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Rivalan M, Alonso L, Mosienko V, Bey P, Hyde A, Bader M, Winter Y, Alenina N. Serotonin drives aggression and social behaviors of laboratory male mice in a semi-natural environment. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1450540. [PMID: 39359324 PMCID: PMC11446219 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1450540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggression is an adaptive social behavior crucial for the stability and prosperity of social groups. When uncontrolled, aggression leads to pathological violence that disrupts group structure and individual wellbeing. The comorbidity of uncontrolled aggression across different psychopathologies makes it a potential endophenotype of mental disorders with the same neurobiological substrates. Serotonin plays a critical role in regulating impulsive and aggressive behaviors. Mice lacking in brain serotonin, due to the ablation of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, could serve as a potential model for studying pathological aggression. Home cage monitoring allows for the continuous observation and quantification of social and non-social behaviors in group-housed, freely-moving mice. Using an ethological approach, we investigated the impact of central serotonin ablation on the everyday expression of social and non-social behaviors and their correlations in undisturbed, group-living Tph2-deficient and wildtype mice. By training a machine learning algorithm on behavioral time series, "allogrooming", "struggling at feeder", and "eating" emerged as key behaviors dissociating one genotype from the other. Although Tph2-deficient mice exhibited characteristics of pathological aggression and reduced communication compared to wildtype animals, they still demonstrated affiliative huddle behaviors to normal levels. Altogether, such a distinct and dynamic phenotype of Tph2-deficient mice influenced the group's structure and the subsequent development of its hierarchical organization. These aspects were analyzed using social network analysis and the Glicko rating methods. This study demonstrates the importance of the ethological approach for understanding the global impact of pathological aggression on various aspects of life, both at the individual and group levels. Home cage monitoring allows the observation of the natural behaviors of mice in a semi-natural habitat, providing an accurate representation of real-world phenomena and pathological mechanisms. The results of this study provide insights into the neurobiological substrate of pathological aggression and its potential role in complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rivalan
- Humboldt University Institute of Biology, Chair of Cognitive Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Lucille Alonso
- Humboldt University Institute of Biology, Chair of Cognitive Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Patrik Bey
- Humboldt University Institute of Biology, Chair of Cognitive Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Brain Simulation Section, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexia Hyde
- Humboldt University Institute of Biology, Chair of Cognitive Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - York Winter
- Humboldt University Institute of Biology, Chair of Cognitive Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cerciello F, Esposito C, La Penna I, Sica LS, Frolli A. Exploring the relationships between dominance behavioral system, mentalization, theory of mind and assertiveness: analysis in a non-clinical sample. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1407933. [PMID: 39077207 PMCID: PMC11284945 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1407933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The dominance behavioral system, a fundamental aspect of human behavior, orchestrates the drive for dominance, regulates dominant-subordinate dynamics, and shapes responses to perceived power dynamics. While the existing literature extensively delves into the components of this system, scant attention is paid to its interplay with mentalization, theory of mind, and assertiveness. Moreover, gender disparities in dominance behaviors are largely studied in terms of biological variables (levels of testosterone) and clinical populations. This study aims to understand the relationships between activation strategies of the dominance behavioral system, mentalization processes, theory of mind abilities, and levels of social discomfort in assertive communication. Moreover, to identify gender differences in the dominance behavioral system in a non-clinical sample. Methods Our sample was composed of 67 students from a non-clinical population. They claimed the absence of any psychological, neurological, or developmental disorders. Results A regression analysis was performed, and we found that levels of mentalization predict levels of hyperactivation of dominance behavioral system, but no significant results for the deactivation levels of the system were found. Moreover, no gender differences were found in levels of activations of the dominance behavioral system. Conclusion These findings underscore the pivotal role of mentalization abilities in interpersonal dynamics, emphasizing the need for individuals to navigate social interactions adeptly. Furthermore, our research unveils implications for individual well-being and psychopathology, urging further investigation into how these dimensions intersect with various psychological disorders. By discerning the intricate mechanisms at play, we can develop targeted therapeutic interventions tailored to specific behavioral patterns, ultimately enhancing psychological resilience and fostering healthier social relationships in a non-clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cerciello
- Disability Research Centre, Department of International Humanities and Social Sciences, Rome University of International Studies, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Esposito
- Disability Research Centre, Department of International Humanities and Social Sciences, Rome University of International Studies, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria La Penna
- Child Neuropsychiatry Outpatient Clinic, Fondazione Italiana Neuroscienze e Disordini dello Sviluppo - FINDS, Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigia Simona Sica
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frolli
- Disability Research Centre, Department of International Humanities and Social Sciences, Rome University of International Studies, Rome, Italy
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Illera JC, Jimenez-Blanco F, Centenera L, Gil-Cabrera F, Crespo B, Lopez PR, Silvan G, Caceres S. Addressing Combative Behaviour in Spanish Bulls by Measuring Hormonal Indicators. Vet Sci 2024; 11:182. [PMID: 38668449 PMCID: PMC11053816 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The fighting bull is characterised by its natural aggressiveness, but the physiological mechanisms that underlie its aggressive behaviour are poorly studied. This study determines the hormonal component of aggressiveness in fighting bulls by analysing their behaviour during a fight and correlating it to their serotonin, dopamine and testosterone levels. We also determine whether aggressive behaviour can be estimated in calves. Using 195 animals, samples were obtained when the animals were calves and after 5 years. Aggressiveness scores were obtained by an observational method during bullfights, and serotonin, dopamine and testosterone levels were determined in all animals using validated enzyme immunoassay kits. The results revealed a strong correlation of serotonin and dopamine levels with aggressiveness scores in bulls during fights, but no correlation was found with respect to testosterone. These correlations led to established cut-off point and linear regression curves to obtain expected aggressiveness scores for calves at shoeing. There were no significant differences between the expected scores obtained in calves and the observed scores in bulls. Therefore, this study demonstrates that hormone determination in calves may be a great indicator of combativeness in bulls and can reliably be used in the selection of fighting bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gema Silvan
- Department Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.I.); (F.J.-B.); (L.C.); (F.G.-C.); (B.C.); (P.R.L.); (S.C.)
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Migliaro M, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Herrera-Solís A, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García OE. Endocannabinoid system and aggression across animal species. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105375. [PMID: 37643683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review article summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and aggression across multiple vertebrate species. Experimental evidence indicates that acute administration of phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and the pharmacological enhancement of endocannabinoid signaling decreases aggressive behavior in several animal models. However, research on the chronic effects of cannabinoids on animal aggression has yielded inconsistent findings, indicating a need for further investigation. Cannabinoid receptors, particularly cannabinoid receptor type 1, appear to be an important part of the endogenous mechanism involved in the dampening of aggressive behavior. Overall, this review underscores the importance of the ECS in regulating aggressive behavior and provides a foundation for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Migliaro
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico.
| | - Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Unidad de Investigación en Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Coordinación de Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Andrea Herrera-Solís
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Efectos Terapéuticos de los Cannabinoides, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Oscar E Prospéro-García
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
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Gouveia FV, Diwan M, Martinez RCR, Giacobbe P, Lipsman N, Hamani C. Reduction of aggressive behaviour following hypothalamic deep brain stimulation: Involvement of 5-HT 1A and testosterone. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106179. [PMID: 37276987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggressive behaviour (AB) may occur in patients with different neuropsychiatric disorders. Although most patients respond to conventional treatments, a small percentage continue to experience AB despite optimized pharmacological management and are considered to be treatment-refractory. For these patients, hypothalamic deep brain stimulation (pHyp-DBS) has been investigated. The hypothalamus is a key structure in the neurocircuitry of AB. An imbalance between serotonin (5-HT) and steroid hormones seems to exacerbate AB. OBJECTIVES To test whether pHyp-DBS reduces aggressive behaviour in mice through mechanisms involving testosterone and 5-HT. METHODS Male mice were housed with females for two weeks. These resident animals tend to become territorial and aggressive towards intruder mice placed in their cages. Residents had electrodes implanted in the pHyp. DBS was administered for 5 h/day for 8 consecutive days prior to daily encounters with the intruder. After testing, blood and brains were recovered for measuring testosterone and 5-HT receptor density, respectively. In a second experiment, residents received WAY-100635 (5-HT1A antagonist) or saline injections prior to pHyp-DBS. After the first 4 encounters, the injection allocation was crossed, and animals received the alternative treatment during the next 4 days. RESULTS DBS-treated mice showed reduced AB that was correlated with testosterone levels and an increase in 5-HT1A receptor density in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. Pre-treatment with WAY-100635 blocked the anti-aggressive effect of pHyp-DBS. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that pHyp-DBS reduces AB in mice via changes in testosterone and 5-HT1A mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Venetucci Gouveia
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Mustansir Diwan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raquel C R Martinez
- Division of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil; LIM/23, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Giacobbe
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Lara F. Neurorehabilitation of Offenders, Consent and Consequentialist Ethics. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-022-09510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The new biotechnology raises expectations for modifying human behaviour through its use. This article focuses on the ethical analysis of the not so remote possibility of rehabilitating criminals by means of neurotechnological techniques. The analysis is carried out from a synthetic position of, on the one hand, the consequentialist conception of what is right and, on the other hand, the emphasis on individual liberties. As a result, firstly, the ethical appropriateness of adopting a general predisposition for allowing the neurorehabilitation of prisoners only if it is safe and if they give their consent will be defended. But, at the same time, reasons will be given for requiring, in certain circumstances, the exceptional use of neurotechnology to rehabilitate severely psychopathic prisoners, even against their will, from the same ethical perspective.
