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Shao Y, Zhou L, Li F, Zhao L, Zhang BL, Shao F, Chen JW, Chen CY, Bi X, Zhuang XL, Zhu HL, Hu J, Sun Z, Li X, Wang D, Rivas-González I, Wang S, Wang YM, Chen W, Li G, Lu HM, Liu Y, Kuderna LFK, Farh KKH, Fan PF, Yu L, Li M, Liu ZJ, Tiley GP, Yoder AD, Roos C, Hayakawa T, Marques-Bonet T, Rogers J, Stenson PD, Cooper DN, Schierup MH, Yao YG, Zhang YP, Wang W, Qi XG, Zhang G, Wu DD. Phylogenomic analyses provide insights into primate evolution. Science 2023; 380:913-924. [PMID: 37262173 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn6919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of primate genomes within a phylogenetic context is essential for understanding the evolution of human genetic architecture and primate diversity. We present such a study of 50 primate species spanning 38 genera and 14 families, including 27 genomes first reported here, with many from previously less well represented groups, the New World monkeys and the Strepsirrhini. Our analyses reveal heterogeneous rates of genomic rearrangement and gene evolution across primate lineages. Thousands of genes under positive selection in different lineages play roles in the nervous, skeletal, and digestive systems and may have contributed to primate innovations and adaptations. Our study reveals that many key genomic innovations occurred in the Simiiformes ancestral node and may have had an impact on the adaptive radiation of the Simiiformes and human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Center of Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women's Hospital at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Li
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Animal Sex and Development, ZhejiangWanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Bao-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | | | - Chun-Yan Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xupeng Bi
- Center of Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women's Hospital at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | | | - Jiang Hu
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zongyi Sun
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Li
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yun-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hui-Meng Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lukas F K Kuderna
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Kyle Kai-How Farh
- Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi-Jin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - George P Tiley
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anne D Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter D Stenson
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David N Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Center of Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women's Hospital at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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Li Y, Xu C, Sun B, Zhong F, Cao M, Yang L. Sema3d Restrained Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression Through Inactivating Pi3k/Akt Signaling via Interaction With FLNA. Front Oncol 2022; 12:913498. [PMID: 35957887 PMCID: PMC9358705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.913498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors worldwide due to the high incidence rate of metastasis and recurrence. Semaphorin 3d (Sema3d) has been shown to play a critical role in vascular development during early embryogenesis and several forms of cancer progression via regulating cell migration. However, the function of Sema3d in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the function and mechanisms of Sema3d in HCC. In our study, Sema3d expression was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Downregulated Sema3d was closely correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor clinical outcomes in HCC patients. Moreover, overexpression of Sema3d in HCCLM3 cells was significantly inhibited and knockdown of Sema3d in PLC/PRF/5 cells promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells in vitro and tumor growth, EMT, and metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, the RNA sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated that these phenotypic and functional changes in Sema3d-interfered HCC cells were mediated by the Pi3k/Akt signaling pathway, and co-IP–combined mass spectrometry indicated Sema3d might interact with FLNA. Finally, we proved that Sema3d exerted its tumor-restraining effect by interacting with FLNA to inactivate the Pi3k/Akt signaling pathway and remodel the cytoskeleton. Our data showed that Sema3d restrained hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation, invasion, and metastasis through inactivating Pi3k/Akt via interaction with FLNA, which may serve as a novel prognostic predictor and a potential therapeutic target for HCC patients.
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Formation of the Mouse Internal Capsule and Cerebral Peduncle: A Pioneering Role for Striatonigral Axons as Revealed in Isl1 Conditional Mutants. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3344-3364. [PMID: 35273083 PMCID: PMC9034787 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2291-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The projection neurons of the striatum, the principal nucleus of the basal ganglia, belong to one of the following two major pathways: the striatopallidal (indirect) pathway or the striatonigral (direct) pathway. Striatonigral axons project long distances and encounter ascending tracts (thalamocortical) while coursing alongside descending tracts (corticofugal) as they extend through the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle. These observations suggest that striatal circuitry may help to guide their trajectories. To investigate the developmental contributions of striatonigral axons to internal capsule formation, we have made use of Sox8-EGFP (striatal direct pathway) and Fezf2-TdTomato (corticofugal pathway) BAC transgenic reporter mice in combination with immunohistochemical markers to trace these axonal pathways throughout development. We show that striatonigral axons pioneer the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle and are temporally and spatially well positioned to provide guidance for corticofugal and thalamocortical axons. Using Isl1 conditional knock-out (cKO) mice, which exhibit disrupted striatonigral axon outgrowth, we observe both corticofugal and thalamocortical axon defects with either ventral forebrain- or telencephalon-specific Isl1 inactivation, despite Isl1 not being expressed in either cortical or thalamic projection neurons. Striatonigral axon defects can thus disrupt internal capsule formation. Our genome-wide transcriptomic analysis in Isl1 cKOs reveals changes in gene expression relevant to cell adhesion, growth cone dynamics, and extracellular matrix composition, suggesting potential mechanisms by which the striatonigral pathway exerts this guidance role. Together, our data support a novel pioneering role for the striatal direct pathway in the correct assembly of the ascending and descending axon tracts within the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei with established roles in the coordination of voluntary motor programs, aspects of cognition, and the selection of appropriate social behaviors. Hence, disruptions in basal ganglia connectivity have been implicated in the motor, cognitive, and social dysfunction characterizing common neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and tic disorder. Here, we identified a novel role for the striatonigral (direct) pathway in pioneering the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle, and in guiding axons extending to and from the cortex. Our findings suggest that the abnormal development of basal ganglia circuits can drive secondary internal capsule defects and thereby may contribute to the pathology of these disorders.
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Fenlon LR, Suarez R, Lynton Z, Richards LJ. The evolution, formation and connectivity of the anterior commissure. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:50-59. [PMID: 33958283 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The anterior commissure is the most ancient of the forebrain interhemispheric connections among all vertebrates. Indeed, it is the predominant pallial commissure in all non-eutherian vertebrates, universally subserving basic functions related to olfaction and survival. A key feature of the anterior commissure is its ability to convey connections from diverse brain areas, such as most of the neocortex in non-eutherian mammals, thereby mediating the bilateral integration of diverse functions. Shared developmental mechanisms between the anterior commissure and more evolutionarily recent commissures, such as the corpus callosum in eutherians, have led to the hypothesis that the former may have been a precursor for additional expansion of commissural circuits. However, differences between the formation of the anterior commissure and other telencephalic commissures suggest that independent developmental mechanisms underlie the emergence of these connections in extant species. Here, we review the developmental mechanisms and connectivity of the anterior commissure across evolutionarily distant species, and highlight its potential functional importance in humans, both in the course of normal neurodevelopment, and as a site of plastic axonal rerouting in the absence or damage of other connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Fenlon
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Rodrigo Suarez
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zorana Lynton
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia; The Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia; The School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
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Mendonça HR, Villas Boas COG, Heringer LDS, Oliveira JT, Martinez AMB. Myelination of regenerating optic nerve axons occurs in conjunction with an increase of the oligodendrocyte precursor cell population in the adult mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:150-160. [PMID: 33232742 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, regeneration of CNS tracts has been partially accomplished by strategies of intrinsic neuronal growth stimulation. However, restoration of function is dependent on proper myelination of regenerating axons. Previous work from our group (Goulart et al., 2018) has shown an increase in oligodendrocyte staining in the regenerating optic nerve, 2 weeks after crush, in animals that were submitted to conditional deletion of pten gene in retinal ganglion cells and intravitreal injection of zymosan + cAMP. Thus, in the present study we aimed to investigate the maturation of the oligodendroglial lineage and myelination during the regeneration of the optic nerve under the same conditions of our previous work. We showed that the combined treatment promoted an increase of myelinated fibers within the optic nerve, 12 weeks after lesion, as well as an increase in Sox10 positive cells. Early-OPCs, positive to A2B5, were also increased at 12 weeks, whereas O4 positive, late-OPCs, were increased from 2 until 12 weeks after crush. At 12 weeks after crush, the optic nerve of Regenerating group presented more CC1 positive oligodendrocytes and increased MRF positive myelinating oligodendrocytes, culminating in CTB traced regenerating axons superimposed to MBP staining, suggestive of myelination. Thus, our work showed that conditional deletion of pten gene in retinal ganglion cells and intravitreal inflammatory stimuli + cAMP stimulate full maturation of the olidodendroglial lineage, from OPC proliferation and differentiation to myelination of regenerating CNS axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Rocha Mendonça
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Macaé, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil.
