effective, portable, and easy-to-use tool which can be used to detect changes in mean barbell velocity after power- and strength-oriented RT programs.

2021 ISHNE/ HRS/ EHRA/ APHRS collaborative statement on mHealth in Arrhythmia Management: Digital Medical Tools for Heart Rhythm Professionals: From the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society

This collaborative statement from the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/ Heart Rhythm Society/ European Heart Rhythm Association/ Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society describes the current status of mobile health ("mHealth") technologies in arrhythmia management. The range of digital medical tools and heart rhythm disorders that they may be applied to and clinical decisions that may be enabled are discussed. The facilitation of comorbidity and lifestyle management (increasingly recognized to play a role in heart rhythm disorders) and patient self-management are novel aspects of mHealth. The promises of predictive analytics but also operational challenges in embedding mHealth into routine clinical care are explored.

2021 ISHNE / HRS / EHRA / APHRS Collaborative Statement on mHealth in Arrhythmia Management: Digital Medical Tools for Heart Rhythm Professionals: From the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology / Heart Rhythm Society / European Heart Rhythm Association / Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society

This collaborative statement from the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology / Heart Rhythm Society / European Heart Rhythm Association / Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society describes the current status of mobile health ("mHealth") technologies in arrhythmia management. The range of digital medical tools and heart rhythm disorders that they may be applied to and clinical decisions that may be enabled are discussed. The facilitation of comorbidity and lifestyle management (increasingly recognized to play a role in heart rhythm disorders) and patient self-management are novel aspects of mHealth. The promises of predictive analytics but also operational challenges in embedding mHealth into routine clinical care are explored.

2021 ISHNE/HRS/EHRA/APHRS Collaborative Statement on mHealth in Arrhythmia Management: Digital Medical Tools for Heart Rhythm Professionals: From the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society

This collaborative statement from the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society describes the current status of mobile health ("mHealth") technologies in arrhythmia management. The range of digital medical tools and heart rhythm disorders that they may be applied to and clinical decisions that may be enabled are discussed. The facilitation of comorbidity and lifestyle management (increasingly recognized to play a role in heart rhythm disorders) and patient self-management are novel aspects of mHealth. The promises of predictive analytics but also operational challenges in embedding mHealth into routine clinical care are explored.

2021 ISHNE/HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Collaborative Statement on mHealth in Arrhythmia Management: Digital Medical Tools for Heart Rhythm Professionals: From the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society

This collaborative statement from the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society describes the current status of mobile health technologies in arrhythmia management. The range of digital medical tools and heart rhythm disorders that they may be applied to and clinical decisions that may be enabled are discussed. The facilitation of comorbidity and lifestyle management (increasingly recognized to play a role in heart rhythm disorders) and patient self-management are novel aspects of mobile health. The promises of predictive analytics but also operational challenges in embedding mobile health into routine clinical care are explored.

Reliability and Validity of the iLOAD Application for Monitoring the Mean Set Velocity During the Back Squat and Bench Press Exercises Performed Against Different Loads

ABSTRACT

Pérez-Castilla, A, Boullosa, D, and García-Ramos, A. Reliability and validity of the iLOAD application for monitoring the mean set velocity during the back squat and bench press exercises performed against different loads. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S57-S65, 2021-This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of a smartphone application (iLOAD) for the monitoring of mean concentric velocity (MV) during resistance training sets. Twenty males completed 2 identical sessions consisting of one set of 10 repetitions against 4 loads (25, 40, 55, 70% of the one repetition maximum [1RM]) during the back squat and bench press exercises. The MV of the 5 initial repetitions and for the whole set were determined simultaneously with the iLOAD application and a linear velocity transducer (LVT). Two independent researchers operated the iLOAD application during the experimental sessions to evaluate the interrater agreement for the assessment of MV. An acceptable but generally lower reliability was observed for iLOAD (coefficient of variation [CV] range: 5.61-9.79%) compared to the LVT (CV range: 4.51-8.18%) at 25-40-55% of 1RM, whereas the reliability at 75% of 1RM was acceptable for the LVT during the bench press (CV range: 6.37-8.26%), but it was unacceptable for the iLOAD during both exercises (CV range: 11.3-12.8%) and for the LVT during the back squat (CV range: 11.3-17.4%). Small to moderate differences (ES range: 0.24-1.04) and very high to practically perfect correlations (r range: 0.70-0.90) were observed between the iLOAD and the LVT. A very high agreement was observed between both raters for the recording of MV during the back squat and bench press exercises (r ≥ 0.98). Taken together, these results suggest that the iLOAD application can be confidently used to quantify the MV of training sets during the squat and bench press exercises not performed to failure.

