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Lima JT, Ferreira JG. Mechanobiology of the nucleus during the G2-M transition. Nucleus 2024; 15:2330947. [PMID: 38533923 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2330947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular behavior is continuously influenced by mechanical forces. These forces span the cytoskeleton and reach the nucleus, where they trigger mechanotransduction pathways that regulate downstream biochemical events. Therefore, the nucleus has emerged as a regulator of cellular response to mechanical stimuli. Cell cycle progression is regulated by cyclin-CDK complexes. Recent studies demonstrated these biochemical pathways are influenced by mechanical signals, highlighting the interdependence of cellular mechanics and cell cycle regulation. In particular, the transition from G2 to mitosis (G2-M) shows significant changes in nuclear structure and organization, ranging from nuclear pore complex (NPC) and nuclear lamina disassembly to chromosome condensation. The remodeling of these mechanically active nuclear components indicates that mitotic entry is particularly sensitive to forces. Here, we address how mechanical forces crosstalk with the nucleus to determine the timing and efficiency of the G2-M transition. Finally, we discuss how the deregulation of nuclear mechanics has consequences for mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana T Lima
- Epithelial Polarity and Cell Division Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Programa Doutoral em Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge G Ferreira
- Epithelial Polarity and Cell Division Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Tanaka J, Kuwajima H, Yuki R, Nakayama Y. Simvastatin activates the spindle assembly checkpoint and causes abnormal cell division by modifying small GTPases. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111172. [PMID: 38604342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Simvastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. It has been used clinically as a lipid-lowering agent to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. In addition, antitumor activity has been demonstrated. Although simvastatin attenuates the prenylation of small GTPases, its effects on cell division in which small GTPases play an important role, have not been examined as a mechanism underlying its cytostatic effects. In this study, we determined its effect on cell division. Cell cycle synchronization experiments revealed a delay in mitotic progression in simvastatin-treated cells at concentrations lower than the IC50. Time-lapse imaging analysis indicated that the duration of mitosis, especially from mitotic entry to anaphase onset, was prolonged. In addition, simvastatin increased the number of cells exhibiting misoriented anaphase/telophase and bleb formation. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) kinase Mps1 canceled the mitotic delay. Additionally, the number of cells exhibiting kinetochore localization of BubR1, an essential component of SAC, was increased, suggesting an involvement of SAC in the mitotic delay. Enhancement of F-actin formation and cell rounding at mitotic entry indicates that cortical actin dynamics were affected by simvastatin. The cholesterol removal agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) accelerated mitotic progression differently from simvastatin, suggesting that cholesterol loss from the plasma membrane is not involved in the mitotic delay. Of note, the small GTPase RhoA, which is a critical factor for cortical actin dynamics, exhibited upregulated expression. In addition, Rap1 was likely not geranylgeranylated. Our results demonstrate that simvastatin affects actin dynamics by modifying small GTPases, thereby activating the spindle assembly checkpoint and causing abnormal cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuwajima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ryuzaburo Yuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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3
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Blanchard GB, Scarpa E, Muresan L, Sanson B. Mechanical stress combines with planar polarised patterning during metaphase to orient embryonic epithelial cell divisions. Development 2024; 151:dev202862. [PMID: 38639390 PMCID: PMC11165716 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The planar orientation of cell division (OCD) is important for epithelial morphogenesis and homeostasis. Here, we ask how mechanics and antero-posterior (AP) patterning combine to influence the first divisions after gastrulation in the Drosophila embryonic epithelium. We analyse hundreds of cell divisions and show that stress anisotropy, notably from compressive forces, can reorient division directly in metaphase. Stress anisotropy influences the OCD by imposing metaphase cell elongation, despite mitotic rounding, and overrides interphase cell elongation. In strongly elongated cells, the mitotic spindle adapts its length to, and hence its orientation is constrained by, the cell long axis. Alongside mechanical cues, we find a tissue-wide bias of the mitotic spindle orientation towards AP-patterned planar polarised Myosin-II. This spindle bias is lost in an AP-patterning mutant. Thus, a patterning-induced mitotic spindle orientation bias overrides mechanical cues in mildly elongated cells, whereas in strongly elongated cells the spindle is constrained close to the high stress axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy B Blanchard
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Elena Scarpa
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Leila Muresan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Bénédicte Sanson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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Lamb H, Liro MJ, Myles KM, Fernholz M, Anderson HA, Rose LS. The Rac1 homolog CED-10 is a component of the MES-1/SRC-1 pathway for asymmetric division of the C. elegans EMS blastomere. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588162. [PMID: 38645195 PMCID: PMC11030239 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is essential for the creation of cell types with different identities and functions. The EMS blastomere of the four-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryo undergoes an asymmetric division in response to partially redundant signaling pathways. One pathway involves a Wnt signal emanating from the neighboring P2 cell, while the other pathway is defined by the receptor-like MES-1 protein localized at the EMS/P2 cell contact, and the cytoplasmic kinase SRC-1. In response to these pathways, the EMS nuclear-centrosome complex rotates so that the spindle forms on the anterior-posterior axis; after division, the daughter cell contacting P2 becomes the endodermal precursor cell. Here we identify the Rac1 homolog, CED-10, as a new component of the MES-1/SRC-1 pathway. Loss of CED-10 affects both spindle positioning and endoderm specification. Although MES-1 is still present at the EMS/P2 contact in ced-10 embryos, SRC-1 dependent phosphorylation is reduced. These and other results suggest that CED-10 acts downstream of MES-1 and upstream or at the level of SRC-1 activity. In addition, we find that the branched actin regulator ARX-2 is enriched at the EMS/P2 cell contact site, in a CED-10 dependent manner. Loss of ARX-2 results in spindle positioning defects, suggesting that CED-10 acts through branched actin to promote the asymmetric division of the EMS cell.
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5
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Atajanova T, Kang EM, Postnikova A, Price AL, Doerr S, Du M, Ugenti A, Ragkousi K. Lateral cell polarization drives organization of epithelia in sea anemone embryos and embryonic cell aggregates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.07.588493. [PMID: 38645007 PMCID: PMC11030385 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.07.588493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
One of the first organizing processes during animal development is the assembly of embryonic cells into epithelia. In certain animals, including Hydra and sea anemones, epithelia also emerge when cells from dissociated tissues are aggregated back together. Although cell adhesion is required to keep cells together, it is not clear whether cell polarization plays a role as epithelia emerge from disordered aggregates. Here, we demonstrate that lateral cell polarization is essential for epithelial organization in both embryos and aggregates of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Specifically, knock down of the lateral polarity protein Lgl disrupts epithelia in developing embryos and impairs the capacity of dissociated cells to epithelialize from aggregates. Cells in lgl mutant epithelia lose their columnar shape and have mispositioned mitotic spindles and ciliary basal bodies. Together, our data suggest that in Nematostella, Lgl is required to establish lateral cell polarity and position cytoskeletal organelles in cells of embryos and aggregates during de novo epithelial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavus Atajanova
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
- Present address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Anna Postnikova
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | | | - Sophia Doerr
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Michael Du
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Alicia Ugenti
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
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Rosfelter A, de Labbey G, Chenevert J, Dumollard R, Schaub S, Machaty Z, Besnardeau L, Gonzalez Suarez D, Hebras C, Turlier H, Burgess DR, McDougall A. Reduction of cortical pulling at mitotic entry facilitates aster centration. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262037. [PMID: 38469748 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Equal cell division relies upon astral microtubule-based centering mechanisms, yet how the interplay between mitotic entry, cortical force generation and long astral microtubules leads to symmetric cell division is not resolved. We report that a cortically located sperm aster displaying long astral microtubules that penetrate the whole zygote does not undergo centration until mitotic entry. At mitotic entry, we find that microtubule-based cortical pulling is lost. Quantitative measurements of cortical pulling and cytoplasmic pulling together with physical simulations suggested that a wavelike loss of cortical pulling at mitotic entry leads to aster centration based on cytoplasmic pulling. Cortical actin is lost from the cortex at mitotic entry coincident with a fall in cortical tension from ∼300pN/µm to ∼100pN/µm. Following the loss of cortical force generators at mitotic entry, long microtubule-based cytoplasmic pulling is sufficient to displace the aster towards the cell center. These data reveal how mitotic aster centration is coordinated with mitotic entry in chordate zygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosfelter
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Ghislain de Labbey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241 / INSERM U1050, Université PSL, 75002 Paris, France
| | - Janet Chenevert
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Rémi Dumollard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Sebastien Schaub
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Zoltan Machaty
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Lydia Besnardeau
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Daniel Gonzalez Suarez
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Céline Hebras
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Hervé Turlier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241 / INSERM U1050, Université PSL, 75002 Paris, France
| | - David R Burgess
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Alex McDougall
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
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7
