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van Oeveren BT, de Ruiter CJ, Beek PJ, van Dieën JH. The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:516-554. [PMID: 33663325 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1873411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Running movements are parametrised using a wide variety of devices. Misleading interpretations can be avoided if the interdependencies and redundancies between biomechanical parameters are taken into account. In this synthetic review, commonly measured running parameters are discussed in relation to each other, culminating in a concise, yet comprehensive description of the full spectrum of running styles. Since the goal of running movements is to transport the body centre of mass (BCoM), and the BCoM trajectory can be derived from spatiotemporal parameters, we anticipate that different running styles are reflected in those spatiotemporal parameters. To this end, this review focuses on spatiotemporal parameters and their relationships with speed, ground reaction force and whole-body kinematics. Based on this evaluation, we submit that the full spectrum of running styles can be described by only two parameters, namely the step frequency and the duty factor (the ratio of stance time and stride time) as assessed at a given speed. These key parameters led to the conceptualisation of a so-called Dual-axis framework. This framework allows categorisation of distinctive running styles (coined 'Stick', 'Bounce', 'Push', 'Hop', and 'Sit') and provides a practical overview to guide future measurement and interpretation of running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T van Oeveren
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Beek
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Padulo J, Rampichini S, Borrelli M, Buono DM, Doria C, Esposito F. Gait Variability at Different Walking Speeds. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:158. [PMID: 37987494 PMCID: PMC10660777 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gait variability (GV) is a crucial measure of inconsistency of muscular activities or body segmental movements during repeated tasks. Hence, GV might serve as a relevant and sensitive measure to quantify adjustments of walking control. However, it has not been clarified whether GV is associated with walking speed, a clarification needed to exploit effective better bilateral coordination level. For this aim, fourteen male students (age 22.4 ± 2.7 years, body mass 74.9 ± 6.8 kg, and body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m) took part in this study. After three days of walking 1 km each day at a self-selected speed (SS) on asphalt with an Apple Watch S. 7 (AppleTM, Cupertino, CA, USA), the participants were randomly evaluated on a treadmill at three different walking speed intensities for 10 min at each one, SS - 20%/SS + 20%/ SS, with 5 min of passive recovery in-between. Heart rate (HR) was monitored and normalized as %HRmax, while the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (CR-10 scale) was asked after each trial. Kinematic analysis was performed, assessing the Contact Time (CT), Swing Time (ST), Stride Length (SL), Stride Cycle (SC), and Gait Variability as Phase Coordination Index (PCI). RPE and HR increased as the walking speed increased (p = 0.005 and p = 0.035, respectively). CT and SC decreased as the speed increased (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.013, respectively), while ST remained unchanged (p = 0.277). SL increased with higher walking speed (p = 0.0001). Conversely, PCI was 3.81 ± 0.88% (high variability) at 3.96 ± 0.47 km·h-1, 2.64 ± 0.75% (low variability) at SS (4.94 ± 0.58 km·h-1), and 3.36 ± 1.09% (high variability) at 5.94 ± 0.70 km·h-1 (p = 0.001). These results indicate that while the metabolic demand and kinematics variables change linearly with increasing speed, the most effective GV was observed at SS. Therefore, SS could be a new methodological approach to choose the individual walking speed, normalize the speed intensity, and avoid a gait pattern alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Daniel Maria Buono
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (M.B.); (D.M.B.); (C.D.); (F.E.)
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
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3
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Genitrini M, Fritz J, Stöggl T, Schwameder H. Performance Level Affects Full Body Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Parameters in Trail Running-A Field Study. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:188. [PMID: 37888515 PMCID: PMC10611210 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trail running is an emerging discipline with few studies performed in ecological conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate if and how biomechanics differ between more proficient (MP) and less proficient (LP) trail runners. Twenty participants (10 F) were recruited for a 9.1 km trail running time trial wearing inertial sensors. The MP athletes group was composed of the fastest five men and the fastest five women. Group differences in spatiotemporal parameters and leg stiffness were tested with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Group differences in joint angles were tested with statistic parametric mapping. The finish time was 51.1 ± 6.3 min for the MP athletes and 60.0 ± 5.5 min for the LP athletes (p < 0.05). Uphill sections: The MP athletes expressed a tendency to higher speed that was not significant (p > 0.05), achieved by combining higher step frequency and higher step length. They showed a tendency to shorter contact time, lower duty factor and longer flight time that was not significant (p > 0.05) as well as significantly lower knee flexion during the stance phase (p < 0.05). Downhill sections: The MP athletes achieved significantly higher speed (p < 0.05) through higher step length only. They showed significantly higher knee and hip flexion during the swing phase as well as higher trunk rotation and shoulder flexion during the stance phase (p < 0.05). No differences were found with respect to leg stiffness in the uphill or downhill sections (p > 0.05). In the uphill sections, the results suggest lower energy absorption and more favorable net mechanical work at the knee joint for the MP athletes. In the downhill sections, the results suggest that the more efficient motion of the swing leg in the MP athletes could increase momentum in the forward direction and full body center of mass' velocity at toe off, thus optimizing the propulsion phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Genitrini
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Stöggl
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, 5303 Thalgau, Austria
| | - Hermann Schwameder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
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4
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Watanabe T, Kondo S, Kakinoki K, Fukusaki C, Hatta H. Stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations at intensities around lactate threshold in distance runners. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17437. [PMID: 37426800 PMCID: PMC10329115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations in running have been widely investigated in relation to fatigue, injury, and other factors. However, no studies have examined the relationship of stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations with lactate threshold (LT), a well-known performance indicator for distance runners that represents the threshold at which fast-twitch muscle fibers are activated and the glycolytic system is hyperactivated. In this study, we examined a relationship between LT and stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations in trained middle- and long-distance runners (n = 33). All runners were asked to perform multistage graded exercise tests while wearing accelerometers on the upper surface of their shoes. The LT was determined by measuring blood lactate concentrations after each stage. Three gait parameters for each step were calculated based on the acceleration data: stride time (ST), ground contact time (CT), and peak acceleration (PA). The coefficient of variation (CV) and the long-range correlations (α) for each parameter were also calculated. The effects of the runner's group and the relative intensity for CV and α on gait parameters were evaluated using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Although no significant effect was observed in the CV and α of ST, significant intensity main effects were observed for the CV and α of CT and PA. The lack of significant changes in ST might be the result of runners' adequate control of ST to minimize energy cost. All the parameters showing significant changes with increasing intensity decreased dramatically when they were close to LT. This might have been caused by an increase in physiological load near LT and be interpreted as a variation in motor control because of alternations in the mobilized muscle fibers and physiological changes around the LT. The α should be useful for non-invasive LT detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kondo
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chiho Fukusaki
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Gilbert AL, Shine R, Warner DA. Carrying eggs uphill: are costs of reproduction stronger on steeper slopes? Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230025. [PMID: 37161295 PMCID: PMC10170190 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotor impairment during pregnancy is a well-documented cost of reproduction, but most empirical studies have not incorporated ecological complexity, such as locomotion on sloping inclines rather than horizontal surfaces. Biomechanical factors suggest that carrying a heavy burden-including shifts in the body's centre of mass-may impair locomotor ability even more when an animal is running uphill. If so, then measuring costs of reproduction on horizontal racetracks may underestimate these costs in nature for arboreal species. To evaluate this prediction, we measured the pregnancy-induced reduction in speed for jacky dragons (Amphibolurus muricatus) at inclines ranging from 0 to 45°. Both pregnancy and steeper slopes reduced lizard performance, but pregnancy did not exacerbate the locomotor decrement on steeper racetracks. An ability to maintain mobility on steep slopes during pregnancy may be a target of selection in arboreal taxa. To understand the evolutionary context of locomotion-based costs of reproduction, we also need studies on the relationship between organismal performance and ecologically relevant measures such as predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Daniel A. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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6
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Machowska-Krupa W, Cych P. Differences in Coordination Motor Abilities between Orienteers and Athletics Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2643. [PMID: 36768012 PMCID: PMC9915626 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the differences in coordination motor abilities between track and field (T&F) runners and foot orienteers (Foot-O). Another purpose of this study was to analyse gender differences in terms of coordination motor abilities. Coordination skills tests were undertaken by 11 Foot-O and 11 T&F runners. Each group consisted of five women and six men who lived in the Lower Silesia region of Poland. The Foot-O group consisted of 11 orienteers aged 24.09 (±4.78) years, with a minimum 10 years of experience, while the T&F group consisted of 11 long-distance runners aged 24.91 (±4.04) years and with a performance level at distances of 5 km and 10 km equivalent to that for orienteering. Some of the participants represented world-class level (e.g., world junior medallists), and most of them were of national elite level. Coordination tests of motor abilities were chosen for their reliability and repeatability and included tests of spatial orientation, rhythmisation of movements, balance and kinaesthetic differentiation. The Foot-O group performed significantly better than the T&F group in terms of some coordination abilities. Differences were observed between the Foot-O and T&F runners in balance ability measured during the "Walk on the bench" test. Further research should be carried out in this area in order to confirm these differences.