Video-Based System for Automatic Measurement of Barbell Velocity in Back Squat

Velocity-based training is a contemporary method used by sports coaches to prescribe the optimal loading based on the velocity of movement of a load lifted. The most employed and accurate instruments to monitor velocity are linear position transducers. Alternatively, smartphone apps compute mean velocity after each execution by manual on-screen digitizing, introducing human error. In this paper, a video-based instrument delivering unattended, real-time measures of barbell velocity with a smartphone high-speed camera has been developed. A custom image-processing algorithm allows for the detection of reference points of a multipower machine to autocalibrate and automatically track barbell markers to give real-time kinematic-derived parameters. Validity and reliability were studied by comparing the simultaneous measurement of 160 repetitions of back squat lifts executed by 20 athletes with the proposed instrument and a validated linear position transducer, used as a criterion. The video system produced practically identical range, velocity, force, and power outcomes to the criterion with low and proportional systematic bias and random errors. Our results suggest that the developed video system is a valid, reliable, and trustworthy instrument for measuring velocity and derived variables accurately with practical implications for use by coaches and practitioners.

The effect of active occupational stress management on psychosocial and physiological wellbeing: a pilot study

Background

The aim of the study was to address the working population with an occupational stress prevention program using mHealth solution and encourage them for healthy lifestyle choices.

Methods

Seventeen participants were randomized from the corporate setting. A 24alife app with a good compliance program was selected. Test battery has been designed to test the physical readiness, psychological evaluation and biological blood markers for stress. Participants were followed up after 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively, within the intervention period. Weight of participants was tracked three times per month. Univariate analysis compared the continuous variables by One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA test when the data were normally distributed, or Wilcoxon rank sum test for abnormal distribution of variables.

Results

Participants used the app with a compliance rate of 94.1%. The psychological evaluation revealed higher motivation for work, lower burnout scores and participants gave subjective responses of better general wellbeing. Some of the participants lost up to four kg of body mass. Physical readiness has also improved.

Conclusions

Results of mHealth projects on corporate could include primary health care institutions and health ministry to extend the existing system to patients’ pockets where they can monitor their disease and increase the ability of self-care.

#Quarantineworkout: The Use of Digital Tools and Online Training Among Boxers and Boxing Coaches During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this article is to explore the use of online training strategies and digital tools amongst coaches and athletes in boxing clubs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent shutdown of organized sport. A digital qualitative research strategy was applied to boxing clubs, boxers, and boxing coaches in Norway. A total of 46 official clubs, athletes, and coach pages on Facebook were followed from 12th March to 30th June 2020, resulting in a sample of 78 social media posts (texts, photos, and videos). A content analysis approach was used for the material. The results show that the use of digital tools amongst the studied Norwegian coaches and boxing clubs varied in frequency and form during the spring of 2020 (COVID-19 shutdown). For them, the most frequent use of digital instruments was to communicate internally and externally about the COVID-19 situation, national rules and guidelines. The material demonstrated that online training strategies varied between different constellations of three specific factors: (1) synchronized (live-streamed) online training and unsynchronized online training (at home training videos and programmes), (2) publicly published online training that was only accessible through digital registration, and (3) free online training and online training that was only available to paying members. For the athletes in the material, the most frequent content was social media posts for self-promotion purposes. Additionally, several of the athletes expressed that they struggled to cope with and manage the training at home during lockdown, and that they deeply missed training and competing as usual.