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Gouveia FV, Lea‐Banks H, Aubert I, Lipsman N, Hynynen K, Hamani C. Anesthetic-loaded nanodroplets with focused ultrasound reduces agitation in Alzheimer's mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:507-519. [PMID: 36715553 PMCID: PMC10109287 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms, including agitation and aggressive behavior. These symptoms increase with disease severity, ranging from 10% in mild cognitive impairment to 50% in patients with moderate-to-severe AD, pose a great risk for self-injury and injury to caregivers, result in high rates of institutionalization and great suffering for patients and families. Current pharmacological therapies have limited efficacy and a high potential for severe side effects. Thus, there is a growing need to develop novel therapeutics tailored to safely and effectively reduce agitation and aggressive behavior in AD. Here, we investigate for the first time the use of focused ultrasound combined with anesthetic-loaded nanodroplets (nanoFUS) targeting the amygdala (key structure in the neurocircuitry of agitation) as a novel minimally invasive tool to modulate local neural activity and reduce agitation and aggressive behavior in the TgCRND8 AD transgenic mice. METHODS Male and female animals were tested in the resident-intruder (i.e., aggressive behavior) and open-field tests (i.e., motor agitation) for baseline measures, followed by treatment with active- or sham-nanoFUS. Behavioral testing was then repeated after treatment. RESULTS Active-nanoFUS neuromodulation reduced aggressive behavior and agitation in male mice, as compared to sham-treated controls. Treatment with active-nanoFUS increased the time male mice spent in social-non-aggressive behaviors. INTERPRETATION Our results show that neuromodulation with active-nanoFUS may be a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms, with special focus on agitation and aggressive behaviors. Further studies are necessary to establish cellular, molecular and long-term behavioral changes following treatment with nanoFUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Venetucci Gouveia
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental HealthThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioM5G 1X8Canada
| | - Harriet Lea‐Banks
- Physical Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 1A1Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Division of NeurosurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5T 1P5Canada
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Physical Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 1A1Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S 1A1Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioM4N 3M5Canada
- Division of NeurosurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5T 1P5Canada
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Tilgar V. Sex-Specific Effects of Blood Serotonin on Reproductive Effort in a Small Passerine. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:75-85. [PMID: 36626843 DOI: 10.1086/722132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLaboratory animal models have shown that blood serotonin levels reflect consistent individual differences in behavioral decision-making and maternal behavior. Serotonin could also help to understand intraspecific variation in reproductive strategies, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the relationships of plasma serotonin with breeding parameters and parental behavior were examined in wild great tits (Parus major). Females who laid eggs earlier had higher levels of serotonin in the second half of the nestling period, while no significant relationship of serotonin with clutch size, brood size, and body size was detected. In males, serotonin levels were negatively related to clutch size and brood size and positively related to body size. The association of serotonin with provisioning behavior was sex specific, and acute fear stress induced by a predator presentation did not change this relationship. Food provisioning was positively related to size-corrected serotonin levels in females and negatively related to size-corrected serotonin levels in males. These results suggest that peripheral serotonin is a sensitive marker of parental behavior and reproductive effort in wild birds, while the mechanisms linking this neurotransmitter to reproduction are probably mediated by interplay between the serotonergic system, sex hormones, and other neurotransmitters.
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Tcherni-Buzzeo M. Dietary interventions, the gut microbiome, and aggressive behavior: Review of research evidence and potential next steps. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:15-32. [PMID: 35997420 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research in biosocial criminology and other related disciplines has established links between nutrition and aggressive behavior. In addition to observational studies, randomized trials of nutritional supplements like vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and folic acid provide evidence of the dietary impact on aggression. However, the exact mechanism of the diet-aggression link is not well understood. The current article proposes that the gut microbiome plays an important role in the process, with the microbiota-gut-brain axis serving as such a mediating mechanism between diet and behavior. Based on animal and human studies, this review synthesizes a wide array of research across several academic fields: from the effects of dietary interventions on aggression, to the results of microbiota transplantation on socioemotional and behavioral outcomes, to the connections between early adversity, stress, microbiome, and aggression. Possibilities for integrating the microbiotic perspective with the more traditional, sociologically oriented theories in criminology are discussed, using social disorganization and self-control theories as examples. To extend the existing lines of research further, the article considers harnessing the experimental potential of noninvasive and low-cost dietary interventions to help establish the causal impact of the gut microbiome on aggressive behavior, while adhering to the high ethical standards and modern research requirements. Implications of this research for criminal justice policy and practice are essential: not only can it help determine whether the improved gut microbiome functioning moderates aggressive and violent behavior but also provide ways to prevent and reduce such behavior, alone or in combination with other crime prevention programs.
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Relation between testosterone, cortisol and aggressive behavior in humans. PSICO 2022. [DOI: 10.15448/1980-8623.2022.1.37133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggression is an evolutionary behavior as it has a role in survival, increasing one’s access to food, shelter, status and reproduction. Testosterone and Cortisol are hormones often linked to aggressive behavior. We gathered and organized data from the last five years on the relation among Testosterone, Cortisol and aggression, while assessing the methods used by those scientific papers. A systematic review was made according to PRISMA guidelines. The search for indexed articles was performed in January 2019 using the keywords aggress* AND Testosterone AND Cortisol in three databases: Web of Science, SCOPUS and PsycInfo. The specific role of Testosterone and Cortisol in aggressive behavior is not unanimous. However, most articles found either an increase in Testosterone or a decrease in Cortisol associated with this behavior. There is the need for standardizing methods of triggering and assessing aggressive behavior, taking into account the assessment of social desirability and its impacts.
