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Aspesi D, Farinetti A, Marraudino M, Morgan GSK, Marzola E, Abbate-Daga G, Gotti S. Maternal separation alters the reward system of activity-based anorexia rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105393. [PMID: 34481327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) is a known chronic stressor in the postnatal period and when associated with another paradigm like the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model, causes different effects in the two sexes. In ABA females, the separation leads to increased hyperactivity and anxiety reduction, whereas, in males, the separation induces decreased locomotor activity without similar reduction of anxiety-like behaviors as observed in females. To understand the mechanisms altered by MS in synergy with the induction of the anorexic-like phenotype, we considered the reward system, which involves neurons synthesizing dopamine (DA) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta, and serotoninergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Moreover, we analyzed the orexin circuit in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), which affects DA synthesis in the VTA and is also known to regulate food consumption and locomotor activity. Rats of both sexes were exposed to the two paradigms (MS and ABA), leading to four experimental groups for each sex: non-separated control (CON), non-separated ABA groups (ABA), MS control (MSCON), and MS plus ABA groups (MSABA). Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to determine quantitative differences in the number of cells expressing DA, orexin, and serotonin (5-HT) among the experimental groups. The results showed that, in the DA system, the effect of MS was more evident in females than in males, with a substantial increase in DA cells in the VTA of MSABA. However, the analysis of the orexin system revealed a similar cellular increment in the LHA in the non-separated ABA groups of both sexes. Regarding 5-HT, there was an opposite effect in males and females of the MSABA groups, with only females showing a greater density of 5-HT cells. The changes in the reward system could partially explain the behavioral data: the hyperactivity, weight loss, and decreased anxiety levels of the MSABA females could be linked to an increase in DA and 5-HT cells, whereas in males, MS could mitigate the behavioral effects of the ABA protocol affecting the anxiety levels and locomotor activity through a lack of increased activation of the reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Aspesi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
| | - Alice Farinetti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
| | - Marilena Marraudino
- NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
| | - Godstime Stephen Kojo Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
| | - Enrica Marzola
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Eating Disorders Center of the "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Abbate-Daga
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Eating Disorders Center of the "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
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2
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Azeez IA, Igado OO, Olopade JO. An overview of the orexinergic system in different animal species. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1419-1444. [PMID: 34224065 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin), is a neuropeptide produced by a subset of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. From the lateral hypothalamus, the orexin-containing neurons project their fibres extensively to other brain structures, and the spinal cord constituting the central orexinergic system. Generally, the term ''orexinergic system'' usually refers to the orexin peptides and their receptors, as well as to the orexin neurons and their projections to different parts of the central nervous system. The extensive networks of orexin axonal fibres and their terminals allow these neuropeptidergic neurons to exert great influence on their target regions. The hypothalamic neurons containing the orexin neuropeptides have been implicated in diverse functions, especially related to the control of a variety of homeostatic functions including feeding behaviour, arousal, wakefulness stability and energy expenditure. The broad range of functions regulated by the orexinergic system has led to its description as ''physiological integrator''. In the last two decades, the orexinergic system has been a topic of great interest to the scientific community with many reports in the public domain. From the documentations, variations exist in the neuroanatomical profile of the orexinergic neuron soma, fibres and their receptors from animal to animal. Hence, this review highlights the distinct variabilities in the morphophysiological aspects of the orexinergic system in the vertebrate animals, mammals and non-mammals, its presence in other brain-related structures, including its involvement in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. The presence of the neuropeptide in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral tissues, as well as its alteration in different animal models and conditions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris A Azeez
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Olumayowa O Igado
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James O Olopade
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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3
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Muthmainah M, Gogos A, Sumithran P, Brown RM. Orexins (hypocretins): The intersection between homeostatic and hedonic feeding. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1473-1494. [PMID: 33608877 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides originally discovered to play a role in the regulation of feeding behaviour. The broad connections of orexin neurons to mesocorticolimbic circuitry suggest they may play a role in mediating reward-related behaviour beyond homeostatic feeding. Here, we review the role of orexin in a variety of eating-related behaviour, with a focus on reward and motivation, and the neural circuits driving these effects. One emerging finding is the involvement of orexins in hedonic and appetitive behaviour towards palatable food, in addition to their role in homeostatic feeding. This review discusses the brain circuitry and possible mechanisms underlying the role of orexins in these behaviours. Overall, there is a marked bias in the literature towards studies involving male subjects. As such, future work needs to be done to involve female subjects. In summary, orexins play an important role in driving motivation for high salient rewards such as highly palatable food and may serve as the intersection between homeostatic and hedonic feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthmainah Muthmainah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andrea Gogos
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (Austin), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Robyn M Brown
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Research Theme, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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4
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Tolle V, Ramoz N, Epelbaum J. Is there a hypothalamic basis for anorexia nervosa? HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 181:405-424. [PMID: 34238474 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus has long been known to control food intake and energy metabolism through a complex network of primary and secondary neurons and glial cells. Anorexia nervosa being a complex disorder characterized by abnormal feeding behavior and food aversion, it is thus quite surprising that not much is known concerning potential hypothalamic modifications in this disorder. In this chapter, we review the recent advances in the fields of genetics, epigenetics, structural and functional imaging, and brain connectivity, as well as neuroendocrine findings and emerging animal models, which have begun to unravel the importance of hypothalamic adaptive processes to our understanding of the pathology of eating disorders.
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5
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Abstract
Twenty-two years after their discovery, the hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two of the most studied peptidergic systems, involved in myriad physiological systems that range from sleep, arousal, motivation, homeostatic regulation, fear, anxiety and learning. A causal relationship between activity of Hcrt and arousal stability was established shortly after their discovery and have led to the development of a new class of drugs to treat insomnia. In this review we discuss the many faces of the Hcrt system and examine recent findings that implicate decreased Hcrt function in the pathogenesis of a number of neuropsychiatric conditions. We also discuss future therapeutic strategies to replace or enhance Hcrt function as a treatment option for these neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Seigneur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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6
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Dunietz GL, Vanini G, Shannon C, O'Brien LM, Chervin RD. Associations of plasma hypocretin-1 with metabolic and reproductive health: Two systematic reviews of clinical studies. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101307. [PMID: 32259696 PMCID: PMC7351596 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretin system consists of two peptides hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2 (HCRT1 and HCRT2). Hypocretin-containing neurons are located in the posterior and lateral hypothalamus, and have widespread projections throughout the brain and spinal cord. In addition to its presence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peripheral HCRT1 has been detected in plasma. Robust experimental evidence demonstrates functions of hypothalamic-originated HCRT1 in regulation of multiple biological systems related to sleep-wake states, energy homeostasis and endocrine function. In contrast, HCRT1 studies with human participants are limited by the necessarily invasive assessment of CSF HCRT1 to patients with underlying morbidity. Regulation by HCRT1 of energy homeostasis and reproduction in animals suggests similar regulation in humans and prompts these two systematic reviews. These reviews translate prior experimental findings from animal studies to humans and examine associations between HCRT1 and: 1) metabolic risk factors; 2) reproductive function in men, women and children. A total of 21 studies and six studies met the inclusion criteria for the two searches, respectively. Research question, study design, study population, assessments of HCRT1, reproductive, cardiometabolic data and main findings were extracted. Associations between HCRT1, metabolic and reproductive function are inconsistent. Limitations of studies and future research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit L Dunietz
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carol Shannon
- Taubman Health Sciences Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Louise M O'Brien
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ronald D Chervin
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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7