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7
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Held S, Rappelt L, Giesen R, Wiedenmann T, Deutsch JP, Wicker P, Donath L. Increased oxygen uptake in well-trained runners during uphill high intensity running intervals: A randomized crossover testing. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1117314. [PMID: 36875023 PMCID: PMC9977817 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1117314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The time spent above 90% of maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2max) during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions is intended to be maximized to improve V ˙ O2max. Since uphill running serves as a promising means to increase metabolic cost, we compared even and moderately inclined running in terms of time ≥90% V ˙ O2max and its corresponding physiological surrogates. Seventeen well-trained runners (8 females & 9 males; 25.8 ± 6.8yrs; 1.75 ± 0.08m; 63.2 ± 8.4kg; V ˙ O2max: 63.3 ± 4.2 ml/min/kg) randomly completed both a horizontal (1% incline) and uphill (8% incline) HIIT protocol (4-times 5min, with 90s rest). Mean oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2mean), peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2peak), lactate, heart rate (HR), and perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Uphill HIIT revealed higher (p ≤ 0.012; partial eta-squared (pes) ≥ 0.351) V ˙ O2mean (uphill: 3.3 ± 0.6 vs. horizontal: 3.2 ± 0.5 L/min; standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.15), V ˙ O2peak (uphill: 4.0 ± 0.7 vs. horizontal: 3.8 ± 0.7 L/min; SMD = 0.19), and accumulated time ≥90% V ˙ O2max (uphill: 9.1 ± 4.6 vs. horizontal: 6.4 ± 4.0 min; SMD = 0.62) compared to even HIIT. Lactate, HR, and RPE responses did not show mode*time rANOVA interaction effects (p ≥ 0.097; pes ≤0.14). Compared to horizontal HIIT, moderate uphill HIIT revealed higher fractions of V ˙ O2max at comparable perceived efforts, heartrate and lactate response. Therefore, moderate uphill HiiT notably increased time spent above 90% V ˙ O2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - René Giesen
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Wiedenmann
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Deutsch
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pamela Wicker
- Department of Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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8
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The Energetic Costs of Uphill Locomotion in Trail Running: Physiological Consequences Due to Uphill Locomotion Pattern-A Feasibility Study. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122070. [PMID: 36556435 PMCID: PMC9787284 DOI: 10.3390/life12122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of our feasibility reporting was to define physiological differences in trail running (TR) athletes due to different uphill locomotion patterns, uphill running versus uphill walking. In this context, a feasibility analysis of TR athletes' cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data, which were obtained in summer 2020 at the accompanying sports medicine performance center, was performed. Fourteen TR athletes (n = 14, male = 10, female = 4, age: 36.8 ± 8.0 years) were evaluated for specific physiological demands by outdoor CPET during a short uphill TR performance. The obtained data of the participating TR athletes were compared for anthropometric data, CPET parameters, such as V˙Emaximum, V˙O2maximum, maximal breath frequency (BFmax) and peak oxygen pulse as well as energetic demands, i.e., the energy cost of running (Cr). All participating TR athletes showed excellent performance data, whereby across both different uphill locomotion strategies, significant differences were solely revealed for V˙Emaximum (p = 0.033) and time to reach mountain peak (p = 0.008). These results provide new insights and might contribute to a comprehensive understanding of cardiorespiratory consequences to short uphill locomotion strategy in TR athletes and might strengthen further scientific research in this field.
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9
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Performance prediction, pacing profile and running pattern of elite 1-h track running events. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00945-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed at comparing the predictive accuracy of the power law (PL), 2-parameter hyperbolic (HYP) and linear (LIN) models on elite 1-h track running performance, and evaluating pacing profile and running pattern of the men’s best two 1-h track running performances of all times.
Methods
The individual running speed–distance profile was obtained for nine male elite runners using the three models. Different combinations of personal bests times (3000 m-marathon) were used to predict performance. The level of absolute agreement between predicted and actual performance was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), paired t test and Bland–Altman analysis. A video analysis was performed to assess pacing profile and running pattern.
Results
Regardless of the predictors used, no significant differences (p > 0.05) between predicted and actual performances were observed for the PL model. A good agreement was found for the HYP and LIN models only when the half-marathon was the longest event predictor used (ICC = 0.718–0.737, p < 0.05). Critical speed (CS) was highly dependent on the predictors used. Unlike CS, PLV20 (i.e., the running speed corresponding to a 20-min performance estimated using the PL model) was associated with 1-h track running performances (r = 0.722–0.807, p < 0.05). An even pacing profile with minimal changes of step length and frequency was observed.
Conclusions
The PL model may offer the more realistic 1-h track running performance prediction among the models investigated. An even pacing might be the best strategy for succeeding in such running events.
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Abstract
Research among non-industrial societies suggests that body kinematics adopted during running vary between groups according to the cultural importance of running. Among groups in which running is common and an important part of cultural identity, runners tend to adopt what exercise scientists and coaches consider to be good technique for avoiding injury and maximising performance. In contrast, among groups in which running is not particularly culturally important, people tend to adopt suboptimal technique. This paper begins by describing key elements of good running technique, including landing with a forefoot or midfoot strike pattern and leg oriented roughly vertically. Next, we review evidence from non-industrial societies that cultural attitudes about running associate with variation in running techniques. Then, we present new data from Tsimane forager–horticulturalists in Bolivia. Our findings suggest that running is neither a common activity among the Tsimane nor is it considered an important part of cultural identity. We also demonstrate that when Tsimane do run, they tend to use suboptimal technique, specifically landing with a rearfoot strike pattern and leg protracted ahead of the knee (called overstriding). Finally, we discuss processes by which culture might influence variation in running techniques among non-industrial societies, including self-optimisation and social learning. New evidence from the Tsimane underscores that running techniques vary between societies according to the cultural importance of running
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Xu D, Quan W, Zhou H, Sun D, Baker JS, Gu Y. Explaining the differences of gait patterns between high and low-mileage runners with machine learning. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2981. [PMID: 35194121 PMCID: PMC8863837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Running gait patterns have implications for revealing the causes of injuries between higher-mileage runners and low-mileage runners. However, there is limited research on the possible relationships between running gait patterns and weekly running mileages. In recent years, machine learning algorithms have been used for pattern recognition and classification of gait features to emphasize the uniqueness of gait patterns. However, they all have a representative problem of being a black box that often lacks the interpretability of the predicted results of the classifier. Therefore, this study was conducted using a Deep Neural Network (DNN) model and Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) technology to investigate the differences in running gait patterns between higher-mileage runners and low-mileage runners. It was found that the ankle and knee provide considerable information to recognize gait features, especially in the sagittal and transverse planes. This may be the reason why high-mileage and low-mileage runners have different injury patterns due to their different gait patterns. The early stages of stance are very important in gait pattern recognition because the pattern contains effective information related to gait. The findings of the study noted that LRP completes a feasible interpretation of the predicted results of the model, thus providing more interesting insights and more effective information for analyzing gait patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datao Xu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wenjing Quan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.,Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, G72 0LH, Scotland, UK
| | - Dong Sun
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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12
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Mateus GAS, Assumpção CO, Cabido CET, Veneroso C, Oliveira SFM, Fermino RC, Mortatti A, Lima L, Vilas Boas JP, Banja T. EFFECT OF FATIGUE AND GRADED RUNNING ON KINEMATICS AND KINETICS PARAMETERS IN TRIATHLETES. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:797-803. [PMID: 35176788 DOI: 10.1055/a-1774-2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cycling-induced fatigue on subsequent running with different ground inclinations on triathletes. Twenty male triathletes ran on a treadmill at individual speeds, on three inclines: level (0%), 7% uphill (7%), and 7% downhill (-7%). Subsequently, the athletes performed an incremental ramp-to-exhaustion (RTE) protocol on an ergometric bicycle until task failure and repeated the running protocol (POST-RTE). During running and cycling was monitored perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR). Plantar pressure distribution, peak plantar pressure, total foot area, and ground contact time were measured by an in-shoe sensor. Analysis of variance showed that HR (p=0.001; η2=0.63) and RPE (p=0.001; η2=0.82 large effect) were higher in POST-RTE, without interactions between slopes and fatigue. The heel load showed difference between 0% and 7% and 7% and -7% (p=0.001; η2=0.44 large effect) with higher value in -7%. The midfoot showed differences between 0% and -7% with higher value in 0% (p=0.03; η2=0.15 small effect). The contact time showed interactions between fatigue and slopes with a higher value in POST-RTE. Coaches should be aware that training on the uphill and downhill surfaces can alter the plantar load on different foot parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greyce Any Sousa Mateus
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiano Veneroso
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Sao Luis, Brazil.,Physiologi department, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério César Fermino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Mortatti
- Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima
- Department of Physical Education, UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | | | - Túlio Banja
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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13
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Isolating the Unique and Generic Movement Characteristics of Highly Trained Runners. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217145. [PMID: 34770451 PMCID: PMC8587997 DOI: 10.3390/s21217145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human movement patterns were shown to be as unique to individuals as their fingerprints. However, some movement characteristics are more important than other characteristics for machine learning algorithms to distinguish between individuals. Here, we explored the idea that movement patterns contain unique characteristics that differentiate between individuals and generic characteristics that do not differentiate between individuals. Layer-wise relevance propagation was applied to an artificial neural network that was trained to recognize 20 male triathletes based on their respective movement patterns to derive characteristics of high/low importance for human recognition. The similarity between movement patterns that were defined exclusively through characteristics of high/low importance was then evaluated for all participants in a pairwise fashion. We found that movement patterns of triathletes overlapped minimally when they were defined by variables that were very important for a neural network to distinguish between individuals. The movement patterns overlapped substantially when defined through less important characteristics. We concluded that the unique movement characteristics of elite runners were predominantly sagittal plane movements of the spine and lower extremities during mid-stance and mid-swing, while the generic movement characteristics were sagittal plane movements of the spine during early and late stance.