| | - Camila Oliveira Goulart Villas Boas
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Dos Santos Heringer
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia Teixeira Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Lewis V, Laberge F, Heyland A. Temporal Profile of Brain Gene Expression After Prey Catching Conditioning in an Anuran Amphibian. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1407. [PMID: 31992968 PMCID: PMC6971186 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A key goal in modern neurobiology is to understand the mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To that end, it is essential to identify the patterns of gene expression and the temporal sequence of molecular events associated with learning and memory processes. It is also important to ascertain if and how these molecular events vary between organisms. In vertebrates, learning and memory processes are characterized by distinct phases of molecular activity involving gene transcription, structural change, and long-term maintenance of such structural change in the nervous system. Utilizing next generation sequencing techniques, we profiled the temporal expression patterns of genes in the brain of the fire-bellied toad Bombina orientalis after prey catching conditioning. The fire-bellied toad is a basal tetrapod whose neural architecture and molecular pathways may help us understand the ancestral state of learning and memory mechanisms in tetrapods. Differential gene expression following conditioning revealed activity in molecular pathways related to immediate early genes (IEG), cytoskeletal modification, axon guidance activity, and apoptotic processes. Conditioning induced early IEG activity coinciding with transcriptional activity and neuron structural modification, followed by axon guidance and cell adhesion activity, and late neuronal pruning. While some of these gene expression patterns are similar to those found in mammals submitted to conditioning, some interesting divergent expression profiles were seen, and differential expression of some well-known learning-related mammalian genes is missing altogether. These results highlight the importance of using a comparative approach in the study of the mechanisms of leaning and memory and provide molecular resources for a novel vertebrate model in the relatively poorly studied Amphibia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern Lewis
- Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Andreas Heyland
- Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Gunadi, Kalim AS, Budi NYP, Hafiq HM, Maharani A, Febrianti M, Ryantono F, Yulianda D, Iskandar K, Veltman JA. Aberrant Expressions and Variant Screening of SEMA3D in Indonesian Hirschsprung Patients. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:60. [PMID: 32219083 PMCID: PMC7078240 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The semaphorin 3D (SEMA3D) gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a complex genetic disorder characterized by the loss of ganglion cells in varying lengths of gastrointestinal tract. We wished to investigate the role of SEMA3D variants, both rare and common variants, as well as its mRNA expression in Indonesian HSCR patients. Methods: Sanger sequencing was performed in 54 HSCR patients to find a pathogenic variant in SEMA3D. Next, we determined SEMA3D expression in 18 HSCR patients and 13 anorectal malformation colons as controls by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: No rare variant was found in the SEMA3D gene, except one common variant in exon 17, p.Lys701Gln (rs7800072). The risk allele (C) frequency at rs7800072 among HSCR patients (23%) was similar to those reported for the 1,000 Genomes (27%) and ExAC (28%) East Asian ancestry controls (p = 0.49 and 0.41, respectively). A significant difference in SEMA3D expression was observed between groups (p = 0.04). Furthermore, qPCR revealed that SEMA3D expression was strongly up-regulated (5.5-fold) in the ganglionic colon of HSCR patients compared to control colon (ΔCT 10.8 ± 2.1 vs. 13.3 ± 3.9; p = 0.025). Conclusions: We report the first study of aberrant SEMA3D expressions in HSCR patients and suggest further understanding into the contribution of aberrant SEMA3D expression in the development of HSCR. In addition, this study is the first comprehensive analysis of SEMA3D variants in the Asian ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunadi
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alvin Santoso Kalim
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nova Yuli Prasetyo Budi
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hamzah Muhammad Hafiq
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Maharani
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Maharani Febrianti
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fiko Ryantono
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dicky Yulianda
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kristy Iskandar
- Department of Child Health/Genetics Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/UGM Academic Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Bottasso E. Toward the Existence of a Sympathetic Neuroplasticity Adaptive Mechanism Influencing the Immune Response. A Hypothetical View-Part I. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:632. [PMID: 31616373 PMCID: PMC6763740 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system exerts a profound influence on the function of the immune system (IS), mainly through the sympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system. In fact, the sympathetic nervous system richly innervates secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as the spleen and lymph nodes. For decades, different research groups working in the field have consistently reported changes in the sympathetic innervation of the SLOs during the activation of the IS, which are characterized by a decreased noradrenergic activity and retraction of these fibers. Most of these groups interpreted these changes as a pathological phenomenon, referred to as "damage" or "injury" of the noradrenergic fibers. Some of them postulated that this "injury" was probably due to toxic effects of released endogenous mediators. Others, working on animal models of chronic stimulation of the IS, linked it to the very chronic nature of processes. Unlike these views, this first part of the present work reviews evidence which supports the hypothesis of a specific adaptive mechanism of neural plasticity from sympathetic fibers innervating SLOs, encompassing structural and functional changes of noradrenergic nerves. This plasticity mechanism would involve segmental retraction and degeneration of these fibers during the activation of the IS with subsequent regeneration once the steady state is recovered. The candidate molecules likely to mediate this phenomenon are also here introduced. The second part will extend this view as to the potential changes in sympathetic innervation likely to occur in inflamed non-lymphoid peripheral tissues and its possible immunological implications.
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Solís-S JC, García-Solís P, Hernández-Chan NG, Zamorano-Martínez DA, Villagrán-Herrera ME, Hernández-Puga G, Vergara-Castañeda HA, Sánchez-Tusie AA, Varela-Echavarría A, Hernández-Montiel HL. Signals from the caudal diencephalon are required for the projection of the Interstitial Nuclei of Cajal. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 69:10-16. [PMID: 29908249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal projection is controlled by discrete regions localized at the neuroepithelium, guiding the neurite growth during embryonic development. These regions exert their effect through the expression of a family of chemotropic molecules, which actively participate in the formation of neuronal connections of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Previous studies describe prosomere 1 (P1) as a possible organizer of axonal growth of the rostral rhombencephalon, contributing to the caudal projection of reticulospinal rhombencephalic neurons. This work studies the contribution of chemotropic signals from P1 or pretectal medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) neurons upon the caudal projection of the interstitial nuclei of Cajal (INC). By using in ovo surgeries, retrograde axonal labeling, and immunohistochemical techniques, we were able to determine that the absence of P1 generates a failure in the INC caudal projection, while drastically diminishing the reticulospinal rhombencephalic neurons projections. The lack of INC projection significantly decreases the number of reticulospinal neurons projecting to the MLF. We found a 48.6% decrease in the projections to the MLF from the rostral and bulbar areas. Similarly, the observed decrease at prosomere 2 was 51.5%, with 61.8% and 32.4% for prosomeres 3 and 4, respectively; thus, constituting the most affected rostral regions. These results suggest the following possibilities: i, that the axons of the reticulospinal neurons employ the INC projection as a scaffold, fasciculating with this pioneer projection; and ii, that the P1 region, including pretectal MLF neurons, exerts a chemotropic effect upon the INC caudal projection. Nonetheless the identification of these chemotropic signals is still a pending task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Solís-S
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Pablo García-Solís
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Nancy G Hernández-Chan
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | | | | | - Gabriela Hernández-Puga
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Haydé A Vergara-Castañeda
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - Ana A Sánchez-Tusie
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
| | | | - Hebert L Hernández-Montiel
- Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Qro., Mexico.
