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Barros LKS, Oliveira AC, Vale TS, Dos Santos GA, Moreira DVS, Pinheiro AS, Dos Santos RG, da Silva ISB, de Souza TAVM, Ribeiro DL, da Silva P, Moreira SR. Association Between Anthropometry and Motor Performance With Competitive Indicators of Women Athletes in the Capoeira World Games: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2025; 20:207-212. [PMID: 39662476 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to verify the association of anthropometric and motor variables with the competitive indicators of female athletes in the ABADÁ-Capoeira (Associação Brasileira de Apoio e Desenvolvimento da Arte Capoeira) World Games. METHODS Forty-two capoeira athletes from 15 countries (capoeira experience = 15.1 [7.9] y, age = 32.1 [8.8] y, body mass = 63.2 [6.3] kg, and height = 161.8 [4.4] cm) were recruited for anthropometric and motor evaluation of sit and reach, push-up, trunk flexion, countermovement jump (CMJ), and quadrant jump (QDJ). Each athlete's ranking and stage scores in the competition were obtained as indicators of competitive performance. RESULTS There were inverse correlations between abdominal circumference, body mass index, body fat percentage, and endomorphy with motor variables (rho = -.36 to -.46; P < .05). Positive correlations of motor performance with competitive performance indicators were evidenced, being between the average increment score with the CMJ (rho = .33; P < .05) and the QDJ (rho = .35; P < .05), and between the competition score with the CMJ (rho = .32; P < .05) and the QDJ (rho = .32; P < .05). Additionally, the motor performance of trunk flexion (β = 0.11; odds ratio = 1.126; 95% CI, 1.025-1.238), QDJ (β = 0.21; odds ratio = 1.239; 95% CI, 1.022-1.503), and CMJ (β = 0.20; odds ratio = 1.230; 95% CI, 1.029-1.471) predicted competition stage advancement. CONCLUSIONS Associations occurred between anthropometry and motor performance, and this was predictive of competitive indicators of female capoeira athletes in international competition. Such information may contribute to an optimized and effective training process aimed at the integral improvement of capoeira practitioners' body composition and motor skills, especially to improve localized muscular endurance of the upper limbs and abdomen, as well as agility and power of the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrana K S Barros
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Ariel C Oliveira
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Thamires S Vale
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Geovani A Dos Santos
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Débora Vitória S Moreira
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Pinheiro
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Dos Santos
- Tutorial Education Program, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Ilma Sabrina B da Silva
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Davi L Ribeiro
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Priscila da Silva
- Graduate Program of Health and Biological Science, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Sérgio R Moreira
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
- Tutorial Education Program, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
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Metoyer CJ, Sullivan K, Winchester LJ, Richardson MT, Esco MR, Fedewa MV. Body composition estimates using a 2D image analysis system across different environmental conditions: An agreement study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300518. [PMID: 38282462 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the agreement between %Fat measurements using a smartphone-based application (IMAGE) across different environmental conditions. METHODS A single reference image was obtained using an 8 MP smartphone camera under Ambient Light in front of a white background. Additional photos were obtained using a 0.7 MP, 5 MP, and 12 MP smartphone cameras; low-, moderate-, and bright-lighting conditions; and various color backgrounds including black, green, orange, and gray. RESULTS %Fat measured using the 0.7 MP camera (27.8 ± 6.2 %Fat) was higher than the reference (26.8 ± 6.1 %Fat) (p < 0.001). The black (32.0 ± 12.0 %Fat), green (27.5 ± 6.3 %Fat), and gray (27.8 ± 6.3 %Fat) backgrounds yielded higher %Fat than the white (p = 0.03, 0.01, and 0.001). All camera, lighting, and background conditions were strongly correlated with the reference (all intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] >0.98, all standard error of the estimate [SEE] <1.5 %Fat, all p < 0.001), except the black background which yielded poorer agreement with the white background (ICC = 0.69, SEE = 4.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION %Fat from IMAGE were strongly correlated across various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Metoyer
- Notre Dame Sports Performance, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Katherine Sullivan
- Division of Kinesiology, Health & Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lee J Winchester
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark T Richardson
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael V Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Sebastiá-Rico J, Martínez-Sanz JM, Sanchis-Chordà J, Alonso-Calvar M, López-Mateu P, Romero-García D, Soriano JM. Supplement Consumption by Elite Soccer Players: Differences by Competitive Level, Playing Position, and Sex. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:496. [PMID: 38391871 PMCID: PMC10887827 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Soccer is a sport practiced all over the world and whose practice begins in young athletes. Currently, the consumption of nutritional supplements is essential to achieve the maximum performance of players. The aim of this study was to describe the consumption of sports supplements (CSS) by elite soccer players and its association with their competitive level, playing position, and sex. A comparative descriptive and non-experimental study was performed during the 2021-2022 competitive season. A total of 70 elite players completed one online questionnaire about their CSS. We found that sports drinks (55.7%), sports bars (50.0%), whey protein (48.6%), caffeine (47.1%), and creatine (60.0%) were the most consumed supplements by the total sample. Relative to the categories, the CSS was higher in the senior teams for both men and women. Regarding playing positions, caffeine was more consumed by midfielders and forwards (p = 0.013). Finally, in relation to sex, significant differences were found in the consumption of sports confectionery (p = 0.036), whey protein (p = 0.002), β-alanine (p = 0.013), and melatonin (p = 0.016). Soccer club SS questionnaires gather data to understand patterns, assess effectiveness and risks, and aid research. In conclusion, differences were found in the CSS according to competitive level, sex, and playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Sebastiá-Rico
- Area of Nutrition, University Clinic of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Physiotherapy (CUNAFF), Lluís Alcanyís Foundation-University of Valencia, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel Alonso-Calvar