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Okudaira M, Willwacher S, Kawama R, Ota K, Tanigawa S. Sprinting kinematics and inter-limb coordination patterns at varying slope inclinations. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2444-2453. [PMID: 34261421 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1939949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Uphill training is applied to induce specific overload on the musculoskeletal system to improve sprinting mechanics. This study aimed to identify unique kinematic features of uphill sprinting at different slopes and to suggest practical implications based on comparisons we early stance phase. At take-off, steeper slopes induced significantly more extended joint angles and higher ROMs during the late stance phase. Compared with moderate slopes, more anti-phase coordination patterns were detected at steeper slopes. Thus, uphill sprinting at steeper slopes shares essential kinematic features with the early acceleration phase of level sprinting. Moderate inclinations induce biomechanical adaptations similar to those in the late acceleration phase of level sprinting. Hence, the specific transfer of uphill sprinting to acceleration depends on the slope inclinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Okudaira
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Raki Kawama
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ota
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Tanigawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Elite middle distance runners present as a unique population in which to explore biomechanical phenomena in relation to running speed, as their training and racing spans a broad spectrum of paces. However, there have been no comprehensive investigations of running mechanics across speeds within this population. Here, we used the spring-mass model of running to explore global mechanical behavior across speeds in these runners. Ten elite-level 1500 m and mile runners (mean 1500 m best: 3:37.3 ± 3.6 s; mile: 3:54.6 ± 3.9 s) and ten highly trained 1500 m and mile runners (mean 1500 m best: 4:07.6 ± 3.7 s; mile: 4:27.4 ± 4.1 s) ran on a treadmill at 10 speeds where temporal measures were recorded. Spatiotemporal and spring-mass characteristics and their corresponding variation were calculated within and across speeds. All spatiotemporal measures changed with speed in both groups, but the changes were less substantial in the elites. The elite runners ran with greater approximated vertical forces (+ 0.16 BW) and steeper impact angles (+ 3.1°) across speeds. Moreover, the elites ran with greater leg and vertical stiffnesses (+ 2.1 kN/m and + 3.6 kN/m) across speeds. Neither group changed leg stiffness with increasing speeds, but both groups increased vertical stiffness (1.6 kN/m per km/h), and the elite runners more so (further + 0.4 kN/m per km/h). The elite runners also demonstrated lower variability in their spatiotemporal behavior across speeds. Together, these findings suggested that elite middle distance runners may have distinct global mechanical patterns across running speeds, where they behave as stiffer, less variable spring-mass systems compared to highly trained, but sub-elite counterparts.
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16
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De Lucas RD, Karam De Mattos B, Tremel ADC, Pianezzer L, De Souza KM, Guglielmo LGA, Denadai BS. A novel treadmill protocol for uphill running assessment: the incline incremental running test (IIRT). Res Sports Med 2021; 30:554-565. [PMID: 33874840 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1917405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the maximal and submaximal aerobic parameters between two incremental running tests, one being horizontal and the other an incline-based test, namely the incline incremental running test (IIRT). Twenty endurance-trained trail runners completed two incremental treadmill tests, until exhaustion. The first test was performed using an incline of 1%, with speed increments. Then, the IIRT was performed with the speed set at 50% of the peak speed obtained during the previous test, and the incline was incremented. Cardiorespiratory measurements and blood lactate concentration ([La]) were assessed. The mean peak workload from the horizontal test was 17.6 ± 1.4 km.h-1 and peak workload from IIRT was 17.3 ± 1.3% of incline. The VO2peak and [La]peak were not significantly different between the protocols. However, the HRpeak was significantly lower at IIRT. In conclusion, most of the maximal and submaximal aerobic indices showed no differences between the incremental tests analysed. The exceptions were the HRpeak and HR at the lactate turnpoints, that were lower, and the peak O2 pulse that was greater for the IIRT. Taken together, these data support the validity of the IIRT as a specific test for the physiological assessment of runners involved with uphill performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dantas De Lucas
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Bruna Karam De Mattos
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Da Cunha Tremel
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luana Pianezzer
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Kristopher Mendes De Souza
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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17
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Kovács B, Kóbor I, Sebestyén Ö, Tihanyi J. Longer Achilles tendon moment arm results in better running economy. Physiol Int 2021; 107:527-541. [PMID: 33410770 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.10000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the current literature, the link between Achilles tendon moment arm length and running economy is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further investigate the connection between Achilles tendon moment arm and running economy and the influence of Achilles tendon moment arm on the function of the plantarflexor muscle-tendon unit during running.Ten male competitive marathon runners volunteered for this study. The participants ran on a treadmill at two running speeds: 3 and 3.5 m s-1. During running the oxygen consumption, lower leg kinematics, electrical activity of plantar flexor muscles, and fascicle behavior of the lateral gastrocnemius were measured simultaneously. On the second occasion, an MRI scan of the right leg was taken and used to estimate the Achilles tendon moment arm length.There was a negative correlation between running economy and the body height normalized moment arm length at both selected speeds (r = -0.68, P = 0.014 and r = -0.70, P = 0.01). In addition, Achilles tendon moment arm length correlated with the amplitude of the ankle flexion at both speeds (r = -0.59, P = 0.03 and r = -0.60, P = 0.03) and with the electrical activity of the medial gastrocnemius muscle at 3 m s-1 speed (r = -0.62, P = 0.02). Our finding supports the concept that a longer moment arm could be beneficial for distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kovács
- 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - I Kóbor
- 2Semmelweis University, MR Research Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ö Sebestyén
- 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Tihanyi
- 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Effectiveness and Reliability of Foot Orthoses on Impact Loading and Lower Limb Kinematics When Running at Preferred and Nonpreferred Speeds. J Appl Biomech 2020; 37:66-73. [PMID: 33232937 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2019-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of foot orthoses used on ground reaction forces, ankle, and knee kinematics when running at preferred and nonpreferred speeds. Sixteen runners ran on instrumented treadmills at various speeds (90%, 100%, and 110% of preferred speed) when wearing arch-support and flat-control orthoses. Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the mean and coefficient of variation of all variables. Results indicated that arch-support orthoses experienced larger maximum loading rates than flat-control orthoses (P = .017, 95% CI, 2.22 to 19.53). Slower speed was related to smaller loading rates (preferred: P = .002, 95% CI, -17.02 to -4.20; faster: P = .003, 95% CI, -29.78 to -6.17), shorter stride length (preferred: P < .001, 95% CI, -0.204 to -0.090; faster: P < .001, 95% CI, -0.382 to -0.237), and longer contact time (preferred: P < .001, 95% CI, 0.006-0.021; faster: 95% CI, 0.012-0.042). In arch-support condition, preferred speed induced higher stride length coefficient of variation (P = .046, 95% CI, 0.035-1.117) than faster speed, while displaying no differences in flat-control condition. These findings suggest that the use of arch-support orthoses would influence impact loading, but not spatial-temporal and joint kinematics in recreational runners.
