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Patterson Gentile C, Spitschan M, Taskin HO, Bock AS, Aguirre GK. Temporal Sensitivity for Achromatic and Chromatic Flicker across the Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1395232024. [PMID: 38621997 PMCID: PMC11112647 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1395-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive different combinations of L, M, and S cone inputs and give rise to one achromatic and two chromatic postreceptoral channels. The goal of the current study was to determine temporal sensitivity across the three postreceptoral channels in subcortical and cortical regions involved in human vision. We measured functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses at 7 T from three participants (two males, one female) viewing a high-contrast, flickering, spatially uniform wide field (∼140°). Stimulus flicker frequency varied logarithmically between 2 and 64 Hz and targeted the L + M + S, L - M, and S - (L + M) cone combinations. These measurements were used to create temporal sensitivity functions of the primary visual cortex (V1) across eccentricity and spatially averaged responses from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and the V2/V3, hV4, and V3A/B regions. fMRI responses reflected the known properties of the visual system, including higher peak temporal sensitivity to achromatic versus chromatic stimuli and low-pass filtering between the LGN and V1. Peak temporal sensitivity increased across levels of the cortical visual hierarchy. Unexpectedly, peak temporal sensitivity varied little across eccentricity within area V1. Measures of adaptation and distributed pattern activity revealed a subtle influence of 64 Hz achromatic flicker in area V1, despite this stimulus evoking only a minimal overall response. The comparison of measured cortical responses to a model of the integrated retinal output to our stimuli demonstrates that extensive filtering and amplification are applied to postretinal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyn Patterson Gentile
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Chronobiology & Health, TUM School of Medicine and Health (TUM MH), Technical University of Munich, Munich 80992, Germany
| | - Huseyin O Taskin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Andrew S Bock
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Geoffrey K Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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2
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Ghosh P, Talwar S, Banerjee A. Unsupervised Characterization of Prediction Error Markers in Unisensory and Multisensory Streams Reveal the Spatiotemporal Hierarchy of Cortical Information Processing. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0251-23.2024. [PMID: 38702194 PMCID: PMC11069433 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0251-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Elicited upon violation of regularity in stimulus presentation, mismatch negativity (MMN) reflects the brain's ability to perform automatic comparisons between consecutive stimuli and provides an electrophysiological index of sensory error detection whereas P300 is associated with cognitive processes such as updating of the working memory. To date, there has been extensive research on the roles of MMN and P300 individually, because of their potential to be used as clinical markers of consciousness and attention, respectively. Here, we intend to explore with an unsupervised and rigorous source estimation approach, the underlying cortical generators of MMN and P300, in the context of prediction error propagation along the hierarchies of brain information processing in healthy human participants. The existing methods of characterizing the two ERPs involve only approximate estimations of their amplitudes and latencies based on specific sensors of interest. Our objective is twofold: first, we introduce a novel data-driven unsupervised approach to compute latencies and amplitude of ERP components accurately on an individual-subject basis and reconfirm earlier findings. Second, we demonstrate that in multisensory environments, MMN generators seem to reflect a significant overlap of "modality-specific" and "modality-independent" information processing while P300 generators mark a shift toward completely "modality-independent" processing. Advancing earlier understanding that multisensory contexts speed up early sensory processing, our study reveals that temporal facilitation extends to even the later components of prediction error processing, using EEG experiments. Such knowledge can be of value to clinical research for characterizing the key developmental stages of lifespan aging, schizophrenia, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ghosh
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122052, India
| | - Siddharth Talwar
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122052, India
| | - Arpan Banerjee
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122052, India
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3
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Lai E, Mai X, Ji M, Li S, Meng J. High-Frequency Discrete-Interval Binary Sequence in Asynchronous C-VEP-Based BCI for Visual Fatigue Reduction. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2024; 28:2769-2780. [PMID: 38442053 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2024.3373332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP) based BCI systems, flickering visual stimuli may result in visual fatigue. Thus, we introduced a discrete-interval binary sequence (DIBS) as visual stimulus modulation, with its power spectrum optimized to emphasize high-frequency components (40 Hz-60 Hz). 8 and 17 subjects participated, respectively, in offline and online experiments on a 4-target asynchronous c-VEP-based BCI system designed to realize a high positive predictive value (PPV), a low false positive rate (FPR) during idle states, and a high true positive rate (TPR) in control states, while minimizing visual fatigue level. Two visual stimuli modulations were introduced and compared: a maximum length sequence (m-sequence) and the high-frequency discrete-interval binary sequence (DIBS). The decoding algorithm was compared among the canonical correlation analysis (CCA), the task-related component analysis (TRCA), and two approaches of sub-band component weight calculation (the traditional method and the proportional method) for FBCCA and FBTRCA. In the online experiments, the average PPV, FPR and TPR achieved, respectively [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] with m-sequence, while [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with DIBS. Estimated by objective eye-related metrics and a subjective questionnaire, the visual fatigue in DIBS cases is significantly smaller than that in m-sequence cases. In this study, the feasibility of a novel modulation approach for visual fatigue reduction was proved in an asynchronous c-VEP system, while maintaining comparable performance to existing methods, which provides further insights towards enhancing this field's long-term viability and user-friendliness.
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4
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Yang YL, Lai TW. Chronic Visual Stimulation with LED Light Flickering at 24, 40, or 80 Hz Failed to Reduce Amyloid β Load in the 5XFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0189-23.2023. [PMID: 37550065 PMCID: PMC10408781 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0189-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A single 1-h session (or 7 d of daily 1-h sessions) of noninvasive visual stimulation with LED light flickering at 40 Hz, but not at 20 or 80 Hz, was reported to increase microglial size and decrease amyloid β (Aβ) load in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. To achieve better therapeutic benefits, we explored the effects of daily 1-h sessions of visual stimulation with continuous light or LED light flickering at 24, 40, or 80 Hz for a period of five weeks in 5xFAD mice. As expected, 33-week-old 5xFAD mice but not control wild-type mice of the same age exhibited an abundance of swollen microglia and Aβ plaques in the visual cortex and hippocampus. Unexpectedly, however, compared with similar session of stimulation with continuous light or a light flickering at 24 or 80 Hz, daily sessions of stimulation with LED light flickering at 40 Hz for five weeks failed to further increase the microglial size and could not noticeably decrease the Aβ load in the visual cortex and hippocampus of the 5xFAD mice. In conclusion, contrary to previous findings based on shorter treatment periods, our data showed that daily noninvasive exposure to a light flickering at 40 Hz for a period of five weeks is not effective in reducing Aβ load in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Lan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Ted Weita Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
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5
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Neuenschwander S, Rosso G, Branco N, Freitag F, Tehovnik EJ, Schmidt KE, Baron J. On the Functional Role of Gamma Synchronization in the Retinogeniculate System of the Cat. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5204-5220. [PMID: 37328291 PMCID: PMC10342227 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1550-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast gamma oscillations, generated within the retina, and transmitted to the cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), are thought to carry information about stimulus size and continuity. This hypothesis relies mainly on studies conducted under anesthesia and the extent to which it holds under more naturalistic conditions remains unclear. Using multielectrode recordings of spiking activity in the retina and the LGN of both male and female cats, we show that visually driven gamma oscillations are absent for awake states and are highly dependent on halothane (or isoflurane). Under ketamine, responses were nonoscillatory, as in the awake condition. Response entrainment to the monitor refresh was commonly observed up to 120 Hz and was superseded by the gamma oscillatory responses induced by halothane. Given that retinal gamma oscillations are contingent on halothane anesthesia and absent in the awake cat, such oscillations should be considered artifactual, thus playing no functional role in vision.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Gamma rhythms have been proposed to be a robust encoding mechanism critical for visual processing. In the retinogeniculate system of the cat, many studies have shown gamma oscillations associated with responses to static stimuli. Here, we extend these observations to dynamic stimuli. An unexpected finding was that retinal gamma responses strongly depend on halothane concentration levels and are absent in the awake cat. These results weaken the notion that gamma in the retina is relevant for vision. Notably, retinal gamma shares many of the properties of cortical gamma. In this respect, oscillations induced by halothane in the retina may serve as a valuable preparation, although artificial, for studying oscillatory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Neuenschwander