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Paletta P, Bass N, Aspesi D, Choleris E. Sex Differences in Social Cognition. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 62:207-234. [PMID: 35604571 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review we explore the sex differences underlying various types of social cognition. Particular focus will be placed on the behaviors of social recognition, social learning, and aggression. Known similarities and differences between sexes in the expressions of these behaviors and the known brain regions where these behaviors are mediated are discussed. The role that the sex hormones (estrogens and androgens) have as well as possible interactions with other neurochemicals, such as oxytocin, vasopressin, and serotonin is reviewed as well. Finally, implications about these findings on the mediation of social cognition are mediated and the sex differences related to humans are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Paletta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Noah Bass
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dario Aspesi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Mohammed V, Veerabathiran R. Systematic identification of candidate genes associated with aggressive behavior: A neurogenetic approach. GENE REPORTS 2022; 26:101493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Warren WG, Hale E, Papagianni EP, Cassaday HJ, Stevenson CW, Stubbendorff C. URB597 induces subtle changes to aggression in adult Lister Hooded rats. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:885146. [PMID: 36032247 PMCID: PMC9412954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.885146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in both social and cognitive processing. The endocannabinoid metabolism inhibitor, URB597, dose-dependently improves non-social memory in adult Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats, whereas its effect on social interaction (SI) is affected by both rat strain and drug dose. Lister Hooded rats consistently respond differently to drug treatment in general compared with albino strains. This study sought to investigate the effects of different doses of URB597 on social and non-social memory in Lister Hooded rats, as well as analyzing the behavioral composition of the SI. Males were tested for novel object recognition (NOR), social preference (between an object and an unfamiliar rat), social novelty recognition (for a familiar vs. unfamiliar rat) and SI with an unfamiliar rat. URB597 (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle was given 30 min before testing. During SI testing, total interaction time was assessed along with time spent on aggressive and explorative behaviors. Lister Hooded rats displayed expected non-social and social memory and social preference, which was not affected by URB597. During SI, URB597 did not affect total interaction time. However, the high dose increased aggression, compared to vehicle, and decreased anogenital sniffing, compared to the low dose of URB597. In summary, URB597 did not affect NOR, social preference or social recognition memory but did have subtle behavioral effects during SI in Lister hooded rats. Based on our findings we argue for the importance of considering strain as well as the detailed composition of behavior when investigating drug effects on social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ed Hale
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni P Papagianni
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Cassaday
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carl W Stevenson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Stubbendorff
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Gouveia FV, Ibrahim GM. Habenula as a Neural Substrate for Aggressive Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:817302. [PMID: 35250669 PMCID: PMC8891498 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.817302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, an ever growing body of literature has explored the anatomy, connections, and functions of the habenula (Hb). It has been postulated that the Hb plays a central role in the control of the monoaminergic system, thus influencing a wide range of behavioral responses, and participating in the pathophysiology of a number of psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as aggressive behaviors. Aggressive behaviors are frequently accompanied by restlessness and agitation, and are commonly observed in patients with psychiatric disorders, intellectual disabilities, and neurodegenerative diseases of aging. Recently, the Hb has been explored as a new target for neuromodulation therapies, such as deep brain stimulation, with promising results. Here we review the anatomical organization of the habenula and discuss several distinct mechanisms by which the Hb is involved in the modulation of aggressive behaviors, and propose new investigations for the development of novel treatments targeting the habenula to reduce aggressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Venetucci Gouveia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Mishor E, Amir D, Weiss T, Honigstein D, Weissbrod A, Livne E, Gorodisky L, Karagach S, Ravia A, Snitz K, Karawani D, Zirler R, Weissgross R, Soroka T, Endevelt-Shapira Y, Agron S, Rozenkrantz L, Reshef N, Furman-Haran E, Breer H, Strotmann J, Uebi T, Ozaki M, Sobel N. Sniffing the human body volatile hexadecanal blocks aggression in men but triggers aggression in women. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1530. [PMID: 34797713 PMCID: PMC8604408 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In terrestrial mammals, body volatiles can effectively trigger or block conspecific aggression. Here, we tested whether hexadecanal (HEX), a human body volatile implicated as a mammalian-wide social chemosignal, affects human aggression. Using validated behavioral paradigms, we observed a marked dissociation: Sniffing HEX blocked aggression in men but triggered aggression in women. Next, using functional brain imaging, we uncovered a pattern of brain activity mirroring behavior: In both men and women, HEX increased activity in the left angular gyrus, an area implicated in perception of social cues. HEX then modulated functional connectivity between the angular gyrus and a brain network implicated in social appraisal (temporal pole) and aggressive execution (amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex) in a sex-dependent manner consistent with behavior: increasing connectivity in men but decreasing connectivity in women. These findings implicate sex-specific social chemosignaling at the mechanistic heart of human aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mishor
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel Amir
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Weiss
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Danielle Honigstein
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Weissbrod
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ethan Livne
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior Gorodisky
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiri Karagach
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Ravia
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kobi Snitz
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diyala Karawani
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Zirler
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Weissgross
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Timna Soroka
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaara Endevelt-Shapira
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Agron
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liron Rozenkrantz
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Netta Reshef
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edna Furman-Haran
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joerg Strotmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Uebi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ozaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noam Sobel
- Azrieli National Center for Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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Liu XJ, Wang HJ, Wang XY, Ning YX, Gao J. GABABR1 in DRN mediated GABA to regulate 5-HT expression in multiple brain regions in male rats with high and low aggressive behavior. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105180. [PMID: 34509561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the mechanism that controls aggressive behavior in rodents is unclear. Serotonin (5-HT) and GABA are associated with aggressive behavior in rodents. However, the regulatory relationship between these chemicals in the different brain regions of rats has not been fully defined. This study aimed to clarify the role of GABABR1 in DRN-mediated GABA to regulate 5-HT expression in multiple brain regions in male rats with high and low aggressive behavior. Rat models of highly and less aggressive behavior were established through social isolation plus resident intruder. On this basis, GABA content in the DRN and 5-HT contents in the PFC, hypothalamus, hippocampus and DRN were detected using ELISA. Co-expression of 5-HT and GB1 in the DRN was detected by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy at the tissue and subcellular levels, respectively. GB1-specific agonist baclofen and GB1-specific inhibitor CGP35348 were injected into the DRN by stereotaxic injection. Changes in 5-HT levels in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus were detected afterward. After modeling, rats with highly aggressive behavior exhibited higher aggressive behavior scores, shorter latencies of aggression, and higher total distances in the open field test than rats with less aggressive behavior. The contents of 5-HT in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats with high and low aggressive behavior (no difference between the two groups) were significantly decreased, but the change in GABA content in the DRN was the opposite. GB1 granules could be found on synaptic membranes containing 5-HT granules, which indicated that 5-HT neurons in the DRN co-expressed with GB1, which also occurred in double immunofluorescence results. At the same time, we found that the expression of GB1 in the DRN of rats with high and low aggressive behavior was significantly increased, and the expression of GB1 in the DRN of rats with low aggressive behavior was significantly higher than that in rats with high aggressive behavior. Nevertheless, the expression of 5-HT in DRN was opposite in these two groups. After microinjection of baclofen into the DRN, the 5-HT contents in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats in each group decreased significantly. In contrast, the 5-HT contents in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats in each group increased significantly after injection with CGP35348. The significant increase in GABA in the DRN combined with the significant increase in GB1 in the DRN further mediated the synaptic inhibition effect, which reduced the 5-HT level of 5-HT neurons in the DRN, resulting in a significant decrease in 5-HT levels in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Therefore, GB1-mediated GABA regulation of 5-HT levels in the PFC, hypothalamus and hippocampus is one of the mechanisms of highly and less aggressive behavior originating in the DRN. The increased GB1 level in the DRN of LA-behavior rats exhibited a greater degree of change than in the HA-group rats, which indicated that differently decreased 5-HT levels in the DRN may be the internal mechanisms of high and low aggression behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ju Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Juan Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Xia Ning
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Hu F, Chi X, Yang M, Ding P, Yin D, Ding J, Huang X, Luo J, Chang Y, Zhao C. Effects of eliminating interactions in multi-layer culture on survival, food utilization and growth of small sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius at high temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15116. [PMID: 34302013 PMCID: PMC8302603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor growth and disease transmission of small sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius in summer greatly hamper the production efficiency of the longline culture. Reducing the adverse effects of high stocking density while maintaining high biomass is essential to address these problems. Here, we conducted a laboratory experiment to simulate the multi-layer culture for sea urchins at ambient high temperatures (from 22.2 to 24.5 °C) in summer for ~ 7 weeks. Survival, body size, lantern growth, gut weight, food consumption, Aristotle's lantern reflex, 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration, pepsin activity and gut morphology were subsequently evaluated. The present study found that multi-layer culture led to significantly larger body size than those without multi-layer culture (the control group). This was probably because of the greater feeding capacity (indicated by lantern growth and Aristotle's lantern reflex) and food digestion (indicated by morphology and pepsin activity of gut) in the multi-layer cultured sea urchins. These results indicate that multi-layer is an effective approach to improving the growth efficiency of sea urchins at high temperatures. We assessed whether eliminating interaction further improve these commercially important traits of sea urchins in multi-layer culture. This study found that eliminating interactions displayed greater body size and Aristotle's lantern reflex than those not separated in the multi-layer culture. This approach also significantly reduced the morbidity compared with the control group. These novel findings indicate that eliminating interactions in multi-layer culture greatly contributes to the growth and disease prevention of sea urchins at high temperatures. The present study establishes a new technique for the longline culture of sea urchins in summer and provides valuable information into the longline culture management of other commercially important species (e.g. scallops, abalones and oysters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaomei Chi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Mingfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Donghong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jingyun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Chong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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18
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Structural Degradation in Midcingulate Cortex Is Associated with Pathological Aggression in Mice. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070868. [PMID: 34209993 PMCID: PMC8301779 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological aggression is a debilitating feature of many neuropsychiatric disorders, and cingulate cortex is one of the brain areas centrally implicated in its control. Here we explore the specific role of midcingulate cortex (MCC) in the development of pathological aggression. To this end, we investigated the structural and functional degeneration of MCC in the BALB/cJ strain, a mouse model for pathological aggression. Compared to control animals from the BALB/cByJ strain, BALB/cJ mice expressed consistently heightened levels of aggression, as assessed by the resident-intruder test. At the same time, immunohistochemistry demonstrated stark structural degradation in the MCC of aggressive BALB/cJ mice: Decreased neuron density and widespread neuron death were accompanied by increased microglia and astroglia concentrations and reactive astrogliosis. cFos staining indicated that this degradation had functional consequences: MCC activity did not differ between BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ mice at baseline, but unlike BALB/cByJ mice, BALB/cJ mice failed to activate MCC during resident-intruder encounters. This suggests that structural and functional impairments of MCC, triggered by neuronal degeneration, may be one of the drivers of pathological aggression in mice, highlighting MCC as a potential key area for pathologies of aggression in humans.