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Liu Q, Mo S, Cheung VCK, Cheung BMF, Wang S, Chan PPK, Malhotra A, Cheung RTH, Chan RHM. Classification of runners' performance levels with concurrent prediction of biomechanical parameters using data from inertial measurement units. J Biomech 2020; 112:110072. [PMID: 33075666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of runner's performance level is critical to coaching, performance enhancement and injury prevention. Machine learning techniques have been developed to measure biomechanical parameters with body-worn inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. However, a robust method to classify runners is still unavailable. In this paper, we developed two models to classify running performance and predict biomechanical parameters of 30 subjects. We named the models RunNet-CNN and RunNet-MLP based on their architectures: convolutional neural network (CNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP), respectively. In addition, we examined two validation approaches, subject-wise (leave-one-subject-out) and record-wise. RunNet-MLP classified runner's performance levels with an overall accuracy of 97.1%. Our results also showed that RunNet-CNN outperformed RunNet-MLP and gradient boosting decision tree in predicting biomechanical parameters. RunNet-CNN showed good agreement (R2 > 0.9) with the ground-truth reference on biomechanical parameters. The prediction accuracy for the record-wise method was better than the subject-wise method regardless of biomechanical parameters or models. Our findings showed the viability of using IMUs to produce reliable prediction of runners' performance levels and biomechanical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shiwei Mo
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Shenzhen University, China; Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Vincent C K Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, and The Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Shuotong Wang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Peter P K Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, and The Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Akash Malhotra
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia.
| | - Rosa H M Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
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20
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Nardello F, Venturini N, Skroce K, Tarperi C, Schena F. Kinematic and mechanical changes during a long half-marathon race: males and females at uphill/downhill slopes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:350-358. [PMID: 32936571 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the running kinematics and the spring mass model mechanics over an entire half-marathon race in male and female athletes on different slopes (-7%, 0% and +7%). METHODS 59 recreational runners (39 males and 20 females) participated in this study. Their running steps at own best self-selected speed were video recorded during a half-marathon (i.e. in ecological conditions): the kinematic variables (i.e. running speed, stride length and frequency, contact and flight time) were calculated, as well as the spring-mass characteristics (i.e. leg and vertical stiffness) of their running steps. RESULTS Males were able to run with greater speeds and lengths compared to females (P<0.001) but with lower flight times (P<0.05), and they reached higher values of both leg and vertical stiffness (P<0.001). During downhill running, step lengths were larger compared to the level and the uphill (+6%) whereas frequencies slightly decreased (-2%), and aerial times were the greatest ones (+17%). During uphill running, contact times were slightly higher compared to other conditions (+3%), and leg stiffness reached the lowest values (-8%). CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that there are important alterations in running steps in function of sex and surface slope. Importantly, the response to fatigue (i.e. alterations with the covered distance) does not alter these sex differences and is therefore independent of the sloped conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardello
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy -
| | - Nicola Venturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kristina Skroce
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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21
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Uphill walking at iso-efficiency speeds. Biol Sport 2020; 37:247-253. [PMID: 32879546 PMCID: PMC7433331 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.95635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uphill walking gait has been extensively studied, but the optimal uphill speed able to enhance the metabolic demand without increasing fatigability has so far received little attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the metabolic/kinematic demand at constant speed (6 km·h-1 G0 level, G2 2% uphill, G7 7% uphill) and at iso-efficiency speeds (G2IES 5.2 km·h-1 2% uphill and G7IES 3.9 km·h-1 7% uphill). For this aim, physically active women (n:24, Age 33.40 ± 4.97 years, BMI 21.62 ± 2.06 kg/m-2) after an 8-min warm-up were studied on a treadmill for 10' for every walking condition with a 5' rest in between. Average heart rate (AVG-HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and kinematic variables (stance time, swing time, stride length, stride cycle, stride-length variability, stride-cycle variability and internal work) were studied. Modifications in stance time, stride length and stride cycle (p<0.005), and lower internal-work values (p<0.001) occurred in G7IES in comparison to the other conditions. Swing time was significantly modified only in G7IES compared to G0 and G7 (p<0.001 and p<0.005, respectively). Stride-length variability and stride-cycle variability were higher in G7IES compared to the other conditions (p<0.001). G7 induced the highest AVG-HR (p<0.005) and RPE (p<0.001) compared to the other conditions. This study demonstrates that by applying the equation for uphill walking gait, it is possible to maintain a similar metabolic demand and RPE at iso-efficiency speeds during uphill compared to level walking, inducing at the same time a modification of the kinematic parameters of walking gait performed at the same slope condition.
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22
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Michelini A, Eshraghi A, Andrysek J. Two-dimensional video gait analysis: A systematic review of reliability, validity, and best practice considerations. Prosthet Orthot Int 2020; 44:245-262. [PMID: 32507049 DOI: 10.1177/0309364620921290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motion capture systems are widely used to quantify human gait. Two-dimensional (2D) video systems are simple to use, easily accessible, and affordable. However, their performance as compared to other systems (i.e. three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis) is not well established. OBJECTIVES This work provides a comprehensive review of design specifications and performance characteristics (validity and reliability) of two-dimensional motion capture systems. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases from 1990 to 2019 and identified 30 research articles that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS Reliability of measurements of two-dimensional video motion capture was found to vary greatly from poor to excellent. Results relating to validity were also highly variable. Comparisons between the studies were challenging due to differences in protocols, instrumentation, parameters assessed, and analyses performed. CONCLUSIONS Variability in performance could be attributed to study design, gait parameters being measured, and technical aspects. The latter includes camera specifications (i.e. resolution and frame rate), setup (i.e. camera position), and analysis software. Given the variability in performance, additional validation testing may be needed for specific applications involving clinical or research-based assessments, including specific patient populations, gait parameters, mobility tasks, and data collection protocols. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This review article provides guidance on the application of 2D video gait analysis in a clinical or research setting. While not suitable in all instances, 2D gait analysis has promise in specific applications. Recommendations are provided about the patient populations, gait parameters, mobility tasks, and data collection protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Michelini
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arezoo Eshraghi
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Andrysek
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Figueira B, Gonçalves B, Abade E, Paulauskas R, Masiulis N, Sampaio J. Effects of a 4-week combined sloped training program in young basketball players’ physical performance. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Vernillo G, Martinez A, Baggaley M, Khassetarash A, Giandolini M, Horvais N, Edwards WB, Millet GY. Biomechanics of graded running: Part I - Stride parameters, external forces, muscle activations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1632-1641. [PMID: 32396672 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical alterations with graded running have only been partially quantified, and the potential interactions with running speed remain unclear. We measured spatiotemporal parameters, ground reaction forces, and leg muscle activations (EMG) in nineteen adults (10F/9M) running on an instrumented treadmills at 2.50, 3.33, and 4.17 m·s-1 and 0, ±5°, and ±10°. Step frequency illustrated a significant speed × grade interaction (P < .001) and was highest (+3%) at the steepest grade (+10°) and fastest speed (4.17 m·s-1 ) when compared to level running (LR) at the same speed. Significant interaction was also observed for ground reaction forces (all P ≤ .047). Peak ground reaction forces in the normal direction increased with running speed during downhill running (DR) only (+9% at -10° and 4.17 m·s-1 ). Impulse in the normal direction decreased at fastest speed and steepest DR (-9%) and uphill running (UR) (-17%) grades. Average normal loading rate increased and decreased at fastest speed and steepest DR (+52%) and UR (-28%) grades, respectively. Negative parallel impulse increased and decreased at fastest speed and steepest DR (+166%) and UR (-90%), respectively. Positive parallel impulse decreased and increased at fastest speed and steepest DR (-75%) and UR (+111%), respectively. EMG showed comparable u-shaped curves across the grades investigated, although only a change in vastus lateralis and tibilias anterior activity was detectable at the steepest grades and fastest speed. Overall, running grade and speed significantly influences spatiotemporal parameters, ground reaction forces, and muscle activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aaron Martinez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael Baggaley
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Arash Khassetarash
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Horvais
- Innovation and Sport Science Lab, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - William Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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25
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Marchena-Rodriguez A, Ortega-Avila AB, Cervera-Garvi P, Cabello-Manrique D, Gijon-Nogueron G. Review of Terms and Definitions Used in Descriptions of Running Shoes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103562. [PMID: 32438717 PMCID: PMC7277478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aim is to identify and describe the definitions used for different types of running shoes. In addition, we highlight the existence of gaps in these concepts and propose possible new approaches. Methods: This review was undertaken in line with the guidelines proposed by Green et al., based on a literature search (until December 2019) of the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar databases. A total of 23 papers met the inclusion criteria applied to identify the definition of running shoes. RESULTS Although there is a certain consensus on the characteristics of minimalist footwear, it is also described by other terms, such as barefoot-style or barefoot-simulating. Diverse terms are also used to describe other types of footwear, and in these cases, there is little or no consensus regarding their characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The terms barefoot-simulated footwear, barefoot-style footwear, lightweight shoes and full minimalist shoes are all used to describe minimalist footwear. The expressions partial minimalist, uncushioned minimalist and transition shoes are used to describe footwear with non-consensual characteristics. Finally, labels such as shod shoes, standard cushioned running shoes, modern shoes, neutral protective running shoes, conventional, standardised, stability style or motion control shoes span a large group of footwear styles presenting different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marchena-Rodriguez
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Arquitecto Francisco Penalosa 3, Ampliación de Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - Ana Belen Ortega-Avila
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Arquitecto Francisco Penalosa 3, Ampliación de Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (G.G.-N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pablo Cervera-Garvi
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Arquitecto Francisco Penalosa 3, Ampliación de Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (G.G.-N.)