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Polito R, Monda V, Nigro E, Messina A, Di Maio G, Giuliano MT, Orrù S, Imperlini E, Calcagno G, Mosca L, Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Scarinci A, Sessa F, Salerno M, Marsala G, Buono P, Mancini A, Monda M, Daniele A, Messina G. The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32390865 PMCID: PMC7188914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise represents the most important integrative therapy in metabolic, immunologic and chronic diseases; it represents a valid strategy in the non-pharmacological intervention of lifestyle linked diseases. A large body of evidence indicates physical exercise as an effective measure against chronic non-communicable diseases. The worldwide general evidence for health benefits are both for all ages and skill levels. In a dysregulated lifestyle such as in the obesity, there is an imbalance in the production of different cytokines. In particular, we focused on Adiponectin, an adipokine producted by adipose tissue, and on Orexin-A, a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus. The production of both Adiponectin and Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity and both these hormones have similar actions. Indeed, they improve energy and glucose metabolism, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In addition, a relevant biological role of Adiponectin and Orexin A has been recently highlighted in the immune system, where they function as immune-suppressor factors. The strong connection between these two cytokines and healthy status is mediated by physical activity and candidates these hormones as potential biomarkers of the beneficial effects induced by physical activity. For these reasons, this review aims to underly the interconnections among Adiponectin, Orexin-A, physical activity and healthy status. Furthermore, it is analyzed the involvement of Adiponectin and Orexin-A in physical activity as physiological factors improving healthy status through physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgery Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria - Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Dobrzyn K, Kiezun M, Szeszko K, Gudelska M, Kisielewska K, Rytelewska E, Zaobidna E, Wyrebek J, Bors K, Kopij G, Kaminska B, Kaminski T, Smolinska N. The in vitro effect of orexin a on the porcine myometrial transcriptomic profile during the early-implantation period. Theriogenology 2019; 143:157-167. [PMID: 31875568 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In pigs, early gestation is the most critical period deciding about the reproduction success, and it depends on many processes, involving a significant number of genes and their products. Myometrium was found to be an important source of factors pivotal for a proper course of gestation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of orexin A (OXA) on the porcine transcriptome, and the determination of relationships among differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the porcine myometrium during implantation using microarray technology. The analyses of gene ontology (GO), DEG assays, biological pathways and networks were performed. OXA affected the expression of 461 genes with fold-change values greater than 1.2 (p < 0.05). The expression of 260 genes were up-regulated and 201 down-regulated in the OXA-treated myometrium. Twelve genes were selected for qPCR validation of differential expression based on their known role in angiogenesis, immune processes, steroid hormone signaling and prostaglandins synthesis. The analysis of relationship between DEG indicated that OXA interacts with genes involved in the inflammatory response, cytokine binding, cytokine activity, interleukin production, leukocyte migration, angiogenesis and embryonic hemopoiesis. The presented results suggest that OXA may play a key role in ensuring optimal conditions for implanting embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Dobrzyn
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Marta Kiezun
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Karol Szeszko
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Marlena Gudelska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kisielewska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Edyta Rytelewska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Ewa Zaobidna
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wyrebek
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Kinga Bors
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Kopij
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kaminska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Nina Smolinska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
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9
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Shin SK, Song SE, Oh JU, Hwang M, Cho HW, Bae JH, Im SS, Kim JI, Song DK. Orexin A-induced inhibition of leptin expression and secretion in adipocytes reducing plasma leptin levels and hypothalamic leptin resistance. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1407-1418. [PMID: 31667577 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) is a neuropeptide associated with plasma insulin and leptin levels involved in body weight and appetite regulation. However, little is known about the effect of OXA on leptin secretion in adipocytes and its physiological roles. Leptin secretion and expression were analysed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Plasma leptin, adiponectin and insulin levels were measured by ELISA assay. Phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) levels in the hypothalamus were evaluated by western blotting. OXA dose-dependently suppressed leptin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting its gene expression while facilitating adiponectin secretion. The leptin inhibition by OXA was mediated via orexin receptors (OXR1 and OXR2). In addition to the pathway via extracellular signal-regulated kinases, OXA triggered adenylyl cyclase-induced cAMP elevation, which results in protein kinase A-mediated activation of cAMP response element-binding proteins (CREB). Accordingly, CREB inhibition restored the OXA-induced downregulation of leptin gene expression and secretion. Exogenous OXA for 4 weeks decreased fasting plasma leptin levels and increased hypothalamic pSTAT3 levels in high-fat diet-fed mice, regardless of increase in body weight and food intake. These results suggest that high dose of OXA directly inhibits leptin mRNA expression and thus secretion in adipocytes, which may be a peripheral mechanism of OXA for its role in appetite drive during fasting. It may be also critical for lowering basal plasma leptin levels and thus maintaining postprandial hypothalamic leptin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyung Shin
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Song
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jin Uk Oh
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Meeyul Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jee-In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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10
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Nakashima H, Umegaki H, Yanagawa M, Komiya H, Watanabe K, Kuzuya M. Plasma orexin-A-like immunoreactivity levels and renal function in patients in a geriatric ward. Peptides 2019; 118:170092. [PMID: 31163198 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A is a neuropeptide mainly produced by hypothalamic neurons with functions in the central nervous system such as regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Recent studies suggest that orexin-A also plays major roles in peripheral tissues. Although a few studies have reported a role for the kidney in the dynamics of orexin-A, little is known about the association between plasma orexin-A-like immunoreactivity (orexin-A-LI) levels and renal function. We evaluated this association, and also explored other clinical characteristics associated with plasma orexin-A-LI levels. In this cross-sectional study, we included 70 consecutive patients aged ≥65 years admitted to the geriatric ward of Nagoya University Hospital from December 2017 to January 2018. Patients taking suvorexant (an orexin receptor antagonist) were excluded. On hospital days 2-4, fasting blood was collected in the morning. We evaluated associations between plasma orexin-A-LI levels and renal function and other clinical characteristics. Renal function was evaluated in two ways: the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using serum creatinine, and estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) using the Cockroft-Gault formula. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed that plasma orexin-A-LI levels were negatively correlated with the eGFR (r = -0.351, p = 0.003) and eCrCl (r = -0.342, p = 0.004). There were no significant associations between plasma orexin-A-LI levels and the primary diagnosis, body mass index, duration of fasting, or other clinical characteristics. In conclusion, plasma orexin-A-LI levels were negatively correlated with renal function in patients in a geriatric ward. Renal function may affect the study design and data interpretation in studies of plasma orexin-A-LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Nakashima
- Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan; Centre for Community Liaison and Patient Consultations, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Umegaki
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Madoka Yanagawa
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Komiya
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Watanabe
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Centre for Community Liaison and Patient Consultations, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan; Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan; Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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11
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Milbank E, López M. Orexins/Hypocretins: Key Regulators of Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:830. [PMID: 31920958 PMCID: PMC6918865 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally described to be involved in feeding regulation, orexins/hypocretins are now also considered as major regulatory actors of numerous biological processes, such as pain, sleep, cardiovascular function, neuroendocrine regulation, and energy expenditure. Therefore, they constitute one of the most pleiotropic families of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Although their orexigenic effect is well documented, orexins/hypocretins also exert central effects on energy expenditure, notably on the brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. A better comprehension of the underlying mechanisms and potential interactions with other hypothalamic molecular pathways involved in the modulation of food intake and thermogenesis, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is essential to determine the exact implication and pathophysiological relevance of orexins/hypocretins on the control of energy balance. Here, we will review the actions of orexins on energy balance, with special focus on feeding and brown fat function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Milbank
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Edward Milbank
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Miguel López
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12
