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Karimi-Haghighi S, Chavoshinezhad S, Mozafari R, Noorbakhsh F, Borhani-Haghighi A, Haghparast A. Neuroinflammatory Response in Reward-Associated Psychostimulants and Opioids: A Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:649-682. [PMID: 35461410 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is one of the significant problems in social and public health worldwide. Vast numbers of evidence illustrate that motivational and reinforcing impacts of addictive drugs are primarily attributed to their ability to change dopamine signaling in the reward circuit. However, the roles of classic neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and neuromodulators, monoamines, and neuropeptides, in reinforcing characteristics of abused drugs have been extensively investigated. It has recently been revealed that central immune signaling includes cascades of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines released by neurons and glia via downstream intracellular signaling pathways that play a crucial role in mediating rewarding behavioral effects of drugs. More interestingly, inflammatory responses in the central nervous system modulate the mesolimbic dopamine signaling and glutamate-dependent currents induced by addictive drugs. This review summarized researches in the alterations of inflammatory responses accompanied by rewarding and reinforcing properties of addictive drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids that were evaluated by conditioned place preference and self-administration procedures as highly common behavioral tests to investigate the motivational and reinforcing impacts of addictive drugs. The neuroinflammatory responses affect the rewarding properties of psychostimulants and opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Karimi-Haghighi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Chavoshinezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Mozafari
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Mantsch JR. Corticotropin releasing factor and drug seeking in substance use disorders: Preclinical evidence and translational limitations. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 4:100038. [PMID: 36531188 PMCID: PMC9757758 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), has been an enigmatic target for the development of medications aimed at treating stress-related disorders. Despite a large body of evidence from preclinical studies in rodents demonstrating that CRF receptor antagonists prevent stressor-induced drug seeking, medications targeting the CRF-R1 have failed in clinical trials. Here, we provide an overview of the abundant findings from preclinical rodent studies suggesting that CRF signaling is involved in stressor-induced relapse. The scientific literature that has defined the receptors, mechanisms and neurocircuits through which CRF contributes to stressor-induced reinstatement of drug seeking following self-administration and conditioned place preference in rodents is reviewed. Evidence that CRF signaling is recruited with repeated drug use in a manner that heightens susceptibility to stressor-induced drug seeking in rodents is presented. Factors that may determine the influence of CRF signaling in substance use disorders, including developmental windows, biological sex, and genetics are examined. Finally, we discuss the translational failure of medications targeting CRF signaling as interventions for substance use disorders and other stress-related conditions. We conclude that new perspectives and research directions are needed to unravel the mysterious role of CRF in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mantsch
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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3
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Peart DR, Andrade AK, Logan CN, Knackstedt LA, Murray JE. Regulation of Cocaine-related Behaviors by Estrogen and Progesterone. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Venniro M, Reverte I, Ramsey LA, Papastrat KM, D'Ottavio G, Milella MS, Li X, Grimm JW, Caprioli D. Factors modulating the incubation of drug and non-drug craving and their clinical implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:847-864. [PMID: 34597716 PMCID: PMC8931548 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced cocaine craving increases progressively during early abstinence and remains high during extended periods of time. Clinical evidence now supports this hypothesis and that this increase is not specific to cocaine but rather generalize across several drugs of abuse. Investigators have identified an analogous incubation phenomenon in rodents, in which time-dependent increases in cue-induced drug seeking are observed after abstinence from intravenous drug or palatable food self-administration. Incubation of craving is susceptible to variation in magnitude as a function of biological and/or the environmental circumstances surrounding the individual. During the last decade, the neurobiological correlates of the modulatory role of biological (sex, age, genetic factors) and environmental factors (environmental enrichment and physical exercise, sleep architecture, acute and chronic stress, abstinence reinforcement procedures) on incubation of drug craving has been investigated. In this review, we summarized the behavioral procedures adopted, the key underlying neurobiological correlates and clinical implications of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Venniro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Leslie A Ramsey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore NIDA, NIH, USA
| | - Kimberly M Papastrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ginevra D'Ottavio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Xuan Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Grimm
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, Bellingham, USA.
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.
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5
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Martin EL, Doncheck EM, Reichel CM, McRae-Clark AL. Consideration of sex as a biological variable in the translation of pharmacotherapy for stress-associated drug seeking. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100364. [PMID: 34345636 PMCID: PMC8319013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a frequent precipitant of relapse to drug use. Pharmacotherapies targeting a diverse array of neural systems have been assayed for efficacy in attenuating stress-induced drug-seeking in both rodents and in humans, but none have shown enough evidence of utility to warrant routine use in the clinic. We posit that a critical barrier in effective translation is inattention to sex as a biological variable at all phases of the research process. In this review, we detail the neurobiological systems implicated in stress-induced relapse to cocaine, opioids, methamphetamine, and cannabis, as well as the pharmacotherapies that have been used to target these systems in rodent models, the human laboratory, and in clinical trials. In each of these areas we additionally describe the potential influences of biological sex on outcomes, and how inattention to fundamental sex differences can lead to biases during drug development that contribute to the limited success of large clinical trials. Based on these observations, we determine that of the pharmacotherapies discussed only α2-adrenergic receptor agonists and oxytocin have a body of research with sufficient consideration of biological sex to warrant further clinical evaluation. Pharmacotherapies that target β-adrenergic receptors, other neuroactive peptides, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroactive steroids, and the endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems require further assessment in females at the preclinical and human laboratory levels before progression to clinical trials can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Doncheck
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Carmela M Reichel
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Aimee L McRae-Clark
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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6
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Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, and a significant amount of research has been devoted to understand the factors that contribute to the development, loss of control, and persistence of compulsive addictive behaviors. In this review, we provide an overview of various theories of addiction to drugs of abuse and the neurobiology involved in elements of the addiction cycle. Specific focus is devoted to the role of the mesolimbic pathway in acute drug reinforcement and occasional drug use, the role of the mesocortical pathway and associated areas (e.g., the dorsal striatum) in escalation/dependence, and the contribution of these pathways and associated circuits to conditioned responses, drug craving, and loss of behavioral control that may underlie drug relapse. By enhancing the understanding of the neurobiological factors that mediate drug addiction, continued preclinical and clinical research will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions that can serve as effective long-term treatment strategies for drug-dependent individuals.
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7
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Caccamise A, Van Newenhizen E, Mantsch JR. Neurochemical mechanisms and neurocircuitry underlying the contribution of stress to cocaine seeking. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1697-1713. [PMID: 33660857 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In individuals with substance use disorders, stress is a critical determinant of relapse susceptibility. In some cases, stressors directly trigger cocaine use. In others, stressors interact with other stimuli to promote drug seeking, thereby setting the stage for relapse. Here, we review the mechanisms and neurocircuitry that mediate stress-triggered and stress-potentiated cocaine seeking. Stressors trigger cocaine seeking by activating noradrenergic projections originating in the lateral tegmentum that innervate the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to produce beta adrenergic receptor-dependent regulation of neurons that release corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). CRF promotes the activation of VTA dopamine neurons that innervate the prelimbic prefrontal cortex resulting in D1 receptor-dependent excitation of a pathway to the nucleus accumbens core that mediates cocaine seeking. The stage-setting effects of stress require glucocorticoids, which exert rapid non-canonical effects at several sites within the mesocorticolimbic system. In the nucleus accumbens, corticosterone attenuates dopamine clearance via the organic cation transporter 3 to promote dopamine signaling. In the prelimbic cortex, corticosterone mobilizes the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), which produces CB1 receptor-dependent reductions in inhibitory transmission, thereby increasing excitability of neurons which comprise output pathways responsible for cocaine seeking. Factors that influence the role of stress in cocaine seeking, including prior history of drug use, biological sex, chronic stress/co-morbid stress-related disorders, adolescence, social variables, and genetics are discussed. Better understanding when and how stress contributes to drug seeking should guide the development of more effective interventions, particularly for those whose drug use is stress related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Caccamise
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Erik Van Newenhizen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John R Mantsch
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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8
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Drug addiction co-morbidity with alcohol: Neurobiological insights. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 157:409-472. [PMID: 33648675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic disorder that consists of a three-stage cycle of binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These stages involve, respectively, neuroadaptations in brain circuits involved in incentive salience and habit formation, stress surfeit and reward deficit, and executive function. Much research on addiction focuses on the neurobiology underlying single drug use. However, alcohol use disorder (AUD) can be co-morbid with substance use disorder (SUD), called dual dependence. The limited epidemiological data on dual dependence indicates that there is a large population of individuals suffering from addiction who are dependent on more than one drug and/or alcohol, yet dual dependence remains understudied in addiction research. Here, we review neurobiological data on neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems that are known to contribute to addiction pathology and how the involvement of these systems is consistent or divergent across drug classes. In particular, we highlight the dopamine, opioid, corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, hypocretin/orexin, glucocorticoid, neuroimmune signaling, endocannabinoid, glutamate, and GABA systems. We also discuss the limited research on these systems in dual dependence. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the use of multiple drugs can produce neuroadaptations that are distinct from single drug use. Further investigation into the neurobiology of dual dependence is necessary to develop effective treatments for addiction to multiple drugs.