A Structured E-Investigation Into the Prevalence and Acceptance of Smartphone Applications by Exercise Professionals

Bromilow, L, Stanton, R, and Humphries, B. A structured e-investigation into the prevalence and acceptance of smartphone applications by exercise professionals. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1330-1339, 2020-The primary purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and acceptance of smartphone applications by exercise professionals when interacting with clients and patients. A 29-item anonymous online survey was designed, containing separate sections on demographics, smartphone proficiency, benefits and barriers to using smartphones, and use of smartphones in a professional setting. Accredited members of the Australian Strength and Conditioning Association, and Exercise and Sports Science Australia received an information sheet through organizational communication channels, inviting them to participate. Two hundred forty-nine exercise professionals completed the survey, with men (71%; n = 176) accounting for most of the respondents. Proficiency using smartphone applications is predominantly-advanced (37%; n = 92), intermediate (33%; n = 82), or expert (14%; n = 35). Identified strategies to find smartphone applications included personal searches (67%; n = 167) and colleague recommendations (55%; n = 137). Reported benefits include fast access to information (67%; n = 167), saves time for record keeping (56%; n = 141), and allows performance tracking (55%; n = 138). Almost all respondents (92%; n = 229) identified barriers, such as inexperience with using particular applications (42%; n = 105). Almost all respondents (96%; n = 239) reported they would recommend smartphone applications to clients and patients, primarily for self-tracking (53%; n = 132). Smartphone use among exercise professionals is prevalent; however, application and sensor technology are reluctantly underused. Increasing acceptance requires embedding within educational curricula, recognition from professional organizations, and collaboration with, to maximize the potential capabilities of smartphone technology within working environments.

Mobile Applications for Training Plan Using Android Devices: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy Proposal

Fitness and physical exercise are preferred in the pursuit of healthier and active lifestyles. The number of mobile applications aiming to replace or complement a personal trainer is increasing. However, this also raises questions about the reliability, integrity, and even safety of the information provided by such applications. In this study, we review mobile applications that serve as virtual personal trainers. We present a systematic review of 36 related mobile applications, updated between 2017 and 2020, classifying them according to their characteristics. The selection criteria considers the following combination of keywords: “workout”, “personal trainer”, “physical activity”, “fitness”, “gymnasium”, and “daily plan”. Based on the analysis of the identified mobile applications, we propose a new taxonomy and present detailed guidelines on creating mobile applications for personalised workouts. Finally, we investigated how can mobile applications promote health and well-being of users and whether the identified applications are used in any scientific studies.

Intra- and Inter-Device Reliability of the Change-of-Direction Angles Using a Smartphone Application for Sailing

The smartphone has recently become a commonly used tool for satellite navigation. The reliability of built-in smartphone Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers was analyzed in terms of distance, velocity/speed and acceleration, but little is known about the accuracy of angular change-of-direction measurements. This might be important in the assessment of usefulness in sailing navigation. The aim of the study was to assess the reliability of the calculated change-of-direction angles, measured with the built-in smartphone Global Navigation Satellite Systems technology using the SoniSailing application. One individual completed five trials in an urban open space (sports ground), wearing six identical Samsung Galaxy J5 smartphones. The trials simulated an upwind sailing race (127 m), including two consecutive courses at 45° angle to the line of the tacking leg. To assess the reliability of change-of-direction angle measures the intra- and inter-device correlation coefficients were calculated. The analysis showed excellent reliability in change-of-direction angle measures—no less than 0.95 and 0.93 in case of correlation coefficients for inter- and intra-device, respectively. Correlation coefficients for average measures were no less than 0.99 in both cases. The study confirmed high reliability of the calculated change-of-direction angles, measured with the Global Navigation Satellite Systems technology using the SoniSailing application for smartphones.

