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Chen L, Munday RM, Haque R, Duchen D, Nayak U, Korpe P, Mentzer AJ, Kirkpatrick BD, Wojcik GL, Petri WA, Duggal P. Genetic Susceptibility to Astrovirus Diarrhea in Bangladeshi Infants. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae045. [PMID: 38524222 PMCID: PMC10960603 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Astroviral infections commonly cause acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children globally. However, these infections often go undiagnosed outside of research settings. There is no treatment available for astrovirus, and Astroviridae strain diversity presents a challenge to potential vaccine development. Methods To address our hypothesis that host genetic risk factors are associated with astrovirus disease susceptibility, we performed a genome-wide association study of astrovirus infection in the first year of life from children enrolled in 2 Bangladeshi birth cohorts. Results We identified a novel region on chromosome 1 near the loricrin gene (LOR) associated with astrovirus diarrheal infection (rs75437404; meta-analysis P = 8.82 × 10-9; A allele odds ratio, 2.71) and on chromosome 10 near the prolactin releasing hormone receptor gene (PRLHR) (rs75935441; meta-analysis P = 1.33 × 10-8; C allele odds ratio, 4.17). The prolactin-releasing peptide has been shown to influence feeding patterns and energy balance in mice. In addition, several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the chromosome 1 locus have previously been associated with expression of innate immune system genes PGLYRP4, S100A9, and S100A12. Conclusions This study identified 2 significant host genetic regions that may influence astrovirus diarrhea susceptibility and should be considered in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca M Munday
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Emerging Infections & Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dylan Duchen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Poonum Korpe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Genevieve L Wojcik
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Myšková A, Sýkora D, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Lipidization as a tool toward peptide therapeutics. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2284685. [PMID: 38010881 PMCID: PMC10987053 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2284685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides, as potential therapeutics continue to gain importance in the search for active substances for the treatment of numerous human diseases, some of which are, to this day, incurable. As potential therapeutic drugs, peptides have many favorable chemical and pharmacological properties, starting with their great diversity, through their high affinity for binding to all sort of natural receptors, and ending with the various pathways of their breakdown, which produces nothing but amino acids that are nontoxic to the body. Despite these and other advantages, however, they also have their pitfalls. One of these disadvantages is the very low stability of natural peptides. They have a short half-life and tend to be cleared from the organism very quickly. Their instability in the gastrointestinal tract, makes it impossible to administer peptidic drugs orally. To achieve the best pharmacologic effect, it is desirable to look for ways of modifying peptides that enable the use of these substances as pharmaceuticals. There are many ways to modify peptides. Herein we summarize the approaches that are currently in use, including lipidization, PEGylation, glycosylation and others, focusing on lipidization. We describe how individual types of lipidization are achieved and describe their advantages and drawbacks. Peptide modifications are performed with the goal of reaching a longer half-life, reducing immunogenicity and improving bioavailability. In the case of neuropeptides, lipidization aids their activity in the central nervous system after the peripheral administration. At the end of our review, we summarize all lipidized peptide-based drugs that are currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Myšková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Karnošová A, Strnadová V, Železná B, Kuneš J, Kašpárek P, Maletínská L. NPFFR2-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet develop strong intolerance to glucose. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:847-862. [PMID: 37191311 PMCID: PMC10240834 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A previous study on neuropeptide FF receptor 2 (NPFFR2)-deficient mice has demonstrated that NPFFR2 is involved in the control of energy balance and thermogenesis. Here, we report on the metabolic impact of NPFFR2 deficiency in male and female mice that were fed either a standard diet (STD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) and each experimental group consisted of ten individuals. Both male and female NPFFR2 knockout (KO) mice exhibited severe glucose intolerance that was exacerbated by a HFD diet. In addition, reduced insulin pathway signaling proteins in NPFFR2 KO mice fed a HFD resulted in the development of hypothalamic insulin resistance. HFD feeding did not cause liver steatosis in NPFFR2 KO mice of either sex, but NPFFR2 KO male mice fed a HFD had lower body weights, white adipose tissues, and liver and lower plasma leptin levels compared with their wild-type (WT) controls. Lower liver weight in NPFFR2 KO male mice compensated for HFD-induced metabolic stress by increased liver PPARα and plasma FGF21 hepatokine, which supported fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver and white adipose tissue. Conversely, NPFFR2 deletion in female mice attenuated the expression of Adra3β and Pparγ, which inhibited lipolysis in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Karnošová
