1
|
Weber JA, Hart NH, Rantalainen T, Connick M, Newton RU. Assessment of Ground Contact Time in the Field: Evaluation of Validity and Reliability. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e34-e39. [PMID: 38085634 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Weber, JA, Hart, NH, Rantalainen, T, Connick, M, and Newton, RU. Assessment of ground contact time in the field: evaluation of validity and reliability. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): e34-e39, 2024-The capacity to measure the kinetic and kinematic components of running has been extensively investigated in laboratory settings. Many authors have produced work that is of high value to practitioners within sporting environments; however, the lack of field-based technology to assess features of running gait validly and reliably has prevented the application of these valuable works. This paper examines the validity and reliability of a practical field-based methodology for using commercial inertial measurement units (IMUs) to assess ground contact time (GCT). Validity was examined in the comparison of GCT measured from ground reaction force by a force plate and that determined by a lumbar mounted commercial IMU and analyzed using a commercially available system (SPEEDSIG). Reliability was assessed by a field-based examination of within and between-session variability in GCT measured using a commercially available system (SPEEDSIG). Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results for validity (intraclass correlation [ICC] 0.83) and reliability (ICC 0.91) confirm that the described field-based methodology is qualified for use to determine GCT in a practical setting. The implications of this study are important as they offer sport practitioners (S&C coaches, rehab specialists, and physios) a scalable method to assess GCT in the field to develop greater understanding of their athletes and improve performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation interventions. Furthermore, these results provide the foundation for further work that could provide greater detail describing individual running gait in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Weber
- UWA Tech and Policy Lab, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Healthcare Translation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
- Gerontology Research Centre & Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mark Connick
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rice H, Seynnes O, Werkhausen A. Effect of increased running speed and weight carriage on peak and cumulative tibial loading. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2516-2523. [PMID: 37642291 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tibial stress injuries are a burdensome injury among military recruits. Military activities include running and the carriage of additional weight, and this may be related to the high risk of bone stress injuries. The aim of this study was to quantify tibial loading when running at two different speeds, with and without additional weight, and to quantify their combined influence. METHODS Fourteen male distance runners who ran at least 40 km per week ran barefoot on a force-instrumented treadmill in four conditions representing preferred running speed (mean (SD) 3.1 (0.3) m/s) and 20% increased running speed (3.8 (0.4) m/s), with and without 20% of body weight carried in a weight vest. Kinematics and kinetics were synchronously collected. Bending moments were estimated about the medial-lateral axis of the tibial centroid located 1/3rd of the length from distal to proximal. Static equilibrium was ensured at each 1% of stance. Peak bending moments were obtained in addition to cumulative-weighted loading, where weighted loading accounted for the relative importance of the magnitude of the bending moment and the quantity of loading using a bone-dependent weighting factor. RESULTS There were no interaction effects for running speed and weight carriage on peak or cumulative tibial loading. Running at a 20% faster speed increased peak and cumulative loading per kilometer by 8.0% (p < 0.001) and 4.8% (p < 0.001), respectively. Carriage of an additional 20% of body weight increased peak and cumulative loading per kilometer by 6.6% (p < 0.001) and 8.5% (p < 0.001), respectively. INTERPRETATION Increasing the physical demand of running by increasing speed or weight carriage increased peak tibial loading and cumulative tibial loading per kilometer, and this may increase the risk of tibial stress injury. Running speed and weight carriage independently influenced tibial loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rice
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kovács B, Petridis L, Négyesi J, Sebestyén Ö, Jingyi Y, Zhang J, Gu Y, Tihanyi J. An Acute Transition from Rearfoot to Forefoot Strike does not Induce Major Changes in Plantarflexor Muscles Activation for Habitual Rearfoot Strike Runners. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:512-525. [PMID: 37711699 PMCID: PMC10499148 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Footstrike pattern has received increased attention within the running community because there is a common belief that forefoot strike running (FFS) is more advantageous (i.e., improve performance and reduce running injuries) than rearfoot strike running (RFS) in distance running. Literature reports suggest greater knee joint flexion magnitude and initial knee angle during stance in FFS compared with RFS running We examined the EMG activation of the triceps surae muscles during an acute transition from RFS to FFS strike. We tested the hypothesis that due to larger knee flexion in FFS the gastrocnemius muscles possibly decrease their EMG activity because muscle fascicles operate under unfavorable conditions. Fourteen competitive healthy middle- and long-distance runners who were habitual RFS runners ran on a treadmill at three speeds: 12, 14, and 16 km·h-1. Each running speed was performed with both FFS and RFS patterns. Lower limb kinematics in the sagittal plane and normalized electromyography (EMG) activity of medial gastrocnemius proximal, middle and distal regions, lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were compared between footstrike patterns and running speeds across the stride cycle. Contrary to our expectations, the knee joint range of motion was similar in FFS and RFS running. However, the sagittal plane ankle joint motion was greater (p < 0.01) while running with FFS, resulting in a significantly greater muscle-tendon unit lengthening (p < 0.01) in FFS compared with RFS running. In addition, medial and lateral gastrocnemius showed higher EMG activity in FFS compared with RFS running in the late swing and early stance but only for a small percentage of the stride cycle. However, strike patterns and running speed failed to induce region-specific activation differences within the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Overall, well-trained RFS runners are able to change to FFS running by altering only the ankle joint kinematics without remarkably changing the EMG activity pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Kovács
- Ningbo University, Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo, China
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sport Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leonidas Petridis
- Research Centre for Sport Physiology, Hungarian University of Sport Sciences, Hungary
| | - János Négyesi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Örs Sebestyén
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sport Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ye Jingyi
- Ningbo University, Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Radiology, HwaMei Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Ningbo University, Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo, China
| | - József Tihanyi
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sport Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Burke A, Dillon S, O'Connor S, Whyte EF, Gore S, Moran KA. Aetiological Factors of Running-Related Injuries: A 12 Month Prospective "Running Injury Surveillance Centre" (RISC) Study. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:46. [PMID: 37310517 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running-related injuries (RRIs) are a prevalent issue for runners, with several factors proposed to be causative. The majority of studies to date are limited by retrospective study design, small sample sizes and seem to focus on individual risk factors in isolation. This study aims to investigate the multifactorial contribution of risk factors to prospective RRIs. METHODS Recreational runners (n = 258) participated in the study, where injury history and training practices, impact acceleration, and running kinematics were assessed at a baseline testing session. Prospective injuries were tracked for one year. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was performed in the analysis. RESULTS A total of 51% of runners sustained a prospective injury, with the calf most commonly affected. Univariate analysis found previous history of injury < 1 year ago, training for a marathon, frequent changing of shoes (every 0-3 months), and running technique (non-rearfoot strike pattern, less knee valgus, greater knee rotation) to be significantly associated with injury. The multivariate analysis revealed previous injury, training for a marathon, less knee valgus, and greater thorax drop to the contralateral side to be risk factors for injury. CONCLUSION This study found several factors to be potentially causative of injury. With the omission of previous injury history, the risk factors (footwear, marathon training and running kinematics) identified in this study may be easily modifiable, and therefore could inform injury prevention strategies. This is the first study to find foot strike pattern and trunk kinematics to relate to prospective injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Burke
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sarah Dillon
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán O'Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda F Whyte
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Gore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran A Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castellanos-Salamanca M, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Rodríguez-Barbero S, González-Ravé JM, Santos-Concejero J, González-Mohíno F. Effects of the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly Next% 2 shoe on long-interval training performance, kinematics, neuromuscular parameters, running power and fatigue. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36680410 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2171907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the effects of the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly (VPF) on long-interval training performance, kinematic parameters, running power and fatigue compared to a traditional running shoe. Twelve well-trained men (mean ± SD: 32.91 ± 7.50 years; 69.29 ± 7.55 kg and 172.73 ± 5.97 cm) performed two long-interval training sessions (5 × 1000 m with 90s recovery period) 7 days apart, with the VPF shoe or a traditional running shoe (CON) in random order. The countermovement jump (CMJ) height was measured before and after the training sessions and heart rate, spatiotemporal parameters, running power and leg stiffness was measured during training sessions. Running-related pain was assessed prior and post-24 h of each training session. Long-interval training performance improved 2.4% using the VPF shoe compared to CON (p = 0.009; ES = 0.482). Step length, contact time and leg stiffness were higher (p < 0.05; ES = 0.51, ES = 0.677, ES = 0.356) while flight time was lower (p < 0.001; ES = 0.756) when using VPF. Running power decreased in a similar way in both conditions throughout the training session. Vertical power was significantly higher in the VPF condition (p = 0.023, ES = 0.388). CMJ height decreased in both conditions after training (4.7 vs. 7.2%, for the VPF and control, respectively, p < 0.001; ES = 0.573). Finally, the perceived muscle pain was influenced by the shoe model condition (chi-square 5.042, P = 0.025). VPF shoes improved the long-interval training performance with similar running power, heart rate and neuromuscular fatigue, and reduced subjective perceived muscle pain compared to regular training shoes. HighlightsVPF shoe may improve long-interval training performance in trained runners with the same running power and heart rate.Lower subjective perceived muscle pain is found with VPF compared to the regular training shoes.This type of footwear may be used in high-intensity training sessions aiming to increase the training volume at higher intensities with lower associated fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cartón-Llorente A, Roche-Seruendo LE, Mainer-Pardos E, Nobari H, Rubio-Peirotén A, Jaén-Carrillo D, García-Pinillos F. Acute effects of a 60-min time trial on power-related parameters in trained endurance runners. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:142. [PMID: 35871673 PMCID: PMC9310469 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The advent of power meters for running has raised the interest of athletes and coaches in new ways of assessing changes in running performance. The aim of this study is to determine the changes in power-related variables during and after a strenuous endurance running time trial.