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9
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Lemos C, Salti A, Amaral IM, Fontebasso V, Singewald N, Dechant G, Hofer A, El Rawas R. Social interaction reward in rats has anti-stress effects. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12878. [PMID: 31984611 PMCID: PMC7757251 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Social interaction in an alternative context can be beneficial against drugs of abuse. Stress is known to be a risk factor that can exacerbate the effects of addictive drugs. In this study, we investigated whether the positive effects of social interaction are mediated through a decrease in stress levels. For that purpose, rats were trained to express cocaine or social interaction conditioned place preference (CPP). Behavioural, hormonal, and molecular stress markers were evaluated. We found that social CPP decreased the percentage of incorrect transitions of grooming and corticosterone to the level of naïve untreated rats. In addition, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was increased in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis after cocaine CPP. In order to study the modulation of social CPP by the CRF system, rats received intracerebroventricular CRF or alpha-helical CRF, a nonselective antagonist of CRF receptors. The subsequent effects on CPP to cocaine or social interaction were observed. CRF injections increased cocaine CPP, whereas alpha-helical CRF injections decreased cocaine CPP. However, alpha-helical CRF injections potentiated social CPP. When social interaction was made available in an alternative context, CRF-induced increase of cocaine preference was reversed completely to the level of rats receiving cocaine paired with alpha-helical CRF. This reversal of cocaine preference was also paralleled by a reversal in CRF-induced increase of p38 MAPK expression in the nucleus accumbens shell. These findings suggest that social interaction could contribute as a valuable component in treatment of substance use disorders by reducing stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lemos
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry I Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Ahmad Salti
- Institute of Molecular Biology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Inês M. Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry I Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Veronica Fontebasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Georg Dechant
- Institute for Neuroscience Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Alex Hofer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry I Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Rana El Rawas
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry I Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
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10
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CRF-5-HT interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus and motivation for stress-induced opioid reinstatement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:29-40. [PMID: 33231727 PMCID: PMC7796902 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system plays an important role in stress-related psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Our previous data show that stressors can inhibit 5-HT neuronal activity and release by stimulating the release of the stress neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) within the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The inhibitory effects of CRF on 5-HT DRN neurons are indirect, mediated by CRF-R1 receptors located on GABAergic afferents. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that DRN CRF-R1 receptors contribute to stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference (CPP). We also examined the role of this circuitry in stress-induced negative affective state with 22-kHz distress ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which are naturally emitted by rats in response to environmental challenges such as pain, stress, and drug withdrawal. METHODS First, we tested if activation of CRF-R1 receptors in the DRN with the CRF-R1-preferring agonist ovine CRF (oCRF) would reinstate morphine CPP and then if blockade of CRF-R1 receptors in the DRN with the CRF-R1 antagonist NBI 35965 would attenuate swim stress-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP. Second, we tested if intra-DRN pretreatment with NBI 35965 would attenuate foot shock stress-induced 22-kHz USVs. RESULTS Intra-DRN injection of oCRF reinstated morphine CPP, while intra-DRN injection of NBI 35965 attenuated swim stress-induced reinstatement. Moreover, intra-DRN pretreatment with NBI 35965 significantly reduced 22-kHz distress calls induced by foot shock. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that stress-induced negative affective state is mediated by DRN CRF-R1 receptors and may contribute to reinstatement of morphine CPP.
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11
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Hadad NA, Schwendt M, Knackstedt LA. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in post-traumatic stress disorder and cocaine use disorder. Stress 2020; 23:638-650. [PMID: 32835581 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1803824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often comorbid with cocaine use disorder (CUD), but little is known about hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in PTSD + CUD. Here we review the clinical and pre-clinical literature of PTSD and CUD with the goal of generating hypotheses about HPA axis activity in comorbid PTSD + CUD. Low glucocorticoid (CORT) levels immediately after trauma exposure are associated with PTSD. CORT administered within 12 h of trauma exposure reduces later PTSD symptoms. Weeks-years after trauma, meta-analyses find lower CORT levels in patients with PTSD relative to never-traumatized controls; the same is found in a pre-clinical model of PTSD. In rodents, reduced basal CORT levels are consistently found after chronic cocaine self-administration. Conversely, increased CORT levels are found in CUD patients during the first 2 weeks of cocaine abstinence. There is evidence for CORT hyper-suppression after dexamethasone, high glucocorticoid receptor (GR) number pre-trauma, and increased GR translocation to the nucleus in PTSD. Hyper-suppression of HPA axis activity after dexamethasone suggests that PTSD individuals may have increased anterior pituitary GR. Given evidence for decreased anterior pituitary GR in rats that self-administer cocaine, PTSD + CUD individuals may have normal GR density and low basal CORT levels during late abstinence. Future studies should aim to reconcile the differences in pre-clinical and clinical basal CORT levels during cocaine and assess HPA axis function in both rodent models of CUD that consider stress-susceptibility and in PTSD + CUD individuals. Although additional studies are necessary, individuals with PTSD + CUD may benefit from behavioral and psychopharmacological treatments to normalize HPA axis activity. LAY SUMMARY Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often comorbid with cocaine use disorder (CUD), but little is known about the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in PTSD + CUD. The current review provides a synthesis of available clinical and pre-clinical data on PTSD and CUD with the goal of generating hypotheses about HPA axis activity in comorbid PTSD + CUD. While this review finds ample evidence supporting aberrant HPA axis activity in both PTSD and CUD, it suggests that more research is needed to understand the unique changes HPA axis activity in PTSD + CUD, as well as the bidirectional relationship between stress-susceptibility and motivation to seek cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Hadad
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marek Schwendt
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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12
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Kuijer EJ, Ferragud A, Milton AL. Retrieval-Extinction and Relapse Prevention: Rewriting Maladaptive Drug Memories? Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:23. [PMID: 32153373 PMCID: PMC7044236 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Addicted individuals are highly susceptible to relapse when exposed to drug-associated conditioned stimuli (CSs; "drug cues") even after extensive periods of abstinence. Until recently, these maladaptive emotional drug memories were believed to be permanent and resistant to change. The rediscovery of the phenomenon of memory reconsolidation-by which retrieval of the memory can, under certain conditions, destabilize the previously stable memory before it restabilizes in its new, updated form-has led to the hypothesis that it may be possible to disrupt the strong maladaptive drug-memories that trigger a relapse. Furthermore, recent work has suggested that extinction training "within the reconsolidation window" may lead to a long-term reduction in relapse without the requirement for pharmacological amnestic agents. However, this so-called "retrieval-extinction" effect has been inconsistently observed in the literature, leading some to speculate that rather than reflecting memory updating, it may be the product of facilitation of extinction. In this mini review article, we will focus on factors that might be responsible for the retrieval-extinction effects on preventing drug-seeking relapse and how inter-individual differences may influence this therapeutically promising effect. A better understanding of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the "retrieval-extinction" paradigm, and individual differences in boundary conditions, should provide insights with the potential to optimize the translation of "retrieval-extinction" to clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise J. Kuijer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonio Ferragud
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy L. Milton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Connelly KL, Unterwald EM. Regulation of CRF mRNA in the Rat Extended Amygdala Following Chronic Cocaine: Sex Differences and Effect of Delta Opioid Receptor Agonism. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 23:117-124. [PMID: 31867624 PMCID: PMC7093999 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine withdrawal activates stress systems. Females are more vulnerable to relapse to cocaine use and more sensitive to withdrawal-induced negative affect. Delta opioid receptors modulate anxiety-like behavior during cocaine withdrawal in rats. This study measured the time course of gene regulation of one of the main stress peptides, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and its type 1 receptor in male and female rats as well as the ability of the delta opioid receptor agonist SNC80 to normalize cocaine withdrawal-induced changes in CRF mRNA. METHODS Rats were injected with cocaine or saline 3 times daily for 14 days. Brains were collected 30 minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours, 7 days, and 14 days following the last injection. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, central amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were processed for quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR measurement of CRF and CRFR1 mRNA. Additional rats received SNC80 during early cocaine withdrawal, and CRF mRNA was measured in the central amygdala. RESULTS CRF mRNA was elevated in the central amygdala at 24 hours and the paraventricular nucleus at 48 hours of cocaine withdrawal in males and females. Significant sex differences in cocaine-induced CRF upregulation were found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis at 30 minutes and 24 hours. SNC80 administration attenuated the increase in CRF mRNA in the central amygdala of female rats only. CONCLUSIONS CRF mRNA regulation during cocaine withdrawal is sex, time, and brain region dependent. Administration of a delta opioid receptor agonist during early withdrawal may ameliorate stress-related negative affect in females by abrogating the induction of CRF mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Connelly