- Biochemistry and molecular biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Strnadová
- Biochemistry and molecular biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Biochemistry and molecular biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Biochemistry and molecular biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Experimental hypertension, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Biochemistry and molecular biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
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Hoang NMH, Jo W, Kim MS. Protective effect of Prolactin releasing peptide against 1,2-diacetylbenzene -induced neuroinflammation. Neuropeptides 2023; 100:102349. [PMID: 37269608 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) has been investigated as a potential therapeutic for diabetes by the effect of food intake reduction, increasing leptin signaling, and insulin tolerance. Recent studies focused on its synaptogenesis and protective effects against neurodegeneration. Whereas 1,2-diacetylbenzene (DAB), a common metabolite of a neurotoxicant 1,2-diethyl benzene, causes memory impairment and neurotoxicity partly through the inflammatory process. Our present study assessed the effect of PrRP in microglia and its action in balancing the inflammation to protect against DAB. We observed that PrRP modulated NADPH oxidase - regulated NLRP3 inflammasome and PRL signaling pathways differently between physical and toxic conditions in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Hong Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Pelantová H, Tomášová P, Šedivá B, Neprašová B, Mráziková L, Kuneš J, Železná B, Maletínská L, Kuzma M. Metabolomic Study of Aging in fa/ fa Rats: Multiplatform Urine and Serum Analysis. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040552. [PMID: 37110210 PMCID: PMC10142631 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats represent a well-established and widely used model of genetic obesity. Because previous metabolomic studies have only been published for young fa/fa rats up to 20 weeks of age, which can be considered early maturity in male fa/fa rats, the aim of our work was to extend the metabolomic characterization to significantly older animals. Therefore, the urinary profiles of obese fa/fa rats and their lean controls were monitored using untargeted NMR metabolomics between 12 and 40 weeks of age. At the end of the experiment, the rats were also characterized by NMR and LC-MS serum analysis, which was supplemented by a targeted LC-MS analysis of serum bile acids and neurotransmitters. The urine analysis showed that most of the characteristic differences detected in young obese fa/fa rats persisted throughout the experiment, primarily through a decrease in microbial co-metabolite levels, the upregulation of the citrate cycle, and changes in nicotinamide metabolism compared with the age-related controls. The serum of 40-week-old obese rats showed a reduction in several bile acid conjugates and an increase in serotonin. Our study demonstrated that the fa/fa model of genetic obesity is stable up to 40 weeks of age and is therefore suitable for long-term experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Tomášová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Šedivá
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Neprašová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Mráziková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide treatment had neuroprotective but not anti-obesity effect in fa/fa rats with leptin signaling disturbances. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:26. [PMID: 35589696 PMCID: PMC9119973 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Anorexigenic palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide (palm11-PrRP) is able to act centrally after peripheral administration in rat and mouse models of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or neurodegeneration. Functional leptin and intact leptin signaling pathways are necessary for the body weight reducing and glucose tolerance improving effect of palm11-PrRP. We have previously shown that palm11-PrRP31 had glucose-lowering properties but not anti-obesity effect in Koletsky rats with leptin signaling disturbances, so improvements in glucose metabolism appear to be completely independent of leptin signaling. The purpose of this study was to describe relationship between metabolic and neurodegenerative pathologies and explore if palm11-PrRP31 could ameliorate them in obese fa/fa rat model with leptin signaling disruption. Subject/Methods The fa/fa rats and their age-matched lean controls at the age 32 weeks were used for this study. The rats were infused for 2 months with saline or palm11-PrRP31 (n = 7–8 per group) at a dose of 5 mg/kg per day using Alzet osmotic pumps. During the dosing period food intake and body weight were monitored. At the end of experiment the oral glucose tolerance test was performed; plasma and tissue samples were collected and arterial blood pressure was measured. Then, markers of leptin and insulin signaling, Tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results Fa/fa rats developed obesity, mild glucose intolerance, and peripheral insulin resistance but not hypertension while palm11-PrRP31 treatment neither lowered body weight nor attenuated glucose tolerance but ameliorated leptin and insulin signaling and synaptogenesis in hippocampus. Conclusion We demonstrated that palm11-PrRP31 had neuroprotective features without anti-obesity and glucose lowering effects in fa/fa rats. This data suggest that this analog has the potential to exert neuroprotective effect despite of leptin signaling disturbances in this rat model.