Barbell velocity: a practical and precise method for predicting bench press strength in sedentary women

BACKGROUND

Bench press one-repetition maximum (BP1RM) prediction models offer a timely approach to predict BP1RM while avoiding the limitations with traditional BP1RM testing. Interestingly, no models have determined the ability for a traditional weight, the 20.5 kg barbell, to predict BP1RM strength. Few models have exclusively examined females and sedentary individuals, leaving the accuracy of these models unknown for these populations. Therefore, this investigation sought to examine the ability for 20.5 kg barbell velocity to predict BP1RM in sedentary females.

METHODS

Nineteen sedentary females (21.79±1.43 years, 166.08±7.76 cm, 63.98±7.54 kg, 31.57±4.72 BP1RM) completed BP1RM testing and completed two additional visits to determine 20.5 kg barbell velocity from a single repetition separated by 7-10 days. Nineteen additional females (21.39±1.09 years, 164.31±7.37 cm, 67.34±9.32 kg, 32.75±5.09 BP1RM) served as a cross-validating group completing identical testing procedures.

RESULTS

Regression analyses revealed that 20.5 kg barbell velocity accounted for 95% of the variance in BP1RM strength while presenting marginal standard error (1.34 kg) and mean absolute error (0.97 kg), with similar values observed in the cross-validating group (SEE: 2.13 kg, MAE: 1.56 kg). Predicted BP1RM values were not significantly different from actual BP1RM (P=0.43) nor were measures in barbell velocity between trials 1 and 2 (P=0.57), while displaying high reliability (ICC: 0.81). Measure bias between BP1RM methods was 0.449±1.651kg and the agreement between methods varied between -2.78 kg less and 0.3686 kg greater for 95% of the participants.

CONCLUSIONS

The present data provides an accurate prediction model regarding BP1RM for sedentary females. These findings can reduce the limitations associated with traditional BP1RM testing while providing a practical and accurate BP1RM approximation with marginal error.

Validity and reliability of a computer-vision-based smartphone app for measuring barbell trajectory during the snatch

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of a smartphone app to measure biomechanical barbell parameters during the snatch. Ten collegiate NCAA division I athletes performed two repetitions each at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of their 1-repetition maximum snatch. Barbell motions were simultaneously recorded with a motion capture system and the smartphone app. The motion capture system recorded the 3-D position of a reflective marker attached to the end of the barbell while the smartphone app was used to record sagittal plane video and track the shape of the weight plate from which the barbell center was derived. Peak forward (PFD) and backward (PBD) displacements and peak vertical displacement (PVD) and velocity (PVV) were calculated from both sets of data. Significant, strong to very strong Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients between both systems were noted for all parameters (r = 0.729-0.902, all p < 0.001). Small significant biases between systems were observed for PVD (ES = 0.284, p < 0.001) and PFD (ES=0.340, p < 0.01), while trivial to small, non-significant biases were observed for PBD (ES = 0.143) and PVV (ES = -0.100). Collectively, the results suggest that the app can provide biomechanical data of barbell motions similar to a 3-D motion capture system.

Validity and Reliability of an Inertial Device for Measuring Dynamic Weight-Bearing Ankle Dorsiflexion