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10
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Abstract
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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11
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Hamm MJ, Kirchmaier BC, Herzog W. Sema3d controls collective endothelial cell migration by distinct mechanisms via Nrp1 and PlxnD1. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:415-430. [PMID: 27799363 PMCID: PMC5100291 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins regulate guidance during cell migration. In addition to repelling endothelial cells, Hamm et al. identify a novel mechanism by which Semaphorin3d/Neuropilin1 regulates collective endothelial cell migration through activating a kinase cascade, which regulates Actin network organization and cell–cell contacts. During cardiovascular development, tight spatiotemporal regulation of molecular cues is essential for controlling endothelial cell (EC) migration. Secreted class III Semaphorins play an important role in guidance of neuronal cell migration and were lately linked to regulating cardiovascular development. Recently, SEMA3D gene disruptions were associated with cardiovascular defects in patients; however, the mechanisms of action were not revealed. Here we show for the first time that Sema3d regulates collective EC migration in zebrafish through two separate mechanisms. Mesenchymal Sema3d guides outgrowth of the common cardinal vein via repulsion and signals through PlexinD1. Additionally, within the same ECs, we identified a novel function of autocrine Sema3d signaling in regulating Actin network organization and EC morphology. We show that this new function requires Sema3d signaling through Neuropilin1, which then regulates Actin network organization through RhoA upstream of Rock, stabilizing the EC sheet. Our findings are highly relevant for understanding EC migration and the mechanisms of collective migration in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailin Julia Hamm
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bettina Carmen Kirchmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wiebke Herzog
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany .,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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12
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Barton R, Driscoll A, Flores S, Mudbhari D, Collins T, Iovine MK, Berger BW. Cysteines in the neuropilin-2 MAM domain modulate receptor homooligomerization and signal transduction. Biopolymers 2016; 104:371-8. [PMID: 25656526 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are transmembrane receptors involved in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and neuronal development as well as in cancer metastasis. Previous studies suggest that NRPs exist in heteromeric complexes with vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and VEGF receptors as well as plexins and semaphorins. We determined via site-directed mutagenesis and bioluminescent resonance energy transfer assays that a conserved cysteine (C711) in the Danio rerio NRP2a MAM (meprin, A-5 protein, and protein tyrosine phosphatase μ) domain modulates NRP2a homomeric interactions. Mutation of this residue also disrupts semaphorin-3F binding in NRP2a-transfected COS-7 cells and prevents the NRP2a overexpression effects in a zebrafish vascular model. Collectively, our results indicate the MAM domain plays an important role in defining the NRP2 homodimer structure, which is important for semaphorin-dependent signal transduction via NRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Barton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Alyssa Driscoll
- Program in Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Durlav Mudbhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Theresa Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - M Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan W Berger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.,Program in Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
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13
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Taku AA, Marcaccio CL, Ye W, Krause GJ, Raper JA. Attractant and repellent cues cooperate in guiding a subset of olfactory sensory axons to a well-defined protoglomerular target. Development 2016; 143:123-32. [PMID: 26732841 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory axons target well-defined intermediate targets in the zebrafish olfactory bulb called protoglomeruli well before they form odorant receptor-specific glomeruli. A subset of olfactory sensory neurons are labeled by expression of the or111-7:IRES:GAL4 transgene whose axons terminate in the central zone (CZ) protoglomerulus. Previous work has shown that some of these axons misproject to the more dorsal and anterior dorsal zone (DZ) protoglomerulus in the absence of Netrin 1/Dcc signaling. In search of additional cues that guide these axons to the CZ, we found that Semaphorin 3D (Sema3D) is expressed in the anterior bulb and acts as a repellent that pushes them towards the CZ. Further analysis indicates that Sema3D signaling is mediated through Nrp1a, while Nrp2b also promotes CZ targeting but in a Sema3D-independent manner. nrp1a, nrp2b and dcc transcripts are detected in or111-7 transgene-expressing neurons early in development and both Nrp1a and Dcc act cell-autonomously in sensory neurons to promote accurate targeting to the CZ. dcc and nrp1a double mutants have significantly more DZ misprojections than either single mutant, suggesting that the two signaling systems act independently and in parallel to direct a specific subset of sensory axons to their initial protoglomerular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemji A Taku
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina L Marcaccio
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenda Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory J Krause
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Raper
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Abstract
Secreted class 3 semaphorins (Sema3), which signal through holoreceptor complexes that are formed by different subunits, such as neuropilins (Nrps), proteoglycans, and plexins, were initially characterized as fundamental regulators of axon guidance during embryogenesis. Subsequently, Sema3A, Sema3C, Sema3D, and Sema3E were discovered to play crucial roles in cardiovascular development, mainly acting through Nrp1 and Plexin D1, which funnels the signal of multiple Sema3 in vascular endothelial cells. Mechanistically, Sema3 proteins control cardiovascular patterning through the enzymatic GTPase-activating-protein activity of the cytodomain of Plexin D1, which negatively regulates the function of Rap1, a small GTPase that is well-known for its ability to drive vascular morphogenesis and to elicit the conformational activation of integrin adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Valdembri
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino School of Medicine , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,b Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Donatella Regano
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Federica Maione
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino School of Medicine , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,b Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
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15
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Binch ALA, Cole AA, Breakwell LM, Michael ALR, Chiverton N, Creemers LB, Cross AK, Le Maitre CL. Class 3 semaphorins expression and association with innervation and angiogenesis within the degenerate human intervertebral disc. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18338-54. [PMID: 26286962 PMCID: PMC4621894 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve and blood vessel ingrowth during intervertebral disc degeneration, is thought to be a major cause of low back pain, however the regulation of this process is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the expression and regulation of a subclass of axonal guidance molecules known as the class 3 semaphorins, and their receptors; plexins and neuropilins within human NP tissue and their regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly this determined whether semaphorin expression was associated with the presence of nerves and blood vessels in tissues from human intervertebral discs. The study demonstrated that semaphorin3A, 3C, 3D, 3E and 3F and their receptors were expressed by native NP cells and further demonstrated their expression was regulated by IL-1β but to a lesser extent by IL-6 and TNFα. This is the first study to identify sema3C, sema3D and their receptors within the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. Immunopositivity shows significant increases in semaphorin3C, 3D and their receptor neuropilin-2 in degenerate samples which were shown to contain nerves and blood vessels, compared to non-degenerate samples without nerves and blood vessels. Therefore data presented here suggests that semaphorin3C may have a role in promoting innervation and vascularisation during degeneration, which may go on to cause low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie L A Binch
- Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley A Cole
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lee M Breakwell
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil Chiverton
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Universitair Medisch Centrum, Orthopaedics Department, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alison K Cross
- Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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16
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Scandaglia M, Benito E, Morenilla-Palao C, Fiorenza A, Del Blanco B, Coca Y, Herrera E, Barco A. Fine-tuned SRF activity controls asymmetrical neuronal outgrowth: implications for cortical migration, neural tissue lamination and circuit assembly. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17470. [PMID: 26638868 PMCID: PMC4671020 DOI: 10.1038/srep17470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulus-regulated transcription factor Serum Response Factor (SRF) plays an important role in diverse neurodevelopmental processes related to structural plasticity and motile functions, although its precise mechanism of action has not yet been established. To further define the role of SRF in neural development and distinguish between cell-autonomous and non cell-autonomous effects, we bidirectionally manipulated SRF activity through gene transduction assays that allow the visualization of individual neurons and their comparison with neighboring control cells. In vitro assays showed that SRF promotes survival and filopodia formation and is required for normal asymmetric neurite outgrowth, indicating that its activation favors dendrite enlargement versus branching. In turn, in vivo experiments demonstrated that SRF-dependent regulation of neuronal morphology has important consequences in the developing cortex and retina, affecting neuronal migration, dendritic and axonal arborization and cell positioning in these laminated tissues. Overall, our results show that the controlled and timely activation of SRF is essential for the coordinated growth of neuronal processes, suggesting that this event regulates the switch between neuronal growth and branching during developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Scandaglia
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550. Alicante, Spain
| | - Eva Benito
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550. Alicante, Spain
| | - Cruz Morenilla-Palao
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550. Alicante, Spain
| | - Anna Fiorenza
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550. Alicante, Spain
| | - Beatriz Del Blanco
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550. Alicante, Spain
| | - Yaiza Coca
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550. Alicante, Spain
| | - Eloísa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550. Alicante, Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias (Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas). Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant. 03550. Alicante, Spain
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17
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Jiang Q, Arnold S, Heanue T, Kilambi K, Doan B, Kapoor A, Ling A, Sosa M, Guy M, Jiang Q, Burzynski G, West K, Bessling S, Griseri P, Amiel J, Fernandez R, Verheij J, Hofstra R, Borrego S, Lyonnet S, Ceccherini I, Gray J, Pachnis V, McCallion A, Chakravarti A. Functional loss of semaphorin 3C and/or semaphorin 3D and their epistatic interaction with ret are critical to Hirschsprung disease liability. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:581-96. [PMID: 25839327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innervation of the gut is segmentally lost in Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a consequence of cell-autonomous and non-autonomous defects in enteric neuronal cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, or survival. Rare, high-penetrance coding variants and common, low-penetrance non-coding variants in 13 genes are known to underlie HSCR risk, with the most frequent variants in the ret proto-oncogene (RET). We used a genome-wide association (220 trios) and replication (429 trios) study to reveal a second non-coding variant distal to RET and a non-coding allele on chromosome 7 within the class 3 Semaphorin gene cluster. Analysis in Ret wild-type and Ret-null mice demonstrates specific expression of Sema3a, Sema3c, and Sema3d in the enteric nervous system (ENS). In zebrafish embryos, sema3 knockdowns show reduction of migratory ENS precursors with complete ablation under conjoint ret loss of function. Seven candidate receptors of Sema3 proteins are also expressed within the mouse ENS and their expression is also lost in the ENS of Ret-null embryos. Sequencing of SEMA3A, SEMA3C, and SEMA3D in 254 HSCR-affected subjects followed by in silico protein structure modeling and functional analyses identified five disease-associated alleles with loss-of-function defects in semaphorin dimerization and binding to their cognate neuropilin and plexin receptors. Thus, semaphorin 3C/3D signaling is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of ENS development whose dys-regulation is a cause of enteric aganglionosis.