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7
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Lipidated PrRP31 metabolites are long acting dual GPR10 and NPFF2 receptor agonists with potent body weight lowering effect. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1696. [PMID: 35105898 PMCID: PMC8807614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is an endogenous neuropeptide involved in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. PrRP binds with high affinity to G-protein coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) and with lesser activity towards the neuropeptide FF receptor type 2 (NPFF2R). The present study aimed to develop long-acting PrRP31 analogues with potent anti-obesity efficacy. A comprehensive series of C18 lipidated PrRP31 analogues was characterized in vitro and analogues with various GPR10 and NPFF2R activity profiles were profiled for bioavailability and metabolic effects following subcutaneous administration in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. PrRP31 analogues acylated with a C18 lipid chain carrying a terminal acid (C18 diacid) were potent GPR10-selective agonists and weight-neutral in DIO mice. In contrast, acylation with aliphatic C18 lipid chain (C18) resulted in dual GPR10-NPFF2R co-agonists that suppressed food intake and promoted a robust weight loss in DIO mice, which was sustained for at least one week after last dosing. Rapid in vivo degradation of C18 PrRP31 analogues gave rise to circulating lipidated PrRP metabolites maintaining dual GPR10-NPFF2R agonist profile and long-acting anti-obesity efficacy in DIO mice. Combined GPR10 and NPFF2R activation may therefore be a critical mechanism for obtaining robust anti-obesity efficacy of PrRP31 analogues.
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8
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Mráziková L, Neprašová B, Mengr A, Popelová A, Strnadová V, Holá L, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Lipidized Prolactin-Releasing Peptide as a New Potential Tool to Treat Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Preclinical Studies in Rodent Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:779962. [PMID: 34867411 PMCID: PMC8637538 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are preconditions for the development of metabolic syndrome, which is reaching pandemic levels worldwide, but there are still only a few anti-obesity drugs available. One of the promising tools for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic complications is anorexigenic peptides, such as prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP). PrRP is a centrally acting neuropeptide involved in food intake and body weight (BW) regulation. In its natural form, it has limitations for peripheral administration; thus, we designed analogs of PrRP lipidized at the N-terminal region that showed high binding affinities, increased stability and central anorexigenic effects after peripheral administration. In this review, we summarize the preclinical results of our chronic studies on the pharmacological role of the two most potent palmitoylated PrRP31 analogs in various mouse and rat models of obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. We used mice and rats with diet-induced obesity fed a high-fat diet, which is considered to simulate the most common form of human obesity, or rodent models with leptin deficiency or disrupted leptin signaling in which long-term food intake regulation by leptin is distorted. The rodent models described in this review are models of metabolic syndrome with different severities, such as obesity or morbid obesity, prediabetes or diabetes and hypertension. We found that the effects of palmitoylated PrRP31 on food intake and BW but not on glucose intolerance require intact leptin signaling. Thus, palmitoylated PrRP31 analogs have potential as therapeutics for obesity and related metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mráziková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Barbora Neprašová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech.,Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Anna Mengr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Andrea Popelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Veronika Strnadová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Lucie Holá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech.,Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
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Insects as a New Complex Model in Hormonal Basis of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011066. [PMID: 34681728 PMCID: PMC8540125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, one of the biggest problems in healthcare is an obesity epidemic. Consumption of cheap and low-quality energy-rich diets, low physical activity, and sedentary work favor an increase in the number of obesity cases within many populations/nations. This is a burden on society, public health, and the economy with many deleterious consequences. Thus, studies concerning this disorder are extremely needed, including searching for new, effective, and fitting models. Obesity may be related, among other factors, to disrupting adipocytes activity, disturbance of metabolic homeostasis, dysregulation of hormonal balance, cardiovascular problems, or disorders in nutrition which may lead to death. Because of the high complexity of obesity, it is not easy to find an ideal model for its studies which will be suitable for genetic and physiological analysis including specification of different compounds’ (hormones, neuropeptides) functions, as well as for signaling pathways analysis. In recent times, in search of new models for human diseases there has been more and more attention paid to insects, especially in neuro-endocrine regulation. It seems that this group of animals might also be a new model for human obesity. There are many arguments that insects are a good, multidirectional, and complex model for this disease. For example, insect models can have similar conservative signaling pathways (e.g., JAK-STAT signaling pathway), the presence of similar hormonal axis (e.g., brain–gut axis), or occurrence of structural and functional homologues between neuropeptides (e.g., neuropeptide F and human neuropeptide Y, insulin-like peptides, and human insulin) compared to humans. Here we give a hint to use insects as a model for obesity that can be used in multiple ways: as a source of genetic and peptidomic data about etiology and development correlated with obesity occurrence as well as a model for novel hormonal-based drug activity and their impact on mechanism of disease occurrence.