- Area of High Conditional Performance, Academia Valencia CF SAD, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Mateu
- Area of Medical Services, Academia Valencia CF SAD, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - Jose M Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Joint Research Unit of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe-University of Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Sebastiá-Rico J, Soriano JM, Sanchis-Chordà J, Alonso-Calvar M, López-Mateu P, Romero-García D, Martínez-Sanz JM. Dietary Habits of Elite Soccer Players: Variations According to Competitive Level, Playing Position and Sex. Nutrients 2023; 15:4323. [PMID: 37892399 PMCID: PMC10609682 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soccer is a sport practiced worldwide by both men and women, where nutrition plays a fundamental role in the performance of soccer players, providing them with the nutrients necessary for energy, muscle recovery and injury prevention. The aim of this study is to describe the dietary habits in elite soccer players and their association with their competitive level, playing position and sex. A descriptive and non-experimental comparative study was conducted during the 2021-2022 competitive season. A total of 105 players belonging to a Spanish elite soccer team completed a food frequency questionnaire (FCFQ). It was observed that male players presented a higher consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods (p < 0.05), fermented foods (p = 0.014), frozen foods (p = 0.049) and red meat (p = 0.012) compared to female players, with the exception of lean meats, which were higher in females (p = 0.012). Furthermore, the U16-15 categories stand out for consuming carbohydrate-rich foods such as pasta (p = 0.000), bread (p = 0.004) and sweets (p = 0.046), as well as frozen foods (p = 0.002). Finally, alcohol consumption is higher in the senior categories (42.9%), where men are more likely to drink mixed drinks (6.2%), and beer and wine by women (10.7%). Practically no differences were found between the playing positions. In conclusion, differences were found in FCFQ according to competitive level and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Sebastiá-Rico
- Area of Nutrition, University Clinic of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Physiotherapy (CUNAFF), Lluís Alcanyís Foundation—University of Valencia, 46020 Valencia, Spain;
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jose M. Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Joint Research Unit of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe—University of Valencia, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Alonso-Calvar
- Area of High Conditional Performance, Academia Valencia CF SAD, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Mateu
- Area of Medical Services, Academia Valencia CF SAD, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - David Romero-García
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Dzator S, Weerasekara I, Shields M, Haslam R, James D. Agreement Between Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectric Impedance Analysis for Assessing Body Composition in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:557-568. [PMID: 36853902 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) in the assessment of body composition in athletes. DATA SOURCES A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted collating peer-reviewed studies that compared BIA with DXA for the assessment of body composition in athletes that indexed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases. MAIN RESULTS After duplicate removal, 267 articles remained for full-text screening. Sixty-three studies remained for the final inclusion, with 8 focused on athletes (n = 461). Five studies were included in the meta-analysis and were rated as positive after risk of bias assessment, whereas the remaining were neutral. BIA overestimated fat-free mass (FFM) over DXA 2.78 (1.38-4.18) (mean difference ± 95% CI) with an effect size of 3.9( P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS BIA was found to overestimate total FFM when compared with DXA. Correlations are high between BIA and DXA; however, the limits of agreement are wide. Hence, BIA may not be a suitable substitute for DXA body composition scanning of athletes. Because of the low level of ionizing radiation exposure, the use of DXA should always be medically justified, and therefore, it is not recommended for repeat, longitudinal measurements in healthy subjects.We recommend that clinicians do not use BIA interchangeably with DXA in the assessment of body composition in athletes. Considerations should be made over the safety and appropriateness of DXA in young healthy adults. For long-term use, BIA can be warranted for athletes.PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42020183777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dzator
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Ishanka Weerasekara
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Department of Health and Functioning, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applies Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- School of Allied Health Science and Practice, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Melissa Shields
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Rebecca Haslam
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Daphne James
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Gogojewicz A, Straburzyńska-Lupa A, Podgórski T, Frajtag P, Bibrowicz K, Śliwicka E. Assessment of the Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Polish Professional Futsal Players: A Descriptive Study-Do Futsal Players Require Nutritional Education? Nutrients 2023; 15:3720. [PMID: 37686752 PMCID: PMC10490003 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Futsal is a discipline with high training and nutritional requirements. Despite growing research interest in athletes' diet and nutritional status, no studies have examined Polish male futsal players. Therefore, the aim of this descriptive study was an assessment of the dietary intake and nutritional status in a selected group of futsal players. The study comprised 11 members of a top Polish futsal team (aged 26 ± 3.62 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized 3-day food record. Body composition, total energy expenditure, physical fitness level, and concentrations of the biochemical indices of each participant were estimated. The energy availability in the diet was lower than recommended. Moreover, low consumption of carbohydrates was stated, as well as an inadequate intake of Vitamins E and D. Higher protein and cholesterol intake than recommended were also observed. To conclude, our results point to the need for educating athletes and coaches, particularly teaching about proper food choices, promoting quality foods, and, in some cases, using individual dietary plans to meet energy and nutrient needs. Nutrition education would help to improve their dietary and health habits and optimize their performance in sports training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gogojewicz
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anna Straburzyńska-Lupa
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-L.); (P.F.)