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59076-550, Natal, Brazil
| | - Giovanne Rosso
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59076-550, Natal, Brazil
| | - Natalia Branco
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59076-550, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fabio Freitag
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59076-550, Natal, Brazil
| | - Edward J Tehovnik
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59076-550, Natal, Brazil
| | - Kerstin E Schmidt
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59076-550, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jerome Baron
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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6
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Schneider M, Tzanou A, Uran C, Vinck M. Cell-type-specific propagation of visual flicker. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112492. [PMID: 37195864 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic flicker stimulation has gained interest as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases and as a method for frequency tagging neural activity. Yet, little is known about the way in which flicker-induced synchronization propagates across cortical levels and impacts different cell types. Here, we use Neuropixels to record from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the primary visual cortex (V1), and CA1 in mice while presenting visual flicker stimuli. LGN neurons show strong phase locking up to 40 Hz, whereas phase locking is substantially weaker in V1 and is absent in CA1. Laminar analyses reveal an attenuation of phase locking at 40 Hz for each processing stage. Gamma-rhythmic flicker predominantly entrains fast-spiking interneurons. Optotagging experiments show that these neurons correspond to either parvalbumin (PV+) or narrow-waveform somatostatin (Sst+) neurons. A computational model can explain the observed differences based on the neurons' capacitative low-pass filtering properties. In summary, the propagation of synchronized activity and its effect on distinct cell types strongly depend on its frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schneider
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroinformatics, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Athanasia Tzanou
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cem Uran
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroinformatics, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Vinck
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroinformatics, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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7
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Soula M, Martín-Ávila A, Zhang Y, Dhingra A, Nitzan N, Sadowski MJ, Gan WB, Buzsáki G. Forty-hertz light stimulation does not entrain native gamma oscillations in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:570-578. [PMID: 36879142 PMCID: PMC10839995 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a demand for noninvasive methods to ameliorate disease. We investigated whether 40-Hz flickering light entrains gamma oscillations and suppresses amyloid-β in the brains of APP/PS1 and 5xFAD mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. We used multisite silicon probe recording in the visual cortex, entorhinal cortex or the hippocampus and found that 40-Hz flickering simulation did not engage native gamma oscillations in these regions. Additionally, spike responses in the hippocampus were weak, suggesting 40-Hz light does not effectively entrain deep structures. Mice avoided 40-Hz flickering light, associated with elevated cholinergic activity in the hippocampus. We found no reliable changes in plaque count or microglia morphology by either immunohistochemistry or in vivo two-photon imaging following 40-Hz stimulation, nor reduced levels of amyloid-β 40/42. Thus, visual flicker stimulation may not be a viable mechanism for modulating activity in deep structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Soula
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro Martín-Ávila
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annika Dhingra
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noam Nitzan
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Sadowski
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Biao Gan
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Brang D, Plass J, Sherman A, Stacey WC, Wasade VS, Grabowecky M, Ahn E, Towle VL, Tao JX, Wu S, Issa NP, Suzuki S. Visual cortex responds to sound onset and offset during passive listening. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1547-1563. [PMID: 35507478 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00164.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sounds enhance our ability to detect, localize, and respond to co-occurring visual targets. Research suggests that sounds improve visual processing by resetting the phase of ongoing oscillations in visual cortex. However, it remains unclear what information is relayed from the auditory system to visual areas and if sounds modulate visual activity even in the absence of visual stimuli (e.g., during passive listening). Using intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) in humans, we examined the sensitivity of visual cortex to three forms of auditory information during a passive listening task: auditory onset responses, auditory offset responses, and rhythmic entrainment to sounds. Because some auditory neurons respond to both sound onsets and offsets, visual timing and duration processing may benefit from each. Additionally, if auditory entrainment information is relayed to visual cortex, it could support the processing of complex stimulus dynamics that are aligned between auditory and visual stimuli. Results demonstrate that in visual cortex, amplitude-modulated sounds elicited transient onset and offset responses in multiple areas, but no entrainment to sound modulation frequencies. These findings suggest that activity in visual cortex (as measured with iEEG in response to auditory stimuli) may not be affected by temporally fine-grained auditory stimulus dynamics during passive listening (though it remains possible that this signal may be observable with simultaneous auditory-visual stimuli). Moreover, auditory responses were maximal in low-level visual cortex, potentially implicating a direct pathway for rapid interactions between auditory and visual cortices. This mechanism may facilitate perception by time-locking visual computations to environmental events marked by auditory discontinuities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John Plass
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Aleksandra Sherman
- Department of Cognitive Science, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William C Stacey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Marcia Grabowecky
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - EunSeon Ahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Vernon L Towle
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James X Tao
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shasha Wu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Naoum P Issa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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9
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Mc Laughlin M, Khatoun A, Asamoah B. Detection of tACS Entrainment Critically Depends on Epoch Length. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:806556. [PMID: 35360495 PMCID: PMC8963722 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.806556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural entrainment is the phase synchronization of a population of neurons to an external rhythmic stimulus such as applied in the context of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). tACS can cause profound effects on human behavior. However, there remain a significant number of studies that find no behavioral effect when tACS is applied to human subjects. To investigate this discrepancy, we applied time sensitive phase lock value (PLV) based analysis to single unit data from the rat motor cortex. The analysis revealed that detection of neural entrainment depends critically on the epoch length within which spiking information is accumulated. Increasing the epoch length allowed for detection of progressively weaker levels of neural entrainment. Based on this single unit analysis, we hypothesized that tACS effects on human behavior would be more easily detected in a behavior paradigm which utilizes longer epoch lengths. We tested this by using tACS to entrain tremor in patients and healthy volunteers. When the behavioral data were analyzed using short duration epochs tremor entrainment effects were not detectable. However, as the epoch length was progressively increased, weak tremor entrainment became detectable. These results suggest that tACS behavioral paradigms that rely on the accumulation of information over long epoch lengths will tend to be successful at detecting behavior effects. However, tACS paradigms that rely on short epoch lengths are less likely to detect effects.