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Chidambaram SB, Essa MM, Rathipriya AG, Bishir M, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tousif AH, Sakharkar MK, Kashyap RS, Friedland RP, Monaghan TM. Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107988. [PMID: 34536490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis. Recent observations suggest a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain via immune, circulatory and neural pathways, termed the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). Alterations in gut microbiota composition, such as seen with an increased number of pathobionts and a decreased number of symbionts, termed gut dysbiosis or microbial intestinal dysbiosis, plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. Clinical reports confirm that GI symptoms often precede neurological symptoms several years before the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Pathologically, gut dysbiosis disrupts the integrity of the intestinal barrier leading to ingress of pathobionts and toxic metabolites into the systemic circulation causing GBA dysregulation. Subsequently, chronic neuroinflammation via dysregulated immune activation triggers the accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded proteins in and around CNS cells resulting in neuronal death. Emerging evidence links gut dysbiosis to the aggravation and/or spread of proteinopathies from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS and defective autophagy-mediated proteinopathies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in NDDs, and highlights a vicious cycle of gut dysbiosis, immune-mediated chronic neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy and proteinopathies, which contributes to the development of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies targeting the modulation of gut dysbiosis through prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics or dietary interventions, and faecal microbial transplantation (FMT) in the management of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India.
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - A G Rathipriya
- Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai 600 094, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muhammed Bishir
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Arehally M Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - A H Tousif
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Meena K Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Rajpal Singh Kashyap
- Research Centre, Dr G. M. Taori Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tanya M Monaghan
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Pirník Z, Kořínková L, Osacká J, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Cholecystokinin system is involved in the anorexigenic effect of peripherally applied palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide in fasted mice. Physiol Res 2021; 70:579-590. [PMID: 34062082 PMCID: PMC8820541 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) has been proposed to mediate the central satiating effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) through the vagal CCK1 receptor. PrRP acts as an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor 10 (GPR10), which is expressed at the highest levels in brain areas related to food intake regulation, e.g., the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The NTS and PVN are also significantly activated after peripheral CCK administration. The aim of this study was to determine whether the endogenous PrRP neuronal system in the brain is involved in the central anorexigenic effect of the peripherally administered CCK agonist JMV236 or the CCK1 antagonist devazepide and whether the CCK system is involved in the central anorexigenic effect of the peripherally applied lipidized PrRP analog palm-PrRP31 in fasted lean mice. The effect of devazepide and JMV236 on the anorexigenic effects of palm-PrRP31 as well as devazepide combined with JMV236 and palm-PrRP31 on food intake and Fos cell activation in the PVN and caudal NTS was examined. Our results suggest that the anorexigenic effect of JMV236 is accompanied by activation of PrRP neurons of the NTS in a CCK1 receptor-dependent manner. Moreover, while the anorexigenic effect of palm-PrRP31 was not affected by JMV236, it was partially attenuated by devazepide in fasted mice. The present findings indicate that the exogenously influenced CCK system may be involved in the central anorexigenic effect of peripherally applied palm-PrRP31, which possibly indicates some interaction between the CCK and PrRP neuronal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pirník
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic,
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Cheng W, Ndoka E, Maung JN, Pan W, Rupp AC, Rhodes CJ, Olson DP, Myers MG. NTS Prlh overcomes orexigenic stimuli and ameliorates dietary and genetic forms of obesity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5175. [PMID: 34462445 PMCID: PMC8405610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin receptor (Calcr)-expressing neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS; CalcrNTS cells) contribute to the long-term control of food intake and body weight. Here, we show that Prlh-expressing NTS (PrlhNTS) neurons represent a subset of CalcrNTS cells and that Prlh expression in these cells restrains body weight gain in the face of high fat diet challenge in mice. To understand the relationship of PrlhNTS cells to hypothalamic feeding circuits, we determined the ability of PrlhNTS-mediated signals to overcome enforced activation of AgRP neurons. We found that PrlhNTS neuron activation and Prlh overexpression in PrlhNTS cells abrogates AgRP neuron-driven hyperphagia and ameliorates the obesity of mice deficient in melanocortin signaling or leptin. Thus, enhancing Prlh-mediated neurotransmission from the NTS dampens hypothalamically-driven hyperphagia and obesity, demonstrating that NTS-mediated signals can override the effects of orexigenic hypothalamic signals on long-term energy balance. Calcitonin receptor-expressing neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius contribute to long-term control of food intake and body weight. The authors show that a subset of these cells expresses Prlh and that enhancing Prlh-mediated neurotransmission from the NTS dampens hypothalamically-driven hyperphagia and obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Ermelinda Ndoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica N Maung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Warren Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan C Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - David P Olson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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13