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Correspondence: Krista Connelly, PhD, 3500 N Broad St. MERB 883A, Philadelphia, PA ()
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Guerrero-Bautista R, Do Couto BR, Hidalgo JM, Cárceles-Moreno FJ, Molina G, Laorden ML, Núñez C, Milanés MV. Modulation of stress- and cocaine prime-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference after memory extinction through dopamine D3 receptor. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:308-320. [PMID: 30707990 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) D3 receptor (DAD3R) antagonists appear highly promising in attenuating cocaine reward and relapse in preclinical models of addiction. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the selective DAD3R antagonist SB-277011-A on the reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) produced by a priming dose of cocaine, by social defeat stress and by two kinds of physiological stressors (restraint and tail pinch) in male adult mice. We also explored reinstatement-related plasma corticosterone levels (as marker of stress response) and the effects of blocking DAD3R. Administration of SB-277011-A (24 or 48 mg/kg i.p.) did not modify conditioned reinstatement of cocaine seeking triggered by cocaine prime. By contrast, we found that the vulnerability to reinstatement of the CPP of defeated animals that have undergone CPP extinction was abolished by the DAD3R antagonist (24 mg/kg) given 30 min before the test session. Reactivation of the CPP response produced by physiological stress stimuli was also attenuated by SB-277011-A (48 mg/kg i.p.). On the other hand, the blockade of DAD3R significantly prevented the increased corticosterone release during reinstatement of cocaine-induced CPP that was seen in social defeated animals, in mice suffering physiological stress and after cocaine prime. Present results demonstrate a modulation by DAD3R of the reactivation of the incentive value of cocaine-associated cues induced by social and physiological stress stimuli, which was associated to a glucocorticoid-dependent mechanism. Our results also point to a possible potential therapeutic use of selective DAD3R antagonists for the prevention of stress-induced cocaine-seeking and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Guerrero-Bautista
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Murcia Research Institute of Health Sciences (IMIB-Arrixaca), Avda. Buenavista, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Department of Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juana M Hidalgo
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Murcia Research Institute of Health Sciences (IMIB-Arrixaca), Avda. Buenavista, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco José Cárceles-Moreno
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - M Luisa Laorden
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Murcia Research Institute of Health Sciences (IMIB-Arrixaca), Avda. Buenavista, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Murcia Research Institute of Health Sciences (IMIB-Arrixaca), Avda. Buenavista, 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Murcia Research Institute of Health Sciences (IMIB-Arrixaca), Avda. Buenavista, 30120 Murcia, Spain.
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15
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Torres-Berrio A, Cuesta S, Lopez-Guzman S, Nava-Mesa MO. Interaction Between Stress and Addiction: Contributions From Latin-American Neuroscience. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2639. [PMID: 30622500 PMCID: PMC6308142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that escalates from an initial exposure to drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, cannabis, or heroin, to compulsive drug-seeking and intake, reduced ability to inhibit craving-induced behaviors, and repeated cycles of abstinence and relapse. It is well-known that chronic changes in the brain’s reward system play an important role in the neurobiology of addiction. Notably, environmental factors such as acute or chronic stress affect this system, and increase the risk for drug consumption and relapse. Indeed, the HPA axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the extended amygdala, among other brain stress systems, interact with the brain’s reward circuit involved in addictive behaviors. There has been a growing interest in studying the molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms of stress and addiction in Latin-America over the last decade. Nonetheless, these contributions may not be as strongly acknowledged by the broad scientific audience as studies coming from developed countries. In this review, we compile for the first time a series of studies conducted by Latin American-based neuroscientists, who have devoted their careers to studying the interaction between stress and addiction, from a neurobiological and clinical perspective. Specific contributions about this interaction include the study of CRF receptors in the lateral septum, investigations on the neural mechanisms of cross-sensitization for psychostimulants and ethanol, the identification of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a critical neural substrate for stress and addiction, and the emergence of the cannabinoid system as a promising therapeutic target. We highlight animal and human studies, including for instance, reports coming from Latin American laboratories on single nucleotide polymorphisms in stress-related genes and potential biomarkers of vulnerability to addiction, that aim to bridge the knowledge from basic science to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Torres-Berrio
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Silvia Lopez-Guzman
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio O Nava-Mesa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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16
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Farrell MR, Schoch H, Mahler SV. Modeling cocaine relapse in rodents: Behavioral considerations and circuit mechanisms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:33-47. [PMID: 29305936 PMCID: PMC6034989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, in that most addicted individuals who choose to quit taking drugs fail to maintain abstinence in the long-term. Relapse is especially likely when recovering addicts encounter risk factors like small "priming" doses of drug, stress, or drug-associated cues and locations. In rodents, these same factors reinstate cocaine seeking after a period of abstinence, and extensive preclinical work has used priming, stress, or cue reinstatement models to uncover brain circuits underlying cocaine reinstatement. Here, we review common rat models of cocaine relapse, and discuss how specific features of each model influence the neural circuits recruited during reinstated drug seeking. To illustrate this point, we highlight the surprisingly specific roles played by ventral pallidum subcircuits in cocaine seeking reinstated by either cocaine-associated cues, or cocaine itself. One goal of such studies is to identify, and eventually to reverse the specific circuit activity that underlies the inability of some humans to control their drug use. Based on preclinical findings, we posit that circuit activity in humans also differs based on the triggers that precipitate craving and relapse, and that associated neural responses could help predict the triggers most likely to elicit relapse in a given person. If so, examining circuit activity could facilitate diagnosis of subgroups of addicted people, allowing individualized treatment based on the most problematic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Farrell
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, United States
| | - Hannah Schoch
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, United States
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, United States.
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17
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Greenwald MK. Anti-stress neuropharmacological mechanisms and targets for addiction treatment: A translational framework. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:84-104. [PMID: 30238023 PMCID: PMC6138948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related substance use is a major challenge for treating substance use disorders. This selective review focuses on emerging pharmacotherapies with potential for reducing stress-potentiated seeking and consumption of nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and opioids (i.e., key phenotypes for the most commonly abused substances). I evaluate neuropharmacological mechanisms in experimental models of drug-maintenance and relapse, which translate more readily to individuals presenting for treatment (who have initiated and progressed). An affective/motivational systems model (three dimensions: valence, arousal, control) is mapped onto a systems biology of addiction approach for addressing this problem. Based on quality of evidence to date, promising first-tier neurochemical receptor targets include: noradrenergic (α1 and β antagonist, α2 agonist), kappa-opioid antagonist, nociceptin antagonist, orexin-1 antagonist, and endocannabinoid modulation (e.g., cannabidiol, FAAH inhibition); second-tier candidates may include corticotropin releasing factor-1 antagonists, serotonergic agents (e.g., 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, 5-HT3 antagonists), glutamatergic agents (e.g., mGluR2/3 agonist/positive allosteric modulator, mGluR5 antagonist/negative allosteric modulator), GABA-promoters (e.g., pregabalin, tiagabine), vasopressin 1b antagonist, NK-1 antagonist, and PPAR-γ agonist (e.g., pioglitazone). To address affective/motivational mechanisms of stress-related substance use, it may be advisable to combine agents with actions at complementary targets for greater efficacy but systematic studies are lacking except for interactions with the noradrenergic system. I note clinically-relevant factors that could mediate/moderate the efficacy of anti-stress therapeutics and identify research gaps that should be pursued. Finally, progress in developing anti-stress medications will depend on use of reliable CNS biomarkers to validate exposure-response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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18
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) Signaling and the Dark Side of Addiction. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:453-464. [PMID: 30074172 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While addiction to drugs of abuse represents a significant health problem worldwide, the behavioral and neural mechanisms that underlie addiction and relapse are largely unclear. The concept of the dark side of addiction, developed and explored by George Koob and colleagues, describes a systematic decrease in reward-related processing following drug self-administration and subsequent recruitment of anti-reward (i.e., stress) systems. Indeed, the activation of central nervous system (CNS) stress-response systems by drugs of abuse is contributory not only to mood and anxiety-related disorders but critical to both the maintenance of addiction and relapse following abstinence. In both human and animal studies, compounds that activate the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) have roles in stress-related behaviors and addiction processes. The activation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) systems in the BNST mediates many consequences of chronic stressor exposure that may engage in part downstream corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling. Similar to footshock stress, the BNST administration of PACAP or the PAC1 receptor-specific agonist maxadilan can facilitate relapse following extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior. Further, in the same paradigm, the footshock-induced relapse could be attenuated following BNST pretreatment with PAC1 receptor antagonist PACAP6-38, implicating PACAP systems as critical components underlying stress-induced reinstatement. In congruence with previous work, the PAC1 receptor internalization and endosomal MEK/ERK signaling appear contributory mechanisms to the addiction processes. The studies offer new insights and approaches to addiction and relapse therapeutics.