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19
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Pandolfi M, Scaia MF, Fernandez MP. Sexual Dimorphism in Aggression: Sex-Specific Fighting Strategies Across Species. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:659615. [PMID: 34262439 PMCID: PMC8273308 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.659615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive behavior is thought to have evolved as a strategy for gaining access to resources such as territory, food, and potential mates. Across species, secondary sexual characteristics such as competitive aggression and territoriality are considered male-specific behaviors. However, although female–female aggression is often a behavior that is displayed almost exclusively to protect the offspring, multiple examples of female–female competitive aggression have been reported in both invertebrate and vertebrate species. Moreover, cases of intersexual aggression have been observed in a variety of species. Genetically tractable model systems such as mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies have proven extremely valuable for studying the underlying neuronal circuitry and the genetic architecture of aggressive behavior under laboratory conditions. However, most studies lack ethological or ecological perspectives and the behavioral patterns available are limited. The goal of this review is to discuss each of these forms of aggression, male intrasexual aggression, intersexual aggression and female intrasexual aggression in the context of the most common genetic animal models and discuss examples of these behaviors in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pandolfi
- Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Scaia
- Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Paz Fernandez
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Macháčková K, Dudík R, Zelený J, Kolářová D, Vinš Z, Riedl M. Forest Manners Exchange: Forest as a Place to Remedy Risky Behaviour of Adolescents: Mixed Methods Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115725. [PMID: 34073575 PMCID: PMC8199475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper evaluates the impact of the forest environment on aggressive manifestations in adolescents. A remedial educative programme was performed with 68 teenagers from institutions with substitute social care with diagnoses F 30.0 (affective disorders) and F 91.0 (family-related behavioural disorders), aged 12–16 years. Adolescents observed patterns of prosocial behaviour in forest animals (wolves, wild boars, deer, bees, ants, squirrels and birds), based on the fact that processes and interactions in nature are analogous to proceedings and bonds in human society. The methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative research. Projective tests (Rorschach Test, Hand Test, Thematic Apperception Test) were used as a diagnostic tool for aggressive manifestations before and after forest therapies based on Shinrin-yoku, wilderness therapy, observational learning and forest pedagogy. Probands underwent 16 therapies lasting for two hours each. The experimental intervention has a statistically significant effect on the decreased final values relating to psychopathology, irritability, restlessness, emotional instability, egocentrism, relativity, and negativism. Forest animals demonstrated to these adolescents ways of communication, cooperation, adaptability, and care for others, i.e., characteristics without which no community can work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Macháčková
- Department of Forestry and Wood Economics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 6-Suchdol, 16500 Praha, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Roman Dudík
- Department of Forestry and Wood Economics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 6-Suchdol, 16500 Praha, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Jiří Zelený
- Department of Hotel Management, Institute of Hospitality Management in Prague, Svídnická 506, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.Z.); (Z.V.)
| | - Dana Kolářová
- Department of Languages, Institute of Hospitality Management in Prague, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zbyněk Vinš
- Department of Hotel Management, Institute of Hospitality Management in Prague, Svídnická 506, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.Z.); (Z.V.)
| | - Marcel Riedl
- Department of Forestry and Wood Economics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 6-Suchdol, 16500 Praha, Czech Republic; (R.D.); (M.R.)
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21
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Korzan WJ, Summers CH. Evolution of stress responses refine mechanisms of social rank. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100328. [PMID: 33997153 PMCID: PMC8105687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Social rank functions to facilitate coping responses to socially stressful situations and conditions. The evolution of social status appears to be inseparably connected to the evolution of stress. Stress, aggression, reward, and decision-making neurocircuitries overlap and interact to produce status-linked relationships, which are common among both male and female populations. Behavioral consequences stemming from social status and rank relationships are molded by aggressive interactions, which are inherently stressful. It seems likely that the balance of regulatory elements in pro- and anti-stress neurocircuitries results in rapid but brief stress responses that are advantageous to social dominance. These systems further produce, in coordination with reward and aggression circuitries, rapid adaptive responding during opportunities that arise to acquire food, mates, perch sites, territorial space, shelter and other resources. Rapid acquisition of resources and aggressive postures produces dominant individuals, who temporarily have distinct fitness advantages. For these reasons also, change in social status can occur rapidly. Social subordination results in slower and more chronic neural and endocrine reactions, a suite of unique defensive behaviors, and an increased propensity for anxious and depressive behavior and affect. These two behavioral phenotypes are but distinct ends of a spectrum, however, they may give us insights into the troubling mechanisms underlying the myriad of stress-related disorders to which they appear to be evolutionarily linked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cliff H Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA.,Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.,Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD 57105 USA
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22
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Eusebi PG, Sevane N, O'Rourke T, Pizarro M, Boeckx C, Dunner S. Gene expression profiles underlying aggressive behavior in the prefrontal cortex of cattle. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:245. [PMID: 33827428 PMCID: PMC8028707 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggressive behavior is an ancient and conserved trait, habitual for most animals in order to eat, protect themselves, compete for mating and defend their territories. Genetic factors have been shown to play an important role in the development of aggression both in animals and humans, displaying moderate to high heritability estimates. Although such types of behaviors have been studied in different animal models, the molecular architecture of aggressiveness remains poorly understood. This study compared gene expression profiles of 16 prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples from aggressive and non-aggressive cattle breeds: Lidia, selected for agonistic responses, and Wagyu, selected for tameness. RESULTS A total of 918 up-regulated and 278 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified, representing above-chance overlap with genes previously identified in studies of aggression across species, as well as those implicated in recent human evolution. The functional interpretation of the up-regulated genes in the aggressive cohort revealed enrichment of pathways such as Alzheimer disease-presenilin, integrins and the ERK/MAPK signaling cascade, all implicated in the development of abnormal aggressive behaviors and neurophysiological disorders. Moreover, gonadotropins, are up-regulated as natural mechanisms enhancing aggression. Concomitantly, heterotrimeric G-protein pathways, associated with low reactivity mental states, and the GAD2 gene, a repressor of agonistic reactions associated with PFC activity, are down-regulated, promoting the development of the aggressive responses selected for in Lidia cattle. We also identified six upstream regulators, whose functional activity fits with the etiology of abnormal behavioral responses associated with aggression. CONCLUSIONS These transcriptional correlates of aggression, resulting, at least in part, from controlled artificial selection, can provide valuable insights into the complex architecture that underlies naturally developed agonistic behaviors. This analysis constitutes a first important step towards the identification of the genes and metabolic pathways that promote aggression in cattle and, providing a novel model species to disentangle the mechanisms underlying variability in aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina G Eusebi
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Natalia Sevane
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas O'Rourke
- Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Vía de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007, Barcelona, Spain.,UBICS, Carrer Martí Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Pizarro
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cedric Boeckx
- Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Vía de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007, Barcelona, Spain.,UBICS, Carrer Martí Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Dunner
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Translational study of the whole transcriptome in rats and genetic polymorphisms in humans identifies LRP1B and VPS13A as key genes involved in tolerance to cocaine-induced motor disturbances. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:381. [PMID: 33159041 PMCID: PMC7648099 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor disturbances strongly increase the burden of cocaine use disorder (CUDs). The objective of our translational study was to identify the genes and biological pathways underlying the tolerance to cocaine-induced motor effects. In a 5-day protocol measuring motor tolerance to cocaine in rats (N = 40), modeling the motor response to cocaine in patients, whole-genome RNA sequencing was conducted on the ventral and dorsal striatum to prioritize a genetic association study in 225 patients with severe CUD who underwent thorough phenotypic (cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, CIH; and cocaine-induced stereotypies, CIS) and genotypic [571,000 polymorphisms (SNPs)] characterization. We provide a comprehensive description of the rat striatal transcriptomic response to cocaine in our paradigm. Repeated vs. acute cocaine binge administration elicited 27 differentially expressed genes in the ventral striatum and two in the dorsal striatum. One gene, Lrp1b, was differentially expressed in both regions. In patients, LRP1B was significantly associated with both CIS and CIH. CIH was also associated with VPS13A, a gene involved in a severe neurological disorder characterized by hyperkinetic movements. The LRP1B minor allele rs7568970 had a significant protective effect against CIS (558 SNPs, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.02) that resisted adjustment for confounding factors, including the amount of cocaine use (adjusted beta = -0.965 and -2.35 for heterozygotes and homozygotes, respectively, p < 0.01). Using hypothesis-free prioritization of candidate genes along with thorough methodology in both the preclinical and human analysis pipelines, we provide reliable evidence that LRP1B and VPS13A are involved in the motor tolerance to cocaine in CUD patients, in line with their known pathophysiology.