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18
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Nishimura Y, Murakami S, Ashikawa Y, Sasagawa S, Umemoto N, Shimada Y, Tanaka T. Zebrafish as a systems toxicology model for developmental neurotoxicity testing. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2015; 55:1-16. [PMID: 25109898 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The developing brain is extremely sensitive to many chemicals. Exposure to neurotoxicants during development has been implicated in various neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Although rodents have been widely used for developmental neurotoxicity testing, experiments using large numbers of rodents are time-consuming, expensive, and raise ethical concerns. Using alternative non-mammalian animal models may relieve some of these pressures by allowing testing of large numbers of subjects while reducing expenses and minimizing the use of mammalian subjects. In this review, we discuss some of the advantages of using zebrafish in developmental neurotoxicity testing, focusing on central nervous system development, neurobehavior, toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics in this species. We also describe some important examples of developmental neurotoxicity testing using zebrafish combined with gene expression profiling, neuroimaging, or neurobehavioral assessment. Zebrafish may be a systems toxicology model that has the potential to reveal the pathways of developmental neurotoxicity and to provide a sound basis for human risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Tsu, Japan; Depertment of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation Institute, Tsu, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Tsu, Japan
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19
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Kita EM, Scott EK, Goodhill GJ. Topographic wiring of the retinotectal connection in zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:542-56. [PMID: 25492632 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish retinotectal projection provides an attractive model system for studying many aspects of topographic map formation and maintenance. Visual connections initially start to form between 3 and 5 days postfertilization, and remain plastic throughout the life of the fish. Zebrafish are easily manipulated surgically, genetically, and chemically, and a variety of molecular tools exist to enable visualization and control of various aspects of map development. Here, we review zebrafish retinotectal map formation, focusing particularly on the detailed structure and dynamics of the connections, the molecules that are important in map creation, and how activity regulates the maintenance of the map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kita
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ethan K Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Goodhill
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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20
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Paulus JD, Link BA. Loss of optineurin in vivo results in elevated cell death and alters axonal trafficking dynamics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109922. [PMID: 25329564 PMCID: PMC4199637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Optineurin have been associated with ALS, glaucoma, and Paget’s disease of bone in humans, but little is known about how these mutations contribute to disease. Most of the cellular consequences of Optineurin loss have come from in vitro studies, and it remains unclear whether these same defects would be seen in vivo. To answer this question, we assessed the cellular consequences of Optineurin loss in zebrafish embryos to determine if they showed the same defects as have been described in the in vitro studies. We found that loss of Optineurin resulted in increased cell death, as well as subtle cell morphology, cell migration and vesicle trafficking defects. However, unlike experiments on cells in culture, we found no indication that the Golgi apparatus was disrupted or that NF-κB target genes were upregulated. Therefore, we conclude that in vivo loss of Optineurin shows some, but not all, of the defects seen in in vitro work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D. Paulus
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Treps L, Le Guelte A, Gavard J. Emerging roles of Semaphorins in the regulation of epithelial and endothelial junctions. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e23272. [PMID: 24665374 PMCID: PMC3879177 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue barriers maintain homeostasis, protect underlying tissues, are remodeled during organogenesis and injury and limit aberrant proliferation and dissemination. In this context, endothelial and epithelial intercellular junctions are the primary targets of various cues. This cellular adaptation requires plasticity and dynamics of adhesion molecules and the associated cytoskeleton, as well as the adhesive-linked signaling platforms. It is therefore not surprising that the guidance molecules from the Semaphorin family arise as novel modifiers of epithelia and endothelia in development and diseases. This review will focus on the actions of Semaphorins, and their cognate receptors, Plexins and Neuropilins, on epithelial and endothelial barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Treps
- CNRS; UMR8104; Paris, France ; Inserm; U1016; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cite; Paris, France
| | - Armelle Le Guelte
- CNRS; UMR8104; Paris, France ; Inserm; U1016; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cite; Paris, France
| | - Julie Gavard
- CNRS; UMR8104; Paris, France ; Inserm; U1016; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cite; Paris, France
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22
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Aghajanian H, Choi C, Ho VC, Gupta M, Singh MK, Epstein JA. Semaphorin 3d and semaphorin 3e direct endothelial motility through distinct molecular signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17971-9. [PMID: 24825896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Class 3 semaphorins were initially described as axonal growth cone guidance molecules that signal through plexin and neuropilin coreceptors and since then have been established to be regulators of vascular development. Semaphorin 3e (Sema3e) has been shown previously to repel endothelial cells and is the only class 3 semaphorin known to be capable of signaling via a plexin receptor without a neuropilin coreceptor. Sema3e signals through plexin D1 (Plxnd1) to regulate vascular patterning by modulating the cytoskeleton and focal adhesion structures. We showed recently that semaphorin 3d (Sema3d) mediates endothelial cell repulsion and pulmonary vein patterning during embryogenesis. Here we show that Sema3d and Sema3e affect human umbilical vein endothelial cells similarly but through distinct molecular signaling pathways. Time-lapse imaging studies show that both Sema3d and Sema3e can inhibit cell motility and migration, and tube formation assays indicate that both can impede tubulogenesis. Endothelial cells incubated with either Sema3d or Sema3e demonstrate a loss of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions. However, the addition of neuropilin 1 (Nrp1)-blocking antibody or siRNA knockdown of Nrp1 inhibits Sema3d-mediated, but not Sema3e-mediated, cytoskeletal reorganization, and siRNA knockdown of Nrp1 abrogates Sema3d-mediated, but not Sema3e-mediated, inhibition of tubulogenesis. On the other hand, endothelial cells deficient in Plxnd1 are resistant to endothelial repulsion mediated by Sema3e but not Sema3d. Unlike Sema3e, Sema3d incubation results in phosphorylation of Akt in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway blocks the endothelial guidance and cytoskeletal reorganization functions of Sema3d but not Sema3e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haig Aghajanian
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Connie Choi
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Vivienne C Ho
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Mudit Gupta
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Orlic-Milacic M, Kaufman L, Mikhailov A, Cheung AYL, Mahmood H, Ellis J, Gianakopoulos PJ, Minassian BA, Vincent JB. Over-expression of either MECP2_e1 or MECP2_e2 in neuronally differentiated cells results in different patterns of gene expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91742. [PMID: 24699272 PMCID: PMC3974668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in MECP2 are responsible for the majority of Rett syndrome cases. MECP2 is a regulator of transcription, and has two isoforms, MECP2_e1 and MECP2_e2. There is accumulating evidence that MECP2_e1 is the etiologically relevant variant for Rett. In this study we aim to detect genes that are differentially transcribed in neuronal cells over-expressing either of these two MECP2 isoforms. The human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH was stably infected by lentiviral vectors over-expressing MECP2_e1, MECP2_e2, or eGFP, and were then differentiated into neurons. The same lentiviral constructs were also used to infect mouse Mecp2 knockout (Mecp2tm1.1Bird) fibroblasts. RNA from these cells was used for microarray gene expression analysis. For the human neuronal cells, ∼800 genes showed >three-fold change in expression level with the MECP2_e1 construct, and ∼230 with MECP2_e2 (unpaired t-test, uncorrected p value <0.05). We used quantitative RT-PCR to verify microarray results for 41 of these genes. We found significant up-regulation of several genes resulting from over-expression of MECP2_e1 including SRPX2, NAV3, NPY1R, SYN3, and SEMA3D. DOCK8 was shown via microarray and qRT-PCR to be upregulated in both SK-N-SH cells and mouse fibroblasts. Both isoforms up-regulated GABRA2, KCNA1, FOXG1 and FOXP2. Down-regulation of expression in the presence of MECP2_e1 was seen with UNC5C and RPH3A. Understanding the biology of these differentially transcribed genes and their role in neurodevelopment may help us to understand the relative functions of the two MECP2 isoforms, and ultimately develop a better understanding of RTT etiology and determine the clinical relevance of isoform-specific mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Orlic-Milacic