A decrease in ankle dorsiflexion causes changes in biomechanics, and different instruments have been used for ankle dorsiflexion testing under static conditions. Consequently, the industry of inertial sensors has developed easy-to-use devices, which measure dynamic ankle dorsiflexion and provide additional parameters such as velocity, acceleration, or movement deviation. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyze the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of an inertial device for measuring dynamic weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion. Sixteen participants were tested using an inertial device (WIMU) and a digital inclinometer. Ankle dorsiflexion from left and right ankle repetitions was used for validity analysis, whereas test-retest reliability was analyzed by comparing measurements from the first and second days. The standard error of the measurement (SEM) between the instruments was very low for both ankle measurements (SEM < 0.6°). No significant differences between instruments were found for the left ankle measurement (p > 0.05) even though a significant systematic bias (~1.77°) was found for the right ankle (d = 0.79). R² was very close to 1 in the left and right ankles (R² = 0.85–0.89) as well as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.95). Test-retest reliability analysis showed that systematic bias was below 1° for both instruments, even though a systematic bias (~1.50°) with small effect size was found in the right ankle (d = 0.49) with WIMU. The ICC was very close to 1 and the coefficient of variation (CV) was lower than 4% in both instruments. Thus, WIMU is a valid and reliable inertial device for measuring dynamic weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion.

Validity of the iLOAD® app for resistance training monitoring

Background

This study aimed (I) to assess the inter-rater agreement for measuring the mean velocity (MV) of the barbell with the iLOAD® app, and (II) to compare the magnitude of the MV and total work of a training session between the iLOAD® app and a linear encoder (reference method).

Method

Sixteen young healthy individuals (four women and 12 men) were tested in two sessions separated by 48 h. The 10 repetition maximum (RM) load was determined in the first testing session in the half squat exercise. The second testing session consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions during the half squat exercise performed against the 10RM load. Both the iLOAD® app and a linear encoder were used to calculate the MV and total work of each training set. MV was recorded with the iLOAD® app by two independent researchers to evaluate the inter-rater agreement.

Results

Trivial differences and nearly perfect correlations were observed between raters for the MV values collected under individual sets (effect size [ES] ≤ 0.02, r ≥ 0.987), as well as for the whole training session (ES = 0.01, r = 0.997). Trivial-small differences and nearly perfect correlations were observed between the iLOAD® app and the linear encoder (Chronojump, Barcelona, Spain) for MV (EV ≤ 0.25, r ≥ 0.903) and total work (ES ≤ 0.05, r ≥ 0.973). Bland-Altman plots did not reveal heteroscedasticity of the errors between the iLOAD® app and the linear encoder for MV (r² = 0.010) and total work (r² < 0.001).

Conclusions

iLOAD® is a valid smartphone app which can provide real-time feedback of the MV and total work completed in a set of multiple repetitions in the half squat exercise.

Validity and reliability of the TargetScan ISSF Pistol & Rifle application for measuring shooting performance

Several technologies, with varying economic costs, are used to measure the performance of Olympic sport shooters, including electronic targets, laser systems, and mobile phone applications. Nevertheless, the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) does not currently accept any mobile applications as valid measurement systems. The objective of the study was to check the validity and reliability of the TargetScan ISSF Pistol & Rifle application, an automatic mobile application for measuring the performance of shooters via image analysis. A total of 1440 shots were fired by 24 shooters (720 shots each for the air rifle and air pistol events), and the target sheets were analyzed with the application installed on an iPhone X. The official competition results and the measurements from the application were then compared. The results showed an almost perfect reliability for air pistol shots (ICC = .999) and no significant differences between the official average scores and those measured by the application. The reliability was also high for air rifle shots (ICC = .998), but the average scores registered by the application were statistically lower than the official results. We concluded that TargetScan ISSF Pistol & Rifle is a low-cost, valid, and reliable application for measuring amateur and semi-professional shooting performance which may be useful to shooters, coaches, clubs, and federations worldwide.

A Systematic Review of Fitness Apps and Their Potential Clinical and Sports Utility for Objective and Remote Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Fitness

BACKGROUND

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) assessment provides key information regarding general health status that has high clinical utility. In addition, in the sports setting, CRF testing is needed to establish a baseline level, prescribe an individualized training program and monitor improvement in athletic performance. As such, the assessment of CRF has both clinical and sports utility. Technological advancements have led to increased digitization within healthcare and athletics. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed to enhance the validity and reliability of existing fitness apps for CRF assessment in both contexts.