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Hatchel T, Ingram KM, Huang Y, Espelage DL. Homophobic bullying victimization trajectories: The roles of perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality. Aggress Behav 2020; 46:370-379. [PMID: 32510701 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of research on developmental trajectories of bias-based aggression. We examined homophobic bullying victimization trajectories among high school students (N = 3,064; M age = 13.67; Girls = 50.2%) and how these developmental pathways vary as a function of factors like homophobic bullying perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality. Using data from a 3-wave longitudinal investigation over a 2-year period, we utilized latent growth mixture modeling to explore the aforementioned trajectories. Findings suggested that there were three distinct classes characterized by high initial rates and declines over time, low initial rates, and increases over time, and low, stable, rate across time. Furthermore, results indicated that homophobic bullying perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality all predicted class membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Hatchel
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Katherine M. Ingram
- Department of Applied Developmental Science, School of EducationUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Yuanhong Huang
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Dorothy L. Espelage
- Department of Applied Developmental Science, School of EducationUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill North Carolina
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Bouchatta O, Chaibi I, Baba AA, Ba-M'Hamed S, Bennis M. The effects of Topiramate on isolation-induced aggression: a behavioral and immunohistochemical study in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2451-2467. [PMID: 32430516 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Topiramate, an antiepileptic drug, has been found to be useful for the treatment of aggression in clinical populations. Most preclinical studies related to Topiramate have been focused exclusively on the quantitative aspects of the aggressive behavior between mice. However, there is still limited knowledge regarding the effects of Topiramate on neuronal mechanisms occurring in aggressive mice. The present work aims to understand further the effects of the antiepileptic drug Topiramate on aggressive behaviors, and on the neural correlates underlying such behaviors. To achieve this, we combined the resident-intruder model of isolation-induced aggression in mice with two drug regimens of Topiramate administration (30.0 mg/kg; acute and sub-chronic treatments). Our data showed that both acute and subchronic treatments decreased the intensity of agonistic encounters and reinforced social behavior. By using C-fos immunoreactivity, we investigated the neuronal activation of several brain regions involved in aggressive behavior following subchronic treatment. We found that Topiramate produced activation in several cortical areas and in the lateral septum of resident brain mice compared with their controls. However, Topiramate induced inhibition in the medial nucleus of the amygdala, the dorsomedial nucleus of the periaqueductal gray, and especially in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus. Finally, we performed microinfusion of Topiramate (0.1 and 0.3 mM) into the lateral septum and anterior hypothalamus on offensive behaviors in isolation-induced-aggression paradigm. Interestingly, the microinfusion of Topiramate into the lateral septum has the capacity to alleviate aggressive behavior, without affecting social behavior. However, the microinfusion of Topiramate into the anterior hypothalamus decreased aggressive behavior and slightly reinforced social behavior. Our observations supported that the dose of 0.1 mM of Topiramate appeared more efficacy to treat aggression in adult mice. These pharmacological characteristics may account for Topiramate efficacy on aggressive symptoms in psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmane Bouchatta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd. Prince My Abdallah, 40000, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Ilias Chaibi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd. Prince My Abdallah, 40000, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abdelfatah Ait Baba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd. Prince My Abdallah, 40000, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Saadia Ba-M'Hamed
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd. Prince My Abdallah, 40000, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Bd. Prince My Abdallah, 40000, Marrakesh, Morocco.
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Temporal and genetic variation in female aggression after mating. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229633. [PMID: 32348317 PMCID: PMC7190144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggression between individuals of the same sex is almost ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. Winners of intrasexual contests often garner considerable fitness benefits, through greater access to mates, food, or social dominance. In females, aggression is often tightly linked to reproduction, with females displaying increases in aggressive behavior when mated, gestating or lactating, or when protecting dependent offspring. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, females spend twice as long fighting over food after mating as when they are virgins. However, it is unknown when this increase in aggression begins or whether it is consistent across genotypes. Here we show that aggression in females increases between 2 to 4 hours after mating and remains elevated for at least a week after a single mating. In addition, this increase in aggression 24 hours after mating is consistent across three diverse genotypes, suggesting this may be a universal response to mating in the species. We also report here the first use of automated tracking and classification software to study female aggression in Drosophila and assess its accuracy for this behavior. Dissecting the genetic diversity and temporal patterns of female aggression assists us in better understanding its generality and adaptive function, and will facilitate the identification of its underlying mechanisms.
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Salehzadeh SA, Mohammadian A, Salimi F. Effect of chronic methamphetamine injection on levels of BDNF mRNA and its CpG island methylation in prefrontal cortex of rats. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 48:101884. [PMID: 31830601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant. Its abuse causes problems in cognition, attention, or psychiatric conditions such as psychosis. Prefrontal cortex is involved in many aspects of drug addiction and in mental disorders similar to those triggered by METH. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), plays important roles in modulating different aspects of addiction, and is implicated in psychiatric conditions reminiscent of those suffered by METH-abusers. Male Wistar rats were intra-peritoneally injected with METH (8 mg/kg/day) for 14 days while control group received normal saline. After extraction of prefrontal cortices, expression of BDNF IV splice variant and methylation level of its CpG island were evaluated. The relative expression of BDNF IV in METH-treated group was 2.15 fold higher than the control group. Seven out of 29 CpG sites were significantly hypomethylated in the METH group, although none survived Bonferroni adjustment. However, the overall methylation level of the 29 CpGs was significantly lower in METH cases than in controls. We discuss the importance of our results and its implications in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ahmad Salehzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Salimi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Gouveia FV, Hamani C, Fonoff ET, Brentani H, Alho EJL, de Morais RMCB, de Souza AL, Rigonatti SP, Martinez RCR. Amygdala and Hypothalamus: Historical Overview With Focus on Aggression. Neurosurgery 2019; 85:11-30. [PMID: 30690521 PMCID: PMC6565484 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressiveness has a high prevalence in psychiatric patients and is a major health problem. Two brain areas involved in the neural network of aggressive behavior are the amygdala and the hypothalamus. While pharmacological treatments are effective in most patients, some do not properly respond to conventional therapies and are considered medically refractory. In this population, surgical procedures (ie, stereotactic lesions and deep brain stimulation) have been performed in an attempt to improve symptomatology and quality of life. Clinical results obtained after surgery are difficult to interpret, and the mechanisms responsible for postoperative reductions in aggressive behavior are unknown. We review the rationale and neurobiological characteristics that may help to explain why functional neurosurgery has been proposed to control aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clement Hamani
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery of the Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo School, Medicine School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erich Talamoni Fonoff
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery of the Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo School, Medicine School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Joaquim Lopes Alho
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery of the Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo School, Medicine School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Luz de Souza
- Department of Neurology, Division of Functional Neurosurgery of the Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo School, Medicine School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine enhances aggression via periaqueductal gray glutamatergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2019; 157:107667. [PMID: 31207251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
(2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a metabolite of ketamine, has recently been suggested to be a potent antidepressant for treating animal depression and has rapid-onset and long-lasting action through potentiating glutamatergic transmission. However, its other effects are still unclear. In the present study, we tested the effects of (2R,6R)-HNK on offensive aggression. A resident-intruder (RI) test was used as the main model to test elements of offensive aggression, including threats and bites. Electrophysiological recordings in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) were used to measure the functions of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. A single systemic injection of (2R,6R)-HNK, but not (2S,6S)-HNK, increased elements of offensive aggression, including threats and bites, in a dose-dependent manner with long-lasting action. Moreover, (2R,6R)-HNK increased the input-output curve, the AMPA-mediated current, and the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and decreased the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) in the vlPAG. Furthermore, intra-vlPAG application of (2R,6R)-HNK increased aggressive and biting behaviors, which were abolished by an intra-vlPAG pretreatment with the AMPA receptors antagonist, CNQX. Notably, the intra-vlPAG CNQX pretreatment eliminated systemic (2R,6R)-HNK-enhanced aggressive and biting behaviors. The results of this suggest that (2R,6R)-HNK evokes offensive aggression by increasing vlPAG glutamatergic transmission. Although (2R,6R)-HNK is currently suggested to be effective for treating depression, its side effect of increasing offensive aggression should be a subject of concern in future drug development and therapy.