Methods Twenty-one healthy male endurance runners, with a personal record of 37.2 ± 1.2 min in a 10-km race, completed a 1-h run on a motorized treadmill trying to cover as much distance as they could. Before and after the time trial the athletes were asked to perform a 3-min run at 12 km h−1. Normalized mean power output, step frequency, form power and running effectiveness were calculated using the Stryd™ power meter. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored, and data averaged every 5 min. Results Despite high levels of exhaustion were reached during the time trial (HRpeak = 176.5 ± 9.8 bpm; RPE = 19.2 ± 0.8), the repeated measures ANOVA resulted in no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05), between each pair of periods for any of the power-related variables. The pairwise comparison (T test) between the non-fatigued and fatigued constant 3-min runs showed an increase in step frequency (p = 0.012) and a decrease in form power (p < 0.001) under fatigue conditions, with no meaningful changes in normalized mean power output and running effectiveness. Conclusions Trained athletes are able to maintain power output and running effectiveness during a high demanding extended run. However, they preferred to reduce the intensity of vertical impacts under fatigue conditions by increasing their step frequency.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu B, Wu J, Shi Q, Hao F, Xiao W, Yu J, Yu F, Ren Z. Running economy and lower extremity stiffness in endurance runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1059221. [PMID: 36518102 PMCID: PMC9742541 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1059221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Lower extremity stiffness simulates the response of the lower extremity to landing in running. However, its relationship with running economy (RE) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the relationship between lower extremity stiffness and RE. Methods: This study utilized articles from the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus discussing the relationships between RE and indicators of lower extremity stiffness, namely vertical stiffness, leg stiffness, and joint stiffness. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Australian Centre for Evidence-Based Care (JBI). Pearson correlation coefficients were utilized to summarize effect sizes, and meta-regression analysis was used to assess the extent of this association between speed and participant level. Result: In total, thirteen studies involving 272 runners met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The quality of the thirteen studies ranged from moderate to high. The meta-analysis results showed a negative correlation between vertical stiffness (r = -0.520, 95% CI, -0.635 to -0.384, p < 0.001) and leg stiffness (r = -0.568, 95% CI, -0.723 to -0.357, p < 0.001) and RE. Additional, there was a small negative correlation between knee stiffness and RE (r = -0.290, 95% CI, -0.508 to -0.037, p = 0.025). Meta-regression results showed that the extent to which leg stiffness was negatively correlated with RE was influenced by speed (coefficient = -0.409, p = 0.020, r 2 = 0.79) and participant maximal oxygen uptake (coefficient = -0.068, p = 0.010, r 2 = 0.92). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that vertical, leg and knee stiffness were negatively correlated with RE. In addition, maximum oxygen uptake and speed will determine whether the runner can take full advantage of leg stiffness to minimize energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinlong Wu
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuqiong Shi
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fengwei Hao
- School of Physical Education and Sports Exercise, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxuan Yu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengyu Yu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhanbing Ren
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Casado A, Tuimil JL, Iglesias X, Fernández-del-Olmo M, Jiménez-Reyes P, Martín-Acero R, Rodríguez FA. Maximum aerobic speed, maximum oxygen consumption, and running spatiotemporal parameters during an incremental test among middle- and long-distance runners and endurance non-running athletes. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14035. [PMID: 36217384 PMCID: PMC9547581 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) is a useful parameter to assess aerobic capacity and estimate training intensity in middle- and long-distance runners. However, whether middle- and long-distance runners reach different levels of MAS compared to other endurance athletes with similar V̇O2max has not been previously studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare V̇O2max, MAS and spatiotemporal parameters between sub-elite middle- and long-distance runners (n = 6) and endurance non-runners (n = 6). In addition, we aimed to compare the maximal blood lactate concentration [BLa] experienced by participants after conducting these tests. Methods Telemetric portable respiratory gas analysis, contact and flight time, and stride length and rate were measured using a 5-m contact platform during an incremental test at a synthetic athletics track. V̇O2, heart rate, respiratory quotient values in any 15 s average period during the test were measured. [BLa] was analyzed after the test . Running spatiotemporal parameters were recorded at the last two steps of each 400 m lap. A coefficient of variation (%CV) was calculated for each spatiotemporal variable in each participant from 8 km h-1 onwards. Results Whereas runners reported faster MAS (21.0 vs. 18.2 km h-1) than non-runners (p = 0.0001, ES = 3.0), no differences were found for V̇O2max and maximum blood lactate concentration during the running tests (p > 0.05). While significant increases in flight time and stride length and frequency (p < 0.001, 0.52 ≤ η p 2 ≤ 0.8) were observed throughout the tests, decreases in contact time (p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0 . 9 ) were reported. Runners displayed a greater %CV (p = 0.015) in stride length than non-runners. We conclude that middle- and long-distance runners can achieve a faster MAS compared to non-running endurance athletes despite exhibiting a similar V̇O2max. This superior performance may be associated to a greater mechanical efficiency. Overall, runners displayed a greater ability to modify stride length to achieve fast speeds, which may be related to a more mechanically efficient pattern of spatiotemporal parameters than non-runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casado
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Tuimil
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Universidad de La Coruña, La Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Xavier Iglesias
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Science Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Jiménez-Reyes
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Martín-Acero
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Universidad de La Coruña, La Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ferran A. Rodríguez
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Science Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shu M, Chen G, Zhang Z. EL-SLE: Efficient Learning Based Stride-Length Estimation Using a Smartphone. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22186864. [PMID: 36146213 PMCID: PMC9501393 DOI: 10.3390/s22186864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pedestrian stride-length estimation is a crucial piece of personal behavior data for many smartphone applications, such as health monitoring and indoor location. The performance of the present stride-length algorithms is suitable for simple gaits and single scenes, but when applied to sophisticated gaits or heterogeneous devices, their inaccuracy varies dramatically. This paper proposes an efficient learning-based stride-length estimation model using a smartphone to obtain the correct stride length. The model uses adaptive learning to extract different elements for changing and recognition tasks, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) modules. The direct fusion method maps the eigenvectors to the appropriate stride length after combining the features from the learning modules. We presented an online learning module to update the model to increase the SLE model's generalization. Extensive experiments are conducted with heterogeneous devices or users, various gaits, and switched scenarios. The results confirm that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods and achieves an average 4.26% estimation error rate in various environments.