| | - David Cabello-Manrique
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Arquitecto Francisco Penalosa 3, Ampliación de Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (G.G.-N.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain
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26
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Lam WK, Pak LY, Wong CKW, Tan MF, Park SK, Ryu J, Leung AKL. Effects of arch-support orthoses on ground reaction forces and lower extremity kinematics related to running at various inclinations. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1629-1634. [PMID: 32308132 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1754704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While foot orthoses are commonly used in running, little is known regarding biomechanical risk potentials during uphill running. This study investigated the effects of arch-support orthoses on kinetic and kinematic variables when running at different inclinations. Sixteen male participants ran at different inclinations (0°, 3° and 6°) when wearing arch-support and flat orthoses on an instrumented treadmill. Arch-support orthoses induced longer contact time, larger initial ankle dorsiflexion, maximum ankle eversion, and knee sagittal range of motion (RoM) (p < 0.05). As incline slopes increased, vertical impact peak and loading rate, stride length, and ankle coronal RoM decreased, but contact time, stride frequency, initial ankle dorsiflexion and inversion, maximum dorsiflexion, initial knee flexion, and ankle sagittal RoM increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, knee sagittal RoM was lowest when running at an inclination of 3°. The interaction effect indicated that in arch-support condition, participants running at 6° induced higher maximum ankle eversion than running at 0° (p < 0.05), while no differences were found in flat orthosis condition. These findings suggest that the use of arch-support orthoses would influence running biomechanics that is related to injury risks. Running at higher inclination led to more alterations to biomechanical variables than at lower inclination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kai Lam
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Sports Assistive Devices, Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University , Shenyang, China.,Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Limited Company , Beijing, China
| | - Lok-Yee Pak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Charis King-Wai Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Mohammad Farhan Tan
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Limited Company , Beijing, China.,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Sang-Kyoon Park
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Ryu
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aaron Kam-Lun Leung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
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García-Pinillos F, Jerez-Mayorga D, Latorre-Román PÁ, Ramirez-Campillo R, Sanz-López F, Roche-Seruendo LE. How do Amateur Endurance Runners Alter Spatiotemporal Parameters and Step Variability as Running Velocity Increases? a Sex Comparison. J Hum Kinet 2020; 72:39-49. [PMID: 32269646 PMCID: PMC7126251 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the effects of running velocity on spatiotemporal parameters and step variability in amateur endurance runners, according to sex. A group of 51 males and 46 females performed an incremental running test on a treadmill (10-16 km/h). Spatiotemporal parameters (contact and flight time, step length, step frequency and step angle [CT, FT, SL, SF, SA]) and step variability, in terms of within-participant standard deviation (SD), were recorded through the OptoGait System. The ANOVA showed significant differences in the magnitude of the spatiotemporal parameters as running velocity increased (p < 0.001). It also revealed significant differences in step variability (p < 0.005) over the entire running protocol. Between-sex differences in CT, SL, SL-normalized and SF (p < 0.05, ES = 0.4-0.8) were found. Differences were also found in step variability at high velocities (15-16 km/h), with males showing a greater SD than females. In conclusion, increasing running velocity makes CT shorter, FT and SL longer, and SF and SA greater in amateur endurance runners, changing step variability, regardless of sex. Additionally, some between-sex differences were found in spatiotemporal parameters and step variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation. Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile)
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance. Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group. Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Universidad de Los Lagos (Osorno, Chile)
| | - Fernando Sanz-López
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital. Physical Therapy Department (Doha, Qatar)
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28
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Moran MF, Wager JC. Influence of Gait Retraining on Running Economy: A Review and Potential Applications. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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García-Pinillos F, Cartón-Llorente A, Jaén-Carrillo D, Delgado-Floody P, Carrasco-Alarcón V, Martínez C, Roche-Seruendo LE. Does fatigue alter step characteristics and stiffness during running? Gait Posture 2020; 76:259-263. [PMID: 31881479 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Describing the response of spatiotemporal gait characteristics, and related variables such as variability and stiffness, to different stressors is important to better understand spring-mass model. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to examine the effect of fatigue induced by a running protocol on spatiotemporal gait parameters, step variability and vertical (Kvert) and leg stiffness (Kleg) during running on a treadmill. METHODS Twenty-two trained male endurance runners performed a 60-min time trial run. An analysis of spatiotemporal parameters (contact time [CT], flight time [FT], step frequency [SF] and step length [SL]), step variability (in terms of coefficient of variation [CV]) and stiffness was conducted in two different conditions: non-fatigued (before the protocol) and fatigued (after the protocol). RESULTS The pairwise comparisons (i.e., non-fatigued vs. fatigued condition) indicated that temporal parameters (i.e., CT and FT) experienced significant changes (p = 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). Step variability increased in presence of fatigue, with higher CV in CT (p = 0.039), FT (p = 0.005), SF (p = 0.046) and SL (p = 0.027) after the running protocol. The Kleg experienced a reduction in the fatigued condition (p < 0.001) whereas the Kvert remained unchanged (p = 0.602). SIGNIFICANCE The results indicate that fatigue induced by a 60-min time trial run causes some adaptations in spatiotemporal gait characteristics and stiffness in trained endurance runners. Specifically, in the presence of fatigue, the athletes showed greater CT and shorter FT, higher step variability and lower leg stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | | | | | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Vanessa Carrasco-Alarcón
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Cristian Martínez
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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30
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Möhler F, Marahrens S, Ringhof S, Mikut R, Stein T. Variability of running coordination in experts and novices: A 3D uncontrolled manifold analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1187-1196. [PMID: 31952460 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1709561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) approach has been widely used in recent studies to examine variability in daily tasks; however, it has not yet been used to study running or the effects of expertise. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the synergy structure stabilizing the centre of mass (CoM) trajectory in experts compared to novices during running at two different speeds using a subject-specific 3D model. A total of 25 healthy young adults (13 experts, 12 novices) participated in the study. All subjects ran at 10 and 15 km h-1 on a treadmill. In each case, kinematics of 20 consecutive gait cycles were recorded and the effects of expertise and gait cycle phase on the synergy structure were investigated at both speeds. Specifically, the variance affecting the CoM ( U C M ⊥ ) , the variance not affecting the CoM ( U C M ∥ ) , and their ratio ( U C M R a t i o ) were analysed. Descriptively, in both groups there was a synergy stabilizing the CoM trajectory in running. However, the ANOVA showed no differences in U C M R a t i o between the two groups. In novices, U C M ⊥ and U C M ∥ were significantly higher compared to experts at the 15 km h-1 condition. In both groups, there was more variability in the stance phase compared to the flight phase in the majority of cases. The results indicate that experts adopted a more consistent running style. The stride-to-stride variability was diminished but not abolished. This difference was only visible at the 15 km h-1 condition. Furthermore, variability was less constrained in the stance phase compared to the flight phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Möhler
- BioMotion Centre, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sonja Marahrens
- BioMotion Centre, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- BioMotion Centre, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Mikut
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Centre, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Okudaira M, Willwacher S, Kuki S, Yamada K, Yoshida T, Tanigawa S. Three-dimensional CoM energetics, pelvis and lower limbs joint kinematics of uphill treadmill running at high speed. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:518-527. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1710923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Okudaira
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Seita Kuki
- Faculty of Human Science, Osaka University of Economics, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaito Yamada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Tanigawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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33
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García-Pinillos F, García-Ramos A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Latorre-Román PÁ, Roche-Seruendo LE. How Do Spatiotemporal Parameters and Lower-Body Stiffness Change with Increased Running Velocity? A Comparison Between Novice and Elite Level Runners. J Hum Kinet 2019; 70:25-38. [PMID: 31915473 PMCID: PMC6942482 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of running velocity on spatiotemporal parameters and lower-body stiffness of endurance runners, and the influence of the performance level on those adaptations. Twenty-two male runners (novice [NR], n = 12, and elite runners [ER], n = 10) performed an incremental running test with a total of 5 different running velocities (10, 12, 14, 16, 18 km/h). Each condition lasted 1 min (30 s acclimatization period, and 30 s recording period). Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system. Vertical (Kvert) and leg (Kleg) stiffness were calculated according to the sine-wave method. A repeated measures ANOVA (2 x 5, group x velocities) revealed significant adaptations (p < 0.05) to increased velocity in all spatiotemporal parameters and Kvert in both NR and ER. ER showed a greater flight time (FT) and step angle (at 18 km/h) (p < 0.05), longer step length (SL) and lower step frequency (SF) (p < 0.05), whereas no between-group differences were found in contact time (CT) nor in the sub-phases during CT at any speed (p ≥ 0.05). ER also showed lower Kvert values at every running velocity (p < 0.05), and no differences in Kleg (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, lower SF and Kvert and, thereby, longer FT and SL, seem to be the main spatiotemporal characteristics of high-level runners compared to their low-level counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation. Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile)
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada (Granada, Spain)
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Faculty of Education (Concepción, Chile)
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos (Osorno, Chile)
| | - Pedro Á. Latorre-Román
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression. Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n. D2 Building, Dep. 142. 23071Jaen (Spain)
| | - Luis E. Roche-Seruendo
- Universidad San Jorge. Campus Universitario, A23 km 299, 50830. Villanueva de Gállego (Zaragoza, Spain)
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34