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Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Early-life adversity-induced long-term epigenetic programming associated with early onset of chronic physical aggression: Studies in humans and animals. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:258-277. [PMID: 28441915 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1322714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To examine whether chronic physical aggression (CPA) in adulthood can be epigenetically programmed early in life due to exposure to early-life adversity. Methods: Literature search of public databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus. Results: Children/adolescents susceptible for CPA and exposed to early-life abuse fail to efficiently cope with stress that in turn results in the development of CPA later in life. This phenomenon was observed in humans and animal models of aggression. The susceptibility to aggression is a complex trait that is regulated by the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Epigenetic mechanisms mediate this interaction. Subjects exposed to stress early in life exhibited long-term epigenetic programming that can influence their behaviour in adulthood. This programming affects expression of many genes not only in the brain but also in other systems such as neuroendocrine and immune. Conclusions: The propensity to adult CPA behaviour in subjects experienced to early-life adversity is mediated by epigenetic programming that involves long-term systemic epigenetic alterations in a whole genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- a Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology , Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology , Moscow , Russia
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- a Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology , Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology , Moscow , Russia.,b Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology , Pirogov Russian State Medical University (RSMU) , Moscow , Russia
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31
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Non-breeding territoriality and the effect of territory size on aggression in the weakly electric fish, Gymnotus omarorum. Acta Ethol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-019-00309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang-James Y, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Hess JL, Malki K, Glatt SJ, Cormand B, Faraone SV. An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1655-1667. [PMID: 29858598 PMCID: PMC6274606 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptome analyses of animal models, and candidate gene studies have advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of aggressive behaviors. However, each of these methods presents unique limitations. To generate a more confident and comprehensive view of the complex genetics underlying aggression, we undertook an integrated, cross-species approach. We focused on human and rodent models to derive eight gene lists from three main categories of genetic evidence: two sets of genes identified in GWAS studies, four sets implicated by transcriptome-wide studies of rodent models, and two sets of genes with causal evidence from online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) and knockout (KO) mice reports. These gene sets were evaluated for overlap and pathway enrichment to extract their similarities and differences. We identified enriched common pathways such as the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, axon guidance, reelin signaling in neurons, and ERK/MAPK signaling. Also, individual genes were ranked based on their cumulative weights to quantify their importance as risk factors for aggressive behavior, which resulted in 40 top-ranked and highly interconnected genes. The results of our cross-species and integrated approach provide insights into the genetic etiology of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang-James
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- 0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ,0000 0004 1791 1185grid.452372.5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain ,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jonathan L Hess
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA
| | - Karim Malki
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cKing’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), London, UK
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA
| | - Bru Cormand
- 0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ,0000 0004 1791 1185grid.452372.5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain ,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bK.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Barbosa HP, Lima-Maximino MG, Maximino C. Acute fluoxetine differently affects aggressive display in zebrafish phenotypes. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:62-69. [PMID: 30255506 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish have been introduced as a model organism in behavioral neuroscience and biological psychiatry, increasing the breadth of findings using fish to study the neurobiology of aggression. Phenotypic differences between leopard and longfin zebrafish were exploited in order to elucidate the role of phasic serotonin in aggressive displays on this species. The present study, revealed differences in aggressive display between leopard and longfin zebrafish, and a discrepant effect of acute fluoxetine in both populations. In mirror-induced aggression, leopard animals showed higher display latencies than longfin, as well as lower display duration and frequency (Experiment 1). Moreover, 2.5 mg/kg fluoxetine decreased the duration and frequency of display in longfin, but not leopard; and 5 mg/kg fluoxetine increased display frequency in leopard, but not longfin (Experiment 2). It is suggested that zebrafish from the longfin phenotype show more aggressive motivation and readiness in the mirror-induced aggression test than leopard, and that acute fluoxetine increases aggression in leopard and decreased it in longfin zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen P Barbosa
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Campus VIII/Marabá, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
| | - Monica G Lima-Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Campus VIII/Marabá, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede BIONORTE, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede BIONORTE, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
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Duistermars BJ, Pfeiffer BD, Hoopfer ED, Anderson DJ. A Brain Module for Scalable Control of Complex, Multi-motor Threat Displays. Neuron 2018; 100:1474-1490.e4. [PMID: 30415997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Threat displays are a universal feature of agonistic interactions. Whether threats are part of a continuum of aggressive behaviors or separately controlled remains unclear. We analyze threats in Drosophila and show they are triggered by male cues and visual motion, and comprised of multiple motor elements that can be flexibly combined. We isolate a cluster of ∼3 neurons whose activity is necessary for threat displays but not for other aggressive behaviors, and whose artificial activation suffices to evoke naturalistic threats in solitary flies, suggesting that the neural control of threats is modular with respect to other aggressive behaviors. Artificially evoked threats suffice to repel opponents from a resource in the absence of contact aggression. Depending on its level of artificial activation, this neural threat module can evoke different motor elements in a threshold-dependent manner. Such scalable modules may represent fundamental "building blocks" of neural circuits that mediate complex multi-motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Duistermars
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Barret D Pfeiffer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Eric D Hoopfer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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35
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Davydova JD, Litvinov SS, Enikeeva RF, Malykh SB, Khusnutdinova EK. Recent advances in genetics of aggressive behavior. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important problems of modern neurobiology and medicine is an understanding of the mechanisms of normal and pathological behavior of a person. Aggressive behavior is an integral part of the human psyche. However, environmental risk factors, mental illness and somatic diseases can lead to increased aggression to be the biological basis of antisocial behavior in a human society. An important role in development of aggressive behavior belongs to the hereditary factors that may be linked to abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems in the brain yet the underlying genetic mechanisms remain unclear, which is due to a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions in the structure of genes that encode the components of the neurotransmitter systems. The most studied candidate genes for aggressive behavior are serotonergic (TPH1, TPH2, HTR2A, SLC6A4) and dopaminergic (DRD4, SLC6A3) system genes, as well as the serotonin or catecholamine metabolizing enzyme genes (COMT, MAOA). In addition, there is evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitary system genes (OXT, OXTR, AVPR1A, AVPR1B), the sex hormone receptors genes (ER1, AR), neurotrophin (BDNF) and neuronal apoptosis genes (CASP3, BAX) may also be involved in development of aggressive behavior. The results of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have demonstrated that FYN, LRRTM4, NTM, CDH13, DYRK1A and other genes are involved in regulation of aggressive behavior. These and other evidence suggest that genetic predisposition to aggressive behavior may be a very complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Davydova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS
| | - S. S. Litvinov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS
| | - R. F. Enikeeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS
| | - S. B. Malykh
- Psychological Institute, Russian Academy of Education
| | - E. K. Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS; Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University
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36
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Jager A, Maas DA, Fricke K, de Vries RB, Poelmans G, Glennon JC. Aggressive behavior in transgenic animal models: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:198-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Haller J. Preclinical models of conduct disorder – principles and pharmacologic perspectives. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kolla NJ, Dunlop K, Meyer JH, Downar J. Corticostriatal Connectivity in Antisocial Personality Disorder by MAO-A Genotype and Its Relationship to Aggressive Behavior. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:725-733. [PMID: 29746646 PMCID: PMC6070029 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of genetic variation on resting-state neural networks represents a burgeoning line of inquiry in psychiatric research. Monoamine oxidase A, an X-linked gene, is one example of a molecular target linked to brain activity in psychiatric illness. Monoamine oxidase A genetic variants, including the high and low variable nucleotide tandem repeat polymorphisms, have been shown to differentially affect brain functional connectivity in healthy humans. However, it is currently unknown whether these same polymorphisms influence resting-state brain activity in clinical conditions. Given its high burden on society and strong connection to violent behavior, antisocial personality disorder is a logical condition to study, since in vivo markers of monoamine oxidase A brain enzyme are reduced in key affect-modulating regions, and striatal levels of monoamine oxidase A show a relation with the functional connectivity of this same region. METHODS We utilized monoamine oxidase A genotyping and seed-to-voxel-based functional connectivity to investigate the relationship between genotype and corticostriatal connectivity in 21 male participants with severe antisocial personality disorder and 19 male healthy controls. RESULTS Dorsal striatal connectivity to the frontal pole and anterior cingulate gyrus differentiated antisocial personality disorder subjects and healthy controls by monoamine oxidase A genotype. Furthermore, the linear relationship of proactive aggression to superior ventral striatal-angular gyrus functional connectivity differed by monoamine oxidase A genotype in the antisocial personality disorder groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that monoamine oxidase A genotype may affect corticostriatal connectivity in antisocial personality disorder and that these functional connections may also underlie use of proactive aggression in a genotype-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Correspondence: Nathan Kolla, MD, PhD, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room 626, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8 ()