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10
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Jiang L, Li X, Pei W, Gao X, Wang Y. A Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface Based on Visual Evoked Potential and Pupillary Response. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:834959. [PMID: 35185500 PMCID: PMC8850273 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.834959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interface (BCI) based on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) has been widely studied due to the high information transfer rate (ITR), little user training, and wide subject applicability. However, there are also disadvantages such as visual discomfort and “BCI illiteracy.” To address these problems, this study proposes to use low-frequency stimulations (12 classes, 0.8–2.12 Hz with an interval of 0.12 Hz), which can simultaneously elicit visual evoked potential (VEP) and pupillary response (PR) to construct a hybrid BCI (h-BCI) system. Classification accuracy was calculated using supervised and unsupervised methods, respectively, and the hybrid accuracy was obtained using a decision fusion method to combine the information of VEP and PR. Online experimental results from 10 subjects showed that the averaged accuracy was 94.90 ± 2.34% (data length 1.5 s) for the supervised method and 91.88 ± 3.68% (data length 4 s) for the unsupervised method, which correspond to the ITR of 64.35 ± 3.07 bits/min (bpm) and 33.19 ± 2.38 bpm, respectively. Notably, the hybrid method achieved higher accuracy and ITR than that of VEP and PR for most subjects, especially for the short data length. Together with the subjects’ feedback on user experience, these results indicate that the proposed h-BCI with the low-frequency stimulation paradigm is more comfortable and favorable than the traditional SSVEP-BCI paradigm using the alpha frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Pei
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yijun Wang,
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11
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Lobo T, Brookes MJ, Bauer M. Can the causal role of brain oscillations be studied through rhythmic brain stimulation? J Vis 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 34727165 PMCID: PMC8572434 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.12.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the causal relevance of brain oscillations using rhythmic stimulation, either through direct-brain or sensory stimulation. Yet, how intrinsic rhythms interact with the externally generated rhythm is largely unknown. We presented a flickered (60 Hz) visual grating or its correspondent unflickered stimulus in a psychophysical change detection task during simultaneous magnetoencephalography recordings to humans to test the effect of visual entrainment on induced gamma oscillations. Notably, we generally observed the coexistence of the broadband induced gamma rhythm with the entrained flicker rhythm (reliably measured in each participant), with the peak frequency of the induced response remaining unaltered in approximately half of participants—relatively independently of their native frequency. However, flicker increased broadband induced gamma power, and this was stronger in participants with a native frequency closer to the flicker frequency (resonance) and led to strong phase entrainment. Presence of flicker did not change behavior itself but profoundly altered brain behavior correlates across the sample: While broadband induced gamma oscillations correlated with reaction times for unflickered stimuli (as known previously), for the flicker, the amplitude of the entrained flicker rhythm (but no more the induced oscillation) correlated with reaction times. This, however, strongly depended on whether a participant's peak frequency shifted to the entrained rhythm. Our results suggests that rhythmic brain stimulation leads to a coexistence of two partially independent oscillations with heterogeneous effects across participants on the downstream relevance of these rhythms for behavior. This may explain the inconsistency of findings related to external entrainment of brain oscillations and poses further questions toward causal manipulations of brain oscillations in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Lobo
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,
| | - Matthew J Brookes
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,
| | - Markus Bauer
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,
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12
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Ming G, Pei W, Chen H, Gao X, Wang Y. Optimizing spatial properties of a new checkerboard-like visual stimulus for user-friendly SSVEP-based BCIs. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34544060 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Low-frequency steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems with high performance are prone to cause visual discomfort and fatigue. High-frequency SSVEP-based BCI systems can alleviate the discomfort, but always obtain lower performance. This study optimized the spatial properties of a proposed checkerboard-like visual stimulus toward high-performance and user-friendly SSVEP-based BCI systems.Approach.On the one hand, two checkerboard-like stimuli with distinct spatial contrasts (the black- and white-background) were designed to balance the tradeoff between BCI performance and user experience and compared with the traditional flickering stimulus. On the other hand, the impacts of the spatial frequency of the new checkerboard-like stimulus on the flicker perception and the intensity of the elicited SSVEP were clarified. The SSVEP-based BCI systems were implemented based on the checkerboard-like stimuli under low-frequency and high-frequency conditions. The user experience for each stimulation pattern was estimated by questionnaires for subjective evaluation.Main results.The comparison results indicate that the black-background checkerboard-like stimulus with an optimized spatial frequency achieved comparable performance and enhanced visual comfort compared with the flickering stimulus. Furthermore, the online nine-target BCI system using the black-background checkerboard-like stimuli achieved averaged information transfer rates of 124.0 ± 2.3 and 109.0 ± 20.4 bits min-1with low-frequency and high-frequency stimulation respectively.Significance.The new checkerboard-like stimuli with optimized properties show superiority of system performance and user experience in implementing SSVEP-based BCI, which will promote its practical applications in communication and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Ming
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Pei
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Duecker K, Gutteling TP, Herrmann CS, Jensen O. No Evidence for Entrainment: Endogenous Gamma Oscillations and Rhythmic Flicker Responses Coexist in Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6684-6698. [PMID: 34230106 PMCID: PMC8336697 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3134-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, numerous studies have linked cortical gamma oscillations (∼30-100 Hz) to neurocomputational mechanisms. Their functional relevance, however, is still passionately debated. Here, we asked whether endogenous gamma oscillations in the human brain can be entrained by a rhythmic photic drive >50 Hz. Such a noninvasive modulation of endogenous brain rhythms would allow conclusions about their causal involvement in neurocognition. To this end, we systematically investigated oscillatory responses to a rapid sinusoidal flicker in the absence and presence of endogenous gamma oscillations using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in combination with a high-frequency projector. The photic drive produced a robust response over visual cortex to stimulation frequencies of up to 80 Hz. Strong, endogenous gamma oscillations were induced using moving grating stimuli as repeatedly done in previous research. When superimposing the flicker and the gratings, there was no evidence for phase or frequency entrainment of the endogenous gamma oscillations by the photic drive. Unexpectedly, we did not observe an amplification of the flicker response around participants' individual gamma frequencies (IGFs); rather, the magnitude of the response decreased monotonically with increasing frequency. Source reconstruction suggests that the flicker response and the gamma oscillations were produced by separate, coexistent generators in visual cortex. The presented findings challenge the notion that cortical gamma oscillations can be entrained by rhythmic visual stimulation. Instead, the mechanism generating endogenous gamma oscillations seems to be resilient to external perturbation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We aimed to investigate to what extent ongoing, high-frequency oscillations in the gamma-band (30-100 Hz) in the human brain can be entrained by a visual flicker. Gamma oscillations have long been suggested to coordinate neuronal firing and enable interregional communication. Our results demonstrate that rhythmic visual stimulation cannot hijack the dynamics of ongoing gamma oscillations; rather, the flicker response and the endogenous gamma oscillations coexist in different visual areas. Therefore, while a visual flicker evokes a strong neuronal response even at high frequencies in the gamma-band, it does not entrain endogenous gamma oscillations in visual cortex. This has important implications for interpreting studies investigating the causal and neuroprotective effects of rhythmic sensory stimulation in the gamma-band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duecker
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SA, United Kingdom
| | - Tjerk P Gutteling
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SA, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph S Herrmann
- Department of Psychology, Faculty VI-Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SA, United Kingdom
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14
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Hallum LE, Cloherty SL. Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD) of achromatic, mean-modulated flicker in clinical assessment and experimental studies of visual systems. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248180. [PMID: 33760857 PMCID: PMC7990305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Achromatic, mean-modulated flicker—wherein luminance increments and decrements of equal magnitude are applied, over time, to a test field—is commonly used in both clinical assessment of vision and experimental studies of visual systems. However, presenting flicker on computer-controlled displays is problematic; displays typically introduce luminance artifacts at high flicker frequency or contrast, potentially interfering with the validity of findings. Here, we present a battery of tests used to weigh the relative merits of two displays for presenting achromatic, mean-modulated flicker. These tests revealed marked differences between a new high-performance liquid-crystal display (LCD; EIZO ColorEdge CG247X) and a new consumer-grade LCD (Dell U2415b), despite displays’ vendor-supplied specifications being almost identical. We measured displayed luminance using a spot meter and a linearized photodiode. We derived several measures, including spatial uniformity, the effect of viewing angle, response times, Fourier amplitude spectra, and cycle-averaged luminance. We presented paired luminance pulses to quantify the displays’ nonlinear dynamics. The CG247X showed relatively good spatial uniformity (e.g., at moderate luminance, standard deviation 2.8% versus U2415b’s 5.3%). Fourier transformation of nominally static test patches revealed spectra free of artifacts, with the exception of a frame response. The CG247X’s rise and fall times depended on both the luminance from which, and to which, it responded, as is to be generally expected from LCDs. Despite this nonlinear behaviour, we were able to define a contrast and frequency range wherein the CG247X appeared largely artifact-free; the relationship between nominal luminance and displayed luminance was accurately modelled using a causal, linear time-invariant system. This range included contrasts up to 80%, and flicker frequencies up to 30 Hz. This battery of tests should prove useful to others conducting clinical assessment of vision and experimental studies of visual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke E. Hallum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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15
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Schultz BG, Biau E, Kotz SA. An open-source toolbox for measuring dynamic video framerates and synchronizing video stimuli with neural and behavioral responses. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 343:108830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Entrainment within neuronal response in optic tectum of pigeon to video displays. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:845-855. [PMID: 32809044 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a common and important tool that has been in use for decades, with which behavioral and visual neuroscientists deliver specific visual images generated by computers. Considering the operating principle of the CRT, the image it presents can flick at a constant rate, which will introduce distractions to the visual experiments on subjects with higher temporal resolutions. While this entrainment has been proved common in recordings of the primary visual cortex of mammals, it is uncertain whether it also exists in the intermediate to deep layers of pigeon's optic tectum, which is relevant to the spatial attention. Here, we present continuous visual stimuli with different refresh rates and luminances couples shown on a CRT to pigeons. The recordings in the intermediate to deep layers of optic tectum were significantly phase locking to the refresh of the CRT, and lower refresh rates of the CRT with higher brightness more likely introduced artifacts in electrophysiological recordings of pigeons, which may seriously damage their visual information perception.