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liana Kaufman
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Mikhailov
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Y. L. Cheung
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huda Mahmood
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J. Gianakopoulos
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berge A. Minassian
- Program in Genetics & Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John B. Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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24
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Iyer AN, Bellon A, Baudet ML. microRNAs in axon guidance. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:78. [PMID: 24672429 PMCID: PMC3953822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain wiring is a highly intricate process in which trillions of neuronal connections are established. Its initial phase is particularly crucial in establishing the general framework of neuronal circuits. During this early step, differentiating neurons extend axons, which reach their target by navigating through a complex environment with extreme precision. Research in the past 20 years has unraveled a vast and complex array of chemotropic cues that guide the leading tip of axons, the growth cone, throughout its journey. Tight regulation of these cues, and of their receptors and signaling pathways, is necessary for the high degree of accuracy required during circuit formation. However, little is known about the nature of regulatory molecules or mechanisms fine-tuning axonal cue response. Here we review recent, and somewhat fragmented, research on the possibility that microRNAs (miRNAs) could be key fine-tuning regulatory molecules in axon guidance. miRNAs appear to shape long-range axon guidance, fasciculation and targeting. We also present several lines of evidence suggesting that miRNAs could have a compartmentalized and differential action at the cell soma, and within axons and growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana N Iyer
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento Trento, Italy
| | - Anaïs Bellon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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25
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Mohr R, Neckel P, Zhang Y, Stachon S, Nothelfer K, Schaeferhoff K, Obermayr F, Bonin M, Just L. Molecular and cell biological effects of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine on progenitor cells of the enteric nervous system in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1191-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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26
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cAMP-induced expression of neuropilin1 promotes retinal axon crossing in the zebrafish optic chiasm. J Neurosci 2013; 33:11076-88. [PMID: 23825413 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0197-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing axons navigate a complex environment as they respond to attractive and repellent guidance cues. Axons can modulate their responses to cues through a G-protein-coupled, cAMP-dependent signaling pathway. To examine the role of G-protein signaling in axon guidance in vivo, we used the GAL4/UAS system to drive expression of dominant-negative heterotrimeric G-proteins (DNG) in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of embryonic zebrafish. Retinal axons normally cross at the ventral midline and project to the contralateral tectum. Expression of DNGα(S) in RGCs causes retinal axons to misproject to the ipsilateral tectum. These errors resemble misprojections in adcy1, adcy8, nrp1a, sema3D, or sema3E morphant embryos, as well as in sema3D mutant embryos. nrp1a is expressed in RGCs as their axons extend toward and across the midline. sema3D and sema3E are expressed adjacent to the chiasm, suggesting that they facilitate retinal midline crossing. We demonstrate synergistic induction of ipsilateral misprojections between adcy8 knockdown and transgenic DNGα(S) expression, adcy8 and nrp1a morphants, or nrp1a morphants and transgenic DNGα(S) expression. Using qPCR analysis, we show that either transgenic DNGα(S)-expressing embryos or adcy8 morphant embryos have decreased levels of nrp1a and nrp1b mRNA. Ipsilateral misprojections in adcy8 morphants are corrected by the expression of an nrp1a rescue construct expressed in RGCs. These findings are consistent with the idea that elevated cAMP levels promote Neuropilin1a expression in RGCs, increasing the sensitivity of retinal axons to Sema3D, Sema3E, or other neuropilin ligands at the midline, and consequently facilitate retinal axon crossing in the chiasm.
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27
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Baudet ML, Bellon A, Holt CE. Role of microRNAs in Semaphorin function and neural circuit formation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:146-55. [PMID: 23219835 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first microRNA (miRNA) almost 20 years ago, insight into their functional role has gradually been accumulating. This class of non-coding RNAs has recently been implicated as key molecular regulators in the biology of most eukaryotic cells, contributing to the physiology of various systems including immune, cardiovascular, nervous systems and also to the pathophysiology of cancers. Interestingly, Semaphorins, a class of evolutionarily conserved signalling molecules, are acknowledged to play major roles in these systems also. This, combined with the fact that Semaphorin signalling requires tight spatiotemporal regulation, a hallmark of miRNA expression, suggests that miRNAs could be crucial regulators of Semaphorin function. Here, we review evidence suggesting that Semaphorin signalling is regulated by miRNAs in various systems in health and disease. In particular, we focus on neural circuit formation, including axon guidance, where Semaphorin function was first discovered.
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28
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Fan Y, Xu F, Huang G, Lu TJ, Xing W. Single neuron capture and axonal development in three-dimensional microscale hydrogels. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4724-4731. [PMID: 22858829 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Autapse is an unusual type of synapse generated by a neuron on itself. The ability to monitor axonal growth of single neurons and autapse formation in three-dimensions (3D) may provide fundamental information relating to many cellular processes, such as axonal development, synaptic plasticity and neural signal transmission. However, monitoring such growth is technically challenging due to the requirement for precise capture and long-term analysis of single neurons in 3D. Herein, we present a simple two-step photolithography method to efficiently capture single cells in microscale gelatin methacrylate hydrogel rings. We applied this method to capture and culture single neurons. The results demonstrated that neural axons grew and consequently formed axonal circles, indicating that our method could be an enabling tool to analyze axonal development and autapse formation. This method holds great potential for impact in multiple areas, such as neuroscience, cancer biology, and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Fan
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100086
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29
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Robo2--slit and Dcc--netrin1 coordinate neuron axonal pathfinding within the embryonic axon tracts. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12589-602. [PMID: 22956848 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6518-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the embryonic vertebrate brain, early born neurons establish highly stereotyped embryonic axonal tracts along which the neuronal interconnections form. To understand the mechanism underlying neuron axonal pathfinding within the embryonic scaffold of axon tracts, we studied zebrafish anterior dorsal telencephalic (ADt) neuron development. While previous studies suggest the ADt neuronal axons extend along a commissural tract [anterior commissure (AC)] and a descending ipsilateral tract [supraoptic tract (SOT)], it is unclear whether individual ADt neuronal axons choose specific projection paths at the intersection between the AC and the SOT. We labeled individual ADt neurons using a forebrain-specific promoter to drive expression of fluorescent proteins. We found the ADt axonal projection patterns were heterogeneous and correlated with their soma positions. Our results suggest that cell intrinsic differences along the dorsal ventral axis of the telencephalon regulate the axonal projection choices. Next, we determined that the guidance receptors roundabout2 (Robo2) and deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) were differentially expressed in the ADt neurons. We showed that knocking down Robo2 function by injecting antisense morpholino oligonucleotides abolished the ipsilateral SOT originating from the ADt neurons. Knocking down Dcc function did not prevent formation of the AC and the SOT. In contrast, the AC was specifically reduced when Netrin1 function was knocked down. Further mechanistic studies suggested that Robo2 responded to the repellent Slit signals and suppressed the attractive Netrin signals. These findings demonstrate how Robo2-Slit and Dcc-Netrin coordinate the axonal projection choices of the developing neurons in the vertebrate forebrain.