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Paulina Frajtag
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-L.); (P.F.)
| | - Karol Bibrowicz
- Department Science and Research Center of Body Posture, Kazimiera Milanowska College of Education and Therapy, 61-473 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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Figueiredo Machado CL, Nakamura FY, de Andrade MX, Dos Santos GC, Carlet R, Brusco CM, Reischak-Oliveira A, Voser RDC, Pinto RS. Total and regional body composition are related with aerobic fitness performance in elite futsal players. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 35:164-168. [PMID: 37330764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Body composition (i.e., fat and lean mass profile) has been related to aerobic performance, an essential capacity for futsal athletes. The present study aimed to verify the relationship between total and regional body composition (percentage of fat and lean mass) with aerobic performance in elite futsal players. Male professional futsal athletes (n = 44) from two Brazilian National Futsal League teams and athletes representing the National team participated in this study. Body composition was evaluated using DXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and aerobic fitness by ergospirometry. There was a negative (p < 0.05) correlation between maximum oxygen uptake and maximal velocity reached with total body (r = -0.53; r = -0.58), trunk (r = -0.52; r = -0.56) and lower-limb (r = -0.46; r = -0.55) fat mass percentage. Lower-limb lean mass percentage had a positive (p < 0.05) correlation with maximum oxygen uptake (r = 0.46) and maximal velocity (r = 0.55). In conclusion, total and regional body composition present a relationship with aerobic performance in professional futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Machado
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia (ISMAI), Portugal
| | - Marcos Xavier de Andrade
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina Dos Santos
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Carlet
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Muller Brusco
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogério da Cunha Voser
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Penitente G, Young HA, Sands WA, McNeal JR. A Classification of Fitness Components in Elite Alpine Skiers: A Cluster Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105841. [PMID: 37239567 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The current study is an exploratory, secondary data analysis of a selection of physiological and biomechanical fitness components used to assess elite alpine skiers. The present study will provide new knowledge that can be used to aid training prescription and talent identification. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify groups of variables that are crucial for elite alpine skiers and differences based on sex and competition level. The key findings of the study are the patterns that emerged in the generated dendrograms. Physiological and biomechanical fitness components are differentiated in the dendrograms of male and female world-cup-level alpine skiers, but not in non-world-cup athletes. Components related to the aerobic and anaerobic capacity tightly cluster in male athletes at world cup and non-world-cup level, and female world cup athletes. Lower body explosive force production appears to be more critical in male world cup athletes than female world cup athletes. More research is needed into the importance of isometric strength in the lower body. Future research should use larger sample sizes and consider other alpine ski demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Penitente
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Hayden A Young
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | | | - Jeni R McNeal
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004-2431, USA
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Berral-Aguilar AJ, Schröder-Vilar S, Rojano-Ortega D, Berral-de la Rosa FJ. Body Composition, Somatotype and Raw Bioelectrical Impedance Parameters of Adolescent Elite Tennis Players: Age and Sex Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:17045. [PMID: 36554925 PMCID: PMC9778760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies analyzing tennis players' body composition and morphological and bioelectrical characteristics are scarce, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to explore sex- and age-based differences in body composition, somatotype, and bioelectrical properties among elite young male and female tennis players aged 13-16 years. Twenty-two male (14.45 ± 1.10 years) and 20 female (14.30 ± 1.03 years) elite tennis players participated in this study and were compared according to sex (males vs. females) and, within each sex, according to age (13-14 years vs. 15-16 years). Female adolescent elite tennis players had higher body fat (BF) percentage and higher endomorphy than males. They also had lower skeletal muscle mass and total body water (TBW) percentages. Older boys had lower resistance and a higher TBW and phase angle (PhA) than younger boys, likely due to maturation and performance. No significant differences were found between younger and older girls, except for the PhA, potentially associated with better cell function and performance. This study provides valuable reference data for coaches of elite youth tennis players. Due to the few differences found in body composition and somatotype in the different age groups, the PhA may be used by practitioners as a reference for cell function and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Berral-Aguilar
- CTS-595 Research Group, Department of Informatics and Sports, University Pablo de Olavide, 41014 Seville, Spain
| | - Susana Schröder-Vilar
- Tennis Empowerment Center (T.E.C.) Carles Ferrer Salat, Can Marlés, 08960 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojano-Ortega
- CTS-595 Research Group, Department of Informatics and Sports, University Pablo de Olavide, 41014 Seville, Spain
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Dimitrova A, Ivanova-Pandourska I. Effect of sports training on morphological characteristics in Bulgarian female tennis players. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2022; 64:309-313. [DOI: 10.3897/folmed.64.e63960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The intensity of tennis training together with specific exercises may be reflected in the morphological profile of tennis players.
Aim: To evaluate the impact of sports training on the body composition of female tennis players in the 11–13-year competition category.