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Tee CC, Chong MC, Sundar V, Chok CL, Md Razali MR, Yeo WK, Girard O. Influence of exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure on physiological, perceptual and biomechanical responses to treadmill running. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35912915 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcute physiological, perceptual and biomechanical consequences of manipulating both exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure during treadmill running were determined. On separate days, eleven trained individuals ran for 45 s (separated by 135 s of rest) on an instrumented treadmill at seven running speeds (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 km.h-1) in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.1%), high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.1%) and severe hypoxia (SH, FiO2 = 13.0%). Running mechanics were collected over 20 consecutive steps (i.e., after running ∼25 s), with concurrent assessment of physiological (heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation) and perceptual (overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing and leg discomfort) responses. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (seven speeds × four conditions) were used. There was a speed × condition interaction for heart rate (p = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.22), with lower values in NM, MH and HH compared to SH at 8 km.h-1 (125 ± 12, 125 ± 11, 128 ± 12 vs 132 ± 10 b.min-1). Overall perceived discomfort (8 and 16 km.h-1; p = 0.019 and p = 0.007, ηp2 =0.21, respectively) and perceived difficulty breathing (all speeds; p = 0.023, ηp2 =0.37) were greater in SH compared to MH, whereas leg discomfort was not influenced by hypoxic exposure. Minimal difference was observed in the twelve kinetics/kinematics variables with hypoxia (p > 0.122; ηp2 = 0.19). Running at slower speeds in combination with severe hypoxia elevates physiological and perceptual responses without a corresponding increase in ground reaction forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Viswanath Sundar
- Division of Sports Performance, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chuen Leang Chok
- Division of Sports Performance, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rizal Md Razali
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilson MT, Macgregor LJ, Fyfe J, Hunter AM, Hamilton DL, Gallagher IJ. Bayesian analysis of changes in standing horizontal and vertical jump after different modes of resistance training. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1700-1711. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Wilson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Lewis J Macgregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jackson Fyfe
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elvidge T, Brown S, Valenzuela K, Sorochan J, Weinhandl JT, Zhang S. Knee and ankle biomechanics in 90° side cutting on synthetic turf with shock pad. Footwear Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2077842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Elvidge
- Biomechanics/Sports Medicine Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Sean Brown
- Biomechanics/Sports Medicine Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin Valenzuela
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - John Sorochan
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua T. Weinhandl
- Biomechanics/Sports Medicine Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Songning Zhang
- Biomechanics/Sports Medicine Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered kinematics have been frequently observed in runners with patellofemoral pain (PFP), and few studies have aimed to understand the influence of sex on kinematics of this population. The aim of this study was to investigate whether altered hip and knee kinematics in runners with PFP are sex specific. HYPOTHESIS Kinematics will be different between female and male runners with and without PFP. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Eighty-four runners were divided into 4 groups: 42 runners with PFP (20 women, 22 men) and 42 asymptomatic runners (21 women, 21 men). Three-dimensional gait analyses of the hip in the frontal and transverse plane and the knee in the frontal plane were analyzed at self-selected running speed on a treadmill. One-way analysis of covariance was used to test for differences in kinematic variables between groups. RESULTS Women with PFP ran with a significantly greater peak hip adduction compared with men with PFP (mean difference [MD] = 4.45°; P = 0.00; effect size [ES] = 0.58) and male control subjects (MD = 4.2°; P = 0.01; ES = 0.54) and greater hip adduction range of motion (ROM) than men with PFP (MD = 3.44°; P = 0.01; ES = 0.49). No significant differences were identified between women with and without PFP. Female control subjects ran with greater peak hip adduction than men with PFP (MD = 5.46°; P < 0.01; ES = 0.58) and male control subjects (MD = 5.21°; P < 0.01; ES = 0.55); greater hip adduction ROM than men with PFP (MD = 4.02°; P = 0.00; ES = 0.52) and male control subjects (MD = 2.91°;P = 0.04; ES = 0.36); and greater peak knee abduction than men with PFP (MD = 3.35°; P = 0.02; ES = 0.44) and male control subjects (MD = 3.69°; P = 0.01; ES = 0.4). CONCLUSION Women have greater hip adduction than men regardless of the presence of PFP. There were no kinematics difference between women with and without PFP. Comparisons of hip internal rotation between all groups were nonsignificant. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Altered hip and knee kinematics does not appear to be sex specific in runners with PFP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Calazans Luz
- Department of Physiotherapy, São Carlos Federal University, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Ruiter CJ, Wilmes E, Brouwers SAJ, Jagers EC, van Dieën JH. Concurrent validity of an easy-to-use inertial measurement unit-system to evaluate sagittal plane segment kinematics during overground sprinting at different speeds. Sports Biomech 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35353032 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2056076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated concurrent validity of inertial measurement units (IMUs) and high-speed video for sagittal plane kinematics during overground sprinting. The practical relevance is demonstrated by reporting the changes in thigh kinematics in relation to toe-off and touch-down of the feet at near maximal to maximal (80-100%) speeds. Sixteen athletes ran multiple 60 m sprints with IMUs on their feet, shanks, thighs, pelvis and trunk. High-speed video data were captured of the start strides and of one complete stride at full speed. Coefficients of multiple correlation with video were >0.99 for angles and angular velocities of the thigh and shank but low for the pelvis and trunk (0.13-0.66). For the limb segment angles (minimum, maximum, at toe-off and at touch-down) absolute biases (limits of agreement) were ≤2.9°(≤7.7°) and for angular velocities the values were ≤57°.s-1(≤93°.s-1). Many of the expected speed-related changes in thigh kinematics were significant (linear mixed effect regression; p < 0.05).In conclusion, an easy-to-use IMU system has good concurrent validity with video, especially for the thigh. It registers the kinematics of all strides in multiple sprints and can detect relatively small changes thereof, including those at key moments of foot-touch-down and toe-off.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J de Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Wilmes
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan A J Brouwers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik C Jagers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brahms CM, Zhao Y, Gerhard D, Barden JM. Long-range correlations and stride pattern variability in recreational and elite distance runners during a prolonged run. Gait Posture 2022; 92:487-492. [PMID: 32933821 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although movement variability and long-range correlations (LRCs) have been assessed in relation to neuropathology and aging during walking, to date only a few studies have investigated these aspects in subjects of different skill levels during prolonged overground running. RESEARCH QUESTION What effect does skill level and run duration have on different stride parameters, measures of variability and long-range correlations? METHODS Using a between-subject repeated measures design, we assessed stride mechanics, variability and LRCs in recreational and elite runners over the course of a continuous exhaustive run. All subjects ran at a fixed, pre-determined running speed relative to their maximal performance. Stride parameters were continually recorded using a single foot-mounted inertial measurement unit. It was hypothesized that a significant reduction in the strength of the LRCs would occur over the course of the run and that the observed changes would be more pronounced in the group of recreational runners. RESULTS Runners maintained a consistent stride length (SL), stride time (ST) and contact time (CT) during the run, while peak impact acceleration increased. Across groups, long-range correlations significantly decreased over the course of the run, while the magnitude of the variability remained constant. LRCs did not differ significantly between groups. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to simultaneously investigate the effects of prolonged running and skill level on a range of stride parameters as well as stride-to-stride variability. Generally, long-range correlations were shown to be sensitive to run duration, while the magnitude of the variability did not differ between earlier and later stages of the run. The lack of a group effect on LRCs supports the idea that the mechanisms responsible for the emergence of temporal patterns in the stride pattern are not influenced by skill level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Markus Brahms
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Canada
| | - David Gerhard
- Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Canada
| | - John M Barden
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiménez-Reyes P, Cuadrado-Peñafiel V, Párraga-Montilla JA, Romero-Franco N, Casado A. Anaerobic Speed Reserve, Sprint Force-Velocity Profile, Kinematic Characteristics, and Jump Ability among Elite Male Speed- and Endurance-Adapted Milers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:1447. [PMID: 35162462 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare sprint, jump performance, and sprint mechanical variables between endurance-adapted milers (EAM, specialized in 1500–3000-m) and speed-adapted milers (SAM, specialized in 800–1500 m) and to examine the relationships between maximal sprint speed (MSS), anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), sprint, jump performance, and sprint mechanical characteristics of elite middle-distance runners. Fifteen participants (8 EAM; 7 SAM) were evaluated to obtain their maximal aerobic speed, sprint mechanical characteristics (force–velocity profile and kinematic variables), jump, and sprint performance. SAM displayed greater MSS, ASR, horizontal jump, sprint performance, and mechanical ability than EAM (p < 0.05). SAM also showed higher stiffness in the 40-m sprint (p = 0.026) and a higher ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (RF) at 10 m (p = 0.003) and RFpeak (p = 0.024). MSS and ASR correlated with horizontal (r = 0.76) and vertical (r = 0.64) jumps, all sprint split times (r ≤ −0.85), stiffness (r = 0.86), and mechanical characteristics (r ≥ 0.56) during the 100-m sprint, and physical qualities during acceleration (r ≥ 0.66) and sprint mechanical effectiveness from the force–velocity profile (r ≥ 0.69). Season-best times in the 800 m were significantly correlated with MSS (r = −0.86). Sprint ability has a crucial relevance in middle-distance runners’ performance, especially for SAM.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lafferty L, Wawrzyniak J, Chambers M, Pagliarulo T, Berg A, Hawila N, Silvis M. Clinical Indoor Running Gait Analysis May Not Approximate Outdoor Running Gait Based on Novel Drone Technology. Sports Health 2021; 14:710-716. [PMID: 34758661 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211050931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional running gait analysis is limited to artificial environments, but whether treadmill running approximates overground running is debated. This study aimed to compare treadmill gait analysis using fixed video with outdoor gait analysis using drone video capture. HYPOTHESIS Measured kinematics would be similar between natural outdoor running and traditional treadmill gait analysis. STUDY DESIGN Crossover study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS The study population included cross-country, track and field, and recreational athletes with current running mileage of at least 15 km per week. Participants completed segments in indoor and outdoor environments. Indoor running was completed on a treadmill with static video capture, and outdoor segments were obtained via drone on an outdoor track. Three reviewers independently performed clinical gait analysis on footage for 32 runners using kinematic measurements with published acceptable intra- and interrater reliability. RESULTS Of the 8 kinematic variables measured, 2 were found to have moderate agreement indoor versus outdoor, while 6 had fair to poor agreement. Foot strike at initial contact and rearfoot position at midstance had moderate agreement indoor versus outdoor, with a kappa of 0.54 and 0.49, respectively. The remaining variables: tibial inclination at initial contact, knee flexion angle initial contact, forward trunk lean full gait cycle, knee center position midstance, knee separation midstance, and lateral pelvic drop at midstance were found to have fair to poor agreement, ranging from 0.21 to 0.36. CONCLUSION This study suggests that kinematics may differ between natural outdoor running and traditional treadmill gait analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Providing recommendations for altering gait based on treadmill gait analysis may prove to be harmful if treadmill analysis does not approximate natural running environments. Drone technology could provide advancement in clinical running recommendations by capturing runners in natural environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Lafferty
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John Wawrzyniak
- Department of Physical Therapy, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Morgan Chambers
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nour Hawila
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Silvis
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ueno H, Nakazawa S, Takeuchi Y, Sugita M. Relationship between Step Characteristics and Race Performance during 5000-m Race. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9090131. [PMID: 34564336 PMCID: PMC8473258 DOI: 10.3390/sports9090131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between step characteristics and race time in a 5000-m race. Twenty-one male Japanese endurance runners performed a 5000-m race. Step length, step frequency, contact time, and flight time of two gait cycles (i.e., four consecutive ground contacts) were measured every 400-m by using high-speed video image. Moreover, step length was normalized to body height to minimize the effect of body size. In addition to step characteristics on each lap, the averages of all laps and the per cent change from the first half to the second half were calculated. The average step frequency and step length normalized to body height correlated significantly with the 5000-m race time (r = −0.611, r = −0.575, respectively, p < 0.05 for both). Per cent changes in contact time and step length correlated significantly with the 5000-m race time (r = 0.514, r = −0.486, respectively, p < 0.05 for both). These findings suggest that, in addition to higher step frequency and step length normalized to body height, smaller changes in step length during a given race may be an important step characteristic to achieving superior race performance in endurance runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Ueno
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5706-0900; Fax: +81-3-5706-0912
| | - Sho Nakazawa
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Yohsuke Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan;
| | - Masaaki Sugita
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iwańska D, Tabor P, Grabowska O, Mastalerz A. The Symmetry of Fatigue of Lower Limb Muscles in 400 m Run Based on Electromyography Signals. Symmetry (Basel) 2021; 13:1698. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study assesses curved track effects on fatigue symmetry and lower limb muscle activity while taking maximum velocity running kinematics into account. Methods: Polish master class athletes were examined (age 24.6 ± 3.67 years, bm 78.9 ± 6.02 kg, and bh 186.1 ± 6.63 cm). The measurements were made on a 400 m synthetic surface athletics track. The DelSys 16 channel system was employed to measure the activity of the right and left leg muscles. The kinematic variables of the run were obtained using a 3-axis accelerometer built into the recorder. Results: The study revealed curved track effects on asymmetric muscle activity and running kinematics in the first two sections of the run. On the first curve, the symmetry index (SI) was 8.1%, while in on straight, it was 11.5%. Moreover, significantly lower values of the fatigue index b were found for the right limb (F(3.36) = 6.504; p = 0.0152). Conclusions: A reduction of asymmetric muscle activity is linked with compensatory muscle stimulation triggered by the nervous system and with adjusting running kinematics to changing external conditions. Therefore, the main focus further research should be on the optimal interaction between stride length and frequency in relation to the muscle activity corresponding to the track geometry.