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17
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Kumar VG, Dutta S, Talwar S, Roy D, Banerjee A. Biophysical mechanisms governing large-scale brain network dynamics underlying individual-specific variability of perception. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3746-3762. [PMID: 32304122 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perception necessitates interaction among neuronal ensembles, the dynamics of which can be conceptualized as the emergent behavior of coupled dynamical systems. Here, we propose a detailed neurobiologically realistic model that captures the neural mechanisms of inter-individual variability observed in cross-modal speech perception. From raw EEG signals recorded from human participants when they were presented with speech vocalizations of McGurk-incongruent and congruent audio-visual (AV) stimuli, we computed the global coherence metric to capture the neural variability of large-scale networks. We identified that participants' McGurk susceptibility was negatively correlated to their alpha band global coherence. The proposed biophysical model conceptualized the global coherence dynamics emerge from coupling between the interacting neural masses-representing the sensory-specific auditory/visual areas and modality nonspecific associative/integrative regions. Subsequently, we could predict that an extremely weak direct AV coupling results in a decrease in alpha band global coherence-mimicking the cortical dynamics of participants with higher McGurk susceptibility. Source connectivity analysis also showed decreased connectivity between sensory-specific regions in participants more susceptible to McGurk effect, thus establishing an empirical validation to the prediction. Overall, our study provides an outline to link variability in structural and functional connectivity metrics to variability of performance that can be useful for several perception and action task paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh G Kumar
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Shrey Dutta
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Siddharth Talwar
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Dipanjan Roy
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Arpan Banerjee
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
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18
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Stein M, Fendrich R, Mattler U. Stimulus dependencies of an illusory motion: Investigations of the Motion Bridging Effect. J Vis 2020; 19:13. [PMID: 31100129 DOI: 10.1167/19.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Motion Bridging Effect (MBE) is an illusion in which a motion that is not consciously visible generates a visible motion aftereffect that is predominantly in the same direction as the adapter motion. In the initial study of the MBE (Mattler & Fendrich, 2010), a ring of 16 points was rotated at angular velocities as high as 2250°/s so that observers saw only an unbroken outline circle and performed at chance when asked to report the ring's rotation direction. However, when the rotating ring was replaced by a veridically stationary ring of 16 points, the stationary ring appeared to visibly spin to a halt, principally in the same direction as the initial ring's rotation. Here we continue to investigate the stimulus dependencies of the MBE. We find the MBE, measured by the correspondence between the direction of the invisible rotation of the spinning ring and perceived rotation of the stationary ring, increases as the number of points used to construct the rings decreases and grows stronger as the diameter of the rings get larger. We consider the potential contributions of temporal frequency, retinal eccentricity, luminance levels, and the separation between the points forming the rings as mediators of these effects. Data is discussed with regard to the detection of real movement and apparent motion. We conclude that the detection of the rapid rotation of the spinning ring is likely to be modulated by temporal frequency of luminance changes along the ring perimeter while the point-distance may modulate an apparent motion produced by the transition from the perceptually unbroken spinning ring to the point-defined stationary ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stein
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Robert Fendrich
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Uwe Mattler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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19
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Horwitz GD. Temporal information loss in the macaque early visual system. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000570. [PMID: 31971946 PMCID: PMC6977937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli that modulate neuronal activity are not always detectable, indicating a loss of information between the modulated neurons and perception. To identify where in the macaque visual system information about periodic light modulations is lost, signal-to-noise ratios were compared across simulated cone photoreceptors, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons, and perceptual judgements. Stimuli were drifting, threshold-contrast Gabor patterns on a photopic background. The sensitivity of LGN neurons, extrapolated to populations, was similar to the monkeys' at low temporal frequencies. At high temporal frequencies, LGN sensitivity exceeded the monkeys' and approached the upper bound set by cone photocurrents. These results confirm a loss of high-frequency information downstream of the LGN. However, this loss accounted for only about 5% of the total. Phototransduction accounted for essentially all of the rest. Together, these results show that low temporal frequency information is lost primarily between the cones and the LGN, whereas high-frequency information is lost primarily within the cones, with a small additional loss downstream of the LGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Horwitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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20
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Zhigalov A, Herring JD, Herpers J, Bergmann TO, Jensen O. Probing cortical excitability using rapid frequency tagging. Neuroimage 2019; 195:59-66. [PMID: 30930309 PMCID: PMC6547046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency tagging has been widely used to study the role of visual selective attention. Presenting a visual stimulus flickering at a specific frequency generates so-called steady-state visually evoked responses. However, frequency tagging is mostly done at lower frequencies (<30 Hz). This produces a visible flicker, potentially interfering with both perception and neuronal oscillations in the theta, alpha and beta band. To overcome these problems, we used a newly developed projector with a 1440 Hz refresh rate allowing for frequency tagging at higher frequencies. We asked participants to perform a cued spatial attention task in which imperative pictorial stimuli were presented at 63 Hz or 78 Hz while measuring whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG). We found posterior sensors to show a strong response at the tagged frequency. Importantly, this response was enhanced by spatial attention. Furthermore, we reproduced the typical modulations of alpha band oscillations, i.e., decrease in the alpha power contralateral to the attentional cue. The decrease in alpha power and increase in frequency tagged signal with attention correlated over subjects. We hereby provide proof-of-principle for the use of high-frequency tagging to study sensory processing and neuronal excitability associated with attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zhigalov
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | - J D Herring
- Donders Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Herpers
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T O Bergmann
- Donders Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Deutsches Resilienz Zentrum (DRZ), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - O Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
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21
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Swindale NV, Spacek MA. Visual cortex neurons phase-lock selectively to subsets of LFP oscillations. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:2364-2378. [PMID: 30995166 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00496.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally thought that apart from receptive field differences, such as preferred orientation and spatial frequency selectivity, primary visual cortex neurons are functionally similar to each other. However, the genetic diversity of cortical neurons plus the existence of inputs additional to those required to explain known receptive field properties might suggest otherwise. Here we report the existence of desynchronized states in anesthetized cat area 17 lasting up to 45 min, characterized by variable narrow-band local field potential (LFP) oscillations in the range 2-100 Hz and the absence of a synchronized 1/f frequency spectrum. During these periods, spontaneously active neurons phase-locked to variable subsets of LFP oscillations. Individual neurons often ignored frequencies that others phase-locked to. We suggest that these desynchronized periods may correspond to REM sleep-like episodes occurring under anesthesia. Frequency-selective codes may be used for signaling during these periods. Hence frequency-selective combination and frequency-labeled pathways may represent a previously unsuspected dimension of cortical organization. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated spontaneous neuronal firing during periods of desynchronized local field potential (LFP) activity, resembling REM sleep, in anesthetized cats. During these periods, neurons synchronized their spikes to specific phases of multiple LFP frequency components, with some neurons ignoring frequencies that others were synchronized to. Some neurons fired at phase alignments of frequency pairs, thereby acting as phase coincidence detectors. These results suggest that internal brain signaling may use frequency combination codes to generate temporally structured spike trains.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Swindale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - M A Spacek
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology II, LMU München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Because they were used for decades to present visual stimuli in psychophysical and psychophysiological studies, cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used to be the gold standard for stimulus presentation in vision research. Recently, as CRTs have become increasingly rare in the market, researchers have started using various types of liquid-crystal display (LCD) monitors as a replacement for CRTs. However, LCDs are typically not cost-effective when used in vision research and often cannot reach the full capacity of a high refresh rate. In this study we measured the temporal and spatial characteristics of a consumer-grade LCD, and the results suggested that a consumer-grade LCD can successfully meet all the technical demands in vision research. The tested LCD, working in a flash style like that of CRTs, demonstrated perfect consistency for initial latencies across locations, yet showed poor spatial uniformity and sluggishness in reaching the requested luminance within the first frame. After these drawbacks were addressed through software corrections, the candidate monitor showed performance comparable or superior to that of CRTs in terms of both spatial and temporal homogeneity. The proposed solution can be used as a replacement for CRTs in vision research.