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Pilli T, Cardinale S, Cantara S, Dalmazio G, Forleo R, Capezzone M, Bassi C, Negrini M, Ferracin M, Castagna MG. Preliminary results from whole-genome expression analysis in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency treated with modified-release hydrocortisone. Endocrine 2021; 73:177-185. [PMID: 33417142 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Conventional (CONV) treatment of adrenal insufficiency (AI) is associated with risk of overtreatment: glyco-metabolic impairment, bone loss, and reduced quality of life. Recent findings suggest that modified-release hydrocortisone (MOD) may restore a more physiological cortisol profile. Our aims were: (1) to compare the gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from patients, with secondary AI (SAI), under CONV (cortisone acetate or hydrocortisone) or MOD versus healthy controls; and (2) to evaluate MOD effects on serum cortisol profile, glucose, lipid, bone, and clinical parameters. METHODS Thirteen patients with SAI were switched from CONV to MOD at equivalent dose. Area under curve (AUC) of both formulations was calculated in six patients. Clinical, metabolic and bone parameters were measured at baseline and 3 months after MOD in all patients. In six patients and six age- and sex-matched healthy controls, a whole-genome expression analysis was performed at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months after MOD. RESULTS (1) The number of genes differentially expressed (n = 235; mainly involved in immune response and metabolism) in SAI patients compared to controls progressively and significantly decreased switching from CONV to MOD (n = 78 at 3 months). (2) Under MOD: AUC of cortisol exposure tended to be smaller and cortisol levels showed a more physiological profile; no significant changes of clinical, metabolic and bone parameters were observed, likely due to the short follow-up, but triglycerides tended slightly to increase. CONCLUSIONS MOD may restore a normal gene expression profile as soon as 1 month after switching from CONV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Pilli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandro Cardinale
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Cantara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gilda Dalmazio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaella Forleo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Capezzone
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristian Bassi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Castagna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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14
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Obesity-induced changes in human islet G protein-coupled receptor expression: Implications for metabolic regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107928. [PMID: 34174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that are the targets for many different classes of pharmacotherapy. The islets of Langerhans are central to appropriate glucose homeostasis through their secretion of insulin, and islet function can be modified by ligands acting at the large number of GPCRs that islets express. The human islet GPCRome is not a static entity, but one that is altered under pathophysiological conditions and, in this review, we have compared expression of GPCR mRNAs in human islets obtained from normal weight range donors, and those with a weight range classified as obese. We have also considered the likely outcomes on islet function that the altered GPCR expression status confers and the possible impact that adipokines, secreted from expanded fat depots, could have at those GPCRs showing altered expression in obesity.
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15
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Xia C, Qin X, Zhou L, Shi X, Cai T, Xie Y, Li W, Du R, OuYang Y, Yin Z, Hu G. Reproductive Regulation of PrRPs in Teleost: The Link Between Feeding and Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:762826. [PMID: 34803923 PMCID: PMC8595397 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.762826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), a sort of vital hypothalamic neuropeptide, has been found to exert an enormous function on the food intake of mammals. However, little is known about the functional role of PrRP in teleost. In the present study, two PrRP isoforms and four PrRP receptors were isolated from grass carp. Ligand-receptor selectivity displayed that PrRP1 preferentially binds with PrRP-R1a and PrRP-R1b, while PrRP-R2a and PrRP-R2b were special receptors for PrRP2. Tissue distribution indicated that both PrRPs and PrRP-Rs were highly expressed in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and intestine, suggesting a latent function on food intake and reproduction. Using grass carp as a model, we found that food intake could significantly induce hypothalamus PrRP mRNA expression, which suggested that PrRP should be also an anorexigenic peptide in teleost. Interestingly, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of PrRPs could significantly induce serum luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and pituitary LHβ and GtHα mRNA expression in grass carp. Moreover, using primary culture grass carp pituitary cells as a model, we further found that PrRPs could directly induce pituitary LH secretion and synthesis mediated by AC/PKA, PLC/IP3/PKC, and Ca2+/CaM/CaMK-II pathways. Finally, estrogen treatment of prepubertal fish elicited increases in PrRPs and PrPR receptors expression in primary cultured grass carp hypothalamus cells, which further confirmed that the PrRP/PrRPR system may participate in the neuroendocrine control of fish reproduction. These results, taken together, suggest that PrRPs might act as a coupling factor in feeding metabolism and reproductive activities in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Xia
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangfeng Qin
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyi Cai
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunyi Xie
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruixin Du
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu OuYang
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan Yin, ; Guangfu Hu,
| | - Guangfu Hu
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Province Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan Yin, ; Guangfu Hu,
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16
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Cellular Signaling and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Prolactin-Releasing Peptide and Its Analog on SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176343. [PMID: 32882929 PMCID: PMC7503370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), a natural ligand for the GPR10 receptor, is a neuropeptide with anorexigenic and antidiabetic properties. Due to its role in the regulation of food intake, PrRP is a potential drug for obesity treatment and associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, the neuroprotective effects of lipidized PrRP analogs have been proven. In this study, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of action of natural PrRP31 and its lipidized analog palm11-PrRP31 in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y to describe their cellular signaling and possible anti-apoptotic properties. PrRP31 significantly upregulated the phosphoinositide-3 kinase-protein kinase B/Akt (PI3K-PKB/Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element-binding protein (ERK-CREB) signaling pathways that promote metabolic cell survival and growth. In addition, we proved via protein kinase inhibitors that activation of signaling pathways is mediated specifically by PrRP31 and its palmitoylated analog. Furthermore, the potential neuroprotective properties were studied through activation of anti-apoptotic pathways of PrRP31 and palm11-PrRP31 using the SH-SY5Y cell line and rat primary neuronal culture stressed with toxic methylglyoxal (MG). The results indicate increased viability of the cells treated with PrRP and palm11-PrRP31 and a reduced degree of apoptosis induced by MG, suggesting their potential use in the treatment of neurological disorders.