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Hannaford MR, Rusan NM. Positioning centrioles and centrosomes. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311140. [PMID: 38512059 PMCID: PMC10959756 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the primary microtubule organizer in eukaryotic cells. In addition to shaping the intracellular microtubule network and the mitotic spindle, centrosomes are responsible for positioning cilia and flagella. To fulfill these diverse functions, centrosomes must be properly located within cells, which requires that they undergo intracellular transport. Importantly, centrosome mispositioning has been linked to ciliopathies, cancer, and infertility. The mechanisms by which centrosomes migrate are diverse and context dependent. In many cells, centrosomes move via indirect motor transport, whereby centrosomal microtubules engage anchored motor proteins that exert forces on those microtubules, resulting in centrosome movement. However, in some cases, centrosomes move via direct motor transport, whereby the centrosome or centriole functions as cargo that directly binds molecular motors which then walk on stationary microtubules. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of centrosome motility and the consequences of centrosome mispositioning and identify key questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Reboucas RB, Faizi HA, Miksis MJ, Vlahovska PM. Stationary shapes of axisymmetric vesicles beyond lowest-energy configurations. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2258-2271. [PMID: 38353299 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01463k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
We conduct a systematic exploration of the energy landscape of vesicle morphologies within the framework of the Helfrich model. Vesicle shapes are determined by minimizing the elastic energy subject to constraints of constant area and volume. The results show that pressurized vesicles can adopt higher-energy spindle-like configurations that require the action of point forces at the poles. If the internal pressure is lower than the external one, multilobed shapes are predicted. We utilize our results to rationalize experimentally observed spindle shapes of giant vesicles in a uniform AC electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Reboucas
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Hammad A Faizi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael J Miksis
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Petia M Vlahovska
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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9
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Carvalho C, Barbosa DJ, Celestino R, Zanin E, Xavier Carvalho A, Gassmann R. Dynein directs prophase centrosome migration to control the stem cell division axis in the developing Caenorhabditis elegans epidermis. Genetics 2024; 226:iyae005. [PMID: 38213110 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The microtubule motor dynein is critical for the assembly and positioning of mitotic spindles. In Caenorhabditis elegans, these dynein functions have been extensively studied in the early embryo but remain poorly explored in other developmental contexts. Here, we use a hypomorphic dynein mutant to investigate the motor's contribution to asymmetric stem cell-like divisions in the larval epidermis. Live imaging of seam cell divisions that precede formation of the seam syncytium shows that mutant cells properly assemble but frequently misorient their spindle. Misoriented divisions misplace daughter cells from the seam cell row, generate anucleate compartments due to aberrant cytokinesis, and disrupt asymmetric cell fate inheritance. Consequently, the seam becomes disorganized and populated with extra cells that have lost seam identity, leading to fatal epidermal rupture. We show that dynein orients the spindle through the cortical GOA-1Gα-LIN-5NuMA pathway by directing the migration of prophase centrosomes along the anterior-posterior axis. Spindle misorientation in the dynein mutant can be partially rescued by elongating cells, implying that dynein-dependent force generation and cell shape jointly promote correct asymmetric division of epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Daniel J Barbosa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- 1H-Toxrun-One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Celestino
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
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10
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Hosawi MM, Cheng J, Fankhaenel M, Przewloka MR, Elias S. Interplay between the plasma membrane and cell-cell adhesion maintains epithelial identity for correct polarised cell divisions. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261701. [PMID: 37888135 PMCID: PMC10729819 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarised epithelial cell divisions represent a fundamental mechanism for tissue maintenance and morphogenesis. Morphological and mechanical changes in the plasma membrane influence the organisation and crosstalk of microtubules and actin at the cell cortex, thereby regulating the mitotic spindle machinery and chromosome segregation. Yet, the precise mechanisms linking plasma membrane remodelling to cell polarity and cortical cytoskeleton dynamics to ensure accurate execution of mitosis in mammalian epithelial cells remain poorly understood. Here, we manipulated the density of mammary epithelial cells in culture, which led to several mitotic defects. Perturbation of cell-cell adhesion formation impairs the dynamics of the plasma membrane, affecting the shape and size of mitotic cells and resulting in defects in mitotic progression and the generation of daughter cells with aberrant architecture. In these conditions, F- actin-astral microtubule crosstalk is impaired, leading to mitotic spindle misassembly and misorientation, which in turn contributes to chromosome mis-segregation. Mechanistically, we identify S100 Ca2+-binding protein A11 (S100A11) as a key membrane-associated regulator that forms a complex with E-cadherin (CDH1) and the leucine-glycine-asparagine repeat protein LGN (also known as GPSM2) to coordinate plasma membrane remodelling with E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and LGN-dependent mitotic spindle machinery. Thus, plasma membrane-mediated maintenance of mammalian epithelial cell identity is crucial for correct execution of polarised cell divisions, genome maintenance and safeguarding tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M. Hosawi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jiaoqi Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Maria Fankhaenel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Marcin R. Przewloka
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Salah Elias
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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11
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Chao S, Yan H, Bu P. Asymmetric division of stem cells and its cancer relevance. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 13:5. [PMID: 38411768 PMCID: PMC10897644 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-024-00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric division is a fundamental process for generating cell diversity and maintaining the stem cell population. During asymmetric division, proteins, organelles, and even RNA are distributed unequally between the two daughter cells, determining their distinct cell fates. The mechanisms orchestrating this process are extremely complex. Dysregulation of asymmetric division can potentially trigger cancer progression. Cancer stem cells, in particular, undergo asymmetric division, leading to intra-tumoral heterogeneity, which contributes to treatment refractoriness. In this review, we delve into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern asymmetric division and explore its relevance to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chao
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Viala S, Hadjadj C, Nathan V, Guiot MC, McCaffrey L, Cockburn K, Bouchard M. LGN loss randomizes spindle orientation and accelerates tumorigenesis in PTEN-deficient epidermis. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:br5. [PMID: 37991903 PMCID: PMC10881154 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell polarity and disruption of tissue organization are key features of tumorigenesis that are intrinsically linked to spindle orientation. Epithelial tumors are often characterized by spindle orientation defects, but how these defects impact tumor formation driven by common oncogenic mutations is not fully understood. Here, we examine the role of spindle orientation in adult epidermis by deleting a key spindle regulator, LGN, in normal tissue and in a PTEN-deficient mouse model. We report that LGN deficiency in PTEN mutant epidermis leads to a threefold increase in the likelihood of developing tumors on the snout, and an over 10-fold increase in tumor burden. In this tissue, loss of LGN alone increases perpendicular and oblique divisions of epidermal basal cells, at the expense of a planar orientation of division. PTEN loss alone does not significantly affect spindle orientation in these cells, but the combined loss of PTEN and LGN fully randomizes basal spindle orientation. A subset of LGN- and PTEN-deficient animals have increased amounts of proliferative spinous cells, which may be associated with tumorigenesis. These results indicate that loss of LGN impacts spindle orientation and accelerates epidermal tumorigenesis in a PTEN-deficient mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Viala
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Charlotte Hadjadj
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Vandana Nathan
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | | | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Katie Cockburn
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
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13
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Camblor-Perujo S, Ozer Yildiz E, Küpper H, Overhoff M, Rastogi S, Bazzi H, Kononenko NL. The AP-2 complex interacts with γ-TuRC and regulates the proliferative capacity of neural progenitors. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302029. [PMID: 38086550 PMCID: PMC10716017 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are organelles that nucleate microtubules via the activity of gamma-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC). In the developing brain, centrosome integrity is central to the progression of the neural progenitor cell cycle, and its loss leads to microcephaly. We show that NPCs maintain centrosome integrity via the endocytic adaptor protein complex-2 (AP-2). NPCs lacking AP-2 exhibit defects in centrosome formation and mitotic progression, accompanied by DNA damage and accumulation of p53. This function of AP-2 in regulating the proliferative capacity of NPCs is independent of its role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is coupled to its association with the GCP2, GCP3, and GCP4 components of γ-TuRC. We find that AP-2 maintains γ-TuRC organization and regulates centrosome function at the level of MT nucleation. Taken together, our data reveal a novel, noncanonical function of AP-2 in regulating the proliferative capacity of NPCs and open new avenues for the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders with AP-2 complex dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ebru Ozer Yildiz
- CECAD Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Küpper
- CECAD Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melina Overhoff
- CECAD Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saumya Rastogi
- CECAD Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hisham Bazzi
- CECAD Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia L Kononenko
- CECAD Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Genetics, Natural Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Parra AS, Johnston CA. Phase Separation as a Driver of Stem Cell Organization and Function during Development. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:45. [PMID: 38132713 PMCID: PMC10743522 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A properly organized subcellular composition is essential to cell function. The canonical organizing principle within eukaryotic cells involves membrane-bound organelles; yet, such structures do not fully explain cellular complexity. Furthermore, discrete non-membrane-bound structures have been known for over a century. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as a ubiquitous mode of cellular organization without the need for formal lipid membranes, with an ever-expanding and diverse list of cellular functions that appear to be regulated by this process. In comparison to traditional organelles, LLPS can occur across wider spatial and temporal scales and involves more distinct protein and RNA complexes. In this review, we discuss the impacts of LLPS on the organization of stem cells and their function during development. Specifically, the roles of LLPS in developmental signaling pathways, chromatin organization, and gene expression will be detailed, as well as its impacts on essential processes of asymmetric cell division. We will also discuss how the dynamic and regulated nature of LLPS may afford stem cells an adaptable mode of organization throughout the developmental time to control cell fate. Finally, we will discuss how aberrant LLPS in these processes may contribute to developmental defects and disease.