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23
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Foik AT, Ghazaryan A, Waleszczyk WJ. Oscillations in Spontaneous and Visually Evoked Neuronal Activity in the Superficial Layers of the Cat's Superior Colliculus. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:60. [PMID: 30559653 PMCID: PMC6287086 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillations are ubiquitous features of neuronal activity in sensory systems and are considered as a substrate for the integration of sensory information. Several studies have described oscillatory activity in the geniculate visual pathway, but little is known about this phenomenon in the extrageniculate visual pathway. We describe oscillations in evoked and background activity in the cat's superficial layers of the superior colliculus, a retinorecipient structure in the extrageniculate visual pathway. Extracellular single-unit activity was recorded during periods with and without visual stimulation under isoflurane anesthesia in the mixture of N2O/O2. Autocorrelation, FFT and renewal density analyses were used to detect and characterize oscillations in the neuronal activity. Oscillations were common in the background and stimulus-evoked activity. Frequency range of background oscillations spanned between 5 and 90 Hz. Oscillations in evoked activity were observed in about half of the cells and could appear in two forms —stimulus-phase-locked (10–100 Hz), and stimulus-phase-independent (8–100 Hz) oscillations. Stimulus-phase-independent and background oscillatory frequencies were very similar within activity of particular neurons suggesting that stimulus-phase-independent oscillations may be a form of enhanced “spontaneous” oscillations. Stimulus-phase-locked oscillations were present in responses to moving and flashing stimuli. In contrast to stimulus-phase-independent oscillations, the strength of stimulus-phase-locked oscillations was positively correlated with stimulus velocity and neuronal firing rate. Our results suggest that in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus stimulus-phase-independent oscillations may be generated by the same mechanism(s) that lie in the base of “spontaneous” oscillations, while stimulus-phase-locked oscillations may result from interactions within the intra-collicular network and/or from a phase reset of oscillations present in the background activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Foik
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anaida Ghazaryan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta J Waleszczyk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Liu A, Vöröslakos M, Kronberg G, Henin S, Krause MR, Huang Y, Opitz A, Mehta A, Pack CC, Krekelberg B, Berényi A, Parra LC, Melloni L, Devinsky O, Buzsáki G. Immediate neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5092. [PMID: 30504921 PMCID: PMC6269428 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques are used in experimental and clinical fields for their potential effects on brain network dynamics and behavior. Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), has gained popularity because of its convenience and potential as a chronic therapy. However, a mechanistic understanding of TES has lagged behind its widespread adoption. Here, we review data and modelling on the immediate neurophysiological effects of TES in vitro as well as in vivo in both humans and other animals. While it remains unclear how typical TES protocols affect neural activity, we propose that validated models of current flow should inform study design and artifacts should be carefully excluded during signal recording and analysis. Potential indirect effects of TES (e.g., peripheral stimulation) should be investigated in more detail and further explored in experimental designs. We also consider how novel technologies may stimulate the next generation of TES experiments and devices, thus enhancing validity, specificity, and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anli Liu
- New York University Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 34th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, 222 East 41st Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Mihály Vöröslakos
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 10 Dom sq., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Greg Kronberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Simon Henin
- New York University Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 34th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, 222 East 41st Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Matthew R Krause
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Alexander Opitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ashesh Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, 611 Northern Blvd, Great Neck, NY, 11021, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Christopher C Pack
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Bart Krekelberg
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 10 Dom sq., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Lucia Melloni
- New York University Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 34th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, 222 East 41st Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Grüneburgweg 14, 60322, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- New York University Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 34th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, 222 East 41st Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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25
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Gelfand EC, Horwitz GD. Model of parafoveal chromatic and luminance temporal contrast sensitivity of humans and monkeys. J Vis 2018; 18:1. [PMID: 30383213 PMCID: PMC6690402 DOI: 10.1167/18.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus monkeys are a valuable model for studies of primate visual contrast sensitivity. Their visual systems are similar to that of humans, and they can be trained to perform detection tasks at threshold during neurophysiological recording. However, the stimulus dependence of rhesus monkey contrast sensitivity has not been well characterized. Temporal frequency, color, and retinal eccentricity affect the contrast sensitivity of humans in reasonably well-understood ways. To ask whether these factors affect monkey sensitivity similarly, we measured detection thresholds of two monkeys using a two-alternative, forced-choice task and compared them to thresholds of two human subjects who performed the same task. Stimuli were drifting Gabor patterns that varied in temporal frequency (1-60 Hz), L- and M-cone modulation ratio, and retinal eccentricity (2°-14° from the fovea). Thresholds were fit by a model that assumed a pair of linear detection mechanisms: a luminance contrast detector and a red-green contrast detector. Analysis of model fits indicated that the sensitivity of these mechanisms varied across the visual field, but their temporal and spectral tuning did not. Human and monkey temporal contrast sensitivity was similar across the conditions tested, but monkeys were twofold less sensitive to low-frequency, luminance modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Gelfand
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory D Horwitz
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Salelkar S, Somasekhar GM, Ray S. Distinct frequency bands in the local field potential are differently tuned to stimulus drift rate. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:681-692. [PMID: 29694281 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00807.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Local field potential (LFP) recorded with a microelectrode reflects the activity of several neural processes, including afferent synaptic inputs, microcircuit-level computations, and spiking activity. Objectively probing their contribution requires a design that allows dissociation between these potential contributors. Earlier reports have shown that the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) has a higher temporal frequency (drift rate) cutoff than the primary visual cortex (V1), such that at higher drift rates inputs into V1 from the LGN continue to persist, whereas output ceases, permitting partial dissociation. Using chronic microelectrode arrays, we recorded spikes and LFP from V1 of passively fixating macaques while presenting sinusoidal gratings drifting over a wide range. We further optimized the gratings to produce strong gamma oscillations, since recent studies in rodent V1 have reported LGN-dependent narrow-band gamma oscillations. Consistent with earlier reports, power in higher LFP frequencies (above ~140 Hz) tracked the population firing rate and were tuned to preferred drift rates similar to those for spikes. Significantly, power in the lower (up to ~40 Hz) frequencies increased transiently in the early epoch after stimulus onset, even at high drift rates, and had preferred drift rates higher than for spikes/high gamma. Narrow-band gamma (50-80 Hz) power was not strongly correlated with power in high or low frequencies and had much lower preferred temporal frequencies. Our results demonstrate that distinct frequency bands of the V1 LFP show diverse tuning profiles, which may potentially convey different attributes of the underlying neural activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In recent years the local field potential (LFP) has been increasingly studied, but interpreting its rich frequency content has been difficult. We use a stimulus manipulation that generates different tuning profiles for low, gamma, and high frequencies of the LFP, suggesting contributions from potentially different sources. Our results have possible implications for design of better neural prosthesis systems and brain-machine interfacing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhesh Salelkar
- IISc Mathematics Initiative, Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , India
| | | | - Supratim Ray
- IISc Mathematics Initiative, Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , India.,Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , India
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Comstock DC, Hove MJ, Balasubramaniam R. Sensorimotor Synchronization With Auditory and Visual Modalities: Behavioral and Neural Differences. Front Comput Neurosci 2018; 12:53. [PMID: 30072885 PMCID: PMC6058047 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that the auditory system is better suited to guide temporally precise behaviors like sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) than the visual system. Although this phenomenon has been studied for many years, the underlying neural and computational mechanisms remain unclear. Growing consensus suggests the existence of multiple, interacting, context-dependent systems, and that reduced precision in visuo-motor timing might be due to the way experimental tasks have been conceived. Indeed, the appropriateness of the stimulus for a given task greatly influences timing performance. In this review, we examine timing differences for sensorimotor synchronization and error correction with auditory and visual sequences, to inspect the underlying neural mechanisms that contribute to modality differences in timing. The disparity between auditory and visual timing likely relates to differences in the processing specialization between auditory and visual modalities (temporal vs. spatial). We propose this difference could offer potential explanation for the differing temporal abilities between modalities. We also offer suggestions as to how these sensory systems interface with motor and timing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Comstock