Collapse
|
20
|
Castillo-Domínguez A, García-Romero JC, Páez-Moguer J, Ponce-García T, Medina-Alcántara M, Alvero-Cruz JR. Relationship between Running Spatiotemporal Kinematics and Muscle Performance in Well-Trained Youth Female Athletes. A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:8869. [PMID: 34444618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationship of neuromuscular performance and spatiotemporal parameters in 18 adolescent distance athletes (age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years). Using the OptoGait system, the power, rhythm, reactive strength index, jump flying time, and jump height of the squat jump, countermovement jump, and eight maximal hoppings test (HT8max) and the contact time (CT), flying time (FT), step frequency, stride angle, and step length of running at different speeds were measured. Maturity offset was determined based on anthropometric variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurements showed a reduction in CT (p < 0.000) and an increase in step frequency, step length, and stride angle (p < 0.001), as the velocity increased. The HT8max test showed significant correlations with very large effect sizes between neuromuscular performance variables (reactive strength index, power, jump flying time, jump height, and rhythm) and both step frequency and step length. Multiple linear regression found this relationship after adjusting spatiotemporal parameters with neuromuscular performance variables. Some variables of neuromuscular performance, mainly in reactive tests, were the predictors of spatiotemporal parameters (CT, FT, stride angle, and VO). Rhythm and jump flying time in the HT8max test and power in the countermovement jump test are parameters that can predict variables associated with running biomechanics, such as VO, CT, FT, and stride angle.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Trunk frontal plane kinematics is the most sensitive parameter to fatigue. Practitioners should consider this finding during endurance training.Kinetics exhibit a stable linear increase in mean values but a non-linear increase in variance during an exhaustive incremental treadmill run. This may affect training at a submaximal fatigued state.Specific areas in the joint distributions of kinetics and kinematics during treadmill running exhibit increased sensitivity in predicting fatigue state.
Collapse
|
22
|
Günther M, Rockenfeller R, Weihmann T, Haeufle DFB, Götz T, Schmitt S. Rules of nature's Formula Run: Muscle mechanics during late stance is the key to explaining maximum running speed. J Theor Biol 2021; 523:110714. [PMID: 33862096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The maximum running speed of legged animals is one evident factor for evolutionary selection-for predators and prey. Therefore, it has been studied across the entire size range of animals, from the smallest mites to the largest elephants, and even beyond to extinct dinosaurs. A recent analysis of the relation between animal mass (size) and maximum running speed showed that there seems to be an optimal range of body masses in which the highest terrestrial running speeds occur. However, the conclusion drawn from that analysis-namely, that maximum speed is limited by the fatigue of white muscle fibres in the acceleration of the body mass to some theoretically possible maximum speed-was based on coarse reasoning on metabolic grounds, which neglected important biomechanical factors and basic muscle-metabolic parameters. Here, we propose a generic biomechanical model to investigate the allometry of the maximum speed of legged running. The model incorporates biomechanically important concepts: the ground reaction force being counteracted by air drag, the leg with its gearing of both a muscle into a leg length change and the muscle into the ground reaction force, as well as the maximum muscle contraction velocity, which includes muscle-tendon dynamics, and the muscle inertia-with all of them scaling with body mass. Put together, these concepts' characteristics and their interactions provide a mechanistic explanation for the allometry of maximum legged running speed. This accompanies the offering of an explanation for the empirically found, overall maximum in speed: In animals bigger than a cheetah or pronghorn, the time that any leg-extending muscle needs to settle, starting from being isometric at about midstance, at the concentric contraction speed required for running at highest speeds becomes too long to be attainable within the time period of a leg moving from midstance to lift-off. Based on our biomechanical model, we, thus, suggest considering the overall speed maximum to indicate muscle inertia being functionally significant in animal locomotion. Furthermore, the model renders possible insights into biological design principles such as differences in the leg concept between cats and spiders, and the relevance of multi-leg (mammals: four, insects: six, spiders: eight) body designs and emerging gaits. Moreover, we expose a completely new consideration regarding the muscles' metabolic energy consumption, both during acceleration to maximum speed and in steady-state locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Günther
- Computational Biophysics and Biorobotics, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, Universität Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 15, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07737 Jena, Germany.