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15
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Yu L, Kong N, Lin Y, Qiu P, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Zhen X, Yan G, Sun H, Mei J, Cao G. NUSAP1 regulates mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1931-1947. [PMID: 37992207 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The correct assembly of the spindle apparatus directly regulates the precise separation of chromosomes in mouse oocytes, which is crucial for obtaining high-quality oocytes capable of successful fertilization. The localization, assembly, migration, and disassembly of the spindle are regulated by a series of spindle-associated proteins, which exhibit unique expression level variations and specific localization in oocytes. Proteomic analysis revealed that among many representative spindle-associated proteins, the expression level of nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1 (NUSAP1) significantly increased after meiotic resumption, with a magnitude of change higher than that of other proteins. However, the role of NUSAP1 during oocyte meiosis maturation has not been reported. Here, we report that NUSAP1 is distributed within the cell nucleus during the germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes with non-surrounded nucleolus stage and is not enriched in the nucleus during the GV-surrounded nucleolus stage. Interestingly, NUSAP1 forms distinct granular aggregates near the spindle poles during the prophase of the first meiotic division (Pro-MI), metaphase I, and anaphase I/telophase I stages. Nusap1 depletion leads to chromosome misalignment, increased aneuploidy, and abnormal spindle assembly, particularly a decrease in spindle pole width. Correspondingly, RNA-seq analysis revealed significant suppression of the "establishment of spindle orientation" signaling pathway. Additionally, the attenuation of F-actin in NUSAP1-deficient oocytes may affect the asymmetric division process. Gene ontology analysis of NUSAP1 interactomes, identified through mass spectrometry here, revealed significant enrichment for RNA binding. As an RNA-binding protein, NUSAP1 is likely involved in the regulation of messenger RNA homeostasis by influencing the dynamics of processing (P)-body components. Overall, our results demonstrate the critical importance of precise regulation of NUSAP1 expression levels and protein localization for maintaining mouse oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Panpan Qiu
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhen
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guijun Yan
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyi Cao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Reboucas RB, Miksis MJ, Vlahovska PM. Stationary shapes of axisymmetric vesicles beyond lowest-energy configurations. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2311.14193v1. [PMID: 38045475 PMCID: PMC10690299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We conduct a systematic exploration of the energy landscape of vesicle morphologies within the framework of the Helfrich model. Vesicle shapes are determined by minimizing the elastic energy subject to constraints of constant area and volume. The results show that pressurized vesicles can adopt higher-energy spindle-like configurations that require the action of point forces at the poles. If the internal pressure is lower than the external one, multilobed shapes are predicted. We utilize our results to rationalize the experimentally observed spindle shapes of giant vesicles in a uniform AC field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Miksis
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Petia M. Vlahovska
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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17
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Grego-Bessa J, Gómez-Apiñaniz P, Prados B, Gómez MJ, MacGrogan D, de la Pompa JL. Nrg1 Regulates Cardiomyocyte Migration and Cell Cycle in Ventricular Development. Circ Res 2023; 133:927-943. [PMID: 37846569 PMCID: PMC10631509 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac ventricles provide the contractile force of the beating heart throughout life. How the primitive endocardium-layered myocardial projections called trabeculae form and mature into the adult ventricles is of great interest for biology and regenerative medicine. Trabeculation is dependent on the signaling protein Nrg1 (neuregulin-1). However, the mechanism of action of Nrg1 and its role in ventricular wall maturation are poorly understood. METHODS We investigated the functions and downstream mechanisms of Nrg1 signaling during ventricular chamber development using confocal imaging, transcriptomics, and biochemical approaches in mice with cardiac-specific inactivation or overexpression of Nrg1. RESULTS Analysis of cardiac-specific Nrg1 mutant mice showed that the transcriptional program underlying cardiomyocyte-oriented cell division and trabeculae formation depends on endocardial Nrg1 to myocardial ErbB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2) signaling and phospho-Erk (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; pErk) activation. Early endothelial loss of Nrg1 and reduced pErk activation diminished cardiomyocyte Pard3 and Crumbs2 (Crumbs Cell Polarity Complex Component 2) protein and altered cytoskeletal gene expression and organization. These alterations are associated with abnormal gene expression related to mitotic spindle organization and a shift in cardiomyocyte division orientation. Nrg1 is crucial for trabecular growth and ventricular wall thickening by regulating an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like process in cardiomyocytes involving migration, adhesion, cytoskeletal actin turnover, and timely progression through the cell cycle G2/M phase. Ectopic cardiac Nrg1 overexpression and high pErk signaling caused S-phase arrest, sustained high epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like gene expression, and prolonged trabeculation, blocking compact myocardium maturation. Myocardial trabecular patterning alterations resulting from above- or below-normal Nrg1-dependent pErk activation were concomitant with sarcomere actin cytoskeleton disorganization. The Nrg1 loss- and gain-of-function transcriptomes were enriched for Yap1 (yes-associated protein-1) gene signatures, identifying Yap1 as a potential downstream effector. Furthermore, biochemical and imaging data reveal that Nrg1 influences pErk activation and Yap1 nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution during trabeculation. CONCLUSIONS These data establish the Nrg1-ErbB2/ErbB4-Erk axis as a crucial regulator of cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and migration during ventricular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Grego-Bessa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - Paula Gómez-Apiñaniz
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - Belén Prados
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | | | - Donal MacGrogan
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (J.G.-B., P.G.-A., B.P., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.)