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19
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Robison LS, Alessi L, Thanos PK. Chronic forced exercise inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:176-184. [PMID: 30036547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress increases the likelihood of cocaine relapse in humans and animals, even following a prolonged extinction/abstinence period. Exercise has previously been shown to reduce stress and decrease the likelihood of drug dependence, while also reducing cravings in humans and inhibiting relapse behaviors due to other risk factors in rodents. The present study evaluated the efficacy of exercise to reduce stress-induced relapse to cocaine in a rodent model. Young adult female Sprague Dawley rats were tested for cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), then split into sedentary or exercise (six weeks of one-hour daily treadmill running, five days per week) groups. Following cocaine CPP, rats were tested for extinction behavior, and then tested for stress-primed reinstatement (15 min immobilization) following the six-week intervention period. Exercise inhibited stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP despite increasing serum corticosterone levels following 15 min of immobilization, suggesting that chronic aerobic exercise intervention may result in adaptations of stress pathways. These findings suggest that exercise may help prevent stress-induced drug relapse, adding to a growing body of evidence supporting the utility of exercise to combat substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Albany Medical College, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, 47 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Luke Alessi
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, 101 Northern Blvd, Glen Head, NY, 11545, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- University at Buffalo, Research Institute on Addictions, Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203-1016, USA.
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20
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Yadid G, Ahdoot-Levi H, Bareli T, Maayan R, Weizman A. Dehydroepiandrosterone and Addiction. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 108:385-412. [PMID: 30029736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction has a great negative influence on society, both social and economic burden. It was widely thought that addicts could choose to stop using drugs if only they had some self-control and principles. Nowadays, science has changed this view, defining drug addiction as a complex brain disease that affects behavior in many ways, both biological and psychological. Currently there is no ground-breaking reliable treatment for drug addiction. For more than a decade we are researching an alternative approach for intervention with drug craving and relapse to its usage, using DHEA, a well-being and antiaging food supplement. In this chapter we navigate through the significant therapeutic effect of DHEA on the brain circuits that control addiction and on behavioral performance both in animal models and addicts. We suggest that an integrative program of add-on DHEA treatment may further enable to dynamically evaluate the progress of rehabilitation of an individual patient, in a comprehensive assessment. Such a program may boost and support the detoxification and rehabilitation process, and help patients regain a normal life in a shorter amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Yadid
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel; The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Hadas Ahdoot-Levi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tzofnat Bareli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rachel Maayan
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Research Unit, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Research Unit, Petah Tikva, Israel; Geha Mental Health Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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21
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Farzinpour Z, Mousavi Z, Karimi-Haghighi S, Haghparast A. Antagonism of the D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens attenuates forced swim stress- and morphine priming-induced reinstatement of extinguished rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 341:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Hamilton J, Marion M, Figueiredo A, Clavin BH, Deutsch D, Kaczocha M, Haj-Dahmane S, Thanos PK. Fatty acid binding protein deletion prevents stress-induced preference for cocaine and dampens stress-induced corticosterone levels. Synapse 2018; 72:e22031. [PMID: 29457656 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling has previously been shown to have an important role on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, including cocaine. Recently, fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) have been proposed as intracellular transporters of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) as well as other bioactive lipids to their catabolic enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The role of these transporters in modulating the brains reward system has yet to be investigated. This study examined the effects of genetic deletion of FABP 5/7 on cocaine preference, as assessed by the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) paradigm. Male and female wild type (WT) and FABP 5/7 KO mice showed similar acquisition of cocaine CPP, with no differences found in overall locomotor activity. In addition, while male and female WT mice showed stress-induced CPP for cocaine, male and female FABP 5/7 KO mice failed to show a stress-induced preference for the cocaine-paired chamber. Additionally, serum corticosterone levels were analyzed to explore any potential differences in stress response that may be responsible for the lack of stress-induced preference for cocaine. Serum samples were obtained in animals under basal conditions as well as following a 30-min tube restraint stress. Male and female FABP 5/7 KO mice showed reduced corticosterone levels under stress compared to their WT counterparts. The reduction in corticosterone response under stress may mediate that lack of a stress-induced preference for cocaine in the FABP 5/7 KO mice. Thus, the role of FABPs may play an important role in drug-seeking behavior under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Matthew Marion
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Antonio Figueiredo
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Brendan H Clavin
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Dale Deutsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Samir Haj-Dahmane
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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23
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Panlilio LV, Justinova Z. Preclinical Studies of Cannabinoid Reward, Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder, and Addiction-Related Effects of Cannabinoid Exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:116-141. [PMID: 28845848 PMCID: PMC5719102 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use has become increasingly accepted socially and legally, for both recreational and medicinal purposes. Without reliable information about the effects of cannabis, people cannot make informed decisions regarding its use. Like alcohol and tobacco, cannabis can have serious adverse effects on health, and some people have difficulty discontinuing their use of the drug. Many cannabis users progress to using and becoming addicted to other drugs, but the reasons for this progression are unclear. The natural cannabinoid system of the brain is complex and involved in many functions, including brain development, reward, emotion, and cognition. Animal research provides an objective and controlled means of obtaining information about: (1) how cannabis affects the brain and behavior, (2) whether medications can be developed to treat cannabis use disorder, and (3) whether cannabis might produce lasting changes in the brain that increase the likelihood of becoming addicted to other drugs. This review explains the tactics used to address these issues, evaluates the progress that has been made, and offers some directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA,Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Tel: +1 443 740 2521, Fax: +1 443 740 2733, E-mail:
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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McRae-Clark AL, Cason AM, Kohtz AS, Moran Santa-Maria M, Aston-Jones G, Brady KT. Impact of gender on corticotropin-releasing factor and noradrenergic sensitivity in cocaine use disorder. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:320-327. [PMID: 27870396 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Responses to stress may be important in understanding gender differences in substance use disorders and may also be a target for development of treatment interventions. A growing body of both preclinical and clinical research supports important underlying gender differences in the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and noradrenergic systems, which may contribute to drug use. Preclinical models have demonstrated increased sensitivity of females to CRF and noradrenergic-induced drug reinstatement compared with males, and, consistent with these findings, human laboratory studies have demonstrated greater sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and noradrenergic stimulation in cocaine-dependent women compared with men. Furthermore, neuroimaging studies have demonstrated increased neural response to stressful stimuli in cocaine-dependent women compared with men as well as showing significant sex differences in the sensitivity of brain regions responsible for regulating the response to CRH. Development of interventions targeting the noradrenergic system and stress response in drug-dependent individuals could have important clinical implications for both women and men. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Angie M Cason
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Amy S Kohtz
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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25