| | - Robert Rockenfeller
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Koblenz-Landau, Universitätsstraße 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Tom Weihmann
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Daniel F B Haeufle
- Computational Biophysics and Biorobotics, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, Universität Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 15, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Multi-level Modeling in Motor Control and Rehabilitation Robotics, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Götz
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Koblenz-Landau, Universitätsstraße 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Syn Schmitt
- Computational Biophysics and Biorobotics, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, Universität Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 15, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science (SC SimTech), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reenalda J, Zandbergen MA, Harbers JHD, Paquette MR, Milner CE. Detection of foot contact in treadmill running with inertial and optical measurement systems. J Biomech 2021; 121:110419. [PMID: 33873111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In running assessments, biomechanics of the stance phase are often measured to understand external loads applied to the body. Identifying time of initial foot contact can be challenging in runners with different strike patterns. Peak downward velocity of the pelvis (PDVP) has been validated in a laboratory setting to detect initial contact. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) allow measurements of kinematic variables outside laboratory settings. The aim of this study was to validate the PDVP method using an inertial and optical motion capture system to detect initial contact at different speeds and foot strike patterns compared to the force sensing criterion. Twenty healthy runners ran for two minutes at 11, 13, and 15 km/h on a force-instrumented treadmill. 3D kinematics were obtained from an optical motion capture system and an 8-sensor inertial system. A generalized estimating equation showed no effect of footstrike pattern on the time difference (offset) between initial contact based on an inertial or optical system and the force sensing criterion. There was a significant main effect of speed on offset, in which offsets decreased with higher speeds. There was no interaction effect of speed and foot strike pattern on the offsets. Offsets ranged from 21.7 ± 0.2 ms for subjects running at 15 km/h (inertial versus force sensing criterion) to 27.2 ± 0.1 ms for subjects running at 11 km/h (optical versus force sensing criterion). These findings support the validity of the PDVP method obtained from optical and inertial systems to detect initial contact in different footstrike patterns and at different running speeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Reenalda
- University of Twente, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands; Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Marit A Zandbergen
- Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, The Netherlands; University of Twente, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle H D Harbers
- University of Twente, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Enschede, The Netherlands; Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Max R Paquette
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Clare E Milner
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nuell S, Illera-Domínguez V, Carmona G, Macadam P, Lloret M, Padullés JM, Alomar X, Cadefau JA. Hamstring Muscle Volume as an Indicator of Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:902-909. [PMID: 33555833 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuell, S, Illera-Domínguez, V, Carmona, G, Macadam, P, Lloret, M, Padullés, JM, Alomar, X, and Cadefau, JA. Hamstring muscle volume as an indicator of sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 902-909, 2021-This study aimed to compare mechanical properties and performance during sprinting, as well as thigh muscle volumes (MVs), between national-level sprinters and physically active males. In addition, the relationships between thigh MVs and sprint mechanical properties and performance were investigated. Seven male sprinters and 9 actives performed maximal-effort 40-m sprints. Instantaneous velocity was measured by radar to obtain theoretical maximum force (F0), the theoretical maximum velocity (V0), and the maximum power (Pmax). For MV assessment, series of cross-sectional images of each subject's thigh were obtained by magnetic resonance imaging for each of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles and the adductor muscle group. Sprinters were faster over 10 m (7%, effect size [ES] = 2.12, p < 0.01) and 40 m (11%, ES = 3.68, p < 0.01), with significantly higher V0 (20%, ES = 4.53, p < 0.01) and Pmax (28%, ES = 3.04, p < 0.01). Sprinters had larger quadriceps (14%, ES = 1.12, p < 0.05), adductors (23%, ES = 1.33, p < 0.05), and hamstrings (32%, ES = 2.11, p < 0.01) MVs than actives. Hamstrings MV correlated strongly with 40-m sprint time (r = -0.670, p < 0.01) and V0 (r = 0.757, p < 0.01), and moderately with Pmax (r = 0.559, p < 0.05). Sprinters were significantly faster and had greater V0 and Pmax than active males. Larger MVs were found in sprinters' thighs, especially in the hamstring musculature, and strong correlations were found between hamstring MV and sprint mechanical properties and sprint performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Nuell
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Illera-Domínguez
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Carmona
- Football Club Barcelona (FCB), Barcelona, Spain
- Tecnocampus, College of Health Sciences, University of Pompeu Fabra, Mataró-Maresme, Spain
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
| | - Mario Lloret
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Padullés
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Aureli Cadefau
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bentley I, Sinclair JK, Atkins SJ, Metcalfe J, Edmundson CJ. Effect of Velocity-Based Loading on Acceleration Kinetics and Kinematics During Sled Towing. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1030-1038. [PMID: 30299389 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bentley, I, Sinclair, JK, Atkins, SJ, Metcalfe, J, and Edmundson, CJ. Effect of velocity-based loading on acceleration kinetics and kinematics during sled towing. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1030-1038, 2021-Sled towing (ST) provides an external load in the form of a sled towed using a shoulder or waist harness and cord behind the athlete. Loading strategies have varied greatly between studies, and despite many investigations, there is little agreement on the optimum sled loading to develop the acceleration phase. The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics and kinematics of velocity-based ST during the acceleration phase of sprinting. Twelve academy rugby league players performed a series of 6-m sprints in different conditions; uninhibited, 10, 15, and 20% velocity decrement (VDec). Sagittal plane kinematics and kinetic measures were examined using 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results indicated that ST affected trunk, knee, and ankle joint kinematics (p < 0.05). Peak knee flexion increased as sled loads increased (p < 0.05), which may enable athletes to lower their center of mass and increase their horizontal force application. Net horizontal and propulsive impulse measures were greater in all sled conditions (p < 0.05), which increased significantly because sled loadings were heavier. In conclusion, this study highlights the effects of differential loads to help coaches understand acute kinetics and kinematic changes to improve the planning of sprint training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bentley
- Center for Applied Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, School of Sport and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K Sinclair
- Center for Applied Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, School of Sport and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J Atkins
- Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom ; and
| | - John Metcalfe
- Sport, Physical Education and the Outdoors, School of Sport and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Edmundson
- Center for Applied Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, School of Sport and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Casado A, Renfree A, Jaenes-Sánchez JC, Cuadrado-Peñafiel V, Jiménez-Reyes P. Differentiating Endurance-and Speed-Adapted Types of Elite and World Class Milers According to Biomechanical, Pacing and Perceptual Responses during a Sprint Interval Session. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:2448. [PMID: 33801482 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to compare pacing, biomechanical and perceptual responses between elite speed-and endurance-adapted milers during a sprint interval training session (SIT). Twenty elite and world-class middle-distance runners (male: n = 16, female: n = 4; 24.95 ± 5.18 years; 60.89 ± 7 kg) were classified as either speed- or endurance-adapted milers according to their recent performances at 800 m or longer races than 1500 m (10 subjects per group). Participants performed 10 repetitions of 100 m sprints with 2 min of active recovery between each, and performance, perceptual and biomechanical responses were collected. The difference between accumulated times of the last and the first five repetitions was higher in speed-adapted milers (ES = 1.07) displaying a more positive pacing strategy. A higher coefficient of variation (CV%) was displayed across the session by speed-adapted milers in average repetition time, contact time, and affective valence (ES ≥ 1.15). Speed-adapted milers experienced lower rates of valence after the 4th repetition excepting at the 8th repetition (ES ≥ 0.99). Speed-adapted milers may need to display a more positive pacing profile than endurance-adapted milers and, therefore, would experience lower levels of affective valence and a more rapid increase of ground contact time during a SIT.
Collapse
|
27
|
Oliveira AS, Pirscoveanu CI. Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3083. [PMID: 33542463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Low reproducibility and non-optimal sample sizes are current concerns in scientific research, especially within human movement studies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implications of different sample sizes and number of steps on data variability and statistical outcomes from kinematic and kinetics running biomechanical variables. Forty-four participants ran overground using their preferred technique (normal) and minimizing the contact sound volume (silent). Running speed, peak vertical, braking forces, and vertical average loading rate were extracted from > 40 steps/runner. Data stability was computed using a sequential estimation technique. Statistical outcomes (p values and effect sizes) from the comparison normal vs silent running were extracted from 100,000 random samples, using various combinations of sample size (from 10 to 40 runners) and number of steps (from 5 to 40 steps). The results showed that only 35% of the study sample could reach average stability using up to 10 steps across all biomechanical variables. The loading rate was consistently significantly lower during silent running compared to normal running, with large effect sizes across all combinations. However, variables presenting small or medium effect sizes (running speed and peak braking force), required > 20 runners to reach significant differences. Therefore, varying sample sizes and number of steps are shown to influence the normal vs silent running statistical outcomes in a variable-dependent manner. Based on our results, we recommend that studies involving analysis of traditional running biomechanical variables use a minimum of 25 participants and 25 steps from each participant to provide appropriate data stability and statistical power.
Collapse
|
28
|
Williams MJ, Gibson NV, Sorbie GG, Ugbolue UC, Brouner J, Easton C. Activation of the Gluteus Maximus During Performance of the Back Squat, Split Squat, and Barbell Hip Thrust and the Relationship With Maximal Sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:16-24. [PMID: 33332802 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Williams, MJ, Gibson, N, Sorbie, GG, Ugbolue, UC, Brouner, J, and Easton, C. Activation of the gluteus maximus during performance of the back squat, split squat, and barbell hip thrust and the relationship with maximal sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 16-24, 2021-The purpose of this research was to compare muscle activation of the gluteus maximus and ground reaction force between the barbell hip thrust, back squat, and split squat and to determine the relationship between these outcomes and vertical and horizontal forces during maximal sprinting. Twelve, male, team sport athletes (age, 25.0 ± 4.0 years; stature, 184.1 ± 6.0 cm; body mass, 82.2 ± 7.9 kg) performed separate movements of the 3 strength exercises at a load equivalent to their individual 3 repetition maximum. The ground reaction force was measured using force plates and the electromyography (EMG) activity of the upper and lower gluteus maximus and was recorded in each leg and expressed as percentage of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Subjects then completed a single sprint on a nonmotorized treadmill for the assessment of maximal velocity and horizontal and vertical forces. Although ground reaction force was lower, peak EMG activity in the gluteus maximus was higher in the hip thrust than in the back squat (p = 0.024; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4-56% MVIC) and split squat (p = 0.016; 95% CI = 6-58% MVIC). Peak sprint velocity correlated with both anterior-posterior horizontal force (r = 0.72) and peak ground reaction force during the barbell hip thrust (r = 0.69) but no other variables. The increased activation of gluteus maximus during the barbell hip thrust and the relationship with maximal running speed suggests that this movement may be optimal for training this muscle group in comparison to the back squat and split squat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Williams
- Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
- Oriam, Scotland's Sports Performance Center, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V Gibson
- Oriam, Scotland's Sports Performance Center, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme G Sorbie
- Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Social & Health Sciences, Sport and Exercise, Abertay University, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Brouner
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Weich C, M. Vieten M. The Gaitprint: Identifying Individuals by Their Running Style. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20143810. [PMID: 32650424 PMCID: PMC7412195 DOI: 10.3390/s20143810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing the characteristics of a well-developed running style is a central issue in athletic sub-disciplines. The development of portable micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) sensors within the last decades has made it possible to accurately quantify movements. This paper introduces an analysis method, based on limit-cycle attractors, to identify subjects by their specific running style. The movement data of 30 athletes were collected over 20 min. in three running sessions to create an individual gaitprint. A recognition algorithm was applied to identify each single individual as compared to other participants. The analyses resulted in a detection rate of 99% with a false identification probability of 0.28%, which demonstrates a very sensitive method for the recognition of athletes based solely on their running style. Further, it can be seen that these differentiations can be described as individual modifications of a general running pattern inherent in all participants. These findings open new perspectives for the assessment of running style, motion in general, and a person's identification, in, for example, the growing e-sports movement.