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Dobrzyn K, Szeszko K, Kiezun M, Kisielewska K, Rytelewska E, Gudelska M, Wyrebek J, Bors K, Kaminski T, Smolinska N. In vitro effect of orexin A on the transcriptomic profile of the endometrium during early pregnancy in pigs. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 200:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Cintron D, Beckman JP, Bailey KR, Lahr BD, Jayachandran M, Miller VM. Plasma orexin A levels in recently menopausal women during and 3 years following use of hormone therapy. Maturitas 2017; 99:59-65. [PMID: 28364870 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in sleep quality and metabolism during menopause are improved by menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). The mechanisms mediating these effects remain unclear. Orexin A (OxA) is a neuro-peptide that regulates sleep/wakefulness, food intake and metabolism. This study examined changes in plasma OxA levels during and after treatment in women from the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS). METHODS KEEPS randomized women within three years of menopause to: oral conjugated equine estrogen (o-CEE, 0.45mg/day), transdermal 17β estradiol (t-E2, 50μg/day), or placebo pills and patches for four years. Plasma OxA levels were measured by enzyme immunoassays in fasting blood samples collected annually from KEEPS participants at Mayo Clinic during and three years after MHT. Changes in menopausal symptoms and plasma OxA levels were assessed for treatment differences. RESULTS During treatment, OxA levels increased more in women randomized to o-CEE compared with the other groups. Women randomized to either form of MHT demonstrated smaller increases in BMI than those on placebo. Insomnia severity decreased similarly among treatment groups. However, neither changes in sleep nor changes in BMI correlated with changes in plasma OxA levels. Changes in waist circumference correlated positively with changes in plasma OxA levels three years after discontinuation of study treatments. CONCLUSIONS Although OxA levels increased only in women randomized to o-CEE, these changes did not correlate with changes in sleep quality or BMI. The modest correlation of OxA levels with waist circumference once study treatments were discontinued suggests that OxA may be modulated through multiple intermediary pathways affected by metabolites of 17β-estradiol. Clinical Trial Registration for KEEPS: NCT00154180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahima Cintron
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - John P Beckman
- Biology Department, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, United States
| | - Kent R Bailey
- Department of Health Sciences Research (Divisions of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Health Sciences Research (Divisions of Biomedical Statistics and Epidemiology), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Brian D Lahr
- Department of Health Sciences Research (Divisions of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Health Sciences Research (Divisions of Biomedical Statistics and Epidemiology), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Muthuvel Jayachandran
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Virginia M Miller
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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14
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Sauchelli S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-García JC, Garrido-Sánchez L, Tinahones FJ, Casanueva FF, Baños RM, Botella C, Crujeiras AB, de la Torre R, Fernández-Real JM, Frühbeck G, Granero R, Ortega FJ, Rodríguez A, Zipfel S, Giel KE, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Interaction Between Orexin-A and Sleep Quality in Females in Extreme Weight Conditions. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2016; 24:510-517. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sauchelli
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jose C. Fernández-García
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria; Malaga Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria; Malaga Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria; Malaga Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Santiago de Compostela University; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Rosa M. Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology; University Jaume I; Castelló Spain
| | - Ana B. Crujeiras
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Santiago de Compostela University; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Integrated Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program Organization IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Health and Experimental Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jose M. Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institu d'Investigació, Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi); Hospital Dr Josep Trueta; Girona Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra; University of Navarra-IdiSNA; Pamplona Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ortega
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institu d'Investigació, Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi); Hospital Dr Josep Trueta; Girona Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra; University of Navarra-IdiSNA; Pamplona Spain
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Katrin E. Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Jose M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); ISCIII; Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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15
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Sauchelli S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Custal N, Fernández-García JC, Garrido-Sánchez L, Tinahones FJ, Steiger H, Israel M, Baños RM, Botella C, de la Torre R, Fernández-Real JM, Ortega FJ, Frühbeck G, Granero R, Tárrega S, Crujeiras AB, Rodríguez A, Estivill X, Beckmann JS, Casanueva FF, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Orexin and sleep quality in anorexia nervosa: Clinical relevance and influence on treatment outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 65:102-8. [PMID: 26741881 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Orexins/hypocretins are orexigenic peptides implicated in the regulation of feeding behavior and the sleep/wake cycle. Little is known about the functioning of these peptides in anorexia nervosa (AN). The aims of the current study were to evaluate the extent to which orexin-A might be linked to sleep and treatment outcome in AN. METHOD Fasting plasma orexin-A concentrations were measured in 48 females with AN at the start of a day hospital treatment and in 98 normal-eater/healthy-weight controls. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was administered at the beginning of the treatment as a measure of sleep quality. Other psychopathological variables were evaluated with the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL90R) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI). Patients were assessed at the start and end of treatment by means of commonly used diagnostic criteria and clinical questionnaires. RESULTS The AN patients presented more sleep disturbances and poorer overall sleep quality than did the healthy controls (p=.026) but there were no global differences between groups in plasma orexin-A concentrations (p=.071). In the AN sample, orexin-A concentrations were associated with greater sleep disturbances (|r|=.30), sleep inefficiency (|r|=.22) and poorer overall sleep (|r|=.22). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that both elevated orexin-A concentrations and inadequate sleep predicted poorer treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Plasma orexin-A concentrations contribute to poor sleep quality in AN, and both of these variables are associated with therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sauchelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Custal
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernández-García
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Howard Steiger
- Douglas University Institute in Mental Health & Psychiatry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mimi Israel
- Douglas University Institute in Mental Health & Psychiatry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rosa M Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Integrated Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program Organization IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institu d'Investigació, Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institu d'Investigació, Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salome Tárrega
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Crujeiras
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Abstract
Initially implicated in the regulation of feeding, orexins/hypocretins are now acknowledged to play a major role in the control of a wide variety of biological processes, such as sleep, energy expenditure, pain, cardiovascular function and neuroendocrine regulation, a feature that makes them one of the most pleiotropic families of hypothalamic neuropeptides. While the orexigenic effect of orexins is well described, their central effects on energy expenditure and particularly on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis are not totally unraveled. Better understanding of these actions and their possible interrelationship with other hypothalamic systems controlling thermogenesis, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, will help to clarify the exact role and pathophysiological relevance of these neuropeptides have on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Fernø
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Clinical Science, K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rosa Señarís
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) 15706, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) 15706, Spain.
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17
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Nixon JP, Mavanji V, Butterick TA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Teske JA. Sleep disorders, obesity, and aging: the role of orexin. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:63-73. [PMID: 25462194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptides orexin A and B (hypocretin 1 and 2) are important homeostatic mediators of central control of energy metabolism and maintenance of sleep/wake states. Dysregulation or loss of orexin signaling has been linked to narcolepsy, obesity, and age-related disorders. In this review, we present an overview of our current understanding of orexin function, focusing on sleep disorders, energy balance, and aging, in both rodents and humans. We first discuss animal models used in studies of obesity and sleep, including loss of function using transgenic or viral-mediated approaches, gain of function models using exogenous delivery of orexin receptor agonist, and naturally-occurring models in which orexin responsiveness varies by individual. We next explore rodent models of orexin in aging, presenting evidence that orexin loss contributes to age-related changes in sleep and energy balance. In the next section, we focus on clinical importance of orexin in human obesity, sleep, and aging. We include discussion of orexin loss in narcolepsy and potential importance of orexin in insomnia, correlations between animal and human studies of age-related decline, and evidence for orexin involvement in age-related changes in cognitive performance. Finally, we present a summary of recent studies of orexin in neurodegenerative disease. We conclude that orexin acts as an integrative homeostatic signal influencing numerous brain regions, and that this pivotal role results in potential dysregulation of multiple physiological processes when orexin signaling is disrupted or lost.
