Expression of endothelin precursor genes in human trophoblast in culture

Calcium channels activated by endothelin-1 in human trophoblast

Ca2+ transfer across the syncytiotrophoblast (ST) of the human placenta is essential for normal fetal development. However, the nature of Ca2+ conductance in the ST and the mechanisms by which it is regulated are poorly understood. With the major signal transduction pathway of endothelin-1 (ET1) acting via phospholipase C (PLC) and Ca2+, we used ET1 to analyse the nature of Ca2+ channels on cultured trophoblastic cells by means of cytofluorimetric analysis using the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Indo-1. Results indicate that ET1 (10(-7) M) stimulates a biphasic (transient and sustained) increase in [Ca2+]i in trophoblastic cells. This response is mediated by the endothelin receptor B (ETB) coupled to PLC, since treatment with BQ788 (10(-6) M) or U73122 (2 microM) totally abolished the response. Persistence of the rapid transient rise in [Ca2+]i in Ca2+-free extracellular medium confirms the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in response to ET1 stimulation. Furthermore, abolition of the sustained increase in [Ca2+]i in Ca2+-free extracellular medium argues in favour of the entry of Ca2+ during the plateau phase. Abolition of this plateau phase by Ni2+ (1 mM) in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ confirmed the existence of an ET1-induced Ca2+ entry. No evidence for the presence of voltage-operated channels was demonstrated during ET1 action since nifedipine (10(-6) M) did not reduce the Ca2+ response and depolarization with a hyper-potassium solution had no effect. Pharmacological studies using the imidazole derivatives SK&F96365 (30 microM) and LOE 908 (10 microM) partially inhibited the ET1-evoked Ca2+ response, thus providing evidence for the presence of both store-operated Ca2+ channels and non-selective cationic channels in the human ST.

Expression of members of the multidrug resistance protein family in human term placenta

The placenta serves, in part, as a barrier to exclude noxious substances from the fetus. In humans, a single-layered syncytium of polarized trophoblast cells and the fetal capillary endothelium separate the maternal and fetal circulations. P-glycoprotein is present in the syncytiotrophoblast throughout gestation, consistent with a protective role that limits exposure of the fetus to hydrophobic and cationic xenobiotics. We have examined whether members of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family are expressed in term placenta. After screening a placenta cDNA library, partial clones of MRP1, MRP2, and MRP3 were identified. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies demonstrated that MRP2 was localized to the apical syncytiotrophoblast membrane. MRP1 and MRP3 were predominantly expressed in blood vessel endothelia with some evidence for expression in the apical syncytiotrophoblast. ATP-dependent transport of the anionic substrates dinitrophenyl-glutathione and estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide was also demonstrated in apical syncytiotrophoblast membranes. Given the cellular distribution of these transporters, we hypothesize that MRP isoforms serve to protect fetal blood from entry of organic anions and to promote the excretion of glutathione/glucuronide metabolites in the maternal circulation.

Placental endothelin gene expression and endothelin concentration in fetal fluids of the first trimester gestational sac

We have investigated the distribution of immunoreactive endothelins (irET) in fetal fluids and expression of ET precursor genes in villous tissue during the first trimester. Samples of maternal plasma (n = 6), coelomic fluid (n = 28), amniotic fluid (n = 23) and villous tissue (n = 3) were obtained from 30 pregnancies immediately before surgical termination at 7-12 weeks gestation. irET concentration was measured in plasma and fluids using two different radioimmunoassay kits, i.e. RPA 545 and RPA 555 and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total RNA was extracted and purified from villous tissue, reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to evaluate the expression of ET-related genes. The irET concentration as evaluated by both kits was significantly higher (P<0.005) in maternal plasma than in coelomic or amniotic fluid and significantly higher (P<0.005) in coelomic fluid than in amniotic fluid using the RPA 555 kit. The profile of ET obtained by the HPLC- radioimmunoassay (RPA 555 kit) method confirmed significantly (P<0.005) higher ET concentration in coelomic than in amniotic fluid, although a similar distribution pattern for the three ET was observed in both embryonic fliud cavities. ET-3 was the predominant isoform in both fluids, reaching 19.4+/-2.0 pg/ml and 6.3+/-1.6 pg/ml in coelomic and amniotic fluid, respectively. Coelomic or amniotic fluid irET concentration did not change with gestational age irrespective of the kit used. RT-PCR demonstrated that first trimester placenta expresses the genes encoding for prepro-ET-1, -ET-2 and -ET-3. The similar ET distribution pattern in both fluid cavities could reflect their origin from the villous tissue and suggests that ET may play a role in the development of placenta and other fetal organs during organogenesis.