| | - Katharine Dunlop
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Downar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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A hypothalamic circuit for the circadian control of aggression. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:717-724. [PMID: 29632359 PMCID: PMC5920747 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
“Sundowning” in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by early evening agitation and aggression. While such periodicity suggests a circadian origin, whether the circadian clock directly regulates aggressive behavior is unknown. We demonstrate that a daily rhythm in aggression propensity in male mice is gated by GABAergic subparaventricular zone (SPZGABA) neurons, the major postsynaptic targets of the central circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Optogenetic mapping revealed that SPZGABA neurons receive input from vasoactive intestinal polypeptide SCN neurons and innervate neurons in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) known to regulate aggression. Additionally, VMH-projecting dorsal SPZ neurons are more active during early day than early night, and acute chemogenetic inhibition of SPZGABA transmission phase-dependently increases aggression. Finally, SPZGABA-recipient central VMH neurons directly innervate VMHvl neurons and activation of this intra-VMH circuit drove attack behavior. Altogether, we reveal a functional polysynaptic circuit by which the SCN clock regulates aggression.
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Dijkstra PD, Maguire SM, Harris RM, Rodriguez AA, DeAngelis RS, Flores SA, Hofmann HA. The melanocortin system regulates body pigmentation and social behaviour in a colour polymorphic cichlid fish. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2838. [PMID: 28356453 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a neuroendocrine system that regulates a range of physiological and behavioural processes. We examined the extent to which the melanocortin system simultaneously regulates colour and behaviour in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni We found that yellow males are more aggressive than blue males, in line with previous studies. We then found that exogenous α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) increases yellowness of the body and dispersal of xanthophore pigments in both morphs. However, α-MSH had a morph-specific effect on aggression, with only blue males showing an increase in the rate of aggression. Exogenous agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a melanocortin antagonist, did not affect coloration but reduced the rate of aggression in both colour morphs. Blue males had higher cortisol levels than yellow males. Neural gene expression of melanocortin receptors (mcr) and ligands was not differentially regulated between colour morphs. In the skin, however, mc1r and pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) β were upregulated in blue males, while asip 1 was upregulated in yellow males. The effects of α-MSH on behaviour and body coloration, combined with morph-specific regulation of the stress response and the melanocortin system, suggest that the melanocortin system contributes to the polymorphism in behaviour and coloration in A. burtoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Dijkstra
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA .,Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Sean M Maguire
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rayna M Harris
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Agosto A Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ross S DeAngelis
- Program for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephanie A Flores
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hans A Hofmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Hood S, Amir S. Biological Clocks and Rhythms of Anger and Aggression. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:4. [PMID: 29410618 PMCID: PMC5787107 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The body’s internal timekeeping system is an under-recognized but highly influential force in behaviors and emotions including anger and reactive aggression. Predictable cycles or rhythms in behavior are expressed on several different time scales such as circadian (circa diem, or approximately 24-h rhythms) and infradian (exceeding 24 h, such as monthly or seasonal cycles). The circadian timekeeping system underlying rhythmic behaviors in mammals is constituted by a network of clocks distributed throughout the brain and body, the activity of which synchronizes to a central pacemaker, or master clock. Our daily experiences with the external environment including social activity strongly influence the exact timing of this network. In the present review, we examine evidence from a number of species and propose that anger and reactive aggression interact in multiple ways with circadian clocks. Specifically, we argue that: (i) there are predictable rhythms in the expression of aggression and anger; (ii) disruptions of the normal functioning of the circadian system increase the likelihood of aggressive behaviors; and (iii) conversely, chronic expression of anger can disrupt normal rhythmic cycles of physiological activities and create conditions for pathologies such as cardiovascular disease to develop. Taken together, these observations suggest that a comprehensive perspective on anger and reactive aggression must incorporate an understanding of the role of the circadian timing system in these intense affective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hood
- Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Shimon Amir
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Mantilla MJ. Psychoanalysis and neurosciences: fuzzy outlines? Notes on the notion of cerebral plasticity. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2017; 24Suppl 1:143-155. [PMID: 29236813 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702017000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
"Psychoanalysis versus psychiatry" and "unconscious versus brain" are classic oppositions between different perspectives on the human being and mental suffering. This article draws on certain elements of this discussion and reflects on how new ideas about the brain and biology favor closer interaction between psychoanalysis and the neurosciences. These questions are redefined through the notion of cerebral plasticity, by which the brain is open to interaction with the social environment and the influence of psychoanalytical therapy. Conceiving of the brain as a plastic organ allows for the possibility of interchange between psychoanalysis and the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimena Mantilla
- Investigadora asistente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas/Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani/Universidad de Buenos Aires. Calle Uriburu, 950 - piso 6 1114 - Buenos Aires - Argentina
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Watanabe K, Chiu H, Pfeiffer BD, Wong AM, Hoopfer ED, Rubin GM, Anderson DJ. A Circuit Node that Integrates Convergent Input from Neuromodulatory and Social Behavior-Promoting Neurons to Control Aggression in Drosophila. Neuron 2017; 95:1112-1128.e7. [PMID: 28858617 PMCID: PMC5588916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse neuromodulatory systems such as norepinephrine (NE) control brain-wide states such as arousal, but whether they control complex social behaviors more specifically is not clear. Octopamine (OA), the insect homolog of NE, is known to promote both arousal and aggression. We have performed a systematic, unbiased screen to identify OA receptor-expressing neurons (OARNs) that control aggression in Drosophila. Our results uncover a tiny population of male-specific aSP2 neurons that mediate a specific influence of OA on aggression, independent of any effect on arousal. Unexpectedly, these neurons receive convergent input from OA neurons and P1 neurons, a population of FruM+ neurons that promotes male courtship behavior. Behavioral epistasis experiments suggest that aSP2 neurons may constitute an integration node at which OAergic neuromodulation can bias the output of P1 neurons to favor aggression over inter-male courtship. These results have potential implications for thinking about the role of related neuromodulatory systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Watanabe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29 and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Hui Chiu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29 and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Barret D Pfeiffer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn VA, USA
| | - Allan M Wong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn VA, USA
| | - Eric D Hoopfer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29 and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29 and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Kudryavtseva NN, Smagin DA, Kovalenko IL, Galyamina AG, Vishnivetskaya GB, Babenko VN, Orlov YL. Serotonergic genes in the development of anxiety/depression-like state and pathology of aggressive behavior in male mice: RNA-seq data. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Canazza I, Ossato A, Vincenzi F, Gregori A, Di Rosa F, Nigro F, Rimessi A, Pinton P, Varani K, Borea PA, Marti M. Pharmaco-toxicological effects of the novel third-generation fluorinate synthetic cannabinoids, 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 in mice. In vitro and in vivo studies. Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28597570 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 are 3 novel third-generation fluorinate synthetic cannabinoids that are illegally marketed as incense, herbal preparations, or research chemicals for their psychoactive cannabis-like effects. METHODS The present study aims at investigating the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 in male CD-1 mice, comparing their in vivo effects with those caused by the administration of Δ9 -THC and JWH-018. In vitro competition binding experiments revealed a nanomolar affinity and potency of the 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 on mouse and human CB1 and CB2 receptors. Moreover, these synthetic cannabinoids induced neurotoxicity in murine neuro-2a cells. RESULTS In vivo studies showed that 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 induced hypothermia; increased pain threshold to both noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli; caused catalepsy; reduced motor activity; impaired sensorimotor responses (visual, acoustic, and tactile); caused seizures, myoclonia, and hyperreflexia; and promoted aggressiveness in mice. Behavioral and neurological effects were fully prevented by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM 251. Differently, the visual sensory response induced by STS-135 was only partly prevented by the AM 251, suggesting a CB1 -independent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the present study demonstrates the pharmaco-toxicological effects induced by the administration of 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 in mice and suggests their possible detrimental effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Canazza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ossato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Di Rosa
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Nigro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Animal models of excessive aggression: implications for human aggression and violence. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 19:81-87. [PMID: 29279228 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Escalated interpersonal aggression and violence are common symptoms of multiple psychiatric disorders and represent a significant global health issue. Current therapeutic strategies are limited due to a lack of understanding about the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying the 'vicious' shift of normal adaptive aggression into violence, and the environmental triggers that cause it. Development of novel animal models that validly capture the salient features of human violent actions combined with newly emerging technologies for mapping, measuring, and manipulating neuronal activity in the brain significantly advance our understanding of the etiology, neuromolecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions of excessive aggressive behaviors in humans.