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18
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Zink AN, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM. The orexin neuropeptide system: physical activity and hypothalamic function throughout the aging process. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:211. [PMID: 25408639 PMCID: PMC4219460 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising medical need for novel therapeutic targets of physical activity. Physical activity spans from spontaneous, low intensity movements to voluntary, high-intensity exercise. Regulation of spontaneous and voluntary movement is distributed over many brain areas and neural substrates, but the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for mediating overall activity levels are not well understood. The hypothalamus plays a central role in the control of physical activity, which is executed through coordination of multiple signaling systems, including the orexin neuropeptides. Orexin producing neurons integrate physiological and metabolic information to coordinate multiple behavioral states and modulate physical activity in response to the environment. This review is organized around three questions: (1) How do orexin peptides modulate physical activity? (2) What are the effects of aging and lifestyle choices on physical activity? (3) What are the effects of aging on hypothalamic function and the orexin peptides? Discussion of these questions will provide a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding hypothalamic orexin regulation of physical activity during aging and provide a platform on which to develop improved clinical outcomes in age-associated obesity and metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Zink
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Kotz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; GRECC (11G), Minneapolis VA Healthcare System Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Arafat AM, Kaczmarek P, Skrzypski M, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Kołodziejski P, Adamidou A, Ruhla S, Szczepankiewicz D, Sassek M, Billert M, Wiedenmann B, Pfeiffer AFH, Nowak KW, Strowski MZ. Glucagon regulates orexin A secretion in humans and rodents. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2108-16. [PMID: 25063274 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Orexin A (OXA) modulates food intake, energy expenditure, and lipid and glucose metabolism. OXA regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon, while glucose regulates OXA release. Here, we evaluate the role of glucagon in regulating OXA release both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS In a double-blind crossover study, healthy volunteers and type 1 diabetic patients received either intramuscular glucagon or placebo. Patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes underwent hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp experiments, and insulin-hypoglycaemia tests were performed on healthy volunteers. The primary endpoint was a change in OXA levels after intramuscular glucagon or placebo administration in healthy participants and patients with type 1 diabetes. Secondary endpoints included changes in OXA in healthy participants during insulin tolerance tests and in patients with type 2 diabetes under hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic conditions. Participants and staff conducting examinations and taking measurements were blinded to group assignment. OXA secretion in response to glucagon treatment was assessed in healthy and obese mice, the streptozotocin-induced mouse model of type 1 diabetes, and isolated rat pancreatic islets. RESULTS Plasma OXA levels declined in lean volunteers and in type 1 diabetic patients injected with glucagon. OXA levels increased during hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia testing in healthy volunteers and during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic conditions in type 2 diabetic patients. Plasma OXA concentrations in healthy lean and obese mice and in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes were lower after glucagon treatment, compared with vehicle control. Glucagon decreased OXA secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets at both low and high glucose levels. OXA secretion declined in pancreatic islets exposed to diazoxide at high and low glucose levels, and after exposure to an anti-insulin antibody. Glucagon further reduced OXA secretion in islets pretreated with diazoxide or an anti-insulin antibody. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Glucagon inhibits OXA secretion in humans and animals, irrespective of changes in glucose or insulin levels. Through modifying OXA secretion, glucagon may influence energy expenditure, body weight, food intake and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Arafat
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Gatta C, Russo F, Russolillo MG, Varricchio E, Paolucci M, Castaldo L, Lucini C, de Girolamo P, Cozzi B, Maruccio L. The orexin system in the enteric nervous system of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e105009. [PMID: 25144456 PMCID: PMC4140726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a general approach to the presence and possible role of orexins and their receptors in the gut (three gastric chambers and intestine) of confined environment bottlenose dolphin. The expression of prepro-orexin, orexin A and B and orexin 1 and 2 receptors were investigated by single immunostaining and western blot analysis. The co-localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and orexin 1 receptor in the enteric nervous system was examined by double immunostaining. Also, orexin A concentration were measured in plasma samples to assess the possible diurnal variation of the plasma level of peptide in this species. Our results showed that the orexin system is widely distributed in bottlenose dolphin enteric nervous system of the all gastrointestinal tract examined. They are very peculiar and partially differs from that of terrestrial mammals. Orexin peptides and prepro-orexin were expressed in the main stomach, pyloric stomach and proximal intestine; while orexin receptors were expressed in the all examined tracts, with the exception of main stomach where found no evidence of orexin 2 receptor. Co-localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and orexin 1 receptor were more evident in the pyloric stomach and proximal intestine. These data could suggest a possible role of orexin system on the contractility of bottlenose dolphin gastrointestinal districts. Finally, in agreement with several reports, bottlenose dolphin orexin A plasma level was higher in the morning during fasting. Our results emphasize some common features between bottlenose dolphin and terrestrial mammals. Certainly, further functional investigations may help to better explain the role of the orexin system in the energy balance of bottlenose dolphin and the complex interaction between feeding and digestive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Finizia Russo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento (BN), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento (BN), Italy
| | - Marina Paolucci
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento (BN), Italy
| | - Luciana Castaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Carla Lucini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lucianna Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explore the effect of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on leptin and orexin-A levels in peripheral blood and central secretory tissues, and to examine the roles of leptin and orexin-A in acute inflammatory responses. An intestinal I/R injury model of rats was made; the rats were grouped according to the time of after 60 min ischemia. Radioimmunoassay was employed to detect the levels of leptin in serum and adipose tissue and orexin-A levels in plasma and hypothalamus. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mRNA expressions of adipose leptin and hypothalamus orexin-A. Compared with the levels before the injury, serum leptin in 60 min ischemia/30 min reperfusion (I60'R30') group decreased and that of I60'R360' group increased. Compared with sham-operation group (sham group) after injury, serum leptin level of I60'R360' group increased, adipose leptin levels of I60'R30' and I60'R90' decreased, and adipose leptin in I60'R360' group increased. After the injury, adipose leptin mRNA expressions of I60'R30', I60'R240' and I60'R360' increased, whereas that of I60'R150' group decreased as compared with the sham group. There was no significant difference in the protein levels of orexin-A, either between plasma and hypothalamus or between pre-and post-I/R injury. Compared with sham group, hypothalamus orexin-A mRNA expressions of I60'R30' and I60'R90' decreased gradually after the injury, with that of I60'R150' group reaching the lowest, and those of I60'R240' and I60'R360' recovering gradually, although they were still significantly lower than that of sham group. Leptin and orexin-A respond to intestinal I/R injury in a time-dependent manner, with leptin responding more quickly than orexin-A does, and both of them may contribute to the metabolic disorders in acute inflammation.
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Gupta A, Miegueu P, Lapointe M, Poirier P, Martin J, Bastien M, Tiwari S, Cianflone K. Acute post-bariatric surgery increase in orexin levels associates with preferential lipid profile improvement. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84803. [PMID: 24400115 PMCID: PMC3882247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Orexin is a recently identified neuropeptide hormone. Objectives Acute and long-term post-bariatric changes in Orexin and relationship to post-operative metabolic outcomes. Design and Participants Men and women undergoing biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch bariatric surgery (n = 76, BMI≥35 kg/m2) were evaluated for body composition and plasma parameters at baseline, acutely (1 and 5 days) and long-term (6 and 12 months) post-surgery. Setting University Hospital Centre, Canada. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Groups were subdivided based on acute (average 1 and 5 day) changes in Orexin prior to weight loss: (i)>10% Orexin decrease (n = 33, OrexinDEC) and (ii)>10% Orexin increase (n = 20, OrexinINC), to evaluate impact on long-term changes. Results Both groups had comparable preoperative Orexin levels, BMI, age, sex distribution, diabetes and lipid lowering medication, plasma glucose and lipid parameters except for apolipoproteinB (p<0.007). Orexin increase was rapid and maintained throughout one year, while OrexinDEC subjects remained significantly lower throughout. Over 12 months, changes in BMI, fat mass, and %fat mass were comparable. Fasting glucose and insulin increased immediately 1-day post-operatively, decreasing rapidly (5-day) and declining thereafter with the OrexinINC group remaining lower than the OrexinDEC group throughout (p = 0.001). Similarly, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C decreased at 1-day, increased slightly (5-day), except HDL-C, then decreased over 1 year, with greater decreases in OrexinINC group relative to OrexinDEC group. Conclusion Rapid postoperative increases in plasma Orexin are associated with better improvement of glucose and lipid profiles following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gupta