Materials and methods: The study included an experimental group of 27 female tennis players (mean age 12.43±0.91 years) and 115 schoolgirls (mean age 12.55±0.88 years) as a control group. The following features were investigated: body height, body weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, muscle mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, percentage of body fat, total body water. The visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue were computed using the Brambilla’s equation.
Results: In comparison with the control group, tennis players have higher values of muscle mass (p<0.04), total body water (p<0.05), fat-free mass (p<0.04) and lower values of body fat percentage (p<0.04). The rest of the parameters were not found to have statistically significant differences.
Conclusions: We conclude that sports training influences some morphological parameters of female tennis players.
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Leão C, Silva AF, Badicu G, Clemente FM, Carvutto R, Greco G, Cataldi S, Fischetti F. Body Composition Interactions with Physical Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Study in Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3598. [PMID: 35329288 PMCID: PMC8950089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to: (i) analyze fat mass and physical fitness variations among age-groups and playing positions, and (ii) explore the relationship between fat mass and physical fitness in youth male soccer players. A total of 66 players from under-16, under-17, and under-19 were tested. Body mass, skinfolds, countermovement jump (CMJ), single-leg triple hop jump (SLTH), bilateral triple hop jump (BTH), and yo-yo intermittent recovery Level 2 (YYIR-2) were assessed. A two- and one-way ANOVA were conducted, and the effect size was measured. Interactions were found in skin folds and fat mass. The under-19 group was taller, heavier, with a greater BMI and muscle mass than the under-16 group. They also exceeded the under-16 and under-17 in SLTH, BTH, and YYIRT-2. The under-17 group jumped higher and longer than under-16 group. Goalkeepers were taller and heavier than the midfielders. Central defenders were taller and had more muscle mass than midfielders and were heavier than the midfielders and wingers. The wingers jumped higher than the midfielders and showed better YYIRT-2. BMI was small correlated with YYIRT-2 and moderately with CMJ. Fat mass had a moderate negative correlation with CMJ and YYIRT-2. Muscle mass largely correlated with CMJ, UTH, very large with BTH and moderate with YYIRT-2. Summarily, with increasing age, better performances and body compositions were registered. Muscle mass better influences performance than body fat. Body composition can distinguish players positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leão
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (C.L.); (A.F.S.); (F.M.C.)
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (C.L.); (A.F.S.); (F.M.C.)
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (C.L.); (A.F.S.); (F.M.C.)
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Roberto Carvutto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.)
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Schomöller A, Schugardt M, Kotsch P, Mayer F. The Effect of Body Composition on Cycling Power During an Incremental Test in Young Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3225-3231. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Ghiani G, Roberto S, Mura R, Fois F, Scorcu M, Crisafulli A. Body composition changes during the lockdown-restart transition due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a group of professional football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:649-653. [PMID: 34651614 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the beginning of March 2020, because of the ongoing pandemic, all sport events were suspended in Italy. The Italian Serie A league abruptly interrupted all competitions and teams could not train in a group anymore. These containment measures were gradually eased in May. The aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of the lockdown-restart transition on the body composition of a group of Italian footballers of a Serie A team during the pandemic. METHODS The body composition of 18 male football players (age27.6 ± 4.5 yr.) from an Italian Serie A team was studied by bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Measures were conducted after lockdown, when they restarted to train in group with the ball (T0), and after the first regular match (T1). RESULTS Results show that there were no changes in body mass, body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, and total body water between T0 and T1. Differently, intracellular water, extracellular water, and phase angle were changed. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the lockdown did not have any impact in athletes' body composition as they kept training at home. Moreover, the BIA method was able to detect subtle signals of shift in body water compartments (intra cellular and extra cellular water) likely due to the different kind of training conducted during and after the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ghiani
- Sports Physiology Lab., Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy -
| | - Silvana Roberto
- Sports Physiology Lab., Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Sports Physiology Lab., Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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14
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Andari NNI, Dieny FF, Tsani AA, Fitranti DY, Widyastuti N. Diet Quality, Nutritional Status, and Haemoglobin Level of Female Adolescent Athletes in Endurance and Non Endurance Sports. AMERTA NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v5i2.2021.140-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Based on the duration and intensity of the exercise, sports can b classified into two types: endurance and non endurance (strength and power). Endurance sports is a high risk sport with low diet quality, nutritional status (body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage), and haemoglobin level. Objectives: The aimed of this study is to analyze the differences of diet quality, nutritionl status, and haemoglobin level of female adolescent athletes in endurance and non endurance sports. Methods: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 23 endurance athletes and 21 non endurance athletes in BBLOP Central Java, UNNES swimming and athletic sports club, and Salatiga atlhetic sports club. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling. BMI and body was measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (Tanita DC-360). Haemoglobin level was assessed by cyanmethemoglobin method. Diet quality was measured by semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) form. Data was analyzed by independent t-test and Mann-Whitney. Results: The majority of nutritional status based on BMI and perventage body fat in endurance and non endurance athlete were normal. About 9,5% of non endurance athlete had anemia. There were significant difference in diet quality (p=0,029) and variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake (p<0,001; p=0,028; p=0,045; p<0,001) of endurance and non endurance athletes, but no significant difference in body fat percentage (p=0,573) and haemoglobin level (p=0,714). Conclusion: There were significant difference on diet quality, variety of protein source, iron, vitamin C, and empty calorie foods intake between endurance and non endurance athletes.