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García-Pinillos F, Latorre-Román PÁ, Soto-Hermoso VM, Párraga-Montilla JA, Pantoja-Vallejo A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Roche-Seruendo LE. Agreement between the spatiotemporal gait parameters from two different wearable devices and high-speed video analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222872. [PMID: 31550296 PMCID: PMC6759187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the concurrent validity of two different inertial measurement units for measuring spatiotemporal parameters during running on a treadmill, by comparing data with a high-speed video analysis (VA) at 1,000 Hz. Forty-nine endurance runners performed a running protocol on a treadmill at comfortable velocity (i.e., 3.25 ± 0.36 m.s-1). Those wearable devices (i.e., Stryd™ and RunScribe™ systems) were compared to a high-speed VA, as a reference system for measuring spatiotemporal parameters (i.e. contact time [CT], flight time [FT], step frequency [SF] and step length [SL]) during running at comfortable velocity. The pairwise comparison revealed that the Stryd™ system underestimated CT (5.2%, p < 0.001) and overestimated FT (15.1%, p < 0.001) compared to the VA; whereas the RunScribe™ system underestimated CT (2.3%, p = 0.009). No significant differences were observed in SF and SL between the wearable devices and VA. The intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed an almost perfect association between both systems and high-speed VA (ICC > 0.81). The Bland-Altman plots revealed heteroscedasticity of error (r2 = 0.166) for the CT from the Stryd™ system, whereas no heteroscedasticity of error (r2 < 0.1) was revealed in the rest of parameters. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that both foot pods are valid tools for measuring spatiotemporal parameters during running on a treadmill at comfortable velocity. If the limits of agreement of both systems are considered in respect to high-speed VA, the RunScribe™ seems to be a more accurate system for measuring temporal parameters and SL than the Stryd™ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Víctor M. Soto-Hermoso
- Sport and Health University Research Center (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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35
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Vincent HK, Massengill C, Harris A, Chen C, Wasser JG, Bruner M, Vincent KR. Cadence impact on cardiopulmonary, metabolic and biomechanical loading during downhill running. Gait Posture 2019; 71:186-191. [PMID: 31075662 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distance runners can approach long descents with slow cadence and long steps, or a fast cadence with shorter steps. These approaches differentially affect mechanical loading and energy demand. RESEARCH QUESTION This study determined the cadence range in which biomechanical loads, caloric unit cost and energy cost were simultaneously minimized during downhill running (DR). METHODS Trained runners (N = 40; 25.6 ± 7.2 yr; 42.5% female) participated in this experimental study. Participants ran on an instrumented treadmill while wearing a portable gas analyzer during six conditions: control normal level running (LR) at 0 deg inclination (CON-0); control DR -6 deg inclinaton (CON-6); DR at cadences +/-5% and +/-10% different from CON-6. A motion analysis system was used to capture running motion, and an instrumented treadmill captured force data. Cardiopulmonary measures, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and biomechanical measures (temporal spatial parameters, peak ground reaction forces [GRF], vertical average loading rate [VALR], impulses) were calculated. Caloric unit cost and energy costs were standardized per unit distance. RESULTS Running at -10% cadence increased HR by 10 bpm compared to CON-6 (p < 0.0001). Vertical excursion of the center of mass and step length were greatest in the cadence -10% and least in the cadence +10% conditions (both p < 0.0001). RPEs were higher among all cadence conditions compared to CON-0 (p < 0.0001). Caloric unit costs were lowest in CON-6, and +/5% cadence conditions compared to the CON-0 and +/-10% conditions (-2.1% to -12.3%, respectively; p < 0.05). Peak GRF and VALR were not different among conditions; vertical impulses were greatest in the -10% condition compared to CON-0, CON-6 and +5% and +10% by 11.3-14.5% (p < .001). SIGNIFICANCE Changing cadence across level and downhill stretches is likely not necessary and may actually increase perceived effort of running. Running downhill at cadences that range +/-5% of preferred simultaneously minimize caloric unit cost and impulse loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Vincent
- University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Christopher Massengill
- University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Andrew Harris
- University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Joseph G Wasser
- University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Michelle Bruner
- University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Kevin R Vincent
- University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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36
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Van Oeveren B, De Ruiter C, Hoozemans M, Beek P, Van Dieën J. Inter-individual differences in stride frequencies during running obtained from wearable data. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1996-2006. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1614137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.T. Van Oeveren
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C.J. De Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M.J.M. Hoozemans
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P.J. Beek
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.H. Van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Clermont CA, Phinyomark A, Osis ST, Ferber R. Classification of higher- and lower-mileage runners based on running kinematics. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:249-257. [PMID: 31193319 PMCID: PMC6523820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running-related overuse injuries can result from the combination of extrinsic (e.g., running mileage) and intrinsic risk factors (e.g., biomechanics and gender), but the relationship between these factors is not fully understood. Therefore, the first purpose of this study was to determine whether we could classify higher- and lower-mileage runners according to differences in lower extremity kinematics during the stance and swing phases of running gait. The second purpose was to subgroup the runners by gender and determine whether we could classify higher- and lower-mileage runners in male and female subgroups. METHODS Participants were allocated to the "higher-mileage" group (≥32 km/week; n = 41 (30 females)) or to the "lower-mileage" group (≤25 km; n = 40 (29 females)). Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected during 60 s of treadmill running at a self-selected speed (2.61 ± 0.23 m/s). A support vector machine classifier identified kinematic differences between higher- and lower-mileage groups based on principal component scores. RESULTS Higher- and lower-mileage runners (both genders) could be separated with 92.59% classification accuracy. When subgrouping by gender, higher- and lower-mileage female runners could be separated with 89.83% classification accuracy, and higher- and lower-mileage male runners could be separated with 100% classification accuracy. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate there are distinct kinematic differences between subgroups related to both mileage and gender, and that these factors need to be considered in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angkoon Phinyomark
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI) Foundation, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Sean T. Osis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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38
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Zhang JH, Chan ZYS, Au IPH, An WW, Cheung RTH. Can runners maintain a newly learned gait pattern outside a laboratory environment following gait retraining? Gait Posture 2019; 69:8-12. [PMID: 30658313 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous peak tibial shock gait retraining programs, which were usually conducted on a treadmill, were reported to be effective on impact loading reduction in runners. However, whether the trained runners can translate the training effect at different running modes (treadmill/overground), or running slopes (uphill/downhill), remains unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the training effect from a treadmill-based gait retraining translatable to unconstrained running conditions, including overground and uphill/downhill running? METHODS The peak tibial shock was measured during treadmill/overground running, as well as level/uphill/downhill running before and after a course of treadmill-based gait retraining. The 8-session training aimed to soften footfalls using real-time biofeedback of tibial shock data. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the effect of training, running mode, and running slope, on a group level. Reliable change index of each participant was used to assess the individual response to the training protocol used in this study. RESULTS Eighty percent of the participants were responsive to the gait retraining and managed to reduce their peak tibial shock following training. They managed to translate the training effect to treadmill slope running (Level: p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 1.65; Uphill: p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.91; Downhill: p < 0.05; Cohen's d = 1.29) and overground level running (p = 0.014, Cohen's d = 0.85). However, their peak tibial shock were not reduced during overground slope running (Uphill: p = 0.054; Cohen's d = 0.62; Downhill p = 0.12; Cohen's d = 0.48). SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicated that a newly learned gait pattern may not fully translate to running outside of the laboratory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet H Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ivan P H Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Winko W An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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García-Pinillos F, Latorre-Román PÁ, Ramírez-Campillo R, Párraga-Montilla JA, Roche-Seruendo LE. How does the slope gradient affect spatiotemporal parameters during running? Influence of athletic level and vertical and leg stiffness. Gait Posture 2019; 68:72-77. [PMID: 30465944 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current evidence leaves certain questions unanswered, including whether well-trained athletes adapt to different slope gradients in the same way as amateurs, and whether stiffness influences spatiotemporal adaptations during uphill running. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to determine the effect of different slope gradients (0%-11%) on spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running, taking into account the influence of athletic level, vertical and leg stiffness. METHODS Male endurance runners (12 amateurs, 10 highly-trained) performed a running test on a motorized treadmill. The running velocity was set at 12 km/h, and participants completed six different running conditions (0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11% gradients). Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system. Vertical (Kvert) and leg (Kleg) stiffness were calculated according to the sine-wave method. RESULTS A 2 (amateur; highly-trained) × 6 (running conditions) ANOVA found no significant between-group differences in spatiotemporal parameters at any gradient (P ≥ 0.05); however, significant Kvert and Kleg differences (P < 0.05) were found within both groups with increasing gradients. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that Kleg was strongly associated with contact time (R2 = 0.797, P < 0.001), whereas Kvert was associated with spatiotemporal adaptations to different slope gradients (R2 = 0.547, P = 0.002). SIGNIFICANCE An increased slope gradient (0-11%) at a given running velocity (12 km.h-1) caused spatiotemporal adaptations (i.e., increased CT and SF and decreased FT, SL and SA) regardless of the athletic level of the runner, although a non-significant trend differentiated the adaptations between the amateur and highly-trained groups. The results also indicated that leg stiffness plays a key role in the characteristics of spatiotemporal gait during level running, whereas vertical stiffness is strongly associated with spatiotemporal adaptations when running uphill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation. Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Pedro Á Latorre-Román
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression, Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n. D2 Building, Dep. 142, 23071, Jaen, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Universidad de Los Lagos, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Laboratory of Human Performance, Osorno, Chile.