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Pierre Miegueu
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Lapointe
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Martin
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marjorie Bastien
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sunita Tiwari
- Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bahammam AS, Almushailhi K, Pandi-Perumal SR, Sharif MM. Intermittent fasting during Ramadan: does it affect sleep? J Sleep Res 2013; 23:35-43. [PMID: 23937329 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Islamic intermittent fasting is distinct from regular voluntary or experimental fasting. We hypothesised that if a regimen of a fixed sleep-wake schedule and a fixed caloric intake is followed during intermittent fasting, the effects of fasting on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness will be minimal. Therefore, we designed this study to objectively assess the effects of Islamic intermittent fasting on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness. Eight healthy volunteers reported to the Sleep Disorders Centre on five occasions for polysomnography and multiple sleep latency tests: (1) during adaptation; (2) 3 weeks before Ramadan, after having performed Islamic fasting for 1 week (baseline fasting); (3) 1 week before Ramadan (non-fasting baseline); (4) 2 weeks into Ramadan (Ramadan); and (5) 2 weeks after Ramadan (non-fasting; Recovery). Daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the multiple sleep latency test. The participants had a mean age of 26.6 ± 4.9 years, a body mass index of 23.7 ± 3.5 kg m(-2) and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 7.3 ± 2.7. There was no change in weight or the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in the four study periods. The rapid eye movement sleep percentage was significantly lower during fasting. There was no difference in sleep latency, non-rapid eye movement sleep percentage, arousal index and sleep efficiency. The multiple sleep latency test analysis revealed no difference in the sleep latency between the 'non-fasting baseline', 'baseline fasting', 'Ramadan' and 'Recovery' time points. Under conditions of a fixed sleep-wake schedule and a fixed caloric intake, Islamic intermittent fasting results in decreased rapid eye movement sleep with no impact on other sleep stages, the arousal index or daytime sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Bahammam
- University Sleep Disorders Centre, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; National Plan for Science and Technology, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Machaalani R, Hunt NJ, Waters KA. Effects of changes in energy homeostasis and exposure of noxious insults on the expression of orexin (hypocretin) and its receptors in the brain. Brain Res 2013; 1526:102-22. [PMID: 23830852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes data regarding the brain expression of the orexin (hypocretin) system including: prepro-orexin (PPO), orexin A (OxA), orexin B (OxB) and the two orexin receptors 1 and 2 (OxR1, OxR2). Clinical data is limited to OxA and OxB in cerebral spinal fluid and serum/plasma, thus necessitating the development of animal models to undertake mechanistic studies. We focus on changes in animal models that were either exposed to a regime of altered sleep, metabolic energy homeostasis, exposed to drugs and noxious insults. Many more expressional studies are available for PPO, OxA and OxB levels, compared to studies of the receptors. Interestingly, the direction and pattern of change for PPO, OxA and OxB is inconsistent amongst studies, whereas for the receptors, there tends to be increased expression for both OxR1 and OxR2 after alterations in energy homeostasis, and an increased expression after noxious insults or exposure to some drugs. The clinical implications of these results from animal models are discussed in light of the findings from human studies, and future research directions are suggested to fill knowledge gaps with regard to the orexin system, particularly during early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Machaalani
- Department of Medicine, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Wang W, Pan Y, Li Q, Wang L. Orexin: a potential role in the process of obstructive sleep apnea. Peptides 2013; 42:48-54. [PMID: 23313149 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a complicated disease with an unrecognized mechanism. Obesity, sex, age, and smoking have been found to be independent correlates of OSA. Orexin (also named hypocretin) mainly secreted by lateral hypothalamus neurons has a wide array of biological functions like regulating sleep, energy levels and breathing. Several clinical studies found ties between orexin and OSA. Because of the close correlation between orexin and obesity, sex, age and smoking (which are the key risk factors for OSA patients), we hypothesize that orexin may play a key role in the pathogenesis of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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26
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Kaminski T, Nitkiewicz A, Smolinska N. Changes in plasma orexin A and orexin B concentrations during the estrous cycle of the pig. Peptides 2013; 39:175-7. [PMID: 23220034 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) and orexin B (OXB) are neuropeptides synthesized mainly in the lateral hypothalamus, which are involved in the control of various physiological functions such as energy homeostasis, sleep, wakefulness and feeding behavior. The present study analyzes orexins A and B levels in the porcine plasma during the estrous cycle. The highest plasma concentrations of orexin A were observed on days 2-3 of the estrous cycle (p<0.05 relative to days 10-12 and 14-16) and the lowest (p<0.05) on days 14-16. The highest orexin B levels in the blood plasma were noted on days 17-19 (p<0.05 vs. days 14-16). We demonstrated the presence of OXA and OXB in porcine blood plasma and the impact of the phase of the estrous cycle on the observed changes in plasma orexin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
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Soeters MR, Soeters PB, Schooneman MG, Houten SM, Romijn JA. Adaptive reciprocity of lipid and glucose metabolism in human short-term starvation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1397-407. [PMID: 23074240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00397.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human organism has tools to cope with metabolic challenges like starvation that are crucial for survival. Lipolysis, lipid oxidation, ketone body synthesis, tailored endogenous glucose production and uptake, and decreased glucose oxidation serve to protect against excessive erosion of protein mass, which is the predominant supplier of carbon chains for synthesis of newly formed glucose. The starvation response shows that the adaptation to energy deficit is very effective and coordinated with different adaptations in different organs. From an evolutionary perspective, this lipid-induced effect on glucose oxidation and uptake is very strong and may therefore help to understand why insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is difficult to treat. The importance of reciprocity in lipid and glucose metabolism during human starvation should be taken into account when studying lipid and glucose metabolism in general and in pathophysiological conditions in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Localization of the orexin system in the gastrointestinal tract of fallow deer. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:74-8. [PMID: 21397934 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate by immunohistochemistry the presence and distribution of the orexin system in the stomach and gut of fallow deer. Abundant orexin A-positive cells were localized in the middle and basal portions of the mucosal glands of the cardial and fundic regions of the stomach. In the same gastric areas, orexin B-positive cells were also found, mainly localized in the basal portion of glands. In the intestinal tract, orexin-containing cells were occasionally found in the duodenal epithelium and in the rectal intestinal glands. Immunoreactivity for orexin receptors, type 1 and 2 (OX1R and OX2R), was not detected in the same stomach regions. OX1R-immunopositivity was observed in the enteric neuron ganglia localized in the submucosal and muscular intestinal layers, while OX2R-immunopositivity was found close in contact with the cytoplasmic membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine.
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Abstract
Hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin (orx/hcrt) neurons regulate energy balance, wakefulness, and reward; their loss produces narcolepsy and weight gain. Glucose can lower the activity of orx/hcrt cells, but whether other dietary macronutrients have similar effects is unclear. We show that orx/hcrt cells are stimulated by nutritionally relevant mixtures of amino acids (AAs), both in brain slice patch-clamp experiments, and in c-Fos expression assays following central or peripheral administration of AAs to mice in vivo. Physiological mixtures of AAs electrically excited orx/hcrt cells through a dual mechanism involving inhibition of K(ATP) channels and activation of system-A amino acid transporters. Nonessential AAs were more potent in activating orx/hcrt cells than essential AAs. Moreover, the presence of physiological concentrations of AAs suppressed the glucose responses of orx/hcrt cells. These results suggest a new mechanism of hypothalamic integration of macronutrient signals and imply that orx/hcrt cells sense macronutrient balance, rather than net energy value, in extracellular fluid.