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Michael J Hove
- Department of Psychological Science, Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg, MA, United States
| | - Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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Tanaka K, Tanaka M, Kajiwara T, Wang HO. A Practical SSVEP-Based Algorithm for Perceptual Dominance Estimation in Binocular Rivalry. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2017.2679224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Ultrahigh temporal resolution of visual presentation using gaming monitors and G-Sync. Behav Res Methods 2018; 50:26-38. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-017-1003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bonnen K, Huk AC, Cormack LK. Dynamic mechanisms of visually guided 3D motion tracking. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1515-1531. [PMID: 28637820 PMCID: PMC5596126 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00831.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous perception of motion-through-depth is critical for both navigation and interacting with objects in a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) world. Here we used 3D tracking to simultaneously assess the perception of motion in all directions, facilitating comparisons of responses to motion-through-depth to frontoparallel motion. Observers manually tracked a stereoscopic target as it moved in a 3D Brownian random walk. We found that continuous tracking of motion-through-depth was selectively impaired, showing different spatiotemporal properties compared with frontoparallel motion tracking. Two separate factors were found to contribute to this selective impairment. The first is the geometric constraint that motion-through-depth yields much smaller retinal projections than frontoparallel motion, given the same object speed in the 3D environment. The second factor is the sluggish nature of disparity processing, which is present even for frontoparallel motion tracking of a disparity-defined stimulus. Thus, despite the ecological importance of reacting to approaching objects, both the geometry of 3D vision and the nature of disparity processing result in considerable impairments for tracking motion-through-depth using binocular cues.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We characterize motion perception continuously in all directions using an ecologically relevant, manual target tracking paradigm we recently developed. This approach reveals a selective impairment to the perception of motion-through-depth. Geometric considerations demonstrate that this impairment is not consistent with previously observed spatial deficits (e.g., stereomotion suppression). However, results from an examination of disparity processing are consistent with the longer latencies observed in discrete, trial-based measurements of the perception of motion-through-depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bonnen
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas;
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Alexander C Huk
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Lawrence K Cormack
- Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
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Subcortical Source and Modulation of the Narrowband Gamma Oscillation in Mouse Visual Cortex. Neuron 2017; 93:315-322. [PMID: 28103479 PMCID: PMC5263254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary visual cortex exhibits two types of gamma rhythm: broadband activity in the 30–90 Hz range and a narrowband oscillation seen in mice at frequencies close to 60 Hz. We investigated the sources of the narrowband gamma oscillation, the factors modulating its strength, and its relationship to broadband gamma activity. Narrowband and broadband gamma power were uncorrelated. Increasing visual contrast had opposite effects on the two rhythms: it increased broadband activity, but suppressed the narrowband oscillation. The narrowband oscillation was strongest in layer 4 and was mediated primarily by excitatory currents entrained by the synchronous, rhythmic firing of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The power and peak frequency of the narrowband gamma oscillation increased with light intensity. Silencing the cortex optogenetically did not abolish the narrowband oscillation in either LGN firing or cortical excitatory currents, suggesting that this oscillation reflects unidirectional flow of signals from thalamus to cortex. Mouse V1 exhibits a pronounced narrowband gamma oscillation close to 60 Hz This oscillation is strongest in layer 4 and specific to excitatory currents It increases with arousal and light intensity and decreases with visual contrast It is seen in lateral geniculate neurons, regardless of V1 activity
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Nguyen T, Kuntzelman K, Miskovic V. Entrainment of visual steady-state responses is modulated by global spatial statistics. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:344-352. [PMID: 28446580 PMCID: PMC5498732 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00129.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhythmic delivery of visual stimuli evokes large-scale neuronal entrainment in the form of steady-state oscillatory field potentials. The spatiotemporal properties of stimulus drive appear to constrain the relative degrees of neuronal entrainment. Specific frequency ranges, for example, are uniquely suited for enhancing the strength of stimulus-driven brain oscillations. When it comes to the nature of the visual stimulus itself, studies have used a plethora of inputs ranging from spatially unstructured empty fields to simple contrast patterns (checkerboards, gratings, stripes) and complex arrays (human faces, houses, natural scenes). At present, little is known about how the global spatial statistics of the input stimulus influence entrainment of scalp-recorded electrophysiological signals. In this study, we used rhythmic entrainment source separation of scalp EEG to compare stimulus-driven phase alignment for distinct classes of visual inputs, including broadband spatial noise ensembles with varying second-order statistics, natural scenes, and narrowband sine-wave gratings delivered at a constant flicker frequency. The relative magnitude of visual entrainment was modulated by the global properties of the driving stimulus. Entrainment was strongest for pseudo-naturalistic broadband visual noise patterns in which luminance contrast is greatest at low spatial frequencies (a power spectrum slope characterized by 1/ƒ-2).NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rhythmically modulated visual stimuli entrain the activity of neuronal populations, but the effect of global stimulus statistics on this entrainment is unknown. We assessed entrainment evoked by 1) visual noise ensembles with different spectral slopes, 2) complex natural scenes, and 3) narrowband sinusoidal gratings. Entrainment was most effective for broadband noise with naturalistic luminance contrast. This reveals some global properties shaping stimulus-driven brain oscillations in the human visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York; and
| | - Karl Kuntzelman
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York; and
| | - Vladimir Miskovic
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York; and
- Center for Affective Science, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
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Chemla S, Muller L, Reynaud A, Takerkart S, Destexhe A, Chavane F. Improving voltage-sensitive dye imaging: with a little help from computational approaches. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:031215. [PMID: 28573154 PMCID: PMC5438098 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.3.031215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) is a key neurophysiological recording tool because it reaches brain scales that remain inaccessible to other techniques. The development of this technique from in vitro to the behaving nonhuman primate has only been made possible thanks to the long-lasting, visionary work of Amiram Grinvald. This work has opened new scientific perspectives to the great benefit to the neuroscience community. However, this unprecedented technique remains largely under-utilized, and many future possibilities await for VSDI to reveal new functional operations. One reason why this tool has not been used extensively is the inherent complexity of the signal. For instance, the signal reflects mainly the subthreshold neuronal population response and is not linked to spiking activity in a straightforward manner. Second, VSDI gives access to intracortical recurrent dynamics that are intrinsically complex and therefore nontrivial to process. Computational approaches are thus necessary to promote our understanding and optimal use of this powerful technique. Here, we review such approaches, from computational models to dissect the mechanisms and origin of the recorded signal, to advanced signal processing methods to unravel new neuronal interactions at mesoscopic scale. Only a stronger development of interdisciplinary approaches can bridge micro- to macroscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chemla
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-7289 Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Lyle Muller
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Alexandre Reynaud
- McGill University, McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Takerkart
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-7289 Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Destexhe
- Unit for Neurosciences, Information and Complexity (UNIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UPR-3293, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- The European Institute for Theoretical Neuroscience (EITN), Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Chavane
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-7289 Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France
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Kucewicz MT, Berry BM, Kremen V, Brinkmann BH, Sperling MR, Jobst BC, Gross RE, Lega B, Sheth SA, Stein JM, Das SR, Gorniak R, Stead SM, Rizzuto DS, Kahana MJ, Worrell GA. Dissecting gamma frequency activity during human memory processing. Brain 2017; 140:1337-1350. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
We tested whether fast flicker can capture attention using eight flicker frequencies from 20–96 Hz, including several too high to be perceived (>50 Hz). Using a 480 Hz visual display rate, we presented smoothly sampled sinusoidal temporal modulations at: 20, 30, 40, 48, 60, 69, 80, and 96 Hz. We first established flicker detection rates for each frequency. Performance was at or near ceiling until 48 Hz and dropped sharply to chance level at 60 Hz and above. We then presented the same flickering stimuli as pre-cues in a visual search task containing five elements. Flicker location varied randomly and was therefore congruent with target location on 20% of trials. Comparing congruent and incongruent trials revealed a very strong congruency effect (faster search for cued targets) for all detectable frequencies (20–48 Hz) but no effect for faster flicker rates that were detected at chance. This pattern of results (obtained with brief flicker cues: 58 ms) was replicated for long flicker cues (1000 ms) intended to allow for entrainment to the flicker frequency. These results indicate that only visible flicker serves as an exogenous attentional cue and that flicker rates too high to be perceived are completely ineffective.