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18
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Quadri R, Rotondo G, Sertic S, Pozzi S, dell’Oca MC, Guerrini L, Muzi-Falconi M. A Haspin-ARHGAP11A axis regulates epithelial morphogenesis through Rho-ROCK dependent modulation of LIMK1-Cofilin. iScience 2023; 26:108011. [PMID: 37841592 PMCID: PMC10570125 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout mitosis, a plethora of processes must be efficiently concerted to ensure cell proliferation and tissue functionality. The mitotic spindle does not only mediate chromosome segregation, but also defines the axis of cellular division, thus determining tissue morphology. Functional spindle orientation relies on precise actin dynamics, shaped in mitosis by the LIMK1-Cofilin axis. The kinase Haspin acts as a guardian of faithful chromosome segregation that ensures amphitelic chromosome attachment and prevents unscheduled cohesin cleavage. Here, we report an unprecedented role for Haspin in the determination of spindle orientation in mitosis. We show that, during mitosis, Haspin regulates Rho-ROCK activity through ARHGAP11A, a poorly characterized GAP, and that ROCK is in turn responsible for the mitotic activation of LIMK1 and stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton, thus supporting a functional spindle orientation. By exploiting 3D cell cultures, we show that this pathway is pivotal for the establishment of a morphologically functional tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Quadri
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rotondo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Sertic
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Pozzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Muzi-Falconi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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19
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Saleh J, Fardin MA, Barai A, Soleilhac M, Frenoy O, Gaston C, Cui H, Dang T, Gaudin N, Vincent A, Minc N, Delacour D. Length limitation of astral microtubules orients cell divisions in murine intestinal crypts. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1519-1533.e6. [PMID: 37419117 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Planar spindle orientation is critical for epithelial tissue organization and is generally instructed by the long cell-shape axis or cortical polarity domains. We introduced mouse intestinal organoids in order to study spindle orientation in a monolayered mammalian epithelium. Although spindles were planar, mitotic cells remained elongated along the apico-basal (A-B) axis, and polarity complexes were segregated to basal poles, so that spindles oriented in an unconventional manner, orthogonal to both polarity and geometric cues. Using high-resolution 3D imaging, simulations, and cell-shape and cytoskeleton manipulations, we show that planar divisions resulted from a length limitation in astral microtubules (MTs) which precludes them from interacting with basal polarity, and orient spindles from the local geometry of apical domains. Accordingly, lengthening MTs affected spindle planarity, cell positioning, and crypt arrangement. We conclude that MT length regulation may serve as a key mechanism for spindles to sense local cell shapes and tissue forces to preserve mammalian epithelial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Saleh
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Amlan Barai
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Matis Soleilhac
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivia Frenoy
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gaston
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hongyue Cui
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Tien Dang
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Noémie Gaudin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Vincent
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277, 59000 Lille, France; ORGALille Core Facility, CANTHER, Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France; Equipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013 Paris, France.
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20
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Meng Y, Huang K, Shi M, Huo Y, Han L, Liu B, Li Y. Research Advances in the Role of the Tropomyosin Family in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13295. [PMID: 37686101 PMCID: PMC10488083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most difficult diseases for human beings to overcome. Its development is closely related to a variety of factors, and its specific mechanisms have been a hot research topic in the field of scientific research. The tropomyosin family (Tpm) is a group of proteins closely related to the cytoskeleton and actin, and recent studies have shown that they play an important role in various cancers, participating in a variety of biological activities, including cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and have been used as biomarkers for various cancers. The purpose of this review is to explore the research progress of the Tpm family in tumorigenesis development, focusing on the molecular pathways associated with them and their relevant activities involved in tumors. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies on the role of Tpms in tumorigenesis and development and the activities of Tpms involved in tumors. Data from the literature suggest that the Tpm family is involved in tumor cell proliferation and growth, tumor cell invasion and migration, tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis, and immune infiltration of the tumor microenvironment, among other correlations. It can be used as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis, follow-up, and therapeutic response of some tumors. The Tpm family is involved in cancer in a close relationship with miRNAs and LncRNAs. Tpms are involved in tumor tissue invasion and migration as a key link. On this basis, TPM is frequently used as a biomarker for various cancers. However, the specific molecular mechanism of its involvement in cancer progression has not been explained clearly, which remains an important direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Mingxuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Yifei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Liang Han
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.M.); (K.H.); (M.S.); (Y.H.); (L.H.)
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21
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Parra AS, Moezzi CA, Johnston CA. Drosophila Adducin facilitates phase separation and function of a conserved spindle orientation complex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1220529. [PMID: 37655159 PMCID: PMC10467427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1220529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) allows stem cells to generate differentiating progeny while simultaneously maintaining their own pluripotent state. ACD involves coupling mitotic spindle orientation with cortical polarity cues to direct unequal segregation of cell fate determinants. In Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts; NBs), spindles orient along an apical-basal polarity axis through a conserved complex of Partner of Inscuteable (Pins; human LGN) and Mushroom body defect (Mud; human NuMA). While many details of its function are well known, the molecular mechanics that drive assembly of the cortical Pins/Mud complex remain unclear, particularly with respect to the mutually exclusive Pins complex formed with the apical scaffold protein Inscuteable (Insc). Here we identify Hu li tai shao (Hts; human Adducin) as a direct Mud-binding protein, using an aldolase fold within its head domain (HtsHEAD) to bind a short Mud coiled-coil domain (MudCC) that is adjacent to the Pins-binding domain (MudPBD). Hts is expressed throughout the larval central brain and apically polarizes in mitotic NBs where it is required for Mud-dependent spindle orientation. In vitro analyses reveal that Pins undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation with Mud, but not with Insc, suggesting a potential molecular basis for differential assembly mechanics between these two competing apical protein complexes. Furthermore, we find that Hts binds an intact Pins/Mud complex, reduces the concentration threshold for its phase separation, and alters the liquid-like property of the resulting phase separated droplets. Domain mapping and mutational analyses implicate critical roles for both multivalent interactions (via MudCC oligomerization) and protein disorder (via an intrinsically disordered region in Hts; HtsIDR) in phase separation of the Hts/Mud/Pins complex. Our study identifies a new component of the spindle positioning machinery in NBs and suggests that phase separation of specific protein complexes might regulate ordered assembly within the apical domain to ensure proper signaling output.
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22
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Valdez VA, Neahring L, Petry S, Dumont S. Mechanisms underlying spindle assembly and robustness. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:523-542. [PMID: 36977834 PMCID: PMC10642710 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-based spindle orchestrates chromosome segregation during cell division. Following more than a century of study, many components and pathways contributing to spindle assembly have been described, but how the spindle robustly assembles remains incompletely understood. This process involves the self-organization of a large number of molecular parts - up to hundreds of thousands in vertebrate cells - whose local interactions give rise to a cellular-scale structure with emergent architecture, mechanics and function. In this Review, we discuss key concepts in our understanding of spindle assembly, focusing on recent advances and the new approaches that enabled them. We describe the pathways that generate the microtubule framework of the spindle by driving microtubule nucleation in a spatially controlled fashion and present recent insights regarding the organization of individual microtubules into structural modules. Finally, we discuss the emergent properties of the spindle that enable robust chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lila Neahring
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Dang D, Efstathiou C, Sun D, Yue H, Sastry NR, Draviam VM. Deep learning techniques and mathematical modeling allow 3D analysis of mitotic spindle dynamics. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213913. [PMID: 36880744 PMCID: PMC9998659 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse microscopy movies have transformed the study of subcellular dynamics. However, manual analysis of movies can introduce bias and variability, obscuring important insights. While automation can overcome such limitations, spatial and temporal discontinuities in time-lapse movies render methods such as 3D object segmentation and tracking difficult. Here, we present SpinX, a framework for reconstructing gaps between successive image frames by combining deep learning and mathematical object modeling. By incorporating expert feedback through selective annotations, SpinX identifies subcellular structures, despite confounding neighbor-cell information, non-uniform illumination, and variable fluorophore marker intensities. The automation and continuity introduced here allows the precise 3D tracking and analysis of spindle movements with respect to the cell cortex for the first time. We demonstrate the utility of SpinX using distinct spindle markers, cell lines, microscopes, and drug treatments. In summary, SpinX provides an exciting opportunity to study spindle dynamics in a sophisticated way, creating a framework for step changes in studies using time-lapse microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dang
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK.,Department of Informatics, King's College London , London, UK
| | | | - Dijue Sun
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK
| | - Haoran Yue
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK
| | | | - Viji M Draviam
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, UK
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24
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Dawney NS, Cammarota C, Jia Q, Shipley A, Glichowski JA, Vasandani M, Finegan TM, Bergstralh DT. A novel tool for the unbiased characterization of epithelial monolayer development in culture. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar25. [PMID: 36696175 PMCID: PMC10092640 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-04-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of an epithelial tissue is intertwined with its architecture. Epithelial tissues are often described as pseudo-two-dimensional, but this view may be partly attributed to experimental bias: many model epithelia, including cultured cell lines, are easiest to image from the "top-down." We measured the three-dimensional architecture of epithelial cells in culture and found that it varies dramatically across cultured regions, presenting a challenge for reproducibility and cross-study comparisons. We therefore developed a novel tool (Automated Layer Analysis, "ALAn") to characterize architecture in an unbiased manner. Using ALAn, we find that cultured epithelial cells can organize into four distinct architectures and that architecture correlates with cell density. Cells exhibit distinct biological properties in each architecture. Organization in the apical-basal axis is determined early in monolayer development by substrate availability, while disorganization in the apical-basal axis arises from an inability to form substrate connections. Our work highlights the need to carefully control for three-dimensional architecture when using cell culture as a model system for epithelial cell biology and introduces a novel tool, built on a set of rules that can be widely applied to epithelial cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Dawney