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Bronsky J, Nedvidkova J, Krasnicanova H, Vesela M, Schmidtova J, Koutek J, Kellermayer R, Chada M, Kabelka Z, Hrdlicka M, Nevoral J, Prusa R. Changes of orexin A plasma levels in girls with anorexia nervosa during eight weeks of realimentation. Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:547-52. [PMID: 21823139 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orexin A (OXA) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide involved in regulation of food intake and nutritional status. There are multiple disturbances of neuropeptide signaling described in girls with anorexia nervosa (AN), but OXA levels have not been addressed in this population to date. Therefore, we analyzed OXA levels of AN girls in this study. METHOD OXA (radioimmunoassay/RIA/method), leptin, insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulinlike growth factor-1 binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels were measured before and after 8 weeks of realimentation in 36 girls with AN and in 14 healthy controls (control group: CG). RESULTS Average weight increased significantly in AN during the study (p < .0001), while plasma levels of OXA decreased (before realimentation: 56.2 ± 2.4 pg/ml; after realimentation: 47.5 ± 1.4 pg/ml; p = .0025). OXA levels before realimentation differed from levels in the CG (47.15 ± 2.6 pg/ml, p = .034), but not afterward. We did not find any correlation between OXA and age, height, weight, BMI; or IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and leptin levels. DISCUSSION OXA levels in untreated AN patients differ significantly from healthy subjects and decrease during realimentation. These findings indicate that OXA may be involved in the nutritional regulation of malnourished children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bronsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Medical Faculty, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Janas-Kozik M, Stachowicz M, Krupka-Matuszczyk I, Szymszal J, Krysta K, Janas A, Rybakowski JK. Plasma levels of leptin and orexin A in the restrictive type of anorexia nervosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 168:5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sanger GJ, Hellström PM, Näslund E. The hungry stomach: physiology, disease, and drug development opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2011; 1:145. [PMID: 21927604 PMCID: PMC3174087 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During hunger, a series of high-amplitude contractions of the stomach and small intestine (phase III), which form part of a cycle of quiescence and contractions (known as the migrating motor complex, MMC), play a "housekeeping" role prior to the next meal, and may contribute toward the development of hunger. Several gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are associated with phase III MMC activity, but currently the most prominent is motilin, thought to at least partly mediate phase III contractions of the gastric MMC. Additional GI endocrine and neuronal systems play even more powerful roles in the development of hunger. In particular, the ghrelin-precursor gene is proving to have a complex physiology, giving rise to three different products: ghrelin itself, which is formed from a post-translational modification of des-acyl-ghrelin, and obestatin. The receptors acted on by des-acyl-ghrelin and by obestatin are currently unknown but both these peptides seem able to exert actions which oppose that of ghrelin, either indirectly or directly. An increased understanding of the actions of these peptides is helping to unravel a number of different eating disorders and providing opportunities for the discovery of new drugs to regulate dysfunctional gastric behaviors and appetite. To date, ghrelin and motilin receptor agonists and antagonists have been described. The most advanced are compounds which activate the ghrelin and motilin receptors which are being progressed for disorders associated with gastric hypomotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J. Sanger
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Per M. Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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İzgüt-Uysal VN, Gemici B, Tan R. Effect of orexin-A on phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophage in starved rats. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:85-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nuñez A, Rodrigo-Angulo ML, Andrés ID, Garzón M. Hypocretin/Orexin neuropeptides: participation in the control of sleep-wakefulness cycle and energy homeostasis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 7:50-9. [PMID: 19721817 PMCID: PMC2724663 DOI: 10.2174/157015909787602797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocretins or orexins (Hcrt/Orx) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that are synthesized by neurons located mainly in the perifornical area of the posterolateral hypothalamus. These hypothalamic neurons are the origin of an extensive and divergent projection system innervating numerous structures of the central nervous system. In recent years it has become clear that these neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of many organic functions, such as feeding, thermoregulation and neuroendocrine and cardiovascular control, as well as in the control of the sleep-wakefulness cycle. In this respect, Hcrt/Orx activate two subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors (Hcrt/Orx1R and Hcrt/Orx2R) that show a partly segregated and prominent distribution in neural structures involved in sleep-wakefulness regulation. Wakefulness-enhancing and/or sleep-suppressing actions of Hcrt/Orx have been reported in specific areas of the brainstem. Moreover, presently there are animal models of human narcolepsy consisting in modifications of Hcrt/Orx receptors or absence of these peptides. This strongly suggests that narcolepsy is the direct consequence of a hypofunction of the Hcrt/Orx system, which is most likely due to Hcrt/Orx neurons degeneration. The main focus of this review is to update and illustrate the available data on the actions of Hcrt/Orx neuropeptides with special interest in their participation in the control of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Current pharmacological treatment of narcolepsy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nuñez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Bülbül M, Tan R, Gemici B, Ozdem S, Ustünel I, Acar N, Izgüt-Uysal VN. Endogenous orexin-A modulates gastric motility by peripheral mechanisms in rats. Peptides 2010; 31:1099-108. [PMID: 20307611 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A (OXA) and orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) are found in enteric nervous system and smooth muscle cells in the digestive tract. Fasting is a stimulant for OXA synthesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate central and peripheral effects of endogenous OXA on gastric motility. Endogenous OXA synthesis was induced by 36h fasting. Vagotomy was used to evaluate N.vagus-mediated effects of OXA. Gastric emptying and interdigestive gastric motility were measured by spectrophotometric and manometric methods, respectively. Rats were pretreated with OX1R antagonist SB-334867 prior to measurements. Plasma OXA concentration was assayed with radioimmunoassay while preproorexin (PPO) expression was determined with Western blotting in gastric and hypothalamic tissues. OXA immunoreactivity in antrum was determined with immunohistochemistry. Plasma OXA level, PPO protein expression and OXA immunoreactivity were significantly increased in response to 36h fasting. Endogenous OXA facilitated gastric emptying and inhibited gastric interdigestive motility. As these effects were abolished with SB-334867, it is likely that gastrokinetic effects of OXA are mediated via OX1R. Vagotomy did not alter OXA-mediated effects. According to current data, OXA is up-regulated both centrally and peripherally upon fasting. Endogenous OXA accelerates gastric emptying while it inhibits interdigestive motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 07070 Antalya, Turkey.
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López M, Tena-Sempere M, Diéguez C. Cross-talk between orexins (hypocretins) and the neuroendocrine axes (hypothalamic-pituitary axes). Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:113-27. [PMID: 19654017 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lesioning and electrical stimulation experiments carried out during the first half of the twentieth century showed that the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is involved in the neuroendocrine control of hormone secretion. However, the molecular basis of this phenomenon remained unclear until fifty years later when in 1998, two different laboratories discovered a new family of hypothalamic neuropeptides, the orexins or hypocretins (OX-A/Hcrt1 and OX-B/Hcrt2). Since then, remarkable evidence has revealed that orexins/hypocretins play a prominent role in regulating virtually all the neuroendocrine axes, acting as pivotal signals in the coordination of endocrine responses with regards to sleep, arousal and energy homeostasis. The clinical relevance of these actions is supported by human data showing impairment of virtually all the neuroendocrine axes in orexin/hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic patients. Here, we summarize more than ten years of knowledge about the orexins/hypocretins with particular focus on their role as neuroendocrine regulators. Understanding this aspect of orexin/hypocretin physiology could open new therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of sleep, energy homeostasis and endocrine pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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Tomasik PJ, Sztefko K. The effect of enteral and parenteral feeding on secretion of orexigenic peptides in infants. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:92. [PMID: 20003268 PMCID: PMC2803482 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The feeding in the first months of the life seems to influence the risks of obesity and affinity to some diseases including atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of these relations are unknown, however, the modification of hormonal action can likely be taken into account. Therefore, in this study the levels of ghrelin and orexin A - peripheral and central peptide from the orexigenic gut-brain axis were determined. Methods Fasting and one hour after the meal plasma concentrations of ghrelin and orexin were measured in breast-fed (group I; n = 17), milk formula-fed (group II; n = 16) and highly hydrolyzed, hypoallergic formula-fed (group III; n = 14) groups, age matched infants (mean 4 months) as well as in children with iv provision of nutrients (glucose - group IV; n = 15; total parenteral nutrition - group V; n = 14). Peptides were determined using EIA commercial kits. Results Despite the similar caloric intake in orally fed children the fasting ghrelin and orexin levels were significantly lower in the breast-fed children (0.37 ± 0.17 and 1.24 ± 0.29 ng/ml, respectively) than in the remaining groups (0.5 ± 0.27 and 1.64 ± 0.52 ng/ml, respectively in group II and 0.77 ± 0.27 and 2.04 ± 1.1 ng/ml, respectively, in group III). The postprandial concentrations of ghrelin increased to 0.87 ± 0.29 ng/ml, p < 0.002 and 0.76 ± 0.26 ng/ml, p < 0.01 in groups I and II, respectively as compared to fasting values. The decrease in concentration of ghrelin after the meal was observed only in group III (0.47 ± 0.24 ng/ml). The feeding did not influence the orexin concentration. In groups IV and V the ghrelin and orexin levels resembled those in milk formula-fed children. Conclusion The highly hydrolyzed diet strongly affects fasting and postprandial ghrelin and orexin plasma concentrations with possible negative effect on short- and long-time effects on development. Also total parenteral nutrition with the continuous stimulation and lack of fasting/postprandial modulation might be responsible for disturbed development in children fed this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw J Tomasik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Polish-American Children's Hospital, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Dall’Aglio C, Pascucci L, Mercati F, Giontella A, Pedini V, Ceccarelli P. Immunohistochemical identification and localization of orexin A and orexin type 2 receptor in the horse gastrointestinal tract. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:189-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) and orexin B were originally isolated as hypothalamic peptides regulating sleep, wakefulness and feeding. However, growing evidence suggests that orexins have major functions also in the peripheral tissues. Central orexigenic pathways originating from medulla activate the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and can influence the sympathetic tone. Orexins and their receptors are widely dispersed throughout the intestine, where orexin receptors are regulated by the nutritional status, affect insulin secretion and intestinal motility. Although the primary source of the peptide has not been elucidated, OXA is detected in plasma and its level varies in response to the metabolic state. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on peripheral functions of orexins and discuss possible endocrine, paracrine and neurocrine roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Heinonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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Gastroprotective action of orexin-A against stress-induced gastric damage is mediated by endogenous prostaglandins, sensory afferent neuropeptides and nitric oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 148:6-20. [PMID: 18378017 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A, identified in the neurons and endocrine cells in the gut, has been implicated in control of food intake and sleep behavior but little is known about its influence on gastric secretion and mucosal integrity. The effects of orexin-A on gastric secretion and gastric lesions induced in rats by 3.5 h of water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) or 75% ethanol were determined. Orexin-A (5-80 microg/kg i.p.) increased gastric acid secretion and attenuated gastric lesions induced by WRS and this was accompanied by the significant rise in plasma orexin-A, CGRP and gastrin levels, the gastric mucosal blood flow (GBF), luminal NO concentration and an increase in mRNA for CGRP and overexpression of COX-2 protein and the generation of PGE(2) in the gastric mucosa. Orexin-A-induced protection was abolished by selective OX-1 receptor antagonist, vagotomy and attenuated by suppression of COX-1 and COX-2, deactivation of afferent nerves with neurotoxic dose of capsaicin, pretreatment with CCK(2)/gastrin antagonist, CGRP(8-37) or capsazepine and by inhibition of NOS with L-NNA. This study shows for the first time that orexin-A exerts a potent protective action on the stomach of rats exposed to non-topical ulcerogens such as WRS or topical noxious agents such as ethanol and these effects depend upon hyperemia mediated by COX-PG and NOS-NO systems, activation of vagal nerves and sensory neuropeptides such as CGRP released from sensory nerves probably triggered by an increase in gastric acid secretion induced by this peptide.