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Gender Differences in Kinematic Analysis of the Lower Limbs during the Chasse Step in Table Tennis Athletes. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060703. [PMID: 34200563 PMCID: PMC8229901 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The chasse step is one of the most important footwork maneuvers used in table tennis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb kinematic differences of table tennis athletes of different genders when using the chasse step. The 3D VICON motion analysis system was used to capture related kinematics data. The main finding of this study was that the step times for male athletes (MA) were shorter in the backward phase (BP) and significantly longer in the forward phase (FP) than for female athletes (FA) during the chasse step. Compared with FA, knee external rotation for MA was larger during the BP. MA showed a smaller knee flexion range of motion (ROM) in the BP and larger knee extension ROM in the FP. Moreover, hip flexion and adduction for MA were significantly greater than for FA. In the FP, the internal rotational velocity of the hip joint was significantly greater. MA showed larger hip internal rotation ROM in the FP but smaller hip external rotation ROM in the BP. The differences between genders can help coaches personalize their training programs and improve the performance of both male and female table tennis athletes.
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Ishizu T, Takai E, Torii S, Taguchi M. Prebiotic Food Intake May Improve Bone Resorption in Japanese Female Athletes: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060082. [PMID: 34200082 PMCID: PMC8227222 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to clarify the influence of inulin and lactulose-fortified prebiotic food intakes on bone metabolism turnover among Japanese female athletes. The participants included 29 female athletes aged 18–25 years. They were requested to consume their habitual foods or drinks with one pack of prebiotic food every day for 12 weeks. Dietary intake, training time, body composition, blood sample, and fecal microbiota were assessed during this intervention period. Body composition, total energy intake, and training time of the participants revealed no significant changes during the intervention period. The occupation ratio of Bifidobacterium spp. was significantly increased at 3 and 4 weeks (18.0 ± 8.3% and 17.6 ± 8.5%, respectively) compared to that of pre-intervention (11.7 ± 7.3%) (p = 0.019 and p = 0.035, respectively). The serum TRACP-5b level was significantly decreased at 12 weeks (363 ± 112 mU/dL) compared to that at baseline (430 ± 154 mU/dL) (p = 0.018). These results suggest that the prebiotic food used in this study might have beneficial effects on bone health and gut microbial environment among female athletes. Further studies are warranted to identify the mechanism of the prebiotics–gut–bone axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ishizu
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan;
| | - Eri Takai
- Waseda Institute of Sports Nutrition, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; (E.T.); (S.T.)
- Sports Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Waseda Institute of Sports Nutrition, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; (E.T.); (S.T.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Motoko Taguchi
- Waseda Institute of Sports Nutrition, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; (E.T.); (S.T.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-2947-6778
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Martínez-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Vicente-Martínez M, Martínez-Olcina M, Miralles-Amorós L, Sánchez-Sáez JA. Anthropometric Dimensions and Bone Quality in International Male Beach Handball Players: Junior vs. Senior Comparison. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061817. [PMID: 34071780 PMCID: PMC8226998 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beach handball is a recent team sport characterized by defensive and offensive actions on a sand surface. Scientific evidence has shown that body composition is fundamental in sports performance. The main objective of this study was to know the body composition, anthropometric characteristics, and bone mineral density of elite beach handball players. Furthermore, another purpose was to analyze the differences between categories (junior and senior) and playing position. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of 36 male players (18 juniors and 18 seniors) of the Spanish National Beach Handball Team was conducted. Full profile anthropometry and calcaneal ultrasound measurements were used. Results: Significant differences between categories (p < 0.05) were found in: height, body mass, arm span, BMI, muscle mass, fat mass, bone mass, skinfolds, and body perimeters. The somatotype changes depending on the playing position. Bone mineral density of the players was adequate. No significant differences were found by playing position. Conclusions: Senior players had a better body composition due to the presence of less fat mass than junior players. This study provides reference values of elite junior and senior beach handball players and by playing positions. This data is useful for the identification of talents and players who should be trained to improve their body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Alicante University, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.M.-O.); (L.M.-A.)
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.M.-R.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.M.-R.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vicente-Martínez
- Faculty of Health Science, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - María Martínez-Olcina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Alicante University, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.M.-O.); (L.M.-A.)
| | - Laura Miralles-Amorós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Alicante University, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.M.-O.); (L.M.-A.)
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Di Credico A, Gaggi G, Ghinassi B, Mascherini G, Petri C, Giminiani RD, Di Baldassarre A, Izzicupo P. The Influence of Maturity Status on Anthropometric Profile and Body Composition of Youth Goalkeepers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8247. [PMID: 33171648 PMCID: PMC7664635 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The anthropometric profile assessment is an important aspect to consider during the growth stages of youth sport practitioners due to its usefulness in controlling maturity status and overall health. We performed an anthropometric profile evaluation in a sample of youth goalkeepers (n = 42) during a training camp, dividing them into three categories based on their years from peak height velocity (YPHV). We also checked if the selection of goalkeepers was associated with the birth quartile. The results showed that most of the participants' anthropometric parameters followed the normal trend according to the maturation stages. However, several subjects showed an overweight/obese condition and/or high waist circumference. Non-optimal values were found, mostly in the group of goalkeepers around the PHV. In addition, no selection based on birth quartile was seen. Therefore, the anthropometric profile and body composition of youth goalkeepers are physiologically affected by maturity status. However, several subjects were found to be overweight/obese and at cardiometabolic risk, suggesting that children and adolescents, although practicing sport, should pay attention to potentially contributing factors such as the attainment of the recommended levels of physical activity, lowering sedentary time, and adopt a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Credico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.G.); (B.G.); (P.I.)