OBJECTIVES

The present review aimed to (1) systematically review the scientific literature, examining the validity and reliability of apps designed for CRF assessment; and (2) systematically review and qualitatively score available fitness apps in the two main app markets. Lastly, this systematic review outlines evidence-based practical recommendations for developing future apps that measure CRF.

DATA SOURCES

The following sources were searched for relevant studies: PubMed, Web of Science®, ScopusTM, and SPORTDiscus, and data was also found within app markets (Google Play and the App Store).

STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Eligible scientific studies examined the validity and/or reliability of apps for assessing CRF through a field-based fitness test. Criteria for the app markets involved apps that estimated CRF.

STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS

The scientific literature search included four major electronic databases and the timeframe was set between 01 January 2000 and 31 October 2018. A total of 2796 articles were identified using a set of fitness-related terms, of which five articles were finally selected and included in this review. The app market search was undertaken by introducing keywords into the search engine of each app market without specified search categories. A total of 691 apps were identified using a set of fitness-related terms, of which 88 apps were finally included in the quantitative and qualitative synthesis.

RESULTS

Five studies focused on the scientific validity of fitness tests with apps, while only two of these focused on reliability. Four studies used a sub-maximal fitness test via apps. Out of the scientific apps reviewed, the SA-6MWTapp showed the best validity against a criterion measure (r = 0.88), whilst the InterWalk app showed the highest test-retest reliability (ICC range 0.85-0.86).

LIMITATIONS

Levels of evidence based on scientific validity/reliability of apps and on commercial apps could not be robustly determined due to the limited number of studies identified in the literature and the low-to-moderate quality of commercial apps.

CONCLUSIONS

The results from this scientific review showed that few apps have been empirically tested, and among those that have, not all were valid or reliable. In addition, commercial apps were of low-to-moderate quality, suggesting that their potential for assessing CRF has yet to be realized. Lastly, this manuscript has identified evidence-based practical recommendations that apps might potentially offer to objectively and remotely assess CRF as a complementary tool to traditional methods in the clinical and sports settings.

Assessment of the load-velocity profile in the free-weight prone bench pull exercise through different velocity variables and regression models

This aims of this study were (I) to determine the velocity variable and regression model which best fit the load-velocity relationship during the free-weight prone bench pull exercise, (II) to compare the reliability of the velocity attained at each percentage of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) between different velocity variables and regression models, and (III) to compare the within- and between-subject variability of the velocity attained at each %1RM. Eighteen men (14 rowers and four weightlifters) performed an incremental test during the free-weight prone bench pull exercise in two different sessions. General and individual load-velocity relationships were modelled through three velocity variables (mean velocity [MV], mean propulsive velocity [MPV] and peak velocity [PV]) and two regression models (linear and second-order polynomial). The main findings revealed that (I) the general (Pearson's correlation coefficient [r] range = 0.964–0.973) and individual (median r = 0.986 for MV, 0.989 for MPV, and 0.984 for PV) load-velocity relationships were highly linear, (II) the reliability of the velocity attained at each %1RM did not meaningfully differ between the velocity variables (coefficient of variation [CV] range = 2.55–7.61% for MV, 2.84–7.72% for MPV and 3.50–6.03% for PV) neither between the regression models (CV range = 2.55–7.72% and 2.73–5.25% for the linear and polynomial regressions, respectively), and (III) the within-subject variability of the velocity attained at each %1RM was lower than the between-subject variability for the light-moderate loads. No meaningful differences between the within- and between-subject CVs were observed for the MV of the 1RM trial (6.02% vs. 6.60%; CV_ratio = 1.10), while the within-subject CV was lower for PV (6.36% vs. 7.56%; CV_ratio = 1.19). These results suggest that the individual load-MV relationship should be determined with a linear regression model to obtain the most accurate prescription of the relative load during the free-weight prone bench pull exercise.