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Christian Cammarota
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Qingyuan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Alicia Shipley
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Joseph A Glichowski
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | | | - Tara M Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Dan T Bergstralh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627
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25
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Neville KE, Finegan TM, Lowe N, Bellomio PM, Na D, Bergstralh DT. The Drosophila mitotic spindle orientation machinery requires activation, not just localization. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56074. [PMID: 36629398 PMCID: PMC9986814 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The orientation of the mitotic spindle at metaphase determines the placement of the daughter cells. Spindle orientation in animals typically relies on an evolutionarily conserved biological machine comprised of at least four proteins - called Pins, Gαi, Mud, and Dynein in flies - that exerts a pulling force on astral microtubules and reels the spindle into alignment. The canonical model for spindle orientation holds that the direction of pulling is determined by asymmetric placement of this machinery at the cell cortex. In most cell types, this placement is thought to be mediated by Pins, and a substantial body of literature is therefore devoted to identifying polarized cues that govern localized cortical enrichment of Pins. In this study we revisit the canonical model and find that it is incomplete. Spindle orientation in the Drosophila follicular epithelium and embryonic ectoderm requires not only Pins localization but also direct interaction between Pins and the multifunctional protein Discs large. This requirement can be over-ridden by interaction with another Pins interacting protein, Inscuteable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara M Finegan
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Nicholas Lowe
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Daxiang Na
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Dan T Bergstralh
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
- Department of Physics & AstronomyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biomedical GeneticsUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
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26
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Chen YS, Ng HY, Chen YW, Cho DY, Ho CC, Chen CY, Chiu SC, Jhong YR, Shie MY. Additive manufacturing of Schwann cell-laden collagen/alginate nerve guidance conduits by freeform reversible embedding regulate neurogenesis via exosomes secretion towards peripheral nerve regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 146:213276. [PMID: 36640522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical problem that could be debilitating to one's quality of life. The complex nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) with cells in order to improve nerve regeneration. Therefore, we used freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels to fabricate Schwann cells (SCs)-laden collagen/alginate (Col/Alg) NGCs. First, we evaluated Col influence on the characteristics of NGCs. After which, Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSC) are seeded onto the inner channel of NGCs and evaluated neural regeneration behaviors. Results indicated the SCs-laden NGCs with 2.5 % Col found the highest proliferation and secretion of neurotrophic protein. Furthermore, co-culture of SCs promoted differentiation of WJMSC as seen from the increased neurogenic-related protein in NGCs. To determine the molecular mechanism between SCs and WJMSC, we demonstrated the neurotrophic factors secreted by SCs act on tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) receptors of WJMSC to promote nerve regeneration. In addition, our study demonstrated SCs-derived exosomes had a critical role in regulating neural differentiation of WJMSC. Taken together, this study demonstrates the fabrication of SCs-laden Col/Alg NGCs for nerve regeneration and understanding regarding the synergistic regenerative mechanisms of different cells could bring us a step closer for clinical treatment of large nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Sheng Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
| | - Hooi Yee Ng
- Department of Education, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung City 406040, Taiwan; x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404332, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yang Cho
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung City 406040, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Ho
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan; High Performance Materials Institute for x-Dimensional Printing, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404332, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chih Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung City 406040, Taiwan; Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rong Jhong
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404332, Taiwan
| | - Ming-You Shie
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan; x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404332, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung City 406040, Taiwan.
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27
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Shen Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Li Y, Liu P, Zhang B, Wang Y, Chan KC, Mak NK, Kahn M, Qi RZ, Yang H. CDK5RAP2 is a Wnt target gene and promotes stemness and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:107. [PMID: 36774351 PMCID: PMC9922250 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a highly aggressive and frequently lethal malignancy, the role and action mechanism of the microtubule regulatory protein CDK5RAP2 have not been fully understood. Here, we show that CDK5RAP2 is highly expressed in OSCC and its expression correlates with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis of the disease. The expression of CDK5RAP2 is regulated by the Wnt signaling pathway. Depletion of CDK5RAP2 inhibits the tumorigenesis and migration of OSCC cells and alters the OSCC cancer stem (-like) cell (CSC) signature. Notably, suppression of CDK5RAP2 expression disrupts spindle orientation during mitosis. Collectively, these results identify CDK5RAP2 as a potential CSC marker and reveal a mechanism that controls the CSC population in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment; The Institute of Stomatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, China
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment; The Institute of Stomatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment; The Institute of Stomatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Yicun Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment; The Institute of Stomatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Biru Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment; The Institute of Stomatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment; The Institute of Stomatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, China
| | - King-Chi Chan
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nai-Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
- Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, Systems Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment; The Institute of Stomatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, China.
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28
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Guevara-Garcia A, Soleilhac M, Minc N, Delacour D. Regulation and functions of cell division in the intestinal tissue. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023:S1084-9521(23)00004-6. [PMID: 36702722 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, epithelial cells are key elements of tissue organization. In developing epithelial tissues, cellular proliferation and differentiation are under the tight regulation of morphogenetic programs to ensure correct organ formation and functioning. In these processes, proliferation rates and division orientation regulate the speed, timing and direction of tissue expansion but also its proper patterning. Moreover, tissue homeostasis relies on spatio-temporal modulations of daughter cell behavior and arrangement. These aspects are particularly crucial in the intestine, which is one of the most proliferative tissues in adults, making it a very attractive adult organ system to study the role of cell division on epithelial morphogenesis and organ function. Although epithelial cell division has been the subject of intense research for many years in multiple models, it still remains in its infancy in the context of the intestinal tissue. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on cell division and regulatory mechanisms at play in the intestinal epithelial tissue, as well as their importance in developmental biology and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matis Soleilhac
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France.
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29
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Charnley M, Allam AH, Newton LM, Humbert PO, Russell SM. E-cadherin in developing murine T cells controls spindle alignment and progression through β-selection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5348. [PMID: 36652509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A critical stage of T cell development is β-selection; at this stage, the T cell receptor β (TCRβ) chain is generated, and the developing T cell starts to acquire antigenic specificity. Progression through β-selection is assisted by low-affinity interactions between the nascent TCRβ chain and peptide presented on stromal major histocompatibility complex and cues provided by the niche. In this study, we identify a cue within the developing T cell niche that is critical for T cell development. E-cadherin mediates cell-cell interactions and influences cell fate in many developmental systems. In developing T cells, E-cadherin contributed to the formation of an immunological synapse and the alignment of the mitotic spindle with the polarity axis during division, which facilitated subsequent T cell development. Collectively, these data suggest that E-cadherin facilitates interactions with the thymic niche to coordinate the β-selection stage of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirren Charnley
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Amr H Allam
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lucas M Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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30
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Chann AS, Chen Y, Kinwel T, Humbert PO, Russell SM. Scribble and E-cadherin cooperate to control symmetric daughter cell positioning by multiple mechanisms. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286705. [PMID: 36661138 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The fate of the two daughter cells is intimately connected to their positioning, which is in turn regulated by cell junction remodelling and orientation of the mitotic spindle. How multiple cues are integrated to dictate the ultimate positioning of daughters is not clear. Here, we identify novel mechanisms of regulation of daughter positioning in single MCF10A cells. The polarity protein, Scribble cooperates with E-cadherin for sequential roles in daughter positioning. First Scribble stabilises E-cadherin at the mitotic cortex as well as the retraction fibres, to mediate spindle orientation. Second, Scribble re-locates to the junction between the two daughters to allow a new E-cadherin-based-interface to form between them, influencing the width of the nascent daughter-daughter junction and subsequent cell positioning. Thus, E-cadherin and Scribble dynamically relocate to different intracellular sites during cell division to orient the mitotic spindle and control placement of the daughter cells after cell division. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchi S Chann
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.,Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000Australia
| | - Ye Chen
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.,Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000Australia
| | - Tanja Kinwel
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.,Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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31