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Jayasinghe Y, Grover SR, Zacharin M. Current concepts in bone and reproductive health in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. BJOG 2008; 115:304-15. [PMID: 18190366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) initiates an adaptive response at the level of the hypothalamus, which results in a complex interplay involving most elements of the neuroendocrine axis. Consequences of onset of disease in adolescence include amenorrhoea, pubertal arrest with potential loss of target height, and osteoporosis with reduced capacity for future attainment of peak bone mass. With recovery, delay in restoration of menses is common. Hormonal therapies for restoration of bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents have shown limited efficacy. This review will discuss the reproductive endocrine effects of AN in adolescence, and discuss new investigative tools for monitoring restoration of reproductive function and BMD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jayasinghe
- Department of Gynaecology Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Shibata M, Mondal MS, Date Y, Nakazato M, Suzuki H, Ueta Y. Distribution of orexins-containing fibers and contents of orexins in the rat olfactory bulb. Neurosci Res 2008; 61:99-105. [PMID: 18355936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A and -B (identical to hypocretin-1 and -2) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate appetite and arousal. Orexins-producing neurons project their axons to various brain regions, including the olfactory bulb. In the present study, to understand the relationship between orexins and olfaction, we investigated the distribution of the orexin-A- and -B-immunoreactive (ir) fibers in the rat olfactory bulb and the contents of orexin-A and -B in the rat olfactory bulb after food deprivation for 48 h by using immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Both orexin-A- and -B-ir fibers are similarly wide spread from the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb where the terminals of the peripheral olfactory nerves make synapses with the mitral cells or the tufted cells, to the piriform cortex. Dense orexin-A- and -B-ir fibers were observed mainly in the granular cell layer and anterior olfactory nucleus. The contents of orexin-A and -B (pg/10 mg wet weight tissue) in fed rats (mean+/-S.E.M., n=6) were 2.72+/-0.24 and 6.31+/-0.63, respectively. Fasting for 48 h significantly reduced the contents of orexin-B, but not orexin-A. Orexins in the rat olfactory bulb may be involved in not only olfactory system but also energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Shibata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka 1-1, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Mendieta-Zerón H, López M, Diéguez C. Gastrointestinal peptides controlling body weight homeostasis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 155:481-95. [PMID: 18164707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become an international public health problem. Unfortunately, effective treatment options are limited. In the last 20 years, research in obesity and associated pathologies has derived in a significant increase in the knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanism regulating body mass, such as gastrointestinal-neuroendocrine communications. Gut-brain peptides may provide attractive therapeutic targets against this disease. This review summarizes research into energy balance through gastrointestinal tract peptides. Understanding these molecular mechanisms will provide new pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity and appetite disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mendieta-Zerón
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, San Franscisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostea, A Coruña, Spain
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Dahmen N, Engel A, Helfrich J, Manderscheid N, Löbig M, Forst T, Pfützner A, Tonn P. Peripheral leptin levels in narcoleptic patients. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9:348-53. [PMID: 17705690 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2006.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narcolepsy is a severe sleep disorder that in most patients is characterized by the deficiency of central orexin. Clinically, narcolepsy is associated with obesity. Currently, there is a literature controversy about the potential alteration of leptin levels in narcoleptic patients. Theoretically, diminished leptin levels could partially contribute to the observed overweight of patients. Two studies have reported decreased leptin levels, whereas a larger, recent study failed to detect differences between patients and controls. METHODS To help settle the controversy, we have measured peripheral leptin levels in 42 narcoleptic patients and in 31 body mass index-matched controls. RESULTS No significant differences in leptin levels between the groups were observed. Mean leptin levels were 16.0 +/- 14.9 ng/mL in the narcoleptic men and 30.4 +/- 17.8 ng/mL in the narcoleptic women. The corresponding values for the controls were 21.2 +/- 17.0 ng/mL (P = 0.49, men) and 33.9 +/- 16.9 ng/mL (P = 0.31, women). In addition, no correlation was found between leptin levels and clinical symptomatology in the narcoleptic patients. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data argue against a major deterioration of leptin secretion in narcoleptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Dahmen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Abstract
The signaling systems underlying eating behavior control are complex. The current review focuses on gastrointestinal (GI) signaling systems as physiological key functions for metabolic control. Many of the peptides that are involved in the regulation of food intake in the brain are also found in the enteric nervous system and enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa of the GI tract. The only identified hunger-driving signal from the GI tract is ghrelin, which is mainly found in the mucosa of the stomach. Neuropeptides in the brain that influence food intake, of which neuropeptide Y, agouti gene-related peptide and orexins are stimulatory, while melanocortins and alpha-melanocortin stimulating hormone are inhibitory, are influenced by peptide signaling from the gut. These effects may take place directly through action of gut peptide in the brain or through nervous signaling from the periphery to the brain. The criteria for considering a gut hormone or neurotransmitter in a satiety signal seem to be fulfilled for cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY(3-36). Other endogenous gut signals do not fulfill these criteria as they do not increase food intake in knock-out animals or in response to receptor antagonism, or display an inconsistent temporal profile with satiety and termination of the meal. Satiety signals from the GI tract act through the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the solitary tract nucleus of the brain stem, where neuronal networks directly linked to hypothalamic centers for food intake and eating behavior are activated. We have primarily focused on GI effects of various gut peptides involved in the regulation of food intake, using motor activity as a biomarker for the understanding of gut peptide effects promoting satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Näslund
- Karolinska Institutet, Division of Surgery, Danderyd Hospital, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Winsky-Sommerer R, Boutrel B, de Lecea L. Stress and arousal: the corticotrophin-releasing factor/hypocretin circuitry. Mol Neurobiol 2006; 32:285-94. [PMID: 16385142 DOI: 10.1385/mn:32:3:285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretins (also know as orexins) are two neuropeptides now commonly described as critical components for maintaining and regulating the stability of arousal. Several lines of evidence have raised the hypothesis that hypocretin-producing neurons are part of the circuitries that mediate the hypothalamic response to acute stress. New data indicate that the corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) peptidergic system directly innervates hypocretin-expressing neurons. CRF depolarizes hypocretin neurons, and this effect is blocked by a CRF-R1 antagonist. Furthermore, activation of hypocretinergic neurons by stress is impaired in CRF-R1 knockout mice. These data suggest that CRF-R1 receptor mediates the stress-induced activation of the hypocretinergic system. A significant amount of evidence also indicates that hypocretin cells connect reciprocally to the CRF system. We propose that upon stressor stimuli, CRF activates the hypocretin system, which relays these signals to brain stem nuclei involved in the modulation of arousal as well as to the extended amygdala, a structure involved in the negative motivational state that drives addiction.