| | - Juan A Párraga-Montilla
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression, Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n. D2 Building, Dep. 142, 23071, Jaen, Spain.
| | - Luis E Roche-Seruendo
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, A23 km 299, 50830. Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Preece SJ, Bramah C, Mason D. The biomechanical characteristics of high-performance endurance running. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:784-792. [PMID: 30556482 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1554707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The biomechanical profile of high-level endurance runners may represent a useful model that could be used for developing training programmes designed to improve running style. This study, therefore, sought to compare the biomechanical characteristics of high-performance and recreational runners. Kinematic and kinetic measurements were taken during overground running from a cohort of 14 high-performance (8 male) and 14 recreational (8 male) runners, at four speeds ranging from 3.3 to 5.6 m s-1. Two-way ANOVA analysis was then used to explore group and speed effects and principal component analysis used to explore the interdependence of the tested variables. The data showed the high-performance runners to have a gait style characterised by an increased vertical velocity of the centre of mass and a flight time that was 11% longer than the recreational group. The high-performance group were also observed to adopt a forefoot strike pattern, to contact the ground with their foot closer to their body and to have a larger ankle moment. Importantly, although observed group differences were mostly independent of speed, the tested variables showed a high degree of interdependence suggesting an underlying unitary phenomenon. This is the first study to compare high-performance and recreational runners across a full range of kinematic and kinetic variables. The results suggest that high-performance runners maintain stride length with a prolonged aerial phase, rather than by landing with a more extended knee. These findings motivate future intervention studies that should investigate whether recreational runners could benefit from instruction to decrease shank inclination at foot contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Preece
- a Centre for Health Sciences Research , University of Salford , Manchester , UK
| | - Christopher Bramah
- a Centre for Health Sciences Research , University of Salford , Manchester , UK
| | - Duncan Mason
- a Centre for Health Sciences Research , University of Salford , Manchester , UK
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García-Pinillos F, Latorre-Román PA, Ramírez-Campillo R, Párraga-Montilla JA, Roche-Seruendo LE. Minimum time required for assessing step variability during running at submaximal velocities. J Biomech 2018; 80:186-195. [PMID: 30243499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the minimum time required for assessing spatiotemporal variability during continuous running at different submaximal velocities and, thereby, the number of steps required. Nineteen trained endurance runners performed an incremental running protocol, with a 3-min recording period at 10, 12, 14 and 16 km/h. Spatiotemporal parameters (contact and flight times, step length and step frequency) were measured using the OptoGait system and step variability was considered for each parameter, in terms of within-participants standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV%). Step variability was considered over six different durations at every velocity tested: 0-10 s, 0-20 s, 0-30 s, 0-60 s, 0-120 s and 0-180 s. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences in the magnitude of the four spatiotemporal parameters between the recording intervals at each running velocity tested (p ≥ 0.05, ICC > 0.90). The post-hoc analysis confirmed no significant differences in step variability (SD and CV% of each spatiotemporal parameter at any velocity tested) between measurements. The Bland-Altman limits of agreement method showed that longer recording intervals yield smaller systematic bias, random errors, and narrower limits of agreement, regardless of running velocity. The results suggest that the duration of the recording period required to estimate spatiotemporal variability plays an important role in the accuracy of the measurement, regardless of running velocity (10-16 km/h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Pedro A Latorre-Román
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression, Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n, D2 Building, Dep. 142, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
| | - Juan A Párraga-Montilla
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression, Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n, D2 Building, Dep. 142, 23071 Jaen, Spain.
| | - Luis E Roche-Seruendo
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Chan ZYS, Au IPH, Lau FOY, Ching ECK, Zhang JH, Cheung RTH. Does maximalist footwear lower impact loading during level ground and downhill running? Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1083-1089. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1472298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Y. S. Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan P. H. Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Fannie O. Y. Lau
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Eric C. K. Ching
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Janet H. Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Roy T. H. Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Gómez-Molina J, Ogueta-Alday A, Stickley C, Cámara J, Cabrejas-Ugartondo J, García-López J. Differences in Spatiotemporal Parameters Between Trained Runners and Untrained Participants. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2169-2175. [PMID: 28731978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gómez-Molina, J, Ogueta-Alday, A, Stickley, C, Tobalina, JC, Cabrejas-Ugartondo, J, and García-López, J. Differences in spatiotemporal parameters between trained runners and untrained participants. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2169-2175, 2017-The aim of this study was to compare the spatiotemporal parameters of trained runners and untrained participants with the same foot strike pattern (rearfoot) during running at controlled speeds. Twenty-one participants were classified in 2 groups according to their training experience: Trained (n = 10, amateur runners with long distance training experience) and Untrained (n = 11, healthy untrained participants). Anthropometric variables were recorded, and the participants performed both a submaximal (between 9 and 15 km·h) and a graded exercise running test (from 6 km·h until exhaustion) on a treadmill. Physiological (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, heart rate, running economy [RE], peak speed …) and biomechanical variables (contact and flight times, step rate, and length) were simultaneously registered. Trained runners showed higher step rate and shorter step length than the Untrained group at the same running speeds (between 4 and 7%, p ≤ 0.05) and at the same physiological intensities (between 7 and 11%, p ≤ 0.05). However, there were no differences in contact and flight times between groups. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) and large effect sizes (Cohen's d) between groups were found for body mass, sum of 6 skinfolds, V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, peak speed, and ventilatory threshold and respiratory compensation threshold speeds. The Trained group also showed a ∼7% better RE (ml·kg·km) than the Untrained group. In conclusion, adopting higher step rate and shorter step length may be an adaptive mechanism of the Trained group to reduce injury risk and possibly improve RE. However, contact and flight times were consistent regardless of training level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Gómez-Molina
- 1Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; 2Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, College of Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; 3Departament of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Santiago Apostol, SACYL, Miranda de Ebro, Spain; and 4Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Kuo TBJ, Li JY, Chen CY, Lin YC, Tsai MW, Lin SP, Yang CCH. Influence of Accelerometer Placement and/or Heart Rate on Energy Expenditure Prediction during Uphill Exercise. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:127-133. [PMID: 28850303 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1306481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies using a triaxial accelerometer and heart rate (HR) simultaneously for estimating energy expenditure (EE) during uphill exercise are rare. Exploring the optimal location for placing the accelerometer for predicting EE during uphill exercise is essential. Sixteen healthy male participants (M ± SEM; age 25.00 ± 0.61 years; body weight 74.13 ± 2.51 kg; body height 1.74 ± 0.01 m; body mass index 24.30 ± 0.63 kg/m2) exercised on a treadmill under 12 conditions (4 speeds and 3 gradients) on 3 days. Triaxial accelerometers, an HR recorder, and a metabolic measurement system were simultaneously used. Accelerometer outputs from various anatomical locations (upper arm, chest, lower back, waist, thigh, and instep) showed significant positive correlations with EE (0.819, 0.846, 0.816, 0.820, 0.672, and 0.669, respectively; p < .05). The linear regression equation for changes in HR showed the highest coefficient of determination (r2) of .837 with 87.9% reliability. When the HR signal was included, the r2 value (> .842) and reliability (87.9%) between the accelerometer outputs and EE improved. Accelerometer outputs from the waist position alone provide highly accurate EE values. Using both accelerometer outputs and HR for EE estimation during uphill exercise is feasible and improves the accuracy of EE prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry B J Kuo