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Fankhaenel M, Hashemi FSG, Mourao L, Lucas E, Hosawi MM, Skipp P, Morin X, Scheele CLGJ, Elias S. Annexin A1 is a polarity cue that directs mitotic spindle orientation during mammalian epithelial morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:151. [PMID: 36631478 PMCID: PMC9834401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriented cell divisions are critical for the formation and maintenance of structured epithelia. Proper mitotic spindle orientation relies on polarised anchoring of force generators to the cell cortex by the evolutionarily conserved protein complex formed by the Gαi subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, the Leucine-Glycine-Asparagine repeat protein (LGN) and the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein. However, the polarity cues that control cortical patterning of this ternary complex remain largely unknown in mammalian epithelia. Here we identify the membrane-associated protein Annexin A1 (ANXA1) as an interactor of LGN in mammary epithelial cells. Annexin A1 acts independently of Gαi to instruct the accumulation of LGN and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein at the lateral cortex to ensure cortical anchoring of Dynein-Dynactin and astral microtubules and thereby planar alignment of the mitotic spindle. Loss of Annexin A1 randomises mitotic spindle orientation, which in turn disrupts epithelial architecture and luminogenesis in three-dimensional cultures of primary mammary epithelial cells. Our findings establish Annexin A1 as an upstream cortical cue that regulates LGN to direct planar cell divisions during mammalian epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fankhaenel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Farahnaz S Golestan Hashemi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Larissa Mourao
- VIB-KULeuven Center for Cancer Biology, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emily Lucas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Manal M Hosawi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Skipp
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Xavier Morin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Salah Elias
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. .,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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32
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De la Cruz G, Nikolaishvili Feinberg N, Williams SE. Automated Immunofluorescence Staining for Analysis of Mitotic Stages and Division Orientation in Brain Sections. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2583:63-79. [PMID: 36418726 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2752-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcephaly often results from mitotic defects in neuronal progenitors, frequently by decreasing proliferation rates or shifting cell fates. During neurogenesis, oriented cell division-the molecular control of mitotic spindle positioning to control the axis of division-represents an important mechanism to balance expansion of the progenitor pool with generating cellular diversity. While mostly studied in the context of cortical development, more recently, spindle orientation has emerged as a key player in the formation of other brain regions such as the cerebellum. Here we describe methods to perform automated dual-color fluorescent immunohistochemistry on murine cerebellar sections using the mitotic markers phospho-Histone H3 and Survivin, and detail analytical and statistical approaches to display and compare division orientation datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela De la Cruz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Pathology Services Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nana Nikolaishvili Feinberg
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Pathology Services Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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33
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Herranz G, Martín‐Belmonte F. Cadherin-mediated adhesion takes control. EMBO J 2022; 41:e112662. [PMID: 36193671 PMCID: PMC9753438 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a centralised apical membrane initiation site (AMIS) is a key event in epithelial cell polarisation. A recent study by Liang et al demonstrates that AMIS localisation relies on cadherin-mediated cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Herranz
- Program of Tissue and Organ HomeostasisCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Fernando Martín‐Belmonte
- Program of Tissue and Organ HomeostasisCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
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34
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Tension at intercellular junctions is necessary for accurate orientation of cell division in the epithelium plane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201600119. [PMID: 36454762 PMCID: PMC7614093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The direction in which a cell divides is set by the orientation of its mitotic spindle and is important for determining cell fate, controlling tissue shape, and maintaining tissue architecture. Divisions parallel to the epithelial plane sustain tissue expansion. By contrast, divisions perpendicular to the plane promote tissue stratification and lead to the loss of epithelial cells from the tissue-an event that has been suggested to promote metastasis. Much is known about the molecular machinery involved in orienting the spindle, but less is known about the contribution of mechanical factors, such as tissue tension, in ensuring spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium. This is important as epithelia are continuously subjected to mechanical stresses. To explore this further, we subjected suspended epithelial monolayers devoid of extracellular matrix to varying levels of tissue tension to study the orientation of cell divisions relative to the tissue plane. This analysis revealed that lowering tissue tension by compressing epithelial monolayers or by inhibiting myosin contractility increased the frequency of out-of-plane divisions. Reciprocally, increasing tissue tension by elevating cell contractility or by tissue stretching restored accurate in-plane cell divisions. Moreover, a characterization of the geometry of cells within these epithelia suggested that spindles can sense tissue tension through its impact on tension at subcellular surfaces, independently of their shape. Overall, these data suggest that accurate spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium relies on a threshold level of tension at intercellular junctions.
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35
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Zucca F, Visintin C, Li J, Gygi SP, Visintin R. APC/CCdc20-mediated degradation of Clb4 prompts astral microtubule stabilization at anaphase onset. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213563. [PMID: 36269172 PMCID: PMC9595209 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Key for accurate chromosome partitioning to the offspring is the ability of mitotic spindle microtubules to respond to different molecular signals and remodel their dynamics accordingly. Spindle microtubules are conventionally divided into three classes: kinetochore, interpolar, and astral microtubules (kMTs, iMTs, and aMTs, respectively). Among all, aMT regulation remains elusive. Here, we show that aMT dynamics are tightly regulated. aMTs remain unstable up to metaphase and are stabilized at anaphase onset. This switch in aMT dynamics, important for proper spindle orientation, specifically requires the degradation of the mitotic cyclin Clb4 by the Anaphase Promoting Complex bound to its activator subunit Cdc20 (APC/CCdc20). These data highlight a unique role for mitotic cyclin Clb4 in controlling aMT regulating factors, of which Kip2 is a prime candidate, provide a framework to understand aMT regulation in vertebrates, and uncover mechanistic principles of how the APC/CCdc20 choreographs the timing of late mitotic events by sequentially impacting on the three classes of spindle microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Zucca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Visintin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jiaming Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rosella Visintin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Correspondence to Rosella Visintin:
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Sana S, Rajeevan A, Kotak S. Membrane compartmentalization of Ect2/Cyk4/Mklp1 and NuMA/dynein regulates cleavage furrow formation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213522. [PMID: 36197340 PMCID: PMC9539458 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal cells, spindle elongation during anaphase is temporally coupled with cleavage furrow formation. Spindle elongation during anaphase is regulated by NuMA/dynein/dynactin complexes that occupy the polar region of the cell membrane and are excluded from the equatorial membrane. How NuMA/dynein/dynactin are excluded from the equatorial membrane and the biological significance of this exclusion remains unknown. Here, we show that the centralspindlin (Cyk4/Mklp1) and its interacting partner RhoGEF Ect2 are required for NuMA/dynein/dynactin exclusion from the equatorial cell membrane. The Ect2-based (Ect2/Cyk4/Mklp1) and NuMA-based (NuMA/dynein/dynactin) complexes occupy mutually exclusive membrane surfaces during anaphase. The equatorial membrane enrichment of Ect2-based complexes is essential for NuMA/dynein/dynactin exclusion and proper spindle elongation. Conversely, NuMA-based complexes at the polar region of the cell membrane ensure spatially confined localization of Ect2-based complexes and thus RhoA. Overall, our work establishes that membrane compartmentalization of NuMA-based and Ect2-based complexes at the two distinct cell surfaces restricts dynein/dynactin and RhoA for coordinating spindle elongation with cleavage furrow formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrividya Sana
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwathi Rajeevan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India,Correspondence to Sachin Kotak:
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Akbar H, Cao J, Wang D, Yuan X, Zhang M, Muthusamy S, Song X, Liu X, Aikhionbare F, Yao X, Gao X, Liu X. Acetylation of Nup62 by TIP60 ensures accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6747133. [PMID: 36190325 PMCID: PMC9926331 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable transmission of genetic information during cell division requires faithful mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. In eukaryotic cells, nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) is required for proper chromosome segregation. Although a list of mitotic kinases has been implicated in NEBD, how they coordinate their activity to dissolve the nuclear envelope and protein machinery such as nuclear pore complexes was unclear. Here, we identified a regulatory mechanism in which Nup62 is acetylated by TIP60 in human cell division. Nup62 is a novel substrate of TIP60, and the acetylation of Lys432 by TIP60 dissolves nucleoporin Nup62-Nup58-Nup54 complex during entry into mitosis. Importantly, this acetylation-elicited remodeling of nucleoporin complex promotes the distribution of Nup62 to the mitotic spindle, which is indispensable for orchestrating correct spindle orientation. Moreover, suppression of Nup62 perturbs accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. These results establish a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism in which TIP60-elicited nucleoporin dynamics promotes chromosome segregation in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameed Akbar
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Cell Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jun Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Cell Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Cell Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Cell Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Manjuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Cell Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Cell Sciences, Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, Hefei 230027, China
| | | | | | | | - Xing Liu
- Correspondence to: Xing Liu, E-mail:
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GPR125 (ADGRA3) is an autocleavable adhesion GPCR that traffics with Dlg1 to the basolateral membrane and regulates epithelial apico-basal polarity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102475. [PMID: 36089063 PMCID: PMC9539791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion family of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) is defined by an N-terminal large extracellular region that contains various adhesion-related domains and a highly-conserved GPCR-autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain, the latter of which is located immediately before a canonical seven-transmembrane domain. These receptors are expressed widely and involved in various functions including development, angiogenesis, synapse formation, and tumorigenesis. GPR125 (ADGRA3), an orphan adhesion GPCR, has been shown to modulate planar cell polarity in gastrulating zebrafish, but its biochemical properties and role in mammalian cells have remained largely unknown. Here, we show that human GPR125 likely undergoes cis-autoproteolysis when expressed in canine kidney epithelial MDCK cells and human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells. The cleavage appears to occur at an atypical GPCR proteolysis site within the GAIN domain during an early stage of receptor biosynthesis. The products, i.e., the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments, seem to remain associated after self-proteolysis, as observed in other adhesion GPCRs. Furthermore, in polarized MDCK cells, GPR125 is exclusively recruited to the basolateral domain of the plasma membrane. The recruitment likely requires the C-terminal PDZ-domain–binding motif of GPR125 and its interaction with the cell polarity protein Dlg1. Knockdown of GPR125 as well as that of Dlg1 results in formation of aberrant cysts with multiple lumens in Matrigel 3D culture of MDCK cells. Consistent with the multilumen phenotype, mitotic spindles are incorrectly oriented during cystogenesis in GPR125-KO MDCK cells. Thus, the basolateral protein GPR125, an autocleavable adhesion GPCR, appears to play a crucial role in apicobasal polarization in epithelial cells.