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36
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Poirot J, De Luna P, Rainer G. Neural coding of image structure and contrast polarity of Cartesian, hyperbolic, and polar gratings in the primary and secondary visual cortex of the tree shrew. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2000-13. [PMID: 26843607 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01000.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We comprehensively characterize spiking and visual evoked potential (VEP) activity in tree shrew V1 and V2 using Cartesian, hyperbolic, and polar gratings. Neural selectivity to structure of Cartesian gratings was higher than other grating classes in both visual areas. From V1 to V2, structure selectivity of spiking activity increased, whereas corresponding VEP values tended to decrease, suggesting that single-neuron coding of Cartesian grating attributes improved while the cortical columnar organization of these neurons became less precise from V1 to V2. We observed that neurons in V2 generally exhibited similar selectivity for polar and Cartesian gratings, suggesting that structure of polar-like stimuli might be encoded as early as in V2. This hypothesis is supported by the preference shift from V1 to V2 toward polar gratings of higher spatial frequency, consistent with the notion that V2 neurons encode visual scene borders and contours. Neural sensitivity to modulations of polarity of hyperbolic gratings was highest among all grating classes and closely related to the visual receptive field (RF) organization of ON- and OFF-dominated subregions. We show that spatial RF reconstructions depend strongly on grating class, suggesting that intracortical contributions to RF structure are strongest for Cartesian and polar gratings. Hyperbolic gratings tend to recruit least cortical elaboration such that the RF maps are similar to those generated by sparse noise, which most closely approximate feedforward inputs. Our findings complement previous literature in primates, rodents, and carnivores and highlight novel aspects of shape representation and coding occurring in mammalian early visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Poirot
- Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Paolo De Luna
- Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Rainer
- Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Andersen SK, Müller MM. Driving steady-state visual evoked potentials at arbitrary frequencies using temporal interpolation of stimulus presentation. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:95. [PMID: 26690632 PMCID: PMC4687115 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Steady-state visual evoked potentials have been utilized widely in basic and applied research in recent years. These oscillatory responses of the visual cortex are elicited by flickering stimuli. They have the same fundamental frequency as the driving stimulus and are highly sensitive to manipulations of attention and stimulus properties. While standard computer monitors offer great flexibility in the choice of visual stimuli for driving SSVEPs, the frequencies that can be elicited are limited to integer divisors of the monitor’s refresh rate. Results To avoid this technical constraint, we devised an interpolation technique for stimulus presentation, with which SSVEPs can be elicited at arbitrary frequencies. We tested this technique with monitor refresh rates of 85 and 120 Hz. At a refresh rate of 85 Hz, interpolated presentation produced artifacts in the recorded spectrum in the form of additional peaks not located at the stimulated frequency or its harmonics. However, at a refresh rate of 120 Hz, these artifacts did not occur and the spectrum elicited by an interpolated flicker became indistinguishable from the spectrum obtained by non-interpolated presentation of the same frequency. Conclusions Our interpolation technique eliminates frequency limitations of the common non-interpolated presentation technique and has many possible applications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren K Andersen
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, William Guild Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK.
| | - Matthias M Müller
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
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Lorteije JAM, Zylberberg A, Ouellette BG, De Zeeuw CI, Sigman M, Roelfsema PR. The Formation of Hierarchical Decisions in the Visual Cortex. Neuron 2015; 87:1344-1356. [PMID: 26365766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Intelligence relies on our ability to find appropriate sequences of decisions in complex problem spaces. The efficiency of a problem solver depends on the speed of its individual decisions and the number of decisions it can explore in parallel. It remains unknown whether the primate brain can consider multiple decisions at the same time. We therefore trained monkeys to navigate through a decision tree with stochastic sensory evidence at multiple branching points and recorded neuronal activity in visual cortical areas V1 and V4. We found a first phase of decision making in which neuronal activity increased in parallel along multiple branches of the decision tree. This was followed by an integration phase where the optimal overall strategy crystallized as the result of interactions between local decisions. The results reveal how sensory evidence is integrated efficiently for hierarchical decisions and contribute to our understanding of the brain mechanisms that implement complex mental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette A M Lorteije
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ariel Zylberberg
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Physics Department, Buenos Aires University, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Buenos Aires University, Avenue Paseo Colón 850, 1063 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science Department, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires University, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brian G Ouellette
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariano Sigman
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Physics Department, Buenos Aires University, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Almirante Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, C1428BIJ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pieter R Roelfsema
- Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Psychiatry Department, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AC Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Hazrati MK, Miskovic V, Príncipe JC, Keil A. Functional Connectivity in Frequency-Tagged Cortical Networks During Active Harm Avoidance. Brain Connect 2015; 5:292-302. [PMID: 25557925 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many behavioral and cognitive processes are grounded in widespread and dynamic communication between brain regions. Thus, the quantification of functional connectivity with high temporal resolution is highly desirable for capturing in vivo brain function. However, many of the commonly used measures of functional connectivity capture only linear signal dependence and are based entirely on relatively simple quantitative measures such as mean and variance. In this study, the authors used a recently developed algorithm, the generalized measure of association (GMA), to quantify dynamic changes in cortical connectivity using steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) measured in the context of a conditioned behavioral avoidance task. GMA uses a nonparametric estimator of statistical dependence based on ranks that are efficient and capable of providing temporal precision roughly corresponding to the timing of cognitive acts (∼ 100-200 msec). Participants viewed simple gratings predicting the presence/absence of an aversive loud noise, co-occurring with peripheral cues indicating whether the loud noise could be avoided by means of a key press (active) or not (passive). For active compared with passive trials, heightened connectivity between visual and central areas was observed in time segments preceding and surrounding the avoidance cue. Viewing of the threat stimuli also led to greater initial connectivity between occipital and central regions, followed by heightened local coupling among visual regions surrounding the motor response. Local neural coupling within extended visual regions was sustained throughout major parts of the viewing epoch. These findings are discussed in a framework of flexible synchronization between cortical networks as a function of experience and active sensorimotor coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Khodam Hazrati
- 1 Computational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vladimir Miskovic
- 2 Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton, New York
| | - José C Príncipe
- 1 Computational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andreas Keil
- 3 Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,4 Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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Ghodrati M, Morris AP, Price NSC. The (un)suitability of modern liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for vision research. Front Psychol 2015; 6:303. [PMID: 25852617 PMCID: PMC4369646 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychophysical and physiological studies of vision have traditionally used cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors to present stimuli. These monitors are no longer easily available, and liquid crystal display (LCD) technology is continually improving; therefore, we characterized a number of LCD monitors to determine if newer models are suitable replacements for CRTs in the laboratory. We compared the spatial and temporal characteristics of a CRT with five LCDs, including monitors designed with vision science in mind (ViewPixx and Display++), “prosumer” gaming monitors, and a consumer-grade LCD. All monitors had sufficient contrast, luminance range and reliability to support basic vision experiments with static images. However, the luminance of all LCDs depended strongly on viewing angle, which in combination with the poor spatial uniformity of all monitors except the VPixx, caused up to 80% drops in effective luminance in the periphery during central fixation. Further, all monitors showed significant spatial dependence, as the luminance of one area was modulated by the luminance of other areas. These spatial imperfections are most pronounced for experiments that use large or peripheral visual stimuli. In the temporal domain, the gaming LCDs were unable to generate reliable luminance patterns; one was unable to reach the requested luminance within a single frame whereas in the other the luminance of one frame affected the luminance of the next frame. The VPixx and Display++ were less affected by these problems, and had good temporal properties provided stimuli were presented for 2 or more frames. Of the consumer-grade and gaming displays tested, and if problems with spatial uniformity are taken into account, the Eizo FG2421 is the most suitable alternative to CRTs. The specialized ViewPixx performed best among all the tested LCDs, followed closely by the Display++; both are good replacements for a CRT, provided their spatial imperfections are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghodrati
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam P Morris
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
The time course of behaviorally relevant environmental events sets temporal constraints on neuronal processing. How does the mammalian brain make use of the increasingly complex networks of the neocortex, while making decisions and executing behavioral reactions within a reasonable time? The key parameter determining the speed of computations in neuronal networks is a time interval that neuronal ensembles need to process changes at their input and communicate results of this processing to downstream neurons. Theoretical analysis identified basic requirements for fast processing: use of neuronal populations for encoding, background activity, and fast onset dynamics of action potentials in neurons. Experimental evidence shows that populations of neocortical neurons fulfil these requirements. Indeed, they can change firing rate in response to input perturbations very quickly, within 1 to 3 ms, and encode high-frequency components of the input by phase-locking their spiking to frequencies up to 300 to 1000 Hz. This implies that time unit of computations by cortical ensembles is only few, 1 to 3 ms, which is considerably faster than the membrane time constant of individual neurons. The ability of cortical neuronal ensembles to communicate on a millisecond time scale allows for complex, multiple-step processing and precise coordination of neuronal activity in parallel processing streams, while keeping the speed of behavioral reactions within environmentally set temporal constraints.