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Wheeler DS, Ebben AL, Kurtoglu B, Lovell ME, Bohn AT, Jasek IA, Baker DA, Mantsch JR, Gasser PJ, Wheeler RA. Corticosterone regulates both naturally occurring and cocaine-induced dopamine signaling by selectively decreasing dopamine uptake. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2638-2646. [PMID: 28965353 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stressful and aversive events promote maladaptive reward-seeking behaviors such as drug addiction by acting, in part, on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Using animal models, data from our laboratory and others show that stress and cocaine can interact to produce a synergistic effect on reward circuitry. This effect is also observed when the stress hormone corticosterone is administered directly into the nucleus accumbens (NAc), indicating that glucocorticoids act locally in dopamine terminal regions to enhance cocaine's effects on dopamine signaling. However, prior studies in behaving animals have not provided mechanistic insight. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, we examined the effect of systemic corticosterone on spontaneous dopamine release events (transients) in the NAc core and shell in behaving rats. A physiologically relevant systemic injection of corticosterone (2 mg/kg i.p.) induced an increase in dopamine transient amplitude and duration (both voltammetric measures sensitive to decreases in dopamine clearance), but had no effect on the frequency of transient release events. This effect was compounded by cocaine (2.5 mg/kg i.p.). However, a second experiment indicated that the same injection of corticosterone had no detectable effect on the dopaminergic encoding of a palatable natural reward (saccharin). Taken together, these results suggest that corticosterone interferes with naturally occurring dopamine uptake locally, and this effect is a critical determinant of dopamine concentration specifically in situations in which the dopamine transporter is pharmacologically blocked by cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Amanda L Ebben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Beliz Kurtoglu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Marissa E Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Austin T Bohn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Isabella A Jasek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - John R Mantsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Paul J Gasser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Robert A Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 560 N. 16th St SC 446, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
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26
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Stringfield SJ, Higginbotham JA, Wang R, Berger AL, McLaughlin RJ, Fuchs RA. Role of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanisms in cocaine memory enhancement. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:349-358. [PMID: 28549664 PMCID: PMC5526334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a critical site for the reconsolidation of labile contextual cocaine memories following retrieval-induced reactivation/destabilization. Here, we examined whether glucocorticoid receptors (GR), which are abundant in the BLA, mediate this phenomenon. Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine reinforcement in a distinct environmental context, followed by extinction training in a different context. Rats were then briefly exposed to the cocaine-paired context (to elicit memory reactivation and reconsolidation) or their home cages (no reactivation control). Exposure to the cocaine-paired context elicited greater serum corticosterone concentrations than home cage stay. Interestingly, the GR antagonist, mifepristone (3-10 ng/hemisphere), administered into the BLA after memory reactivation produced a further, dose-dependent increase in serum corticosterone concentrations during the putative time of cocaine-memory reconsolidation but produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect curve on subsequent cocaine-seeking behavior 72 h later. This effect was anatomically selective, dependent on memory reactivation (i.e., not observed after home cage exposure), and did not reflect protracted hyperactivity. However, the effect was also observed when mifepristone was administered after novelty stress that mimics drug context-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation without explicit memory reactivation. Together, these findings suggest that, similar to explicit memory retrieval, a stressful event is sufficient to destabilize cocaine memories and permit their manipulation. Furthermore, BLA GR stimulation exerts inhibitory feedback upon HPA axis activation and thus suppresses cocaine-memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Stringfield
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A Higginbotham
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R Wang
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - A L Berger
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R J McLaughlin
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R A Fuchs
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA, USA.
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27
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Roberto M, Spierling SR, Kirson D, Zorrilla EP. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and Addictive Behaviors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 136:5-51. [PMID: 29056155 PMCID: PMC6155477 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a complex disorder that is characterized by compulsivity to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake of the drug, and emergence of a withdrawal syndrome in the absence of the drug. The transition from casual drug use to dependence is mediated by changes in reward and brain stress functions and has been linked to a shift from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement. The recruitment of brain stress systems mediates the negative emotional state produced by dependence that drives drug seeking through negative reinforcement mechanisms, defined as the "dark side" of addiction. In this chapter we focus on behavioral and cellular neuropharmacological studies that have implicated brain stress systems (i.e., corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) in the transition to addiction and the predominant brain regions involved. We also discuss the implication of CRF recruitment in compulsive eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | | | - Dean Kirson
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Contarino A, Kitchener P, Vallée M, Papaleo F, Piazza PV. CRF 1 receptor-deficiency increases cocaine reward. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:41-48. [PMID: 28137450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant drugs produce reward but also activate stress-responsive systems. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the related hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress-responsive systems are activated by stimulant drugs. However, their role in stimulant drug-induced reward remains poorly understood. Herein, we report that CRF1 receptor-deficient (CRF1-/-), but not wild-type, mice show conditioned place preference (CPP) responses to a relatively low cocaine dose (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Conversely, wild-type, but not CRF1-/-, mice display CPP responses to a relatively high cocaine dose (20 mg/kg, i.p.), indicating that CRF1 receptor-deficiency alters the rewarding effects of cocaine. Acute pharmacological antagonism of the CRF1 receptor by antalarmin also eliminates cocaine reward. Nevertheless, CRF1-/- mice display higher stereotypy responses to cocaine than wild-type mice. Despite the very low plasma corticosterone concentration, CRF1-/- mice show higher nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in the brain region of the hippocampus than wild-type mice. Full rescue of wild-type-like corticosterone and GR circadian rhythm and level in CRF1-/- mice by exogenous corticosterone does not affect CRF1 receptor-dependent cocaine reward but induces stereotypy responses to cocaine. These results indicate a critical role for the CRF1 receptor in cocaine reward, independently of the closely related HPA axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Contarino
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Pierre Kitchener
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Monique Vallée
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Pier-Vincenzo Piazza
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Stringfield SJ, Higginbotham JA, Fuchs RA. Requisite Role of Basolateral Amygdala Glucocorticoid Receptor Stimulation in Drug Context-Induced Cocaine-Seeking Behavior. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw073. [PMID: 27521756 PMCID: PMC5203759 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cocaine-associated stimuli triggers a robust rise in circulating glucocorticoid levels. Glucocorticoid receptors are richly expressed in the basolateral amygdala, a brain region that controls the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior upon exposure to a previously cocaine-paired environmental context. In the present study, we investigated whether glucocorticoid receptor stimulation in the basolateral amygdala is integral to drug context-induced motivation to seek cocaine in a rat model of drug relapse. METHODS Rats were trained to lever press for cocaine reinforcement in a distinct environmental context and were then given daily extinction training sessions in a different context. At test, the rats received bilateral glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone; 3 or 10ng/hemisphere) or vehicle microinfusions into either the basolateral amygdala or the overlying posterior caudate-putamen (anatomical control region). Immediately thereafter, drug-seeking behavior (i.e., nonreinforced lever presses) was assessed in the previously cocaine-paired context and locomotor activity was assessed in a novel context. RESULTS Intra-basolateral amygdala, but not intra-posterior caudate-putamen, mifepristone dose-dependently attenuated drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior relative to vehicle, such that responding was similar to that observed in the extinction context. In contrast, mifepristone treatment did not alter locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that basolateral amygdala glucocorticoid receptor stimulation is necessary for drug context-induced motivation to seek cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra J Stringfield
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield)
| | - Jessica A Higginbotham
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield)
| | - Rita A Fuchs
- Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Pullman, WA (Ms Higginbotham and Dr Fuchs); Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (Ms Stringfield).