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30
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Grondona JM, Hoyo-Becerra C, Visser R, Fernández-Llebrez P, López-Ávalos MD. The subcommissural organ and the development of the posterior commissure. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:63-137. [PMID: 22559938 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing axons navigate through the developing brain by means of axon guidance molecules. Intermediate targets producing such signal molecules are used as guideposts to find distal targets. Glial, and sometimes neuronal, midline structures represent intermediate targets when axons cross the midline to reach the contralateral hemisphere. The subcommissural organ (SCO), a specialized neuroepithelium located at the dorsal midline underneath the posterior commissure, releases SCO-spondin, a large glycoprotein belonging to the thrombospondin superfamily that shares molecular domains with axonal pathfinding molecules. Several evidences suggest that the SCO could be involved in the development of the PC. First, both structures display a close spatiotemporal relationship. Second, certain mutants lacking an SCO present an abnormal PC. Third, some axonal guidance molecules are expressed by SCO cells. Finally, SCO cells, the Reissner's fiber (the aggregated form of SCO-spondin), or synthetic peptides from SCO-spondin affect the neurite outgrowth or neuronal aggregation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Grondona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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31
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Sharma A, Verhaagen J, Harvey AR. Receptor complexes for each of the Class 3 Semaphorins. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:28. [PMID: 22783168 PMCID: PMC3389612 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Class 3 Semaphorins (Sema3s) are a sub-family of proteins whose known biological roles are varied and growing. The mechanism of action of the Sema3s requires binding to transmembrane receptors that comprise heteromeric complexes of Neuropilins, Plexins and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). However, knowledge of the receptor components of the Sema3s remains incomplete, and there may be receptor components which are as yet undiscovered. The receptor complexes of the Sema3s share receptor components with each other, and it is the specific combination of these components within a heteromeric complex that is thought to give rise to selective binding and signalling for individual Sema3s. This crosstalk makes it experimentally difficult to define a single holoreceptor for each Sema3. Furthermore, the receptor composition for a given Sema3 may differ between cell types, and change as a function of developmental state or pathological situation. Nevertheless, there are at least some known differences in the constitutive structure of the receptors for the Sema3s. For example in neural cells, Sema3a and Sema3f signal through different Neuropilins (Nrp1 and Nrp2 respectively) and L1cam only appears important for Sema3a signaling, while Nrcam forms a complex with Nrp2. Further complexity arises from crosstalk of other families of ligands (e.g., VEGF) with Sema3 receptor components. Thus the Sema3s, which have been shown as antagonists for each other, can also act as antagonists for other families of molecules. This review compiles experimental evidence describing the receptor components for the Sema3s, detailing the current state of knowledge of which components are important for signaling of each Sema3 before going on to consider possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Sharma
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
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32
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Yoshida Y. Semaphorin signaling in vertebrate neural circuit assembly. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:71. [PMID: 22685427 PMCID: PMC3368236 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuit formation requires the coordination of many complex developmental processes. First, neurons project axons over long distances to find their final targets and then establish appropriate connectivity essential for the formation of neuronal circuitry. Growth cones, the leading edges of axons, navigate by interacting with a variety of attractive and repulsive axon guidance cues along their trajectories and at final target regions. In addition to guidance of axons, neuronal polarization, neuronal migration, and dendrite development must be precisely regulated during development to establish proper neural circuitry. Semaphorins consist of a large protein family, which includes secreted and cell surface proteins, and they play important roles in many steps of neural circuit formation. The major semaphorin receptors are plexins and neuropilins, however other receptors and co-receptors also mediate signaling by semaphorins. Upon semaphorin binding to their receptors, downstream signaling molecules transduce this event within cells to mediate further events, including alteration of microtubule and actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Here, I review recent studies on semaphorin signaling in vertebrate neural circuit assembly, with the goal of highlighting how this diverse family of cues and receptors imparts exquisite specificity to neural complex connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yoshida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
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33
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Ton QV, Kathryn Iovine M. Semaphorin3d mediates Cx43-dependent phenotypes during fin regeneration. Dev Biol 2012; 366:195-203. [PMID: 22542598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are proteinaceous channels that reside at the plasma membrane and permit the exchange of ions, metabolites, and second messengers between neighboring cells. Connexin proteins are the subunits of gap junction channels. Mutations in zebrafish cx43 cause the short fin (sof(b123)) phenotype which is characterized by short fins due to defects in length of the bony fin rays. Previous findings from our lab demonstrate that Cx43 is required for both cell proliferation and joint formation during fin regeneration. Here we demonstrate that semaphorin3d (sema3d) functions downstream of Cx43. Semas are secreted signaling molecules that have been implicated in diverse cellular functions such as axon guidance, cell migration, cell proliferation, and gene expression. We suggest that Sema3d mediates the Cx43-dependent functions on cell proliferation and joint formation. Using both in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR, we validated that sema3d expression depends on Cx43 activity. Next, we found that knockdown of Sema3d recapitulates all of the sof(b123) and cx43-knockdown phenotypes, providing functional evidence that Sema3d acts downstream of Cx43. To identify the potential Sema3d receptor(s), we evaluated gene expression of neuropilins and plexins. Of these, nrp2a, plxna1, and plxna3 are expressed in the regenerating fin. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of plxna1 did not cause cx43-specific defects, suggesting that PlexinA1 does not function in this pathway. In contrast, morpholino-mediated knockdown of nrp2a caused fin overgrowth and increased cell proliferation, but did not influence joint formation. Moreover, morpholino-mediated knockdown of plxna3 caused short segments, influencing joint formation, but did not alter cell proliferation. Together, our findings reveal that Sema3d functions in a common molecular pathway with Cx43. Furthermore, functional evaluation of putative Sema3d receptors suggests that Cx43-dependent cell proliferation and joint formation utilize independent membrane-bound receptors to mediate downstream cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh V Ton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Iacocca B-217, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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34
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Ruediger T, Zimmer G, Barchmann S, Castellani V, Bagnard D, Bolz J. Integration of opposing semaphorin guidance cues in cortical axons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:604-14. [PMID: 22368082 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that members of the semaphorin family, Sema3A and Sema3C, act as repulsive and attractive guidance signals, respectively, for cortical axons. During the development of corticofugal projections, these semaphorins are expressed in adjacent cortical zones, but there is a considerable overlap between Sema3A and Sema3C expression in the subventricular zone. We used different in vitro assays to examine the response of cortical axons exposed to defined mixtures of these opposing guidance cues. Results showed that even at very low concentrations, Sema3A overrides the effects of Sema3C. Moreover, experiments with function-blocking antibodies directed against neuropilin provided insights into how cortical axons integrate disparate guidance signals at the receptor level. These in vitro data suggest that the pathway of corticofugal axons is defined by an attractive cue in the intermediate zone, where Sema3C is expressed alone. To directly test this hypothesis in vivo, we performed axon-tracing experiments in Sema3C-deficient mice. Compared with wild-type animals, corticofugal axons take a more superficial route in Sema3C(-/-) mice, and the corticofugal pathway is more compacted. This phenotype is expected when an attractive cue for cortical axons, Sema3C, is eliminated and a repulsive cue, Sema3A, becomes predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ruediger
- Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Tierphysiologie, Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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35