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Eisner P, Klasen M, Wolf D, Zerres K, Eggermann T, Eisert A, Zvyagintsev M, Sarkheil P, Mathiak KA, Zepf F, Mathiak K. Cortico-limbic connectivity in MAOA-L carriers is vulnerable to acute tryptophan depletion. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:1622-1635. [PMID: 27935229 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A gene-environment interaction between expression genotypes of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and adverse childhood experience increases the risk of antisocial behavior. However, the neural underpinnings of this interaction remain uninvestigated. A cortico-limbic circuit involving the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala is central to the suppression of aggressive impulses and is modulated by serotonin (5-HT). MAOA genotypes may modulate the vulnerability of this circuit and increase the risk for emotion regulation deficits after specific life events. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) challenges 5-HT regulation and may identify vulnerable neuronal circuits, contributing to the gene-environment interaction. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging measured the resting-state state activity in 64 healthy males in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cortical maps of amygdala correlation identified the impact of ATD and its interaction with low- (MAOA-L) and high-expression variants (MAOA-H) of MAOA on cortico-limbic connectivity. RESULTS Across all Regions of Interest (ROIs) exhibiting an ATD effect on cortico-limbic connectivity, MAOA-L carriers were more susceptible to ATD than MAOA-H carriers. In particular, the MAOA-L group exhibited a larger reduction of amygdala connectivity with the right prefrontal cortex and a larger increase of amygdala connectivity with the insula and dorsal PCC. CONCLUSION MAOA-L carriers were more susceptable to a central 5-HT challenge in cortico-limbic networks. Such vulnerability of the cortical serotonergic system may contribute to the emergence of antisocial behavior after systemic challenges, observed as gene-environment interaction. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1622-1635, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Eisner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Klasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dhana Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Zerres
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Eisert
- Department of Pharmacy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mikhail Zvyagintsev
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pegah Sarkheil
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Krystyna A Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Zepf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Pediatrics and Child Health; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences; The University of Western Australia (M561), Perth, Australia.,Department of Health in Western Australia, Specialized Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Perth, Australia
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
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Epstein DJ, Legarreta M, Bueler E, King J, McGlade E, Yurgelun‐Todd D. Orbitofrontal cortical thinning and aggression in mild traumatic brain injury patients. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00581. [PMID: 28032004 PMCID: PMC5167002 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) comprises 80% of all TBI, the morphological examination of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in relation to clinical symptoms such as aggression, anxiety and depression in a strictly mTBI sample has never before been performed. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the study was to determine if mTBI patients would show morphological differences in the OFC and if the morphology of this region would relate to clinical symptoms. METHODS Using structural images acquired in a 3T MRI machine, the cortical thickness and cortical volume (corrected for total brain volume) of the OFC was collected for healthy control (N = 27) subjects and chronic mTBI (N = 55) patients at least one year post injury. Also, during clinical interviews, measures quantifying the severity of clinical symptoms, including aggression, anxiety, and depression, were collected. RESULTS MTBI subjects displayed increased aggression, anxiety, and depression, and anxiety and depression measures showed a relationship with the number of mTBI in which the subject lost consciousness. The cortical thickness of the right lateral OFC displayed evidence of thinning in the mTBI group; however, after correction for multiple comparisons, this difference was no longer significant. Clinical measures were not significantly related with OFC morphometry. CONCLUSION This study found increased aggression, anxiety, and depression, in the mTBI group as well as evidence of cortical thinning in the right lateral OFC. The association between clinical symptoms and the number of mTBI with loss of consciousness suggests the number and severity of mTBI may influence clinical symptoms long after injury. Future studies examining other brain regions involved in the production and regulation of affective processes and inclusion of subjects with well-characterized mood disorders could further elucidate the relationship between mTBI, brain morphology, and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Epstein
- Interdepartmental Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Margaret Legarreta
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Elliot Bueler
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Jace King
- Interdepartmental Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Erin McGlade
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun‐Todd
- Interdepartmental Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Cognitive Neuroimaging LaboratorySalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Salt Lake City Rocky Mountain MIRECCSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Anderson DJ. Circuit modules linking internal states and social behaviour in flies and mice. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:692-704. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Canazza I, Ossato A, Trapella C, Fantinati A, De Luca MA, Margiani G, Vincenzi F, Rimondo C, Di Rosa F, Gregori A, Varani K, Borea PA, Serpelloni G, Marti M. Effect of the novel synthetic cannabinoids AKB48 and 5F-AKB48 on "tetrad", sensorimotor, neurological and neurochemical responses in mice. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3685-3709. [PMID: 27527584 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AKB48 and its fluorinate derivate 5F-AKB48 are two novel synthetic cannabinoids belonging to a structural class with an indazole core structure. They are marketed as incense, herbal preparations or chemical supply for their psychoactive Cannabis-like effects. OBJECTIVES The present study was aimed at investigating the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of AKB48 and 5F-AKB48 in male CD-1 mice and comparing their in vivo effects with those caused by the administration of Δ9-THC and JWH-018. RESULTS In vitro competition binding experiments performed on mouse and human CB1 and CB2 receptors revealed a nanomolar affinity and potency of the AKB48 and 5F-AKB48. In vivo studies showed that AKB48 and 5F-AKB48, induced hypothermia, increased pain threshold to both noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli, caused catalepsy, reduced motor activity, impaired sensorimotor responses (visual, acoustic and tactile), caused seizures, myoclonia, hyperreflexia and promoted aggressiveness in mice. Moreover, microdialysis study in freely moving mice showed that systemic administration of AKB48 and 5F-AKB48 stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Behavioural, neurological and neurochemical effects were fully prevented by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM 251. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the present study demonstrates the overall pharmacological effects induced by the administration of AKB48 and 5F-AKB48 in mice and suggests that the fluorination can increase the power and/or effectiveness of SCBs. Furthermore, this study outlines the potential detrimental effects of SCBs on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Canazza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Ossato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Fantinati
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Margiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudia Rimondo
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabiana Di Rosa
- Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Carabinieri, 00191, Rome, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Carabinieri, 00191, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Serpelloni
- U.R.I.To.N., Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy. .,Center for Neuroscience and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscienze, ᅟ, Italy.
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