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Packard AEB, Egan AE, Ulrich-Lai YM. HPA Axis Interactions with Behavioral Systems. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1897-1934. [PMID: 27783863 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most salient behaviors that individuals engage in involve the avoidance of aversive experiences and the pursuit of pleasurable experiences. Engagement in these behaviors is regulated to a significant extent by an individual's hormonal milieu. For example, glucocorticoid hormones are produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, and influence most aspects of behavior. In turn, many behaviors can influence HPA axis activity. These bidirectional interactions not only coordinate an individual's physiological and behavioral states to each other, but can also tune them to environmental conditions thereby optimizing survival. The present review details the influence of the HPA axis on many types of behavior, including appetitively-motivated behaviors (e.g., food intake and drug use), aversively-motivated behaviors (e.g., anxiety-related and depressive-like) and cognitive behaviors (e.g., learning and memory). Conversely, the manuscript also describes how engaging in various behaviors influences HPA axis activity. Our current understanding of the neuronal and/or hormonal mechanisms that underlie these interactions is also summarized. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1897-1934, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ann E Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Cason AM, Kohtz A, Aston-Jones G. Role of Corticotropin Releasing Factor 1 Signaling in Cocaine Seeking during Early Extinction in Female and Male Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158577. [PMID: 27362504 PMCID: PMC4928795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) neurons are involved in stress responses, including stress’s ability to drive drug relapse. Previous animal studies indicate that female rats exhibit greater drug seeking than male rats during initial drug abstinence. Moreover, females are more sensitive to the effect of stress to drive drug seeking than males. Finally, LC-NE neurons are more sensitive to CRF in females compared to males. We hypothesized that increased drug seeking in females on extinction day one (ED1) is due to increased response to the stress of early withdrawal and is dependent upon the increased response of LC in females to CRF. We predicted that LC-NE neurons would exhibit Fos activation on ED1, and that blocking CRF1 signaling would decrease drug seeking on ED1 measured by responding on an active lever previously associated with cocaine self- administration. After chronic cocaine self-administration, female and male rats underwent a test for initial extinction responding by measuring lever pressing in the absence of cocaine. Prior to this Extinction Day 1 (ED1) session, rats were injected with vehicle or the selective CRF1 antagonist (CP) to measure effects of CRF antagonism on drug seeking during early abstinence. ED1 increased corticosterone in female rats, in proportion to lever responding in male and female, indicating that ED1 was stressful. Pretreatment with CP decreased cocaine seeking on ED1 more effectively in female compared to male rats. This increase in responding was associated with an increase in activation of LC NE neurons. Together, these findings indicate that stress, and signaling at CRF receptors in LC, may be involved in the increased drug seeking during initial abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M. Cason
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy Kohtz
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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Morisot N, Contarino A. The CRF 1 and the CRF 2 receptor mediate recognition memory deficits and vulnerability induced by opiate withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:500-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ashby CR, Rice OV, Heidbreder CA, Gardner EL. The selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonist SB-277011A attenuates drug- or food-deprivation reactivation of expression of conditioned place preference for cocaine in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Synapse 2016; 69:336-44. [PMID: 25851636 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effect of the selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist SB-277011A on reactivation of conditioned place preference (CPP) to cocaine elicited by priming injections of cocaine or exposure to food deprivation stress (21 h) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals paired with the cocaine-associated chamber displayed a robust and consistent CPP response. This CPP was extinguished after repeated pairings of the conditioned stimuli (cocaine-paired chamber contextual cues) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (cocaine). Twenty-four hours later, the administration of 5 mg kg(-1) i.p. of cocaine (immediately before the test) or exposure to 21 h of food deprivation reactivated the expression of the cocaine-induced CPP. In contrast, administration of 1 ml kg(-1) i.p. of vehicle did not reactivate the CPP response. Administration of the selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist SB-277011A (3-24 mg kg(-1) i.p.) 30 min before cocaine administration on the test day produced a significant attenuation of CPP reactivation. Reactivation of the CPP response produced by food deprivation was also significantly attenuated by SB-277011A (6 or 12 mg kg(-1) i.p.) given 30 min before the test session. SB-277011A (12 or 24 mg kg(-1) i.p.) did not itself produce reactivation of the CPP response. Overall, these results suggest that the reactivation of the incentive value of drug-associated cues by cocaine or food deprivation is attenuated by selective antagonism of D3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, 11439
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Mantsch JR, Baker DA, Funk D, Lê AD, Shaham Y. Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking: 20 Years of Progress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:335-56. [PMID: 25976297 PMCID: PMC4677117 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here, we first discuss the generality of stress-induced reinstatement to different drugs of abuse, different stressors, and different behavioral procedures. We also discuss neuropharmacological mechanisms, and brain areas and circuits controlling stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. We conclude by discussing results from translational human laboratory studies and clinical trials that were inspired by results from rat studies on stress-induced reinstatement. Our main conclusions are (1) The phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement, first shown with an intermittent footshock stressor in rats trained to self-administer heroin, generalizes to other abused drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and alcohol, and is also observed in the conditioned place preference model in rats and mice. This phenomenon, however, is stressor specific and not all stressors induce reinstatement of drug seeking. (2) Neuropharmacological studies indicate the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, kappa/dynorphin, and several other peptide and neurotransmitter systems in stress-induced reinstatement. Neuropharmacology and circuitry studies indicate the involvement of CRF and noradrenaline transmission in bed nucleus of stria terminalis and central amygdala, and dopamine, CRF, kappa/dynorphin, and glutamate transmission in other components of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system (ventral tegmental area, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens). (3) Translational human laboratory studies and a recent clinical trial study show the efficacy of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in decreasing stress-induced drug craving and stress-induced initial heroin lapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mantsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas Funk
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anh D Lê
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA-NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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CB1 receptor antagonism blocks stress-potentiated reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:99-109. [PMID: 26455361 PMCID: PMC4703460 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Under some conditions, stress, rather than directly triggering cocaine seeking, potentiates reinstatement to other stimuli, including a subthreshold cocaine dose. The mechanisms responsible for stress-potentiated reinstatement are not well defined. Endocannabinoid signaling is increased by stress and regulates synaptic transmission in brain regions implicated in motivated behavior. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) signaling is required for stress-potentiated reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. METHODS Following i.v. cocaine self-administration (2 h access/day) and extinction in male rats, footshock stress alone does not reinstate cocaine seeking but reinstatement is observed when footshock is followed by an injection of an otherwise subthreshold dose of cocaine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). CB1R involvement was tested by systemic administration of the CB1R antagonist AM251 (0, 1, or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to testing for stress-potentiated reinstatement. RESULTS Stress-potentiated reinstatement was blocked by both 1 and 3 mg/kg AM251. By contrast, AM251 only attenuated food-reinforced lever pressing at the higher dose (i.e., 3 mg/kg) and did not affect locomotor activity at either dose tested. Neither high-dose cocaine-primed reinstatement (10 mg/kg, i.p.) nor footshock stress-triggered reinstatement following long-access cocaine self-administration (6 h access/day) was affected by AM251 pretreatment. Footshock stress increased concentrations of both endocannabinoids, N-arachidonylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, in regions of the prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that footshock stress increases prefrontal cortical endocannabinoids and stress-potentiated reinstatement is CB1R-dependent, suggesting that CB1R is a potential therapeutic target for relapse prevention, particularly in individuals whose cocaine use is stress-related.
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Slater PG, Noches V, Gysling K. Corticotropin-releasing factor type-2 receptor and corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein coexist in rat ventral tegmental area nerve terminals originated in the lateral hypothalamic area. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:220-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula G. Slater
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Alameda 340 Santiago 8331150 Chile
| | - Veronica Noches
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Alameda 340 Santiago 8331150 Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Alameda 340 Santiago 8331150 Chile
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Venniro M, Caprioli D, Shaham Y. Animal models of drug relapse and craving: From drug priming-induced reinstatement to incubation of craving after voluntary abstinence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:25-52. [PMID: 26822352 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self-administered drug, drug-associated cues, stress, as well as by short-term and protracted withdrawal symptoms. In this review, we discuss different animal models that have been used to study behavioral and neuropharmacological mechanisms of these relapse-related phenomena. In the first part, we discuss relapse models in which abstinence is achieved through extinction training, including the established reinstatement model, as well as the reacquisition and resurgence models. In the second part, we discuss recent animal models in which drug relapse is assessed after either forced abstinence (e.g., the incubation of drug craving model) or voluntary (self-imposed) abstinence achieved either by introducing adverse consequences to ongoing drug self-administration (e.g., punishment) or by an alternative nondrug reward using a discrete choice (drug vs. palatable food) procedure. We conclude by briefly discussing the potential implications of the recent developments of animal models of drug relapse after voluntary abstinence to the development of medications for relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Venniro