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17
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Short neuropeptide F signaling regulates functioning of male reproductive system in Tenebrio molitor beetle. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:521-534. [PMID: 32749520 PMCID: PMC7441091 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides of short neuropeptides F family (sNPF) have been identified in various arthropods. They are pleiotropic neuromolecules which so far have been mainly associated with regulation of feeding and metabolism, as well as growth and development, locomotion, circadian rhythm or learning and memory. Here, we describe the effects of Tenebrionid sNPF peptide (SGRSPSLRLRFa) on various aspects of the male reproductive physiology in the Tenebrio molitor beetle. We identified in silico the putative sNPF receptor Tenmo-sNPFR. Based on RT-PCR technique, it was shown that the receptor might be present in the male reproductive tissues of this beetle. The analysis of receptor amino acid sequence showed that it is similar to other beetle sNPFRs, as well as other insect species, and belongs rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Injections of Trica-sNPF and its shorter form Trica-sNPF(4–11) caused differentiated effects in T. molitor male reproductive tissues. After 24 h post injections, the peptides decreased the concentration of the soluble protein fraction in testes of 4- and 8-day-old beetles as well as the dry mass of these organs but only in 8-day-old individuals. The same effects were shown with regard to accessory glands. Both peptides decrease the concentration of the soluble protein fraction but do not affect the dry mass of this organ. Furthermore, injections of Trica-sNPF at the 10–7 M concentration decrease the total sperm number in the reproductive system. Surprisingly, the same concentration of the shorter form, Trica-sNPF(4–11) increased the sperm number. It was also shown that both peptides in different manner influence contractions of ejaculatory duct. The data presented in this article give new evidence that sNPFs are involved in the regulation of reproductive events in beetles, which might be the part of a larger neuropeptide network combining feeding, growth and development with the physiology of reproduction.
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18
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Strnad Š, PraŽienková V, Holubová M, Sýkora D, Cvačka J, Maletínská L, Železná B, Kuneš J, Vrkoslav V. Mass spectrometry imaging of free-floating brain sections detects pathological lipid distribution in a mouse model of Alzheimer's-like pathology. Analyst 2020; 145:4595-4605. [PMID: 32436545 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a modern analytical technique capable of monitoring the spatial distribution of compounds within target tissues. Collection and storage are important steps in sample preparation. The recommended and most widely used preservation procedure for MSI is freezing samples in isopentane and storing them at temperatures below -80 °C. On the other hand, the most common and general method for preserving biological samples in clinical practice is fixation in paraformaldehyde. Special types of samples prepared from these fixed tissues that are used for histology and immunohistochemistry are free-floating sections. It would be very beneficial if the latter procedure could also be applicable for the samples intended for subsequent MSI analysis. In the present work, we optimized and evaluated paraformaldehyde-fixed free-floating sections for the analysis of lipids in mouse brains and used the sections for the study of lipid changes in double transgenic APP/PS1 mice, a model of Alzheimer's-like pathology. Moreover, we examined the neuroprotective properties of palm11-PrRP31, an anorexigenic and glucose-lowering analog of prolactin-releasing peptide, and liraglutide, a type 2 diabetes drug. From the free-floating sections, we obtained lipid images without interference or delocalization, and we demonstrated that free-floating sections can be used for the MSI of lipids. In the APP/PS1 mice, we observed a changed distribution of various lipids compared to the controls. The most significant changes in lipids in the brains of APP/PS1 mice compared to wild-type controls were related to gangliosides (GM2 36:1, GM3 36:1) and phosphatidylinositols (PI 38:4, 36:4) in regions where the accumulation of senile plaques occurred. In APP/PS1 mice peripherally treated with palm11-PrRP31 or liraglutide for 2 months, we found that both peptides reduced the amount and space occupied by lipids, which were linked to the senile plaques. These results indicate that palm11-PrRP31 as well as liraglutide might be potentially useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Strnad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Prolactin-Releasing Peptide: Physiological and Pharmacological Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215297. [PMID: 31653061 PMCID: PMC6862262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) belongs to the large RF-amide neuropeptide family with a conserved Arg-Phe-amide motif at the C-terminus. PrRP plays a main role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. This review focuses not only on the physiological functions of PrRP, but also on its pharmacological properties and the actions of its G-protein coupled receptor, GPR10. Special attention is paid to structure-activity relationship studies on PrRP and its analogs as well as to their effect on different physiological functions, mainly their anorexigenic and neuroprotective features and the regulation of the cardiovascular system, pain, and stress. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of this peptide and its analogs is explored.