Collapse
|
30
|
Macadam P, Nuell S, Cronin JB, Diewald S, Rowley R, Forster J, Fosch P. Load effects of thigh wearable resistance on angular and linear kinematics and kinetics during non-motorised treadmill sprint-running. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:531-538. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1764629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sergi Nuell
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B. Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shelley Diewald
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - James Forster
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pol Fosch
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Simperingham KD, Cronin JB, Ross A, Brown SR, Macadam P, Pearson S. Acute changes in acceleration phase sprint biomechanics with lower body wearable resistance. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:1176-1188. [PMID: 32308138 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1743349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this acute cross-sectional study was to quantify the kinematic and kinetic changes that occur during sprint acceleration when lower body WR is worn. Fifteen male rugby athletes (19 years; 181 cm; 91 kg) were assessed during maximal effort over-ground and treadmill sprinting over 20 m under three different loading conditions: 0%, 3% and 5% body mass (BM) added weight attached to the lower body. Treadmill data provided a convenient estimate of kinetic changes in the absence of in-ground force plates. The loaded conditions resulted in significantly increased ground contact time (5 to 6%) and decreased step frequency (-2 to -3%) during sprint accelerations (effect size = 0.32-0.72). Moderate WR loading (3% BM) resulted in increased (9%; effect size = 0.66) theoretical maximum horizontal force (relative to BM) and unchanged 20 m sprint times (p > 0.05). Heavier WR loading (5% BM) resulted in a significant decrease (-4%) in vertical ground reaction forces (relative to total system mass) and slower (1 to 2%) 20 m sprint times (effect size = 0.38-0.70). Lower body WR loading up to 5% BM can provide specific sprint training overload, while affecting sprint acceleration biomechanics by ≤ 6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim David Simperingham
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus Ross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Scott R Brown
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory (Neurro Lab), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul Macadam
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Boullosa D, Esteve-Lanao J, Casado A, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Gomes da Rosa R, Del Coso J. Factors Affecting Training and Physical Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8030035. [PMID: 32183425 PMCID: PMC7183043 DOI: 10.3390/sports8030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance running has become an immensely popular sporting activity, with millions of recreational runners around the world. Despite the great popularity of endurance running as a recreational activity during leisure time, there is no consensus on the best practice for recreational runners to effectively train to reach their individual objectives and improve physical performance in a healthy manner. Moreover, there are lots of anecdotal data without scientific support, while most scientific evidence on endurance running was developed from studies observing both recreational and professional athletes of different levels. Further, the transference of all this information to only recreational runners is difficult due to differences in the genetic predisposition for endurance running, the time available for training, and physical, psychological, and physiological characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present a selection of scientific evidence regarding endurance running to provide training guidelines to be used by recreational runners and their coaches. The review will focus on some key aspects of the training process, such as periodization, training methods and monitoring, performance prediction, running technique, and prevention and management of injuries associated with endurance running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-619-8250-2545
| | | | - Arturo Casado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I de Castilla International University, Burgos, 09003 Castilla y León, Spain;
| | - Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil; (L.A.P.-T.); (R.G.d.R.)
| | - Rodrigo Gomes da Rosa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil; (L.A.P.-T.); (R.G.d.R.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Colapietro M, Fraser JJ, Resch JE, Hertel J. Running mechanics during 1600 meter track runs in young adults with and without chronic ankle instability. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 42:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
34
|
Dorgo S, Perales JJ, Boyle JB, Hausselle J, Montalvo S. Sprint Training on a Treadmill vs. Overground Results in Modality-Specific Impact on Sprint Performance but Similar Positive Improvement in Body Composition in Young Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:463-472. [PMID: 30741862 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dorgo, S, Perales, JJ, Boyle, JB, Hausselle, J, and Montalvo, S. Sprint training on a treadmill vs. overground results in modality-specific impact on sprint performance but similar positive improvement in body composition in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 463-472, 2020-The effects of different sprint training modalities on body composition are not yet known, and the effectiveness of using motorized treadmills for sprint training is yet to be assessed accurately. The following study investigated the effects of motorized treadmill and overground training on sprint performance and body composition. Sixty-four young adults (33 men and 31 women) completed 12 sprint training sessions over a 6-week period either on a treadmill (TM) or overground (TR), or followed their normal exercise routine (CONTROL). Fifty-yard sprint time, 20-yard maximal sprint speed split time, and maximal treadmill speed were used as sprint performance indicators. Body composition and sprint performance assessments were completed before and after the 6-week intervention. On completion of the 6-week training program, maximal treadmill speed significantly increased for all 3 groups, while split sprint time significantly decreased for the TR group. The CONTROL group's 50-yd sprint time and split sprint time significantly worsened after 6 weeks. Improvements in sprint time and speed were significantly greater for the TR and TM groups compared with the CONTROL group for 50-yd sprint time, 20-yard maximal sprint speed split time, and maximal treadmill sprint speed. The change in maximal treadmill sprint speed for the TM group was significantly greater than that of the TR group. TR and TM subjects also showed significant decrease in total body fat and increase in leg lean muscle mass. These findings indicate that although overground sprint training resulted in the greatest performance improvements within overground sprint tests, sprint training on a motorized treadmill may be a beneficial alternative modality to overground sprint training and may also positively impact subjects' body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; and
| | - Jeremy J Perales
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; and
| | - Jason B Boyle
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; and
| | - Jerome Hausselle
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Samuel Montalvo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; and
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cahill MJ, Oliver JL, Cronin JB, Clark KP, Cross MR, Lloyd RS. Influence of resisted sled-push training on the sprint force-velocity profile of male high school athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:442-449. [PMID: 31742795 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sled pushing is a commonly used form of resisted sprint training; however, little empirical evidence exists, especially in youth populations. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of unresisted and resisted sled pushing across multiple loads. Fifty high school athletes were assigned to an unresisted (n = 12), or 3 resisted groups; light (n = 14), moderate (n = 13), and heavy (n = 11) resistance that caused a 25%, 50%, and 75% velocity decrement in maximum sprint speed, respectively. All participants performed two sled-push training sessions twice weekly for 8 weeks. Before and after the training intervention, the participants performed a series of jump, strength, and sprint testing to assess athletic performance. Split times between 5 and 20 m improved significantly across all resisted groups (all P < .05, d = 0.34-1.16) but did not improve significantly with unresisted sprinting. For all resisted groups, gains were greatest over the first 5 m (d = 0.67-0.84) and then diminished over each subsequent 5 m split (d = 0.08-0.57). The magnitude of gains in split times was greatest within the heavy group. Small but non-significant within-group effects were found in pre to post force-velocity profiles. There was a main effect of time but no interaction effects as all groups increased force and power, although the greatest increases were observed with the heavy load (d = 0.50-0.51). The results of this study suggest that resisted sled pushing with any load was superior to unresisted sprint training and that heavy loads may elicit the greatest gains in sprint performance over short distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheál J Cahill
- Athlete Training and Health, Plano, TX, USA.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Palucci Vieira LH, Cunha SA, Santiago PR, dos Santos PC, Cardenas GC, Barbieri RA, Baptista AM, Barbieri FA. Dominant/non-dominant support limb kinematics and approach run parameters in futsal kicking of stationary and rolling ball. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1852-1860. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of shank mass manipulation on the sprinting technique in maximal-speed sprinting. Sixteen well-trained male athletes sprinted with and without an additional 15% of shank mass attached to the shank centre of mass. Kinematic data were collected using a 12-camera motion analysis system and analysed using linear regression analyses with categorical variables and paired t-tests. The sprinting speed (p < 0.01), knee flexion angle at landing (p = 0.028), and maximum hip flexion angular velocity (p = 0.029) decreased; contact time (p < 0.01) increased; and step length, step frequency, and other analysed technique measures of maximal-speed sprinting were unchanged (p ≥ 0.12) with shank mass manipulation, compare with no manipulation. The relationships of sprinting speed with critical linear and angular kinematics at landing, take-off and swing in maximal-speed sprinting were not affected by the shank mass manipulation. These results suggest that 15% shank mass manipulation does not change the sprinting technique of well-trained male athletes in maximal-speed sprinting. This supports the use of shank mass manipulation as a training method for well-trained sprinters; however, a change in correlations between sprinting speed and technique measures should be considered during such training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Sports Biomechanics Laboratory, Shandong Institute of Sports Science, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Division of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jiabin Yu
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuliang Sun
- School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Donghai Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyi Yin