- a Institute of Brain Science , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Sleep Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Department of Education and Research , Taipei City Hospital , Taiwan.,d Brain Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,e Institute of Biophotonics , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,f Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine , National Central University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- a Institute of Brain Science , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Sleep Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,g Department of Health and Leisure Management , Yuanpei University of Medical Technology , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- b Sleep Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,e Institute of Biophotonics , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- a Institute of Brain Science , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Sleep Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Mei-Wun Tsai
- h Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Lin
- i Physical Education Office , China University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Cheryl C H Yang
- a Institute of Brain Science , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Sleep Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Department of Education and Research , Taipei City Hospital , Taiwan.,d Brain Research Center , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
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45
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The metabolic costs of walking and running up a 30-degree incline: implications for vertical kilometer foot races. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1869-1876. [PMID: 28695271 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vertical kilometer (VK) races, in which runners gain 1000 m of elevation in <5000 m of distance, are becoming popular. However, few studies on steep uphill running (>25°) exist. Previously, we determined that ~30° is the optimal angle for uphill running, costing the least amount of metabolic energy for a specific vertical velocity. To inform the training and strategy of VK racers, we quantified the metabolic cost of walking and running at various velocities up a 30° incline. METHODS At 30°, 11 experienced runners (7 M, 4 F, 30.8 ± 7.9 years, 1.71 ± 0.08 m, 66.7 ± 9.4 kg) walked and ran for 5-min trials with 5-min rest between. Starting at 0.3 ms-1, we increased treadmill velocity by 0.1 ms-1 for each trial until subjects could not maintain the set velocity. We measured oxygen uptake (ml O2 kg-1 min-1) and metabolic power (W kg-1 = metabolic energy per unit time per unit body mass) and calculated metabolic costs of walking (C w) and running (C r) per unit distance (J kg-1 m-1). RESULTS Oxygen uptake and metabolic power increased linearly with velocity. Between 0.3 and 0.7 ms-1, C w < C r. At 0.8 ms-1 there was no difference and extrapolation suggests that at faster velocities, running likely costs less than walking. CONCLUSION On a 30° incline, metabolic power increases linearly with velocity. At speeds slower than 0.7 ms-1, walking requires less metabolic power than running (W kg-1) suggesting most VK racers should walk rather than run.
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Vernillo G, Giandolini M, Edwards WB, Morin JB, Samozino P, Horvais N, Millet GY. Biomechanics and Physiology of Uphill and Downhill Running. Sports Med 2016; 47:615-629. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Paul S, Lester M, Foreman K, Dibble L. Validity and Reliability of Two-Dimensional Motion Analysis for Quantifying Postural Deficits in Adults With and Without Neurological Impairment. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1165-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.S. Paul
- Department of Physical Therapy; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah 84108
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; New South Wales 2050 Australia
| | - M.E. Lester
- Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy; US Army-Baylor University; Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston Texas 78234
| | - K.B. Foreman
- Department of Physical Therapy; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah 84108
| | - L.E. Dibble
- Department of Physical Therapy; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah 84108
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Preece SJ, Mason D, Bramah C. How do elite endurance runners alter movements of the spine and pelvis as running speed increases? Gait Posture 2016; 46:132-4. [PMID: 27131190 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Elite endurance runners are characterised by their performance ability and higher running economy. However, there is relatively little research aimed at identifying the biomechanical characteristics of this group. This study aimed to understand how motions of the pelvis, lumbar spine and thorax change with speed in a cohort of elite endurance runners (n=14) and a cohort of recreational runners (n=14). Kinematic data were collected during over ground running at four speeds ranging from 3.3 to 5.6ms(-1) and a linear mixed model used to understand the effect of speed on both range of motion and mean sagittal inclination. The results showed the two groups to exhibit similar changes in range of motion as speed was increased, with the most pronounced increases being observed in the transverse plane. However, the adaptation of thorax inclination with speed differed between the two groups. Whereas the recreational runners increased thorax inclination as running speed was increased, elite endurance runners consistently maintained a more upright thorax position. This is the first study to identify specific differences in upper body motions between recreational and elite runners and the findings may have implications for training protocols aimed at improving running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Preece
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Manchester, M6 6PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Duncan Mason
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Manchester, M6 6PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher Bramah
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Manchester, M6 6PU, United Kingdom.
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Satkunskienė D, Stasiulis A, Zaičenkovienė K, Sakalauskaitė R, Rauktys D. Effect of Muscle-Damaging Eccentric Exercise on Running Kinematics and Economy for Running at Different Intensities. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2404-11. [PMID: 25774624 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the changes in running kinematics and economy during running at different intensities 1 and 24 hours after a muscle-damaging bench-stepping exercise. Healthy, physically active adult women were recruited for this study. The subjects' running kinematics, heart rate, gas exchange, minute ventilation, and perceived exertion were continuously recorded during the increasing-intensity running test on a treadmill for different testing conditions: a control condition and 1 and 24 hours after the bench-stepping exercise test. Two muscle damage markers, muscle soreness and blood creatine kinase (CK) activity, were measured before and 24 hours after the stepping exercise. Muscle soreness and blood CK activity were significantly altered (exact p ≤ 0.05, Monte Carlo test) 24 hours after the bench-stepping exercise. The stride length, stride frequency, and support time at different running intensities did not change. Twenty-four hours after the previous step exercise, ankle dorsiflexion in the support phase was significantly higher during severe-intensity running, the range of knee flexion at the stance phase was significantly lower during moderate-intensity running, and knee flexion at the end of the amortization phase was significantly lower during heavy-intensity running compared with the control values (exact p ≤ 0.05, Monte Carlo test). The running economy at moderate and heavy intensities, maximum ventilation, and maximum heart rate did not change. We conclude that, given moderate soreness in the calf muscles 24 hours after eccentric exercise, the running kinematics are slightly but significantly changed without a detectable effect on running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danguolė Satkunskienė
- 1Institute of Sport Science and Innovations; 2Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation; and 3Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Giovanelli N, Ortiz ALR, Henninger K, Kram R. Energetics of vertical kilometer foot races; is steeper cheaper? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:370-5. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00546.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical kilometer foot races consist of a 1,000-m elevation gain in <5,000 m of overall distance, and the inclines of the fastest courses are ∼30°. Previous uphill locomotion studies have focused on much shallower angles. We aimed to quantify the metabolic costs of walking and running on very steep angles and to biomechanically distinguish walking from running. Fifteen runners (10 male, 5 female, 32.9 ± 7.5 yr, 1.75 ± 0.09 m, 64.3 ± 9.1 kg) walked and ran for 5 min at seven different angles (9.4, 15.8, 20.4, 24.8, 30.0, 35.0, and 39.2°) all at a fixed vertical velocity (0.35 m/s). We measured the metabolic rates and calculated the vertical costs of walking (Cwvert) and running (Crvert). Using video analysis, we determined stride frequency, stride length, and duty factor (fraction of stride that each foot is in ground contact). At all angles other than 9.4°, Cwvert was cheaper than Crvert (average −8.45 ± 1.05%; P < 0.001). Further, broad minima for both Cwvert and Crvert existed between 20.4 and 35.0° (average Cwvert 44.17 ± 0.41 J·kg−1·m−1 and average Crvert 48.46 ± 0.35 J·kg−1·m−1). At all angles and speeds tested, both walking and running involved having at least one foot on the ground at all times. However, in walking, stride frequency and stride length were ∼28% slower and longer, respectively, than in running. In conclusion, we found that there is a range of angles for which energy expenditure is minimized. At the vertical velocity tested, on inclines steeper than 15.8°, athletes can reduce their energy expenditure by walking rather than running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giovanelli
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; and
- Locomotion Laboratory, Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Amanda Louise Ryan Ortiz
- Locomotion Laboratory, Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Keely Henninger
- Locomotion Laboratory, Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Rodger Kram
- Locomotion Laboratory, Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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