| | - Giulia Gaggi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.G.); (B.G.); (P.I.)
| | - Barbara Ghinassi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.G.); (B.G.); (P.I.)
| | - Gabriele Mascherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristian Petri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Riccardo Di Giminiani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.G.); (B.G.); (P.I.)
| | - Pascal Izzicupo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.G.); (B.G.); (P.I.)
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Stanzione JR, Dardarian N, Volpe SL. Body Composition Changes after One Year in Professional Male Ice Hockey Players. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:1056-1060. [PMID: 32693429 DOI: 10.1055/a-1179-6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Body composition measurements remain one of the best objective ways to analyze tissue distribution in athletes. The purpose of this study was to establish an average body composition profile for professional male ice hockey players, assess the yearly fluctuations of body composition after a single season, and assess body composition changes among different positions. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 36 professional male ice hockey players. Descriptive statistics were used to determine average values. A paired samples t-test was applied to determine differences over a one-year period. A one-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences between positions, at both time points. Alpha levels were set a priori at p<0.05. Significant increases were observed in percent body fat across time points for all positions (p=0.019). There were significant differences in percent body fat between positions played (p=0.012) after one year. We demonstrated that there was low variability among the different positions in professional male ice hockey players. Additionally, we observed how a single year minimally influences changes in body composition. More research is required to evaluate body composition in male ice hockey players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Stanzione
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Nyree Dardarian
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Stella L Volpe
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
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20
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Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Boukhris O, M Glenn J, Bott N, Stannard SR, Engel FA, Sperlich B, Garbarino S, Bragazzi NL, Shephard RJ, Chtourou H. Effects of Ramadan Observance on Dietary Intake and Body Composition of Adolescent Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1574. [PMID: 32481549 PMCID: PMC7353054 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of Ramadan observance on dietary intake, body mass and body composition of adolescent athletes (design: systematic review and meta-analysis; data sources: PubMed and Web of Science; eligibility criteria for selecting studies: single-group, pre-post, with or without control-group studies, conducted in athletes aged <19 years, training at least 3 times/week, and published in any language before February 12th, 2020). Studies assessing body mass and/or body composition and/or dietary intake were deemed eligible. The methodological quality was assessed using 'QualSyst'. Of the twelve selected articles evaluating body mass and/or body composition, one was of strong quality and eleven were rated as moderate. Ten articles evaluated dietary intake; four were rated as strong and the remaining moderate in quality. Continuation of training during Ramadan did not change body mass from before to the first week (trivial effect size (ES) = -0.011, p = 0.899) or from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = 0.069, p = 0.277). Additionally, Ramadan observance did not change body fat content from before to the first week (trivial ES = -0.005, p = 0.947) and from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = -0.057, p = 0.947). Lean body mass remained unchanged from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = -0.025, p = 0.876). Dietary data showed the intake of energy (small ES = -0.272, p = 0.182), fat (trivial ES = 0.044, p = 0.842), protein (trivial ES = 0.069, p = 0.720), carbohydrate (trivial ES = 0.075, p = 0.606) and water (trivial ES = -0.115, p = 0.624) remained essentially unchanged during as compared to before Ramadan. Continued training of adolescent athletes at least three times/week during Ramadan observance has no effect on body mass, body composition or dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie; (K.T.); (O.B.); (H.C.)
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Omar Boukhris
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie; (K.T.); (O.B.); (H.C.)
- Activité Physique: Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisie
| | - Jordan M Glenn
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
- Neurotrack Technologies, 399 Bradford St, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA;
| | - Nick Bott
- Neurotrack Technologies, 399 Bradford St, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA;
- Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen R. Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Florian A. Engel
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Department of Movement and Training Science, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child, Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Nicola L. Bragazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child, Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Roy J. Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada;
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie; (K.T.); (O.B.); (H.C.)