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Miyake A, Nihno S, Murakoshi Y, Satsuka A, Nakayama Y, Itoh N. Neucrin, a novel secreted antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling, plays roles in developing neural tissues in zebrafish. Mech Dev 2012; 128:577-90. [PMID: 22265871 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays crucial roles in neural development. We previously identified Neucrin, a neural-specific secreted antagonist of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, in humans and mice. Neucrin has one cysteine-rich domain, in which the positions of 10 cysteine residues are similar to those in the second cysteine-rich domain of Dickkopfs, secreted Wnt antagonists. Here, we have identified zebrafish neucrin to understand its roles in vivo. Zebrafish Neucrin also has one cysteine-rich domain, which is significantly similar to that of mouse Neucrin. Zebrafish neucrin was also predominantly expressed in developing neural tissues. To examine roles of neucrin in neural development, we analyzed neucrin knockdown embryos. Neural development in zebrafish embryos was impaired by the knockdown of neucrin. The knockdown of neucrin caused increased expression of the Wnt/β-catenin target genes. In contrast, overexpression of neucrin reduced the expression of the Wnt/β-catenin target genes. The knockdown of neucrin affected specification of dorsal region in the midbrain and hindbrain. The knockdown of neucrin also suppressed neuronal differentiation and caused increased cell proliferation and apoptosis in developing neural tissues. Neucrin is a unique secreted Wnt antagonist that is predominantly expressed in developing neural tissues and plays roles in neural development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Miyake
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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36
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Lenzken SC, Romeo V, Zolezzi F, Cordero F, Lamorte G, Bonanno D, Biancolini D, Cozzolino M, Pesaresi MG, Maracchioni A, Sanges R, Achsel T, Carrì MT, Calogero RA, Barabino SM. Mutant SOD1 and mitochondrial damage alter expression and splicing of genes controlling neuritogenesis in models of neurodegeneration. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:168-82. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Fujii T, Uchiyama H, Yamamoto N, Hori H, Tatsumi M, Ishikawa M, Arima K, Higuchi T, Kunugi H. Possible association of the semaphorin 3D gene (SEMA3D) with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:47-53. [PMID: 20684831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are ligands of plexins, and the plexin-semaphorin signaling system is widely involved in many neuronal events including axon guidance, cell migration, axon pruning, and synaptic plasticity. The plexin A2 gene (PLXNA2) has been reported to be associated with schizophrenia. This finding prompted us to examine the possible association between the semaphorin 3D gene (SEMA3D) and schizophrenia in a Japanese population. We genotyped 9 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SEMA3D including a non-synonymous variation, Lys701Gln (rs7800072), in a sample of 506 patients with schizophrenia and 941 healthy control subjects. The Gln701 allele showed a significant protective effect against the development of schizophrenia (p = 0.0069, odds ratio = 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 0.93). Furthermore, the haplotype-based analyses revealed a significant association. The four-marker analysis (rs2190208-rs1029564-rs17159614-rs12176601), in particular, not including the Lys701Gln, revealed a highly significant association (p = 0.00001, global permutation), suggesting that there may be other functional polymorphisms within SEMA3D. Our findings provide strong evidence that SEMA3D confers susceptibility to schizophrenia, which could contribute to the neurodevelopmental impairments in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujii
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Derijck AAHA, Van Erp S, Pasterkamp RJ. Semaphorin signaling: molecular switches at the midline. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:568-76. [PMID: 20655749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To establish axonal connections growth cones must navigate multiple intermediate targets before reaching their final target. During this journey growth cones are guided by extracellular repulsive and attractive signals. Although initially identified as repulsive molecules, members of the semaphorin family include both attractants and repellents. How a navigating growth cone responds to a specific semaphorin is not absolute but instead depends on the biological context in which this cue is encountered. Here we review recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the extrinsic signals and molecular processes that control growth cone responses to class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s) at a well-characterized intermediate target, the spinal cord midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin A H A Derijck
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The mammalian brain is the most complex organ in the body. It controls all aspects of our bodily functions and interprets the world around us through our senses. It defines us as human beings through our memories and our ability to plan for the future. Crucial to all these functions is how the brain is wired in order to perform these tasks. The basic map of brain wiring occurs during embryonic and postnatal development through a series of precisely orchestrated developmental events regulated by specific molecular mechanisms. Below we review the most important features of mammalian brain wiring derived from work in both mammals and in nonmammalian species. These mechanisms are highly conserved throughout evolution, simply becoming more complex in the mammalian brain. This fascinating area of biology is uncovering the essence of what makes the mammalian brain able to perform the everyday tasks we take for granted, as well as those which give us the ability for extraordinary achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Chédotal
- INSERM, UMRS_968, Institut de la Vision, Department of Development, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, France
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40
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Schwarz Q, Ruhrberg C. Neuropilin, you gotta let me know: should I stay or should I go? Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:61-6. [PMID: 20026901 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.1.10207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilins are highly conserved single pass transmembrane proteins specific to vertebrates. They were originally identified as adhesion molecules in the nervous system, but were subsequently rediscovered as the ligand binding subunit of the class 3 semaphorin receptor in neurons and then as blood vessel receptors for the vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. More recently they have also been implicated as mediators of the T-cell immune response and as key prognostic markers in several types of cancer. Because neuropilins bind multiple ligands and associate with several different types of co-receptors, they variably promote cell adhesion, repulsion or attraction. Which response they ultimately invoke is decided by the cellular and even subcellular context the neuropilins find themselves in. Here, we review how the developmental functions of the neuropilins are influenced by such different contexts.
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Spencer AY, Lallier TE. Mechanical tension alters semaphorin expression in the periodontium. J Periodontol 2010; 80:1665-73. [PMID: 19792857 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal remodeling requires coordinated cell movement. Semaphorins are cell-surface signals that regulate cell migration and may be differentially regulated by periodontal cells. Mechanical tension can regulate periodontal ligament (PDL) remodeling. We predicted that mechanical tension alters the expression of the subset of semaphorins in the periodontium likely to be most involved with regulating the remodeling of this tissue. METHODS PDL and gingival cells were exposed to mechanical tension, and their attachment and movement on collagen matrices were evaluated. Alterations in extracellular matrix and semaphorin transcript expression were monitored by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Mechanical tension induced osteoclast regulatory transcripts in the PDL cells to a greater extent than gingival fibroblasts, increasing the expression of osteoprotegerin and decreasing receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand. These mechanical forces reduced PDL cell mingling, without altering cell attachment or motility. Concurrently, these forces induced dynamic changes in several semaphorin molecules in PDL cells, increasing semaphorin 3D and 5B and decreasing semaphorin 7A. In addition, plexin transcript expression was altered, decreasing plexin A1 and increasing plexin C1. These changes were different than those observed in gingival fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a subset of semaphorins and plexins are dynamically regulated in the PDL. Because these molecules may be involved in cell guidance, changes in semaphorins may play a pivotal role in periodontal remodeling, affecting angiogenesis or PDL cell invasion into sites of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Y Spencer
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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Abstract
Multiple molecular cues guide neuronal axons to their targets during development. Previous studies in vitro have shown that mechanical stimulation also can affect axon growth; however, whether mechanical force contributes to axon guidance in vivo is unknown. We investigated the role of muscle contractions in the guidance of zebrafish peripheral Rohon-Beard (RB) sensory axons in vivo. We analyzed several mutants that affect muscle contraction through different molecular pathways, including a new mutant allele of the titin a (pik) gene, mutants that affect the hedgehog signaling pathway, and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutant. We found RB axon defects in these mutants, the severity of which appeared to correlate with the extent of muscle contraction loss. These axons extend between the muscle and skin and normally have ventral trajectories and repel each other on contact. RB peripheral axons in muscle mutants extend longitudinally instead of ventrally, and the axons fail to repel one another on contact. In addition, we showed that limiting muscle movements by embedding embryos in agarose caused similar defects in peripheral RB axon guidance. This work suggests that the mechanical forces generated by muscle contractions are necessary for proper sensory axon pathfinding in vivo.