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Zhong T, Wu X, Xie W, Luo X, Song T, Sun S, Luo Y, Li D, Liu M, Xie S, Zhou J. ENKD1 promotes epidermal stratification by regulating spindle orientation in basal keratinocytes. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1719-1729. [PMID: 35197565 PMCID: PMC9433399 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratification of the epidermis is essential for the barrier function of the skin. However, the molecular mechanisms governing epidermal stratification are not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrate that enkurin domain-containing protein 1 (ENKD1) contributes to epidermal stratification by modulating the cell-division orientation of basal keratinocytes. The epidermis of Enkd1 knockout mice is thinner than that of wild-type mice due to reduced generation of suprabasal cells from basal keratinocytes through asymmetric division. Depletion of ENKD1 impairs proper orientation of the mitotic spindle and delays mitotic progression in cultured cells. Mechanistic investigation further reveals that ENKD1 is a novel microtubule-binding protein that promotes the stability of astral microtubules. Introduction of the microtubule-binding domain of ENKD1 can largely rescue the spindle orientation defects in ENKD1-depleted cells. These findings establish ENKD1 as a critical regulator of astral microtubule stability and spindle orientation that stimulates epidermal stratification in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaofan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wei Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiangrui Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ting Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Youguang Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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40
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Zhong T, Gongye X, Wang M, Yu J. Understanding the underlying mechanisms governing spindle orientation: How far are we from there? J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4904-4910. [PMID: 36029193 PMCID: PMC9549511 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper spindle orientation is essential for cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. Recently, accumulating studies have elucidated several factors that regulate spindle orientation, including geometric, internal and external cues. Abnormality in these factors generally leads to defects in the physiological functions of various organs and the development of severe diseases. Herein, we first review models that are commonly used for studying spindle orientation. We then review a conservative heterotrimeric complex critically involved in spindle orientation regulation in different models. Finally, we summarize some cues that affect spindle orientation and explore whether we can establish a model that precisely elucidates the effects of spindle orientation without interfusing other spindle functions. We aim to summarize current models used in spindle orientation studies and discuss whether we can build a model that disturbs spindle orientation alone. This can substantially improve our understanding of how spindle orientation is regulated and provide insights to investigate this complex event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gongye
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Minglei Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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41
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Villaseca S, Romero G, Ruiz MJ, Pérez C, Leal JI, Tovar LM, Torrejón M. Gαi protein subunit: A step toward understanding its non-canonical mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941870. [PMID: 36092739 PMCID: PMC9449497 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein family plays essential roles during a varied array of cellular events; thus, its deregulation can seriously alter signaling events and the overall state of the cell. Heterotrimeric G-proteins have three subunits (α, β, γ) and are subdivided into four families, Gαi, Gα12/13, Gαq, and Gαs. These proteins cycle between an inactive Gα-GDP state and active Gα-GTP state, triggered canonically by the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and by other accessory proteins receptors independent also known as AGS (Activators of G-protein Signaling). In this review, we summarize research data specific for the Gαi family. This family has the largest number of individual members, including Gαi1, Gαi2, Gαi3, Gαo, Gαt, Gαg, and Gαz, and constitutes the majority of G proteins α subunits expressed in a tissue or cell. Gαi was initially described by its inhibitory function on adenylyl cyclase activity, decreasing cAMP levels. Interestingly, today Gi family G-protein have been reported to be importantly involved in the immune system function. Here, we discuss the impact of Gαi on non-canonical effector proteins, such as c-Src, ERK1/2, phospholipase-C (PLC), and proteins from the Rho GTPase family members, all of them essential signaling pathways regulating a wide range of physiological processes.
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Soffer A, Mahly A, Padmanabhan K, Cohen J, Adir O, Loushi E, Fuchs Y, Williams SE, Luxenburg C. Apoptosis and tissue thinning contribute to symmetric cell division in the developing mouse epidermis in a nonautonomous way. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001756. [PMID: 35969606 PMCID: PMC9410552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation (SO) is a conserved mechanism that governs cell fate and tissue morphogenesis. In the developing epidermis, a balance between self-renewing symmetric divisions and differentiative asymmetric divisions is necessary for normal development. While the cellular machinery that executes SO is well characterized, the extrinsic cues that guide it are poorly understood. Here, we identified the basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM), a β1 integrin coreceptor, as a novel regulator of epidermal morphogenesis. In utero RNAi-mediated depletion of Bcam in the mouse embryo did not hinder β1 integrin distribution or cell adhesion and polarity. However, Bcam depletion promoted apoptosis, thinning of the epidermis, and symmetric cell division, and the defects were reversed by concomitant overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitor Xiap. Moreover, in mosaic epidermis, depletion of Bcam or Xiap induced symmetric divisions in neighboring wild-type cells. These results identify apoptosis and epidermal architecture as extrinsic cues that guide SO in the developing epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adnan Mahly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eidan Loushi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Scott E. Williams
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Moreno-Andrés D, Bhattacharyya A, Scheufen A, Stegmaier J. LiveCellMiner: A new tool to analyze mitotic progression. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270923. [PMID: 35797385 PMCID: PMC9262191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging has become state of the art to accurately identify the nature of mitotic and cell cycle defects. Low- and high-throughput microscopy setups have yield huge data amounts of cells recorded in different experimental and pathological conditions. Tailored semi-automated and automated image analysis approaches allow the analysis of high-content screening data sets, saving time and avoiding bias. However, they were mostly designed for very specific experimental setups, which restricts their flexibility and usability. The general need for dedicated experiment-specific user-annotated training sets and experiment-specific user-defined segmentation parameters remains a major bottleneck for fully automating the analysis process. In this work we present LiveCellMiner, a highly flexible open-source software tool to automatically extract, analyze and visualize both aggregated and time-resolved image features with potential biological relevance. The software tool allows analysis across high-content data sets obtained in different platforms, in a quantitative and unbiased manner. As proof of principle application, we analyze here the dynamic chromatin and tubulin cytoskeleton features in human cells passing through mitosis highlighting the versatile and flexible potential of this tool set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno-Andrés
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail: (DMA), (JS)
| | - Anuk Bhattacharyya
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Scheufen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail: (DMA), (JS)
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Casas Gimeno G, Paridaen JTML. The Symmetry of Neural Stem Cell and Progenitor Divisions in the Vertebrate Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:885269. [PMID: 35693936 PMCID: PMC9174586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.885269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust brain development requires the tight coordination between tissue growth, neuronal differentiation and stem cell maintenance. To achieve this, neural stem cells need to balance symmetric proliferative and terminal divisions with asymmetric divisions. In recent years, the unequal distribution of certain cellular components in mitosis has emerged as a key mechanism to regulate the symmetry of division, and the determination of equal and unequal sister cell fates. Examples of such components include polarity proteins, signaling components, and cellular structures such as endosomes and centrosomes. In several types of neural stem cells, these factors show specific patterns of inheritance that correlate to specific cell fates, albeit the underlying mechanism and the potential causal relationship is not always understood. Here, we review these examples of cellular neural stem and progenitor cell asymmetries and will discuss how they fit into our current understanding of neural stem cell function in neurogenesis in developing and adult brains. We will focus mainly on the vertebrate brain, though we will incorporate relevant examples from invertebrate organisms as well. In particular, we will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complexities related cellular asymmetries in determining division mode outcomes, and how these mechanisms are spatiotemporally regulated to match the different needs for proliferation and differentiation as the brain forms.