- Activité Physique: Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisie
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Naczk M, Kowalewska A, Naczk A. The risk of injuries and physiological benefits of pole dancing. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:883-888. [PMID: 32162500 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the positive and negative aspects of pole dance training. METHODS We included 30 women trained in pole dancing and 30 untrained young women. We measured maximal hand strength, lower back and hamstring muscle flexibility, and body composition. Participants also completed an anonymous questionnaire, which mainly asked about injuries. RESULTS The pole dancers possessed significantly greater muscle strength and lower back and hamstring muscle flexibility compared to untrained controls. Pole dancers had significantly less body fat and significantly more muscle mass in the upper limbs compared to untrained controls. During two years of pole dance training, 36.7% of the dancers had sustained acute injuries (mainly muscle, shoulder joint, and wrist injuries) and 80% of the dancers had sustained a chronic injury. Most injuries occurred during handsprings, twines, and carousel performances. Moreover, pole dancers experienced more menstrual irregularities than the controls. CONCLUSIONS Pole dancing had many positive physiological effects, but pole dancers should be aware that pole dancing and behavior associated with training significantly increased the risk of injury. The most important factors which can protect pole dancers by acute injuries are well performed warm-up and balanced diet. Results indicate that many attempts at weight loss are connected with high risk of acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Naczk
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland -
| | - Agnieszka Kowalewska
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Alicja Naczk
- Department of Individual Sports, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
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Nilsson R, Lindberg AS, Theos A, Ferguson RA, Malm C. Aerobic Variables for Prediction of Alpine Skiing Performance - A Novel Approach. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E105-E112. [PMID: 30539126 PMCID: PMC6277242 DOI: 10.1055/a-0655-7249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive power of aerobic test results and anthropometric variables on FIS-ranking of junior elite alpine skiers. Results from twenty-three male and female adolescent elite alpine skiers from two seasons were included in the multivariate statistical models. Physical work capacity was determined by V̇O2peak, blood lactate concentration ([HLa]b), and heart rate (HR) during ergometer cycling. Anthropometric variables were body stature, body weight and calculated BMI. No significant correlation between competitive performance and aerobic work capacity or anthropometric data was observed neither in male nor female adolescent skiers. Pre-season physical tests and anthropometric data could therefore not predict end-season FIS-ranking. The best regression (R2) and prediction (Q2) models of FIS slalom (SL) and giant slalom (GS) rank reached R2=0.51 to 0.86, Q2=−0.73 to 0.18, indicating no valid models. This study could not establish V̇O2peak and other included variables as predictors of competitive performance. When combining results from commonly used tests for alpine skiers, and applying multivariate statistical models, investigated tests seems of limited used for athletes, coaches, and ski federations. Performance-specific pre-season tests must be developed and validated for prediction of performance and guidance of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nilsson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine Unit, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Apostolos Theos
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine Unit, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Christer Malm
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine Unit, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
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Aouichaoui C, Tounsi M, Mrizak I, Tabka Z, Trabelsi Y. Reference values of vertical jumping performances and anthropometric characteristics in trained adolescents. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Body Composition Evaluation Issue among Young Elite Football Players: DXA Assessment. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010017. [PMID: 29910377 PMCID: PMC5969018 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of body composition is an important issue among athletes. Different methodologies generate controversial results, leading to a deep uncertainty on individual exercise prescriptions. Thus, this study aims to identify the differences between field methods, such as bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and skinfold assessment, with a clinical method, highly accurate, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), among elite young football players. Thirty-eight male football players with a mean (sd) age of 16.7 (0.87) years, involved in the Portuguese national competition of U16 (n = 13) and U19 (n = 25), were evaluated and objective measures of body composition, muscle strength and football skills were collected by trained specialists. Body composition was assessed using BIA (Tanita BC-418, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan), in agreement with all the evaluation premises. Additionally, all athletes were evaluated using the clinical method DXA (Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Among the U19 athletes, three skinfold sites (SKF) were assessed: chest, abdomin and thigh. The Spearman correlation coefficients and the mean difference between methods were calculated. The agreement between both methods was analyzed using Bland-Altman plots. Among the evaluated athletes, lower mean values of body fat % were found using BIA as a method of body composition assessment compared with DXA (12.05 vs. 15.58 for U16; 11.97 vs. 14.16 for U19). Despite the moderate correlation between methods (r = 0.33) to estimate the percentage of total fat, the median of the difference (DXA vs. BIA) was relevant in clinical terms, with 2.90% and 1.47% for U16 and U19 athletes, respectively. Stronger correlations were found between the sum of the SKF and DXA fat estimation (r = 0.68). The Bland-Altman plots showed a clear underestimation in the evaluations using the BIA, namely among athletes with better body composition profiles (8%–12% of fat). Using BIA, an underestimation of body fat assessment was observed among 94.5% of the athletes with less than 12% body fat mass. Among the evaluated athletes, fat mass was underestimated at a median value of 2.21% using BIA in comparison with DXA. The sum of the SKF showed a stronger correlation with the reference method (DXA) (r = 0.68) than BIA.