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Nasarre C, Koncina E, Labourdette G, Cremel G, Roussel G, Aunis D, Bagnard D. Neuropilin-2 acts as a modulator of Sema3A-dependent glioma cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:383-9. [PMID: 19855168 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.4.9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a secreted guidance molecule initially described in the nervous system. This protein is able to control axon growth but also effects on endothelial cells migration. Here, we report that Sema3A acts as a chemorepellent factor for the rat C6 glioma cells and three different human glioma cell lines. Interestingly, Sema3A triggered a chemoattractive response in a fourth human glioma cell line. The nature of the receptor complex ensuring the appropriate signaling was dissected in C6 cells by using function blocking antibodies and gain- or loss-of function experiments using recombinant receptors. Our results demonstrate that neuropilin-1, neuropilin-2 and PlexinA1 are necessary to trigger cell repulsion. The selective blockade of neuropilin-1 or Plexin-A1 switched the chemorepulsive effect of Sema3A into a chemoattractive one. Strikingly, blocking Neuropilin-2 suppressed Sema3A-induced cell migration while overexpression of neuropilin-2 was able to convert the chemorepulsive effect of Sema3A into a chemoattractive one. Our results not only provide additional evidence for a biological function of Sema3A in glioma migration but also reveal part of the receptor complex involved. Hence, our study describes a receptor-based plasticity in cancer cells leading to opposite migration behavior in response to the same extracellular signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Nasarre
- INSERM U575 Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
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Gonthier B, Koncina E, Satkauskas S, Perraut M, Roussel G, Aunis D, Kapfhammer JP, Bagnard D. A PKC-dependent recruitment of MMP-2 controls semaphorin-3A growth-promoting effect in cortical dendrites. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5099. [PMID: 19352510 PMCID: PMC2663036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for a crucial role of proteases and metalloproteinases during axon growth and guidance. In this context, we recently described a functional link between the chemoattractive Sema3C and Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3). Here, we provide data demonstrating the involvement of MMP-2 to trigger the growth-promoting effect of Sema3A in cortical dendrites. The in situ analysis of MMP-2 expression and activity is consistent with a functional growth assay demonstrating in vitro that the pharmacological inhibition of MMP-2 reduces the growth of cortical dendrites in response to Sema3A. Hence, our results suggest that the selective recruitment and activation of MMP-2 in response to Sema3A requires a PKC alpha dependent mechanism. Altogether, we provide a second set of data supporting MMPs as effectors of the growth-promoting effects of semaphorins, and we identify the potential signalling pathway involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Gonthier
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Koncina
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Saulius Satkauskas
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- Vytautas Magnus University, Department of Biology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Martine Perraut
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Guy Roussel
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Aunis
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Josef P. Kapfhammer
- Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Role of semaphorins during axon growth and guidance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 621:50-64. [PMID: 18269210 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76715-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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46
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Farmer WT, Altick AL, Nural HF, Dugan JP, Kidd T, Charron F, Mastick GS. Pioneer longitudinal axons navigate using floor plate and Slit/Robo signals. Development 2008; 135:3643-53. [PMID: 18842816 PMCID: PMC2768610 DOI: 10.1242/dev.023325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal axons transmit all signals between the brain and spinal cord. Their axon tracts through the brain stem are established by a simple set of pioneer axons with precise trajectories parallel to the floor plate. To identify longitudinal guidance mechanisms in vivo, the overall role of floor plate tissue and the specific roles of Slit/Robo signals were tested. Ectopic induction or genetic deletion of the floor plate diverted longitudinal axons into abnormal trajectories. The expression patterns of the diffusible cues of the Slit family were altered in the floor plate experiments, suggesting their involvement in longitudinal guidance. Genetic tests of Slit1 and Slit2, and the Slit receptors Robo1 and Robo2 were carried out in mutant mice. Slit1;Slit2 double mutants had severe longitudinal errors, particularly for ventral axons, including midline crossing and wandering longitudinal trajectories. Robo1 and Robo2 were largely genetically redundant, and neither appeared to specify specific tract positions. However, combined Robo1 and Robo2 mutations strongly disrupted each pioneer tract. Thus, pioneer axons depend on long-range floor plate cues, with Slit/Robo signaling required for precise longitudinal trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Todd Farmer
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Amy L. Altick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | - James P. Dugan
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Thomas Kidd
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Frédéric Charron
- Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Grant S. Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Kigel B, Varshavsky A, Kessler O, Neufeld G. Successful inhibition of tumor development by specific class-3 semaphorins is associated with expression of appropriate semaphorin receptors by tumor cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3287. [PMID: 18818766 PMCID: PMC2538586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The class-3 semaphorins (sema3s) include seven family members. Six of them bind to neuropilin-1 (np1) or neuropilin-2 (np2) receptors or to both, while the seventh, sema3E, binds to the plexin-D1 receptor. Sema3B and sema3F were previously characterized as tumor suppressors and as inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis. To determine if additional class-3 semaphorins such as sema3A, sema3D, sema3E and sema3G possess anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic properties, we expressed the recombinant full length semaphorins in four different tumorigenic cell lines expressing different combinations of class-3 semaphorin receptors. We show for the first time that sema3A, sema3D, sema3E and sema3G can function as potent anti-tumorigenic agents. All the semaphorins we examined were also able to reduce the concentration of tumor associated blood vessels although the potencies of the anti-angiogenic effects varied depending on the tumor cell type. Surprisingly, there was little correlation between the ability to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and their anti-tumorigenic activity. None of the semaphorins inhibited the adhesion of the tumor cells to plastic or fibronectin nor did they modulate the proliferation of tumor cells cultured in cell culture dishes. However, various semaphorins were able to inhibit the formation of soft agar colonies from tumor cells expressing appropriate semaphorin receptors, although in this case too the inhibitory effect was not always correlated with the anti-tumorigenic effect. In contrast, the anti-tumorigenic effect of each of the semaphorins correlated very well with tumor cell expression of specific signal transducing receptors for particular semaphorins. This correlation was not broken even in cases in which the tumor cells expressed significant concentrations of endogenous semaphorins. Our results suggest that combinations of different class-3 semaphorins may be more effective than single semaphorins in cases in which tumor cells express more than one type of semaphorin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Kigel
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Asya Varshavsky
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofra Kessler
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gera Neufeld
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Zhou Y, Gunput RAF, Pasterkamp RJ. Semaphorin signaling: progress made and promises ahead. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:161-70. [PMID: 18374575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins were initially characterized according to their role in repulsive axon guidance but are now recognized as crucial regulators of morphogenesis and homeostasis over a wide range of organ systems. The pleiotropic nature of semaphorin signaling and its implication in human disease has triggered an enormous interest in the receptor and intracellular signaling mechanisms that direct the cell-type-specific and diverse biological effects of semaphorins. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of semaphorin signaling link integrin and semaphorin signaling pathways, identify novel ligand-receptor interactions and provide insight into the cellular and molecular bases of bifunctional and reverse signaling events. These discoveries could lead to therapeutic advances in axonal regeneration, cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lo TW, Branda CS, Huang P, Sasson IE, Goodman SJ, Stern MJ. Different isoforms of the C. elegans FGF receptor are required for attraction and repulsion of the migrating sex myoblasts. Dev Biol 2008; 318:268-75. [PMID: 18455716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans FGF receptor, EGL-15, is alternatively-spliced to yield two major isoforms that differ in their extracellular domains. The EGL-15(5A) isoform is necessary for the gonadal chemoattraction of the migrating sex myoblasts (SMs), while the EGL-15(5B) isoform is required for viability. Here we show that 5A is predominantly expressed in the M lineage, which gives rise to the migrating SMs and their sex muscle descendants, while 5B is predominantly expressed in the hypodermis. Tissue-specific expression, however, explains only part of the functional differences between these two receptor isoforms. 5A can carry out the reciprocal essential function of 5B when expressed in the hypodermis, but 5B is incapable of carrying out SM chemoattraction. Our data, therefore, indicate that the structural differences in these two isoforms contribute to their functional differences. Two lines of evidence indicate that the 5B isoform also plays a role in SM migration, implicating it in the repulsion that is observed when the chemoattraction is compromised. Thus, structural differences in the extracellular domains of these two isoforms can specify either attraction to or repulsion from the gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Wen Lo
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, I-354 SHM P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
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Wolman MA, Sittaramane VK, Essner JJ, Yost HJ, Chandrasekhar A, Halloran MC. Transient axonal glycoprotein-1 (TAG-1) and laminin-alpha1 regulate dynamic growth cone behaviors and initial axon direction in vivo. Neural Dev 2008; 3:6. [PMID: 18289389 PMCID: PMC2278142 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How axon guidance signals regulate growth cone behavior and guidance decisions in the complex in vivo environment of the central nervous system is not well understood. We have taken advantage of the unique features of the zebrafish embryo to visualize dynamic growth cone behaviors and analyze guidance mechanisms of axons emerging from a central brain nucleus in vivo. RESULTS We investigated axons of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (nucMLF), which are the first axons to extend in the zebrafish midbrain. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging, we show that both positive axon-axon interactions and guidance by surrounding tissue control initial nucMLF axon guidance. We further show that two guidance molecules, transient axonal glycoprotein-1 (TAG-1) and laminin-alpha1, are essential for the initial directional extension of nucMLF axons and their subsequent convergence into a tight fascicle. Fixed tissue analysis shows that TAG-1 knockdown causes errors in nucMLF axon pathfinding similar to those seen in a laminin-alpha1 mutant. However, in vivo time-lapse imaging reveals that while some defects in dynamic growth cone behavior are similar, there are also defects unique to the loss of each gene. Loss of either TAG-1 or laminin-alpha1 causes nucMLF axons to extend into surrounding tissue in incorrect directions and reduces axonal growth rate, resulting in stunted nucMLF axons that fail to extend beyond the hindbrain. However, defects in axon-axon interactions were found only after TAG-1 knockdown, while defects in initial nucMLF axon polarity and excessive branching of nucMLF axons occurred only in laminin-alpha1 mutants. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate how two guidance cues, TAG-1 and laminin-alpha1, influence the behavior of growth cones during axon pathfinding in vivo. Our data suggest that TAG-1 functions to allow growth cones to sense environmental cues and mediates positive axon-axon interactions. Laminin-alpha1 does not regulate axon-axon interactions, but does influence neuronal polarity and directional guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Wolman
- Department of Zoology, and Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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