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Maayan R, Hirsh L, Yadid G, Weizman A. Dehydroepiandrosterone Attenuates Cocaine-Seeking Behaviour Independently of Corticosterone Fluctuations. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:819-26. [PMID: 26309224 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is involved in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders, including cocaine addiction. We have previously shown that DHEA attenuates cocaine-seeking behaviour, and also that DHEA decreases corticosterone (CORT) levels in plasma and the prefrontal cortex. Previous studies have found that rats demonstrate cocaine-seeking behaviour only when the level of CORT reaches a minimum threshold. In the present study, we investigated whether the attenuating effect of DHEA on cocaine seeking is a result of it reducing CORT levels rather than a result of any unique neurosteroid properties. Rats received either daily DHEA injections (2 mg/kg, i.p.) alone, daily DHEA (2 mg/kg, i.p.) with CORT infusion (to maintain stable basal levels of CORT; 15 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (i.p.) as control, throughout self-administration training and extinction sessions. We found that both DHEA-treated and DHEA + CORT-treated groups showed a significantly lower number of active lever presses compared to controls throughout training and extinction sessions, as well as at cocaine-primed reinstatement. DHEA-treated rats showed lower CORT levels throughout the experimental phases compared to DHEA + CORT-treated and control rats. Additionally, we show that DHEA administered to cocaine-trained rats throughout extinction sessions, or immediately before reinstatement, attenuated cocaine seeking. These findings indicate that DHEA attenuates cocaine-seeking behaviour independently of fluctuations in CORT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maayan
- The Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - L Hirsh
- Leslie and Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - G Yadid
- Leslie and Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - A Weizman
- The Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Sadeghzadeh F, Babapour V, Haghparast A. Role of dopamine D1-like receptor within the nucleus accumbens in acute food deprivation- and drug priming-induced reinstatement of morphine seeking in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:172-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Morisot N, Rouibi K, Contarino A. CRF2 Receptor Deficiency Eliminates the Long-Lasting Vulnerability of Motivational States Induced by Opiate Withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1990-2000. [PMID: 25672976 PMCID: PMC4839523 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to stressful life events is a hallmark of drug dependence that may persist long after cessation of drug intake and dramatically fuel key clinical features, such as deregulated up-shifted motivational states and craving. However, to date, no effective therapy is available for reducing vulnerability to stressful events in former drug users and drug-dependent patients, mostly because of poor knowledge of the mechanisms underlying it. In this study, we report that genetic inactivation of the stress-responsive corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2 (CRF2-/-) completely eliminates the reemergence of increased nonrewarded nose-pokes, reflecting up-shifted motivational states, triggered by ethological environmental stressors long after cessation of morphine administration in mice. Accordingly, CRF2 receptor deficiency completely abolishes the increase in biomarkers of synthesis of major brain motivational substrates, such as ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) and amygdala γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems, associated with the stress-induced reemergence of up-shifted motivational states long after opiate withdrawal. Nevertheless, neither CRF2 receptor deficiency nor long-term opiate withdrawal affects amygdala CRF or hypothalamus CRF expression, indicating preserved brain stress-coping systems. Moreover, CRF2 receptor deficiency does not influence the locomotor or the anxiety-like effect of long-term opiate withdrawal. Thus, the present results reveal an essential and specific role for the CRF2 receptor in the stress-induced reemergence of up-shifted motivational states and related alterations in brain motivational systems long after opiate withdrawal. These findings suggest new strategies for the treatment of the severe and long-lasting vulnerability that inexorably follows drug withdrawal and hinder drug abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Morisot
- Université Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Khalil Rouibi
- Université Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Angelo Contarino
- Université Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France,Université Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux, Cedex France, Tel: +33 5 57 57 95 27, Fax: +33 5 56 90 14 21, E-mail:
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Liu X. Enhanced motivation for food reward induced by stress and attenuation by corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor antagonism in rats: implications for overeating and obesity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2049-60. [PMID: 25510859 PMCID: PMC4433618 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Overeating beyond individuals' homeostatic needs critically contributes to obesity. The neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying the motivation to consume excessive foods with high calories are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The present study examined whether a pharmacological stressor, yohimbine, enhances the motivation to procure food reward with an emphasis on comparisons between standard lab chow and high-fat foods. The effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor blockade by a CRF1-selective antagonist NBI on the stress-enhanced motivation for food reward were also assessed. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats with chow available ad libitum in their home cages were trained to press a lever under a progressive ratio schedule for deliveries of either standard or high-fat food pellets. For testing yohimbine stress effects, rats received an intraperitoneal administration of yohimbine 10 min before start of the test sessions. For testing effects of CRF1 receptor blockade on stress responses, NBI was administered 20 min prior to yohimbine challenge. RESULTS The rats emitted higher levels of lever responses to procure the high-fat food pellets compared with their counterparts on standard food pellets. Yohimbine challenge facilitated lever responses for the reward in all of the rats, whereas the effect was more robust in the rats on high-fat food pellets compared with their counterparts on standard food pellets. An inhibitory effect of pretreatment with NBI was observed on the enhancing effect of yohimbine challenge but not on the responses under baseline condition without yohimbine administration. CONCLUSIONS Stress challenge significantly enhanced the motivation of satiated rats to procure extra food reward, especially the high-fat food pellets. Activation of CRF1 receptors is required for the stress-enhanced motivation for food reward. These results may have implications for our better understanding of the biobehavioral mechanisms of overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA,
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Fox H, Sofuoglu M, Sinha R. Guanfacine enhances inhibitory control and attentional shifting in early abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:312-23. [PMID: 25567555 PMCID: PMC4432477 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114562464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attenuation of adrenergic drive and cognitive enhancement, via stimulation of alpha2 pre- and post-synaptic receptors, may selectively enhance executive performance in early abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals. As these cognitive processes underpin important treatment-related behaviors, the alpha2 agonist, guanfacine HCl, may represent an effective pharmaco-therapeutic intervention. METHODS Twenty-five early abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals were administered a battery of neurocognitive tasks on entry into treatment (baseline) and again following 3 weeks of either placebo or guanfacine treatment (up to 3 mg). Tasks included: Stop Signal, Stroop, 3-Dimentional Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional (IDED) task, Spatial Working Memory (SWM), Paired Associates Learning (PAL), Verbal Fluency and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). RESULTS Compared with placebo, the guanfacine group demonstrated attenuated anxiety and negative affect as well as improved performance on selective executive tests. This included fewer directional errors on the stop signal task, fewer errors on the extra-dimensional shift component of the IDED task and better attentional switching during verbal fluency. Guanfacine did not improve strategic working memory or peripheral memory. CONCLUSION Guanfacine improves selective cognitive processes which may underlie salient treatment-related regulatory behaviors. Alpha2 agonists may therefore represent important agents for cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, The Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- The Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
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CRF₂ receptor-deficiency reduces recognition memory deficits and vulnerability to stress induced by cocaine withdrawal. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1969-79. [PMID: 24800964 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulant drug abuse, dependence and withdrawal are associated with cognitive dysfunction and impact stress-sensitive systems. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system orchestrates stress responses via CRF1 and CRF2 receptors and is implicated in substance use disorders. However, CRF2 role in psychostimulant drug-induced cognitive dysfunction remains to be elucidated. In the present study, wild-type and CRF2-/- mice are injected with cocaine and memory assessed by the novel object recognition (NOR) task throughout relatively long periods of drug withdrawal. Following recovery from the drug-induced memory deficits, the mice are stressed prior to the NOR task and brain gene expression evaluated by in situ hybridization. Cocaine impairs NOR memory in wild-type and CRF2-/- mice. However, following cocaine withdrawal NOR memory deficits last less time in CRF2-/- than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, a relatively mild stressor induces the re-emergence of NOR deficits in long-term cocaine-withdrawn wild-type but not CRF2-/- mice. Cocaine-withdrawn mice show a genotype-independent higher c-fos expression in the NOR memory-relevant perirhinal cortex than drug-naïve mice. However neither genotype nor drug withdrawal affect the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental area or the locus coeruleus and CRF in the central nucleus of the amygdala or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, brain regions implicated in stress and drug responses. These data indicate a new role for the CRF2 receptor in cognitive deficits induced by cocaine withdrawal, both as regards to their duration and their re-induction by stress. Interestingly, prototypical brain stress systems other than CRF do not appear to be involved.