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nuell S, Illera-Domínguez V, Carmona G, Alomar X, Padullés JM, Lloret M, Cadefau JA. Sex differences in thigh muscle volumes, sprint performance and mechanical properties in national-level sprinters. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224862. [PMID: 31689336 PMCID: PMC6830821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine and compare thigh muscle volumes (MVs), and sprint mechanical properties and performance between male and female national-level sprinters. We also studied possible relationships between thigh MVs and sprint performance. Nine male and eight female national-level sprinters participated in the study. T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the thighs were obtained to determine MVs of quadriceps, hamstrings and adductors. Sprint performance was measured as the time to cover 40 and 80 m. Instantaneous sprint velocity was measured by radar to obtain theoretical maximum force (F0), theoretical maximum velocity (V0) and maximum power (Pmax). When MVs were normalized by height–mass, males showed larger hamstrings (13.5%, ES = 1.26, P < 0.05) compared with females, while quadriceps and adductors showed no statistically significant differences. Males were extremely faster than females in 40 m (14%, ES = 6.68, P < 0.001) and in 80 m (15%, ES = 5.01, P < 0.001. Males also showed increased sprint mechanical properties, with larger F0 (19%, ES = 1.98, P < 0.01), much larger Pmax (46%, ES = 3.76, P < 0.001), and extremely larger V0 (23%, ES = 6.97, P < 0.001). With the pooled data, hamstring and adductor MVs correlated strongly (r = -0.685, P < 0.01) and moderately (r = -0.530, P < 0.05), respectively, with sprint performance; while quadriceps showed no association. The sex-stratified analysis showed weaker associations compared with pooled data, most likely due to small sample size. In conclusion, males were faster than females and showed larger MVs, especially in hamstrings. Moreover, regarding the thigh muscles, hamstrings MV seems the most related with sprint performance as previously proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Nuell
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (UB), Spain
| | - Víctor Illera-Domínguez
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (UB), Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Maria Padullés
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (UB), Spain
| | - Mario Lloret
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (UB), Spain
| | - Joan Aureli Cadefau
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (UB), Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nuell S, Illera-Domínguez VR, Carmona G, Alomar X, Padullés JM, Lloret M, Cadefau JA. Hypertrophic muscle changes and sprint performance enhancement during a sprint-based training macrocycle in national-level sprinters. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:793-802. [PMID: 31526116 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1668063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to analyse changes in sprint performance, muscle volumes (MVs) and sprint mechanical parameters (SMPs) in national-level sprinters performing a 5-month indoor sprint-based training macrocycle (SBTM). Twelve well-trained sprinters were tested on three different occasions throughout the SBTM. Testing procedures included: sprint performance over 10m, 40m, 80m, 150m, and 300m; MRI of thighs, to compute MVs of quadriceps, hamstrings and adductors; and a 40m sprint using a radar gun to assess SMPs such as theoretical maximal horizontal force, theoretical maximal horizontal velocity (V0), maximal power and index of force application (DRF). Improvements in sprint performance of between 4% and 7% (ES = 0.46-1.11, P < 0.01) were accompanied by increments in: quadriceps of 6% (ES = 0.41, P < 0.01), hamstrings of 10% (ES = 0.62, P < 0.01), adductors of 12% (ES = 0.87, P < 0.01), V0 of 5% (ES = 0.40, P < 0.01) and DRF of 7% (ES = 0.91, P < 0.01). In conclusion, during the SBTM after the off-season, moderate hypertrophic changes occur in sprinters. Moreover, the greater increase in hamstrings and adductors, compared with quadriceps, might be related to the prominent role of these muscle groups in sprinting. Furthermore, the SBTM was likely effective at developing sprint performance in sprinters, thereby endorsing the idea that sprint-specific training is crucial for highly trained individuals. Finally, our results support the notion that V0 or the "velocity-oriented" force-velocity profile is determinant of performance in sprinters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Nuell
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor R Illera-Domínguez
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Carmona
- Sports Sciences Department, FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Tecnocampus, Escola Superior de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | | | - Josep Maria Padullés
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Lloret
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Aureli Cadefau
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Girard O, Morin JB, Ryu J, Read P, Townsend N. Running Velocity Does Not Influence Lower Limb Mechanical Asymmetry. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:36. [PMID: 33344959 PMCID: PMC7739712 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of running velocity upon magnitude and range of asymmetry in the main kinetics and kinematics of treadmill running at constant, submaximal velocities. Nine well-trained, un-injured distance runners ran, in a random order, at seven running velocities (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, and 25 km.h-1) for 60 s (separated by > 90 s of rest) on an instrumented treadmill (ADAL3D-WR, Medical Development, France). Continuous measurement (1,000 Hz) of spatio-temporal, horizontal force production, and spring-mass characteristics was performed and data over 10 consecutive steps (5 right and 5 leg foot contacts after ~50 s of running) were used for subsequent comparisons. Group mean and the range of asymmetry scores were assessed from the "symmetry angle" (SA) formulae where a score of 0%/100% indicates perfect symmetry/asymmetry. Mean SA scores for spatio-temporal variables were lower than 2%: contact time (0.6 ± 0.1%; range: 0.4-0.7%), aerial time (1.7 ± 0.2%; range: 1.3-2.1%) as well as step length and step frequency (0.7 ± 0.2%; range: 0.5-0.9%). Mean loading rate (5.3 ± 1.1%; range: 4.1-6.9%) and spring mass model [peak vertical force: 3.2 ± 1.6% (range: 2.9-3.4%); maximal downward vertical displacement: 11.2 ± 6.0% (range: 9.2-14.0%); leg compression: 3.6 ± 1.9% (range: 2.9-5.6%); vertical stiffness: 8.8 ± 1.9% (range: 7.1-11.6%); leg stiffness: 1.6 ± 0.6% (range: 1.2-2.9%)] presented larger mean SA values. Mean SA scores ranged 1-4% for duration of braking (1.3 ± 0.3%; range: 0.9-2.0%) and push-off (1.6 ± 0.9%; range: 1.2-2.4%) phases, peak braking (2.4 ± 1.1%; range: 1.6-3.6%), and push-off (1.7 ± 0.9%; range: 1.2-2.2%) forces as well as braking (3.7 ± 2.0%; range: 2.8-5.8%) and push-off (2.1 ± 0.8%; range: 1.3-2.6%) impulses. However, with the exception of braking impulse (P = 0.005), there was no influence of running velocity on asymmetry scores for any of the mechanical variables studied (0.118
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nathan Townsend
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Van Alsenoy K, Ryu JH, Girard O. The Effect of EVA and TPU Custom Foot Orthoses on Running Economy, Running Mechanics, and Comfort. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:34. [PMID: 33344957 PMCID: PMC7739627 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Custom made foot orthoses (CFO) with specific material properties have the potential to alter ground reaction forces but their effect on running mechanics and comfort remains to be investigated. We determined if CFO manufactured from ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA) and expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) materials, both compared to standardized footwear (CON), improve running economy (RE), running mechanics, and comfort at two running speeds. Eighteen well-trained, male athletes ran on an instrumented treadmill for 6 min at high (HS) and low (LS) speeds corresponding to and 15% lower than their first ventilatory threshold (13.8 ± 1.1 and 11.7 ± 0.9 km.h−1, respectively) in three footwear conditions (CON, EVA, and TPU). RE, running mechanics and comfort were determined. Albeit not reaching statistical significance (P = 0.11, η2 = 0.12), RE on average improved in EVA (+2.1 ± 4.8 and +2.9 ± 4.9%) and TPU (+0.9 ± 5.9 and +0.9 ± 5.3%) compared to CON at LS and HS, respectively. Braking force was decreased by 3.4 ± 9.1% at LS and by 2.7 ± 9.8% at HS for EVA compared to CON (P = 0.03, η2 = 0.20). TPU increased propulsive loading rate by 20.2 ± 24 and 16.4 ± 23.1% for LS and HS, respectively compared to CON (P = 0.01, η2 = 0.25). Both arch height (P = 0.06, η2 = 0.19) and medio-lateral control (P = 0.06, η2 = 0.16) showed a trend toward improved comfort for EVA and TPU vs. CON. Compared to shoes only, mainly EVA tended to improve RE and comfort at submaximal running speeds. Specific CFO-related running mechanical adjustments included a reduced braking impulse occurring in the first 25% of contact time with EVA, whereas wearing TPU increased propulsive loading rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Van Alsenoy
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, ASPETAR Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research (CHEAR), Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joong Hyun Ryu
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, ASPETAR Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
García-Pinillos F, Molina-Molina A, Párraga-Montilla JA, Latorre-Román PA. Kinematic alterations after two high-intensity intermittent training protocols in endurance runners. J Sport Health Sci 2019; 8:442-449. [PMID: 31534818 PMCID: PMC6742619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate running kinematic characteristics during the early and late stages of 2 high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) protocols with similar external load but different average running pace, as well as to compare the fatigue-induced changes during both HIIT protocols at a kinematic level. METHODS Eighteen endurance runners were tested on a track on 2 occasions: 10 runs of 400 m with 90-120 s recovery between running bouts (10 × 400 m), and 40 runs of 100 m with 25-30 s recovery between running bouts (40 × 100 m). Heart rate was monitored during both protocols; blood lactate accumulation and rate of perceived exertion were recorded after both exercises. A high-speed camera was used to measure sagittal-plane kinematics at the first and last runs during both HIIT protocols. The dependent variables were spatial-temporal parameters (step length and contact and flight time), joint angles during support (relative angles of the hip, knee, and ankle), and foot strike pattern. RESULTS High levels of exhaustion were reached by the athletes during both workouts (blood lactate accumulation >12 mmol/L, rate of perceived exertion >15; peak heart rate (HRpeak) > 176 bpm). A within-protocol paired t test (first vs. last run) revealed no significant changes (p ≥ 0.05) in kinematic variables during any of the HIIT sessions. A between-protocol comparison with the first run of each protocol revealed the effect of running speed on kinematics: +2.44 km/h during the 40 × 100 m: shorter contact and flight time (p ≤ 0.01) and longer step length (p = 0.001); greater hip flexion (p = 0.031) and ankle extension (p = 0.001) at initial contact; smaller knee and ankle flexion (p < 0.001) at midstance; and greater hip extension at toe-off (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION HIIT sessions including runs for 15-90 s and performed at intensity above the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake did not consistently perturb the running kinematics of trained endurance runners.