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45
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Novel role of the synaptic scaffold protein Dlgap4 in ventricular surface integrity and neuronal migration during cortical development. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2746. [PMID: 35585091 PMCID: PMC9117333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcortical heterotopias are malformations associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability, characterized by the presence of ectopic neurons in the white matter. Mouse and human heterotopia mutations were identified in the microtubule-binding protein Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1, EML1. Further exploring pathological mechanisms, we identified a patient with an EML1-like phenotype and a novel genetic variation in DLGAP4. The protein belongs to a membrane-associated guanylate kinase family known to function in glutamate synapses. We showed that DLGAP4 is strongly expressed in the mouse ventricular zone (VZ) from early corticogenesis, and interacts with key VZ proteins including EML1. In utero electroporation of Dlgap4 knockdown (KD) and overexpression constructs revealed a ventricular surface phenotype including changes in progenitor cell dynamics, morphology, proliferation and neuronal migration defects. The Dlgap4 KD phenotype was rescued by wild-type but not mutant DLGAP4. Dlgap4 is required for the organization of radial glial cell adherens junction components and actin cytoskeleton dynamics at the apical domain, as well as during neuronal migration. Finally, Dlgap4 heterozygous knockout (KO) mice also show developmental defects in the dorsal telencephalon. We hence identify a synapse-related scaffold protein with pleiotropic functions, influencing the integrity of the developing cerebral cortex.
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Pascal A, Gallaud E, Giet R, Benaud C. Annexin A2 and Ahnak control cortical NuMA-dynein localization and mitotic spindle orientation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274948. [PMID: 35362526 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper mitotic spindle orientation depends on the correct anchorage of astral microtubules to the cortex. It relies on the remodeling of the cell cortex, a process not fully understood. Annexin A2 (Anx2) is a protein known to be involved in cortical domain remodeling. Here, we report that in early mitosis, Anx2 recruits the scaffold protein Ahnak at the cell cortex facing spindle poles, and the distribution of both proteins is controlled by cell adhesion. Depletion of either protein or impaired cortical Ahnak localization result in delayed anaphase onset and unstable spindle anchoring, which leads to altered spindle orientation. We find that Ahnak is present in a complex with dynein-dynactin. Furthermore, Ahnak and Anx2 are required for dynein and NuMA proper cortical localization and dynamics. We propose that the Ahnak/Anx2 complex influences the cortical organization of the astral microtubule anchoring complex, and thereby mitotic spindle positioning in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Pascal
- University Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Gallaud
- University Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Regis Giet
- University Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christelle Benaud
- University Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Donà F, Eli S, Mapelli M. Insights Into Mechanisms of Oriented Division From Studies in 3D Cellular Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:847801. [PMID: 35356279 PMCID: PMC8959941 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.847801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, epithelial cells are key elements of tissue organization. In developing tissues, cellular proliferation and differentiation are under the tight regulation of morphogenetic programs, that ensure the correct organ formation and functioning. In these processes, mitotic rates and division orientation are crucial in regulating the velocity and the timing of the forming tissue. Division orientation, specified by mitotic spindle placement with respect to epithelial apico-basal polarity, controls not only the partitioning of cellular components but also the positioning of the daughter cells within the tissue, and hence the contacts that daughter cells retain with the surrounding microenvironment. Daughter cells positioning is important to determine signal sensing and fate, and therefore the final function of the developing organ. In this review, we will discuss recent discoveries regarding the mechanistics of planar divisions in mammalian epithelial cells, summarizing technologies and model systems used to study oriented cell divisions in vitro such as three-dimensional cysts of immortalized cells and intestinal organoids. We also highlight how misorientation is corrected in vivo and in vitro, and how it might contribute to the onset of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Donà
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Eli
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Contribution of cytoplasm viscoelastic properties to mitotic spindle positioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115593119. [PMID: 35169074 PMCID: PMC8872784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115593119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mitotic spindle positioning is a key process for tissue architecture, embryo development, and stem cells. To date, most models have assumed that spindles are positioned by forces exerted by polar cytoskeleton networks, like microtubule asters or actomyosin bundles. Here, using in situ magnetic tweezers to apply calibrated forces and torques to mitotic spindles in live dividing sea urchin cells, we found that the viscoelastic properties of the cytoplasm medium in which spindles are embedded can hold spindles in place and move them back if their original position is perturbed. These viscoelastic forces are large and may significantly participate in the force balance that position and orient mitotic spindles in many cell types. Cells are filled with macromolecules and polymer networks that set scale-dependent viscous and elastic properties to the cytoplasm. Although the role of these parameters in molecular diffusion, reaction kinetics, and cellular biochemistry is being increasingly recognized, their contributions to the motion and positioning of larger organelles, such as mitotic spindles for cell division, remain unknown. Here, using magnetic tweezers to displace and rotate mitotic spindles in living embryos, we uncovered that the cytoplasm can impart viscoelastic reactive forces that move spindles, or passive objects with similar size, back to their original positions. These forces are independent of cytoskeletal force generators yet reach hundreds of piconewtons and scale with cytoplasm crowding. Spindle motion shears and fluidizes the cytoplasm, dissipating elastic energy and limiting spindle recoils with functional implications for asymmetric and oriented divisions. These findings suggest that bulk cytoplasm material properties may constitute important control elements for the regulation of division positioning and cellular organization.
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Identification and Functional Characterization of Toxoneuron nigriceps Ovarian Proteins Involved in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020144. [PMID: 35206718 PMCID: PMC8876978 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The endophagous parasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of the larval stages of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) injects the egg, the venom, the calyx fluid, which includes a Polydnavirus (T. nigriceps BracoVirus: TnBV) and the Ovarian Proteins (OPs) into the host body during oviposition. The host metabolism and immune system are disrupted prematurely shortly after parasitization by the combined action of the TnBV, venom, and OPs. OPs are involved in the early suppression of host immune response, before TnBV infects and expresses its genes in the host tissues. In this work, we evaluated the effect of HPLC fractions deriving from in toto OPs. Two fractions caused a reduction in hemocyte viability and were subsequently tested to detect changes in hemocyte morphology and functionality. The two fractions provoked severe oxidative stress and actin cytoskeleton disruption, which might explain the high rate of hemocyte mortality, loss of hemocyte functioning, and hence the host’s reduced hemocyte encapsulation ability. Moreover, through a transcriptome and proteomic approach we identify the proteins of the two fractions: eight proteins were identified that might be involved in the observed host hemocyte changes. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of the secreted ovarian components and their role in parasitoid wasp strategy for evading host immune responses.
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Kristofova M, Ori A, Wang ZQ. Multifaceted Microcephaly-Related Gene MCPH1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020275. [PMID: 35053391 PMCID: PMC8774270 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPH1, or BRIT1, is often mutated in human primary microcephaly type 1, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a smaller brain size at birth, due to its dysfunction in regulating the proliferation and self-renewal of neuroprogenitor cells. In the last 20 years or so, genetic and cellular studies have identified MCPH1 as a multifaceted protein in various cellular functions, including DNA damage signaling and repair, the regulation of chromosome condensation, cell-cycle progression, centrosome activity and the metabolism. Yet, genetic and animal model studies have revealed an unpredicted essential function of MPCH1 in gonad development and tumorigenesis, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. These studies have begun to shed light on the role of MPCH1 in controlling various pathobiological processes of the disorder. Here, we summarize the biological functions of MCPH1, and lessons learnt from cellular and mouse models of MCPH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kristofova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Bachstrasse 18k, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-656415; Fax: +49-3641-656335
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