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Pietersen ANJ, Cheong SK, Solomon SG, Tailby C, Martin PR. Temporal response properties of koniocellular (blue-on and blue-off) cells in marmoset lateral geniculate nucleus. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1421-38. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00077.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual perception requires integrating signals arriving at different times from parallel visual streams. For example, signals carried on the phasic-magnocellular (MC) pathway reach the cerebral cortex pathways some tens of milliseconds before signals traveling on the tonic-parvocellular (PC) pathway. Visual latencies of cells in the koniocellular (KC) pathway have not been specifically studied in simian primates. Here we compared MC and PC cells to “blue-on” (BON) and “blue-off” (BOF) KC cells; these cells carry visual signals originating in short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones. We made extracellular recordings in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of anesthetized marmosets. We found that BON visual latencies are 10–20 ms longer than those of PC or MC cells. A small number of recorded BOF cells ( n = 7) had latencies 10–20 ms longer than those of BON cells. Within all cell groups, latencies of foveal receptive fields (<10° eccentricity) were longer (by 3–8 ms) than latencies of peripheral receptive fields (>10°). Latencies of yellow-off inputs to BON cells lagged the blue-on inputs by up to 30 ms, but no differences in visual latency were seen on comparing marmosets expressing dichromatic (“red-green color-blind”) or trichromatic color vision phenotype. We conclude that S-cone signals leaving the LGN on KC pathways are delayed with respect to signals traveling on PC and MC pathways. Cortical circuits serving color vision must therefore integrate across delays in (red-green) chromatic signals carried by PC cells and (blue-yellow) signals carried by KC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. J. Pietersen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. K. Cheong
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. G. Solomon
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - C. Tailby
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - P. R. Martin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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On using isoluminant stimuli to separate magno- and parvocellular responses in psychophysical experiments-a few words of caution. Behav Res Methods 2013; 45:637-45. [PMID: 23292567 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-012-0290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isoluminant (or equiluminant) color stimuli (i.e., those that contain variations only in chromaticity) have been employed in attempts to separate magno- and parvocellular responses in psychophysical and noninvasive electrophysiological experiments. The justification for this has been the assumption that magnocellular cells, unlike parvocellular neurons, do not respond to stimuli varying only in hue. However, several problems are associated with this notion: (1) under many conditions, magnocellular neurons are not fully silenced at isoluminance, and (2) in many circumstances, parvocellular responses are substantially reduced at isoluminance. To rely upon isoluminant stimuli to "bias" stimuli toward the parvocellular system also faces obstacles. Therefore, caution is required when attempting to use isoluminant color to separate magno- and parvocellular responses.
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Nozaradan S, Zerouali Y, Peretz I, Mouraux A. Capturing with EEG the neural entrainment and coupling underlying sensorimotor synchronization to the beat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:736-47. [PMID: 24108804 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Synchronizing movements with rhythmic inputs requires tight coupling of sensory and motor neural processes. Here, using a novel approach based on the recording of steady-state-evoked potentials (SS-EPs), we examine how distant brain areas supporting these processes coordinate their dynamics. The electroencephalogram was recorded while subjects listened to a 2.4-Hz auditory beat and tapped their hand on every second beat. When subjects tapped to the beat, the EEG was characterized by a 2.4-Hz SS-EP compatible with beat-related entrainment and a 1.2-Hz SS-EP compatible with movement-related entrainment, based on the results of source analysis. Most importantly, when compared with passive listening of the beat, we found evidence suggesting an interaction between sensory- and motor-related activities when subjects tapped to the beat, in the form of (1) additional SS-EP appearing at 3.6 Hz, compatible with a nonlinear product of sensorimotor integration; (2) phase coupling of beat- and movement-related activities; and (3) selective enhancement of beat-related activities over the hemisphere contralateral to the tapping, suggesting a top-down effect of movement-related activities on auditory beat processing. Taken together, our results are compatible with the view that rhythmic sensorimotor synchronization is supported by a dynamic coupling of sensory and motor related activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Nozaradan
- Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Younes Zerouali
- Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Peretz
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - André Mouraux
- Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium
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45
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Atypical excitation-inhibition balance in autism captured by the gamma response to contextual modulation. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 3:65-72. [PMID: 24179850 PMCID: PMC3791282 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical visual perception in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is hypothesized to stem from an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory processes in the brain. We used neuronal oscillations in the gamma frequency range (30–90 Hz), which emerge from a balanced interaction of excitation and inhibition in the brain, to assess contextual modulation processes in early visual perception. Electroencephalography was recorded in 12 high-functioning adults with ASD and 12 age- and IQ-matched control participants. Oscillations in the gamma frequency range were analyzed in response to stimuli consisting of small line-like elements. Orientation-specific contextual modulation was manipulated by parametrically increasing the amount of homogeneously oriented elements in the stimuli. The stimuli elicited a strong steady-state gamma response around the refresh-rate of 60 Hz, which was larger for controls than for participants with ASD. The amount of orientation homogeneity (contextual modulation) influenced the gamma response in control subjects, while for subjects with ASD this was not the case. The atypical steady-state gamma response to contextual modulation in subjects with ASD may capture the link between an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neuronal processing and atypical visual processing in ASD. EEG was recorded in adults with autism spectrum disorders and matched controls. Stimuli were presented varying in orientation-specific contextual modulation. Contextual modulation affected power of gamma oscillations for control subjects. No such effect of contextual modulation was identified for subjects with autism. Atypical gamma response reflects inhibition–excitation imbalance.
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46
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On using very high temporal frequencies to isolate magnocellular contributions to psychophysical tasks. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1556-60. [PMID: 23702475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In connection with dyslexia several authors have sought to employ stimuli of very high temporal frequency to isolate magnocellular contributions to visual tasks. It is here pointed out that considerable evidence indicate that the ability to see the very highest temporal frequencies is limited by cortical mechanisms. This suggests that variations and abnormalities in this ability may reflect cortical factors rather than magnocellular ones. It is therefore difficult to rely upon very high temporal frequency stimuli to isolate contributions from the magnocellular system.
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47
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Marked selective impairment in autism on an index of magnocellular function. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:592-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Heerebout BT, Tap AY, Rotteveel M, Phaf RH. Gamma flicker elicits positive affect without awareness. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:281-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Regele OB, Koivuniemi AS, Otto KJ. Constant RMS versus constant peak modulation for the perceptual equivalence of sinusoidal amplitude modulated signals. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2013:3115-3118. [PMID: 24110387 PMCID: PMC4082400 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprosthetics using intracortical microstimulation can potentially alleviate sensory deprivation due to injury or disease. However the information bandwidth of a single microstimulation channel remains largely unanswered. This paper presents three experiments that examine the importance of Peak Power/Charge and RMS Power/Charge for detection of acoustic and electrical Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulated stimuli by the auditory system. While the peripheral auditory system is sensitive to RMS power cues for the detection of acoustic stimuli, here we provide results that suggest that the auditory cortex is sensitive to peak charge cues for electrical stimuli. Varying the modulation frequency and depth do not change this effect for detection of modulated electrical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver B. Regele
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Andrew S. Koivuniemi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Kevin J. Otto
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA, phone: 765-496-1012; fax 765-496-1912
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50
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Abstract
In the absence of sensory input, neuronal networks are far from being silent. Whether spontaneous changes in ongoing activity reflect previous sensory experience or stochastic fluctuations in brain activity is not well understood. Here we describe reactivation of stimulus-evoked activity in awake visual cortical networks. We found that continuous exposure to randomly flashed image sequences induces reactivation in macaque V4 cortical networks in the absence of visual stimulation. This reactivation of previously evoked activity is stimulus-specific, occurs only in the same temporal order as the original response, and strengthens with increased stimulus exposures. Importantly, cells exhibiting significant reactivation carry more information about the stimulus than cells that do not reactivate. These results demonstrate a surprising degree of experience-dependent plasticity in visual cortical networks as a result of repeated exposure to unattended information. We suggest that awake reactivation in visual cortex may underlie perceptual learning by passive stimulus exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Eagleman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
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