Collapse
|
43
|
Onal S, Leefers M, Smith B, Cho S. Predicting running injury using kinematic and kinetic parameters generated by an optical motion capture system. SN Appl Sci 2019; 1. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
44
|
Werkhausen A, Cronin NJ, Albracht K, Bojsen-Møller J, Seynnes OR. Distinct muscle-tendon interaction during running at different speeds and in different loading conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:246-253. [PMID: 31070955 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00710.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the Achilles tendon and the triceps surae muscles seems to be modulated differently with various task configurations. Here we tested the hypothesis that the increased forces and ankle joint work during running under contrasting conditions (altered speed or load) would be met by different, time-dependent adjustments at the muscle-tendon level. Ultrasonography, electromyography, kinematics, and ground reaction force measurements were used to examine Achilles tendon, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscle mechanics in 16 runners in four different running conditions, consisting of a combination of two different speeds (preferred and +20% of preferred speed) and two loading conditions (unloaded and +20% of body mass). Positive ankle joint work increased similarly (+13%) with speed and load. Gastrocnemius and soleus muscle fascicle length and peak velocity were not altered by either condition, suggesting that contractile conditions are mostly preserved despite the constraints imposed in this experimental design. However, at higher running speed, tendon length changes were unaltered but mean muscle electromyographic activity increased in gastrocnemius (+10%, P < 0.01) and soleus (+14%, P < 0.01). Conversely, when loading was increased, mean muscle activity remained similar to unloaded conditions but the mean velocity of gastrocnemius fascicles was reduced and tendon recoil increased (+29%, P < 0.01). Collectively, these results suggest that the neuromuscular system meets increased mechanical demands by favoring economical force production when enough time is available. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that muscle-tendon mechanics are adjusted differently when running under constraints imposed by speed or load, despite comparable increases in work. The neuromuscular system likely modulates the way force is produced as a function of availability of time and potential energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Department of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences , Aachen , Germany
| | - Jens Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Olivier R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Dix J, Marsh S, Dingenen B, Malliaras P. The relationship between hip muscle strength and dynamic knee valgus in asymptomatic females: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 37:197-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
47
|
Haugen T, McGhie D, Ettema G. Sprint running: from fundamental mechanics to practice-a review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1273-1287. [PMID: 30963240 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we examine the literature in light of the mechanical principles that govern linear accelerated running. While the scientific literature concerning sprint mechanics is comprehensive, these principles of fundamental mechanics present some pitfalls which can (and does) lead to misinterpretations of findings. Various models of sprint mechanics, most of which build on the spring-mass paradigm, are discussed with reference to both the insight they provide and their limitations. Although much research confirms that sprinters to some extent behave like a spring-mass system with regard to gross kinematics (step length, step rate, ground contact time, and lower limb deformation), the laws of motion, supported by empirical evidence, show that applying the spring-mass model for accelerated running has flaws. It is essential to appreciate that models are pre-set interpretations of reality; finding that a model describes the motor behaviour well is not proof of the mechanism behind the model. Recent efforts to relate sprinting mechanics to metabolic demands are promising, but have the same limitation of being model based. Furthermore, a large proportion of recent literature focuses on the interaction between total and horizontal (end-goal) force. We argue that this approach has limitations concerning fundamental sprinting mechanics. Moreover, power analysis based on isolated end-goal force is flawed. In closing, some prominent practical concepts and didactics in sprint running are discussed in light of the mechanical principles presented. Ultimately, whereas the basic principles of sprinting are relatively simple, the way an athlete manages the mechanical constraints and opportunities is far more complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haugen
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Sognsveien 228, 0840, Oslo, Norway.
| | - David McGhie
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
da Silva Azevedo AP, Michelone Acquesta F, Lancha AH, Bertuzzi R, Poortmans JR, Amadio AC, Cerca Serrão J. Creatine supplementation can improve impact control in high-intensity interval training. Nutrition 2019; 61:99-104. [PMID: 30708260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on biomechanical parameters related to shock attenuation during a session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS A single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design was adopted to test eight male elite soccer players during HIIT sessions under two conditions: after placebo supplementation and after Cr supplementation. HIIT test sessions consisted of an intermittent test (five bouts of running) with a constant load applied until exhaustion was reached. The vertical component of ground reaction force and electromyography data were recorded by Gaitway and Lynx-EMG Systems, respectively. Heart rate, rated perceived exertion (Borg's Scale) and lactate concentration information were also obtained. RESULTS Cr supplementation did not affect heart rate, rated perceived exertion, and lactate concentration. Decreased values of magnitude of the first peak of the vertical component of ground reaction force (17.2-24.2%) and impulse of the first 50 ms (Imp50; 34.3%) were observed for Cr, but higher values of time to reach the first peak were detected for Cr compared with placebo. Significant modifications in muscle activation were also observed, mainly in the pre-activation phase, and changes were observed in intermediary bouts. CONCLUSIONS Cr supplementation has the potential to influence biomechanical parameters related to impact control during a single session of HIIT based on running. In particular, the findings of the current study indicate possible improvements in shock attenuation and a safer practice of HIIT under Cr supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula da Silva Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Michelone Acquesta
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Poortmans
- Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Cerca Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lussiana T, Patoz A, Gindre C, Mourot L, Hébert-Losier K. The implications of time on the ground on running economy: less is not always better. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.192047. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A lower duty factor (DF) reflects a greater relative contribution of leg swing to ground contact time during the running step. Increasing time on the ground has been reported in the scientific literature to both increase and decrease the energy cost (EC) of running, with DF reported to be highly variable in runners. As increasing running speed aligns running kinematics more closely with spring-mass model behaviors and re-use of elastic energy, we compared the centre of mass (COM) displacement and EC between runners with a low (DFlow) and high (DFhigh) duty factor at typical endurance running speeds. Forty well-trained runners were divided in two groups based on their mean DF measured across a range of speeds. EC was measured from 4-min treadmill runs at 10, 12, and 14 km·h−1 using indirect calorimetry. Temporal characteristics and COM displacement data of the running step were recorded from 30-s treadmill runs at 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 km·h−1. Across speeds, DFlow exhibited more symmetrical patterns between braking and propulsion phases in terms of time and vertical COM displacement than DFhigh. DFhigh limited global vertical COM displacements in favor of horizontal progression during ground contact. Despite these running kinematics differences, no significant difference in EC was observed between groups. Therefore, both DF strategies seem energetically efficient at endurance running speeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Company, Chaveria, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920 Prognostic markers and regulatory factors of cardiovascular diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Department of Sports Science, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Petré H, Wernstål F, Mattsson CM. Effects of Flywheel Training on Strength-Related Variables: a Meta-analysis. Sports Med Open 2018; 4:55. [PMID: 30547232 PMCID: PMC6292829 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength and power development are abilities important for athletic performance in many sports. Generally, resistance training based on gravity is used to improve these qualities. Flywheel training instead utilizes kinetic energy transferred to a flywheel. This allows for eccentric overload and variable resistance throughout the movement. The aim of this review was to identify the effects of flywheel training on multiple strength-related variables affecting athletic performance. The meta-analysis investigates the effects on (1) muscle growth (cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume/mass), (2) maximum dynamic strength, (3) development of power, (4) development of horizontal movement, and (5) development of vertical movement. METHODS The meta-analysis includes 20 experimental studies that met the inclusion criteria. The quality of included studies was ranked according to the PEDro scale. Possible bias was identified in Funnel plot analyses. To enable the compilation of all results analyses, the random effect model was carried out using the software Review Manager Version 5.3 and presented with Forest plots. RESULTS Flywheel training for a period of 4-24 weeks shows statistically significant increases in all strength aspects. Effect sizes were for hypertrophy, CSA 0.59; volume/mass 0.59; maximum strength 1.33; power 1.19; horizontal 1.01 and vertical movement 0.85. The evidence is particularly strong for beneficial effects from flywheel training in the development of maximal strength and power in trained younger individuals, and utilization of this training modality in shorter more intensive blocks. CONCLUSIONS Flywheel training is an effective method for improving several aspects of strength and power with importance for sports performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Petré
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wernstål
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Mikael Mattsson
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Silicon Valley Exercise Analytics, Menlo Park, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|