Immunohistochemical localization of ECE-1 in the human placenta

Over the last several years, endothelin (ET-1) has emerged as an important mediator in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and preterm labour, as well as in the normal function of gestational tissues. While the distribution of ET and its binding sites in the human placenta have been well studied, much less has so far been reported about the distribution of placental ET-1 processing enzymes. By immunohistochemical analysis and immunofluorescence, endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), the enzyme that synthesizes ET-1, is localized to five distinct cell populations in the human placenta: (1) the endothelial cells lining the maternal basal plate blood vessels, (2) the intermediate trophoblasts, (3) the endothelial cells lining the chorionic villous blood vessels, (4) the chorionic villous stromal cells and (5) the chorionic villous trophoblasts. The localization of ECE-1 corresponds with the previously reported distribution of ET-1 in the human placenta and is in accordance with the function of this enzyme in regulating vascular tone through synthesis of ET-1. The abundance of ECE-1 in the basal plate is consistent with a second possible function of this enzyme in affecting uterine contractions. ECE-1 may serve as a target for prognosis and therapy in states of pathologically altered vascular tone and/or altered myometrial smooth muscle tone in gestation.

Evidence for progesterone receptors in the human fetoplacental vascular tree

The presence of progesterone receptors (PR) throughout the human term fetoplacental vascular tree was investigated. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we showed expression of PR mRNAs in stem villi vessels, chorionic arteries and veins, and umbilical arteries and veins. Binding studies and Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of high-affinity binding sites for (3)H-R5020 (promegestone) in cytosolic extracts of all placental vessels, with K(d) values in the range of 2.5-4 nM. High levels of PR were detected in placental vessels compared to other vascular tissues. Thus, maximum binding capacities of stem villi vessels, chorionic arteries and veins, and umbilical arteries and veins were 247 +/- 25, 377 +/- 58, 295 +/- 40, 371 +/- 118, and 672 +/- 144 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Endothelial cell elimination in chorionic arteries did not significantly modify the number of PR. RT-PCR and binding studies also assessed PR expression in cultured placental vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from stem villi vessels. All these data suggested that most of the PR of fetoplacental vessels were from the media. In conclusion, we report here the first evidence of the presence of PR in the muscular layer of human term fetoplacental vessels. This finding, together with the high progesterone concentrations in cord blood, suggests that the interactions between the PR and its ligand may play a role in the physiology and physiopathology of human fetoplacental vascularization.

Endothelin-1 is synthesized and inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate- dependent anion secretion by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism in gallbladder epithelial cells

Ion and fluid transport across the biliary epithelium contributes to bile secretion. Since endothelin (ET)-1 affects ion transport activities and is released by human gallbladder- derived biliary epithelial cells in primary culture, we examined the expression of ET peptides and ET receptors and the influence of ET-1 on ion transport in this epithelium ex vivo. In freshly isolated gallbladder epithelial cells, preproET-1, -2, and -3 mRNAs were detected by reverse transcription PCR and ET-1 isopeptide was identified by chromatography. The cells also displayed ET receptor mRNAs and high-affinity binding sites for ET-1, mostly of the ETB type. Electrogenic anion secretion across intact gallbladder mucosa was stimulated by forskolin, secretin, and exogenous ATP, as assessed by short-circuit current (Isc) increases in Ussing-type chambers. ET-1 inhibited forskolin- and secretin-induced changes in Isc, without affecting baseline Isc or ATP-induced changes. Accordingly, ET-1 significantly reduced the accumulation of intracellular cAMP elicited by forskolin and secretin in the epithelial cells, and this effect was abolished by pertussis toxin. This is the first evidence that ET-1 is synthesized and inhibits, via a Gi protein-coupled receptor, cAMP-dependent anion secretion in human gallbladder epithelium, indicating a role in the control of bile secretion by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism.

Higher endothelin concentrations in the fetoplacental unit of pregnant women of African ancestry

Immunoreactive endothelin was assayed in maternal and fetal biologic fluids of women of African and European ancestry with normal singleton pregnancies undergoing cesarean section at term for obstetric reasons. Endothelin concentration was found to be higher in the umbilical vein and artery blood of women of African origin. Higher production of endothelins in the fetoplacental unit may place these women at a greater risk of preeclampsia.