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McReynolds JR, Vranjkovic O, Thao M, Baker DA, Makky K, Lim Y, Mantsch JR. Beta-2 adrenergic receptors mediate stress-evoked reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and increases in CRF mRNA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3953-63. [PMID: 24696080 PMCID: PMC8647032 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Understanding the mechanisms responsible for stress-induced relapse is important for guiding treatment strategies aimed at minimizing the contribution of stress to addiction. Evidence suggests that these mechanisms involve interactions between noradrenergic systems and the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). OBJECTIVES The interaction between β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) and CRF as it relates to the reinstatement of cocaine-conditioned reward in response to a stressor was examined in mice. We hypothesized that β2-ARs are required for stress-induced activation of CRF pathways responsible for reinstatement. METHODS Stress-induced relapse was examined based on the re-establishment of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP; 4 × 15 mg/kg cocaine, i.p.) after extinction using forced swim (6 min at 22 °C) or an injection of the β2-AR agonist, clenbuterol (4 mg/kg, i.p.). The CRF-R1 antagonist antalarmin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or the β2-AR antagonist ICI-118,551 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) were given 30 min prior to reinstating stimuli. Quantitative PCR was conducted in dissected bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and amygdala, putative sources of CRF that contribute to reinstatement, to examine the effects of ICI-118,551 on swim-induced increases in CRF messenger RNA (mRNA) in mice with a cocaine history. RESULTS Pretreatment with ICI-118,551 or antalarmin blocked swim-induced reinstatement of CPP. Reinstatement by clenbuterol was also blocked by antalarmin. ICI-118,551 pretreatment prevented swim-induced increases in CRF mRNA in the BNST. Effects in the amygdala were not observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that, during stress, norepinephrine, via β2-ARs, either directly or indirectly activates CRF-releasing neurons in the BNST that interface with motivational neurocircuitry to induce reinstatement of cocaine-conditioned reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme R. McReynolds
- Corresponding Author: John Mantsch, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, , , Telephone Number: (414) 288-2036, Fax Number: (414) 288-6564
| | - Oliver Vranjkovic
- Corresponding Author: John Mantsch, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, , , Telephone Number: (414) 288-2036, Fax Number: (414) 288-6564
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Perry CJ, Zbukvic I, Kim JH, Lawrence AJ. Role of cues and contexts on drug-seeking behaviour. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4636-72. [PMID: 24749941 PMCID: PMC4209936 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are powerful mediators of craving and relapse in substance-abuse disorders. This review examined how animal models have been used to investigate the cognitive mechanisms through which cues are able to affect drug-seeking behaviour. We address how animal models can describe the way drug-associated cues come to facilitate the development and persistence of drug taking, as well as how these cues are critical to the tendency to relapse that characterizes substance-abuse disorders. Drug-associated cues acquire properties of conditioned reinforcement, incentive motivation and discriminative control, which allow them to influence drug-seeking behaviour. Using these models, researchers have been able to investigate the pharmacology subserving the behavioural impact of environmental stimuli, some of which we highlight. Subsequently, we examine whether the impact of drug-associated stimuli can be attenuated via a process of extinction, and how this question is addressed in the laboratory. We discuss how preclinical research has been translated into behavioural therapies targeting substance abuse, as well as highlight potential developments to therapies that might produce more enduring changes in behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Perry
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Isabel Zbukvic
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
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Tunstall BJ, Kearns DN. Reinstatement in a cocaine versus food choice situation: reversal of preference between drug and non-drug rewards. Addict Biol 2014; 19:838-48. [PMID: 23551949 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that when given a mutually exclusive choice between cocaine and food, rats almost exclusively choose food. The present experiment investigated potential shifts in preference between levers associated with either food or cocaine that might occur during extinction (food and cocaine no longer available) and during footshock-induced, cocaine-primed and food-primed reinstatement. During self-administration sessions where food and cocaine were simultaneously available, rats demonstrated a stable food preference, choosing food over cocaine on 83% of trials. During extinction when neither reinforcer was available, no preference between levers was evident and responding decreased until rats responded on the previously food- and cocaine-associated levers at equally low rates. Footshock resulted in a non-specific reinstatement of responding upon both levers, while cocaine priming resulted in a significant preference for cocaine seeking over food seeking. This suggests that the mechanism underlying footshock-induced reinstatement is distinct from that of cocaine-primed reinstatement. Food priming engendered a mild, non-specific increase in responding on both levers. Although rats generally prefer food over cocaine when presented with a choice between these primary reinforcers, the present results suggest that in certain situations, cocaine-seeking behavior prevails over food-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David N. Kearns
- Psychology Department; American University; Washington, DC USA
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Alves CJ, Magalhães A, Melo P, de Sousa L, Tavares MA, Monteiro PRR, Summavielle T. Long-term effects of chronic cocaine exposure throughout adolescence on anxiety and stress responsivity in a Wistar rat model. Neuroscience 2014; 277:343-55. [PMID: 25047999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents display increased vulnerability to engage in drug experimentation. This is often considered a risk factor for later drug abuse. In this scenario, the permanent effects of cocaine exposure during adolescence on anxiety levels and stress responsivity, which may result in behavioral phenotypes prone to addiction, are now starting to be unveiled. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the long-lasting effects of chronic cocaine administration during adolescence, on anxiety-like behavior and on stress response. Adolescent male Wistar rats were daily administered 45-mg cocaine/kg of body weight in three equal intraperitoneal doses with 1-h interval, from postnatal day (PND) 35 to 50. The effects of cocaine administration on anxiety levels, assessed in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and on social stress response, assessed in the resident-intruder paradigm (R/I), were evaluated 10 days after withdrawal, when rats were reaching the adulthood. The underlying dopaminergic activity, and the corticosterone and testosterone levels were determined. Our results showed that cocaine induced long-lasting alterations in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenals (HPA) axis function and in testosterone levels. Such alterations resulted in significant and enduring changes in behavioral responses to environmental challenges, such as the EPM and R/I, including the evaluation of potential threats that may lead to high-risk behavior and low-benefit choices. This was further supported by an altered dopaminergic function in the amygdala and hippocampus. The present findings provide new insights into how the use of cocaine during adolescent development may modulate emotional behavior later in life. Compromised ability to recognize and deal with potential threats is an important risk factor to perpetuate compulsive drug seeking and relapse susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Alves
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Magalhães
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade de Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - P Melo
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ESTSP - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - L de Sousa
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade de Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M A Tavares
- FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - P R R Monteiro
- ESTSP - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - T Summavielle
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ESTSP - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.
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Fox HC, Morgan PT, Sinha R. Sex differences in guanfacine effects on drug craving and stress arousal in cocaine-dependent individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1527-37. [PMID: 24395021 PMCID: PMC3988558 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, no FDA-approved medication exists for the treatment of cocaine use disorder. Furthermore, as women become increasingly more at risk for the consequences of cocaine addiction, the need to establish better-tailored treatment medications is paramount. We examine the effects of the alpha2 adrenergic agonist, guanfacine HCl, on responses to stress and drug cue in a group of cocaine-dependent men and women who also abuse alcohol and nicotine. Forty early abstinent treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent males and females were randomly assigned to receive either daily placebo (12 M/7 F) or guanfacine (2 or 3 mg) (15 M/6 F) for 3 weeks. In week 4, they participated in a laboratory experiment and were exposed to three 10-min guided imagery conditions (stress/stress, cue/cue, and stress/cue), one per day, consecutively in a random, counterbalanced order. Craving, negative emotion, anxiety, and cardiovascular function were assessed at baseline, immediately following imagery exposure, and at various recovery time points. Guanfacine significantly attenuated cocaine craving, alcohol craving, anxiety, and negative emotion following exposure to all three imagery conditions in females, but not males. Guanfacine did, however, reduce sympathetic tone as well as stress and cue-induced nicotine craving and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in both males and females. These findings highlight sex-specific effects of guanfacine on drug craving, anxiety, and negative mood with significant effects in women and not men. The findings suggest further evaluation of guanfacine in the treatment of cocaine use disorder with a specific focus on sex differences in treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, The Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter T Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, The Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, The Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 2 Church Street South Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06519, USA, Tel: +1 203 737 5805, Fax: +1 203 974 7076, E-mail:
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49
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Karimi S, Attarzadeh-Yazdi G, Yazdi-Ravandi S, Hesam S, Azizi P, Razavi Y, Haghparast A. Forced swim stress but not exogenous corticosterone could induce the reinstatement of extinguished morphine conditioned place preference in rats: Involvement of glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2014; 264:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Schank JR, King CE, Sun H, Cheng K, Rice KC, Heilig M, Weinshenker D, Schroeder JP. The role of the neurokinin-1 receptor in stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol and cocaine seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1093-101. [PMID: 24173499 PMCID: PMC3957103 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs) have been shown to mediate alcohol and opiate, but not cocaine reward in rodents. We recently reported that NK1R antagonism also blocks stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats, but it is presently unknown whether these antirelapse properties extend to other drug classes. Although some work has suggested that intracranial substance P (SP) infusion reinstates cocaine seeking following extinction, no studies have indicated a direct role for the NK1R in reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Here, we explored the effect of the NK1R antagonist L822429 on yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol or cocaine seeking in Long-Evans rats. Consistent with our previous findings with footshock-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in Wistar rats, we found that L822429 attenuates yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking, but does not affect baseline alcohol self-administration. We observed a similar suppression of yohimbine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking by L822429, and found that Long-Evans rats exhibit greater sensitivity to NK1R antagonism than Wistar rats. Accordingly, Long-Evans rats exhibit differences in the expression of NK1Rs in some subcortical brain regions. Combined, our findings suggest that while NK1R antagonism differentially influences alcohol- and cocaine-related behavior, this receptor mediates stress-induced seeking of both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Schank
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10-CRC, Room 1-5330, Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA, Tel: +1 301 402 5305, Fax: +1 301 402 0445, E-mail:
| | - Courtney E King
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Branch, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Chemical Biology Branch, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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