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25
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Lynch KR, Kemper HCG, Turi-Lynch B, Agostinete RR, Ito IH, Luiz-De-Marco R, Rodrigues-Junior MA, Fernandes RA. Impact sports and bone fractures among adolescents. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2421-2426. [PMID: 28026207 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1272708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of different sports on stress fractures among adolescents during a 9-month follow-up period. The sample was composed of 184 adolescents divided into three groups (impact sports [n = 102]; swimming [n = 35]; non-sports [n = 47]). The occurrence of stress fracture was reported by participants and coaches. As potential confounders we considered age, sex, resistance training, body composition variables and age at peak of height velocity. There were 13 adolescents who reported fractures during the 9-month period. Bone mineral density values were higher in adolescents engaged in impact sports (P-value = 0.002). Independently of confounders, the risk of stress fracture was lower in adolescents engaged in impact sports than in non-active adolescents (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.05 to 0.98]), while swimming practice was not associated to lower risk of fracture (HR = 0.49 [95% CI = 0.09 to 2.55]). In conclusion, the findings from this study indicate the importance of sports participation among adolescents in the reduction of stress fracture risk, especially with impact sports. More importantly, these results could be relevant for recognising adolescents in danger of not reaching their potential for peak bone mass and later an increased risk of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Lynch
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Han C G Kemper
- c Department of Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Bruna Turi-Lynch
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Agostinete
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,d Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil
| | - Igor H Ito
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Rafael Luiz-De-Marco
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil
| | - Mario A Rodrigues-Junior
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil.,d Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil
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26
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Zagatto AM, Milioni F, Freitas IF, Arcangelo SA, Padulo J. Body composition of table tennis players: comparison between performance level and gender. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Kalnina L, Sauka M, Timpka T, Dahlström Ö, Nylander E, Selga G, Ligere R, Karklina H, Priedite IS, Larins V. Body fat in children and adolescents participating in organized sports: Descriptive epidemiological study of 6048 Latvian athletes. Scand J Public Health 2015; 43:615-22. [PMID: 25948090 DOI: 10.1177/1403494815581696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pressure among young athletes to meet body composition goals may lead to poor nutrition and affect growth. AIMS To examine the proportion of body fat (%BF), measured by bioimpedance analysis, among Latvian children and adolescents participating in organized sports. METHODS Our study had a nationally representative sample of 6048 young athletes, aged 10-17 years. Their %BF was measured using a multifrequency, 8-pole, bioelectrical impedance leg-to-hand analyzer. RESULTS About 19.2% (CI 14.4-20.0) of boys and 15.1% (CI 14.0-16.3) of girls had a %BF value below the recommended levels. The %BF in young female athletes participating in aesthetic sports was lower than among their peers participating in other sports. Young male athletes participating in aesthetic sports had lower %BF levels at 10 and 12 years of age, compared with participants in weight-class sports; and lower levels of %BF from age 10-14 years, compared with participants in non-weight-sensitive sports. CONCLUSIONS Almost every fifth child and adolescent participating in organized sports displayed critically low body fat levels. Body fat needs to be assessed regularly in young athletes, to prevent negative consequences on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kalnina
- State Sports Medicine Centre, Riga, Latvia Latvian University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | | - Eva Nylander
- Department of Clinical Physiology, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Guntars Selga
- State Sports Medicine Centre, Riga, Latvia Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Santos DA, Dawson JA, Matias CN, Rocha PM, Minderico CS, Allison DB, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97846. [PMID: 24830292 PMCID: PMC4022746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of body composition in athletes, reference sex- and sport-specific body composition data are lacking. We aim to develop reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes. METHODS Body weight and height were measured in 898 athletes (264 female, 634 male), anthropometric variables were assessed in 798 athletes (240 female and 558 male), and in 481 athletes (142 female and 339 male) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A total of 21 different sports were represented. Reference percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th) were calculated for each measured value, stratified by sex and sport. Because sample sizes within a sport were often very low for some outcomes, the percentiles were estimated using a parametric, empirical Bayesian framework that allowed sharing information across sports. RESULTS We derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following DXA outcomes: total (whole body scan) and regional (subtotal, trunk, and appendicular) bone mineral content, bone mineral density, absolute and percentage fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean soft tissue. Additionally, we derived reference percentiles for height-normalized indexes by dividing fat mass, fat-free mass, and appendicular lean soft tissue by height squared. We also derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following anthropometry outcomes: weight, height, body mass index, sum of skinfold thicknesses (7 skinfolds, appendicular skinfolds, trunk skinfolds, arm skinfolds, and leg skinfolds), circumferences (hip, arm, midthigh, calf, and abdominal circumferences), and muscle circumferences (arm, thigh, and calf muscle circumferences). CONCLUSIONS These reference percentiles will be a helpful tool for sports professionals, in both clinical and field settings, for body composition assessment in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Santos
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - John A. Dawson
- Office of Energetics, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Catarina N. Matias
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Paulo M. Rocha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Sport Medicine and Training Control Unit, Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S. Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - David B. Allison
- Office of Energetics, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Luís B. Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M. Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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Prediction of race performance of elite cross-country skiers by lean mass. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9:1040-5. [PMID: 24700141 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between race performance and lean mass (LM) variables, as well as to examine sex differences in body composition in elite-standard cross-country skiers. METHODS Thirty-four elite cross-country skiers (18 men and 16 women) underwent a dual-emission X-ray-absorptiometry body-composition test to determine LM, fat mass, and bone mineral content. For both sexes, performance data were collected from a sprint prologue and a distance race. RESULTS The absolute expression of LM variables (whole-body [LMWB], upper body [LMUB], and lower body [LMLB]) was significantly correlated with finishing time in the sprint prologue independent of sex. Distance-race performance was significantly related to LMWB, LMUB, and LMLB in women; however, no correlation was found in men. Men had a significantly higher LM and lower fat mass, independent of expression (absolute or relative), for the whole body, arms, trunk, and legs, except for the absolute fat mass in the trunk. CONCLUSIONS The absolute expressions of LMWB, LMUB, and LMLB were significant predictors of sprint-prologue performance in both sexes, as well as of distance-race performance in women only. Compared with women, male skiers have a higher LM in the body segments that are major contributors to propelling forces. These results suggest that muscle mass in the lower and upper body is equally important for race performance; thus, more focus of elite skiers' training should be directed to increasing whole-body muscle mass to improve their competitive performance capability.
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