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Lee KH, Bartsch H, Nair J, Yoo DH, Hong YC, Cho SH, Kang D. Effect of short-term fasting on urinary excretion of primary lipid peroxidation products and on markers of oxidative DNA damage in healthy women. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:1398-403. [PMID: 16401636 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether short-term fasting changes in urinary biomarkers related to oxidative stress: malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha (8-isoPGF), 8-hydroxydeoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG) and 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine (epsilondA) among female volunteers participating in the short-term fasting program in South Korea. The study subjects were 52 healthy women (mean age 28, range 15-48 years old) who provided urine samples both before and after the fasting program (average 7.2, range: 3-11 days). Urinary MDA was measured by HPLC-UV and epsilondA levels were measured by immuno-affinity purification followed by HPLC-fluorescence detection. Urinary 8-OHdG and 8-isoPGF concentrations were determined by ELISA. Plasma leptin levels were also measured by radioimmunoassay. Information on demographic characteristics, personal habits (smoking and alcohol consumption) and previous medical history were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Percent loss of body weight (average 6.3%, 4.28 +/- 0.25 kg) was significantly correlated with fasting duration (r = 0.70, n = 52, P < 0.01). The plasma leptin levels after fasting (5.89 +/- 1.10 ng/ml) were significantly lower than before fasting (6.91 +/- 1.13 ng/ml) (n = 27, P = 0.05). Urinary MDA levels after fasting (0.18 +/- 1.10 mg/g creatinine) were significantly lower than before fasting (0.37 +/- 1.11) (n = 51, P < 0.01). Urinary 8-isoPGF also were significantly reduced after fasting (n = 47, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in 8-OHdG or epsilondA. There was a statistically significant correlation between % change of urinary MDA level with % change of 8-isoPGF level (partial correlation coefficient r = 0.57, n = 46, P = 0.01). The correlations between % change of 8-OHdG and plasma leptin was also significant (partial correlation coefficient r = 0.51, n = 27, P = 0.02). Our results demonstrate that the short-term fasting reduces lipid peroxidation products but does not affect oxidative stress-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute for Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Ehrström M, Levin F, Kirchgessner AL, Schmidt PT, Hilsted LM, Grybäck P, Jacobsson H, Hellström PM, Näslund E. Stimulatory effect of endogenous orexin A on gastric emptying and acid secretion independent of gastrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 132:9-16. [PMID: 16125803 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 07/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) increases food intake and inhibits fasting small bowel motility in rats. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous OXA and endogenous OXA on gastric emptying, acid secretion, glucose metabolism and distribution of orexin immunoreactivity in the stomach. Rats equipped with a gastric fistula were subjected to intravenous (IV) infusion of OXA or the selective orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist SB-334867-A during saline or pentagastrin infusion. Gastric emptying was studied with a liquid non-nutrient or nutrient, using 51Cr as radioactive marker. Gastric retention was measured after a 20-min infusion of OXA or SB-334867-A. Plasma concentrations of OXA, insulin, glucagon, glucose and gastrin were studied. Immunohistochemistry against OXA, OX1R and gastrin in gastric tissue was performed. OXA alone had no effect on either acid secretion or gastric emptying. SB-334867-A inhibited both basal and pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion and increased gastric retention of the liquid nutrient, but not PEG 4000. Plasma gastrin levels were unchanged by IV OXA or SB-334867-A. Plasma OXA levels decreased after intake of the nutrient meal and infusion of the OX1R antagonist. Only weak effects were seen on plasma glucose and insulin by OXA. Immunoreactivity to OXA and OX1R were found in the mucosa, myenteric cells bodies and varicose nerve fibers in ganglia and circular muscle of the stomach. In conclusion, endogenous OXA influences gastric emptying of a nutrient liquid and gastric acid secretion independent of gastrin. This indicates a role for endogenous OXA, not only in metabolic homeostasis, but also in the pre-absorptive processing of nutrients in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ehrström
- Division of Surgery, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, SE-182 88 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Heinonen MV, Purhonen AK, Miettinen P, Pääkkönen M, Pirinen E, Alhava E, Akerman K, Herzig KH. Apelin, orexin-A and leptin plasma levels in morbid obesity and effect of gastric banding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 130:7-13. [PMID: 15970339 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Maintenance of human energy homeostasis is regulated by a complex network. Peptides secreted from the gastrointestinal tract (GI) are signaling to the brain and other organs initiating or terminating food intake and energy expenditure. In the present study we investigated basal plasma levels of apelin, orexin-A, and leptin in morbid obese patients. In addition, we measured in a subgroup of these patients in the same individual orexin-A and leptin plasma levels one year after gastric banding surgery. METHODS Basal plasma values were determined in obese patients (BMI=48+/-1 kg/m2n=32) after an overnight fast and compared to healthy, normal weighted (BMI=22+/-2 kg/m2n=12) controls. In addition, blood samples were collected in a subgroup of patients (BMI=48+/-1 kg/m2n=8) the day before surgery and 1 year after the operation. Apelin, orexin-A, and leptin levels were analysed using ELISAs. RESULTS One year after the operation obese patients significantly lost weight (from 48+/-2 kg/m2 to 39+/-2 kg/m2; p<0,001). Apelin, orexin-A and leptin levels in obese patients were significantly higher compared to control individuals (736+/-50 pg/ml vs. 174+/-14 pg/ml, p<0.0001; 75.3+/-24.1 pg/ml vs. 0.8+/-0.4 pg/ml, p<0.0001; 79.0+/-2.4 ng/ml vs. 5.8+/-0.8 ng/ml, p<0.0001, respectively). Apelin and leptin plasma concentrations also correlated significantly with BMI (r=0.769, p<0.0001; r=0.778; p<0.0001, respectively), while orexin-A correlation was rather weak (r=0.335, p<0.03). No difference between pre- and post-operative orexin-A levels was observed, while leptin plasma levels significantly decreased from 45.1+/-5.4 ng/ml to 27.3+/-6.0 ng/ml (p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS Apelin, orexin-A, and leptin plasma levels correlated positively with the BMI. One year after gastric banding with significant loss in BMI basal plasma levels of leptin decreased, while orexin-A remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Heinonen
- Department of Biotechnology/Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Novak CM, Jiang X, Wang C, Teske JA, Kotz CM, Levine JA. Caloric restriction and physical activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurosci Lett 2005; 383:99-104. [PMID: 15936519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of energy flux may be critical for explaining how obesity has emerged as a public health epidemic. It is known that changes in caloric intake predictably alter physical activity levels (PA) in mammals. Here, our goal was to test the hypothesis that fasting induces a biphasic pattern of change in PA by measuring PA before and after long-term food deprivation in zebrafish. Compared to control-fed fish, food-deprived fish showed a significant increase in PA levels during the first 2 days of food deprivation. Subsequently, however, fasted fish showed a significant chronic decrease in PA compared to fish fed at weight-maintenance levels. These data are comparable to those seen with mammals, which also show a biphasic response of PA to caloric restriction. In a separate group of fish, long-term food deprivation, associated with decreases in PA, induced a significant increase in brain preproorexin mRNA levels compared to fed controls. No change in orexin mRNA was seen after 2 days of food deprivation. The finding that orexin mRNA expression is altered only after long-term starvation suggests that orexin may be coupled with the changes in PA seen at this time. Thus, the association between negative energy balance and reductions in PA occurs across genera in biology and is associated with predictable neurological changes in brain gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Novak
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, St. Mary's Hospital, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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