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20
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Pflimlin E, Lear S, Lee C, Yu S, Zou H, To A, Joseph S, Nguyen-Tran V, Tremblay MS, Shen W. Design of a Long-Acting and Selective MEG-Fatty Acid Stapled Prolactin-Releasing Peptide Analog. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1166-1172. [PMID: 31413801 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexigenic peptides offer promise as potential therapies targeting the escalating global obesity epidemic. Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), a novel member of the RFamide family secreted by the hypothalamus, shows therapeutic potential by decreasing food intake and body weight in rodent models via GPR10 activation. Here we describe the design of a long-acting PrRP using our recently developed novel multiple ethylene glycol-fatty acid (MEG-FA) stapling platform. By incorporating serum albumin binding fatty acids onto a covalent side chain staple, we have generated a series of MEG-FA stapled PrRP analogs with enhanced serum stability and in vivo half-life. Our lead compound 18-S4 exhibits good in vitro potency and selectivity against GPR10, improved serum stability, and extended in vivo half-life (7.8 h) in mouse. Furthermore, 18-S4 demonstrates a potent body weight reduction effect in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, representing a promising long-acting PrRP analog for further evaluation in the chronic obesity setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Pflimlin
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sam Lear
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Candy Lee
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shan Yu
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Huafei Zou
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew To
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sean Joseph
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Van Nguyen-Tran
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew S. Tremblay
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- Calibr at Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Parker A, Fonseca S, Carding SR. Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health. Gut Microbes 2019; 11:135-157. [PMID: 31368397 PMCID: PMC7053956 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1638722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (gut) microbiota comprises diverse and dynamic populations of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, coexisting in a mutualistic relationship with the host. When intestinal homeostasis is perturbed, the function of the gastrointestinal tract and other organ systems, including the brain, can be compromised. The gut microbiota is proposed to contribute to blood-brain barrier disruption and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. While progress is being made, a better understanding of interactions between gut microbes and host cells, and the impact these have on signaling from gut to brain is now required. In this review, we summarise current evidence of the impact gut microbes and their metabolites have on blood-brain barrier integrity and brain function, and the communication networks between the gastrointestinal tract and brain, which they may modulate. We also discuss the potential of microbiota modulation strategies as therapeutic tools for promoting and restoring brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Sonia Fonseca
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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22
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Eren E, Törel Ergür A, İşgüven ŞP, Çelebi Bitkin E, Berberoğlu M, Şıklar Z, Baş F, Yel S, Baş S, Söbü E, Bereket A, Turan S, Sağlam H, Atay Z, Ercan O, Güran T, Atabek ME, Korkmaz HA, Kılınç Uğurlu A, Akıncı A, Döğer E, Şimşek E, Akbaş ED, Abacı A, Gül Ü, Acar S, Mengen Uçaktürk E, Yıldız M, Ünal E, Tarım Ö. Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Hyperprolactinemia in Children and Adolescents: National Survey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2019; 11:149-156. [PMID: 30396878 PMCID: PMC6571533 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to report the characteristics at admission, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cases of pediatric hyperprolactinemia in a large multicenter study. METHODS We reviewed the records of 233 hyperprolactinemic patients, under 18 years of age, who were followed by different centers. The patients were divided as having microadenomas, macroadenomas, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia and idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Complaints of the patients, their mode of treatment (medication and/or surgery) and outcomes were evaluated in detail. RESULTS The mean age of the patients with hyperprolactinemia was 14.5 years, and 88.4% were females. In terms of etiology, microadenomas were observed in 32.6%, macroadenomas in 27%, idiopathic hyperprolactinemia in 22.7% and drug-induced hyperprolactinemia in 6.4%. Other causes of hyperprolactinemia were defined in 11.3%. Common complaints in females (n=206) were sorted into menstrual irregularities, headaches, galactorrhea, primary or secondary amenorrhea and weight gain, whereas headache, gynecomastia, short stature and blurred vision were common in males (n=27). Median prolactin levels were 93.15 ng/mL, 241.8 ng/mL, 74.5 ng/mL, 93.2 ng/mL, and 69 ng/mL for microadenomas, macroadenomas, idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, and other causes of hyperprolactinemia, respectively. Of 172 patients with hyperprolactinemia, 77.3% were treated with cabergoline and 13.4% with bromocriptine. 20.1% of the patients with pituitary adenomas underwent pituitary surgery. CONCLUSION We present the largest cohort of children and adolescents with hyperprolactinemia in the literature to date. Hyperprolactinemia is more common in females and cabergoline is highly effective and practical to use in adolescents, due to its biweekly dosing. Indications for surgery in pediatric cases need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Eren
- Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa, Turkey Phone: +90 505 768 69 47 E-mail:
| | - Ayça Törel Ergür
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Şükriye Pınar İşgüven
- Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Eda Çelebi Bitkin
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Merih Berberoğlu
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Şıklar
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Firdevs Baş
- İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Servet Yel
- Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Van, Turkey
| | - Serpil Baş
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Söbü
- Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Turan
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Sağlam
- Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Atay
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Ercan
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tülay Güran
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emre Atabek
- Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Anıl Korkmaz
- Balıkesir Atatürk State Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Kılınç Uğurlu
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşehan Akıncı
- İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Esra Döğer
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Enver Şimşek
- Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Emine Demet Akbaş
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Abacı
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Gül
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sezer Acar
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Mengen Uçaktürk
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Melek Yıldız
- Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Edip Ünal
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Ömer Tarım
- Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa, Turkey
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Čermáková M, Pelantová H, Neprašová B, Šedivá B, Maletínská L, Kuneš J, Tomášová P, Železná B, Kuzma M. Metabolomic Study of Obesity and Its Treatment with Palmitoylated Prolactin-Releasing Peptide Analog in Spontaneously Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1735-1750. [PMID: 30810318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the combination of metabolomics and standard biochemical and biometric parameters was used to describe the metabolic effects of diet-induced obesity and its treatment with the novel antiobesity compound palm11-PrRP31 (palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). The results showed that SHR on a high-fat (HF) diet were normoglycemic with obesity and hypertension, while WKY on the HF diet were normotensive and obese with prediabetes. NMR-based metabolomics revealed mainly several microbial cometabolites altered by the HF diet, particularly in urine. The HF diet induced similar changes in both models. However, two groups of genotype-specific metabolites were defined: metabolites specific to the genotype at baseline (e.g., 1-methylnicotinamide, phenylacetylglycine, taurine, methylamine) and metabolites reacting specifically to the HF diet in individual genotypes (2-oxoglutarate, dimethylamine, N-butyrylglycine, p-cresyl sulfate). The palm11-PrRP31 lowered body weight and improved biochemical and biometric parameters in both strains, and it improved glucose tolerance in WKY rats on the HF diet. In urine, the therapy induced significant decrease of formate and 1-methylnicotinamide in SHR and alanine, allantoin, dimethylamine, and N-butyrylglycine in WKY. Altogether, our study confirms the effectiveness of palm11-PrRP31 for antiobesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Čermáková
- Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | | | - Barbora Neprašová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 166 10 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Šedivá
- Faculty of Applied Sciences , University of West Bohemia , Univerzitní 8 , 306 14 , Plzeň , Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 166 10 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 166 10 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Petra Tomášová
- Fourth Medical Department, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital , U nemocnice 1 , 128 08 Praha 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2 , 166 10 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
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Maletínská L, Popelová A, Železná B, Bencze M, Kuneš J. The impact of anorexigenic peptides in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:R47-R72. [PMID: 30475219 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly population. Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that patients who suffer from obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus have a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction and AD. Several recent studies demonstrated that food intake-lowering (anorexigenic) peptides have the potential to improve metabolic disorders and that they may also potentially be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the neuroprotective effects of anorexigenic peptides of both peripheral and central origins are discussed. Moreover, the role of leptin as a key modulator of energy homeostasis is discussed in relation to its interaction with anorexigenic peptides and their analogs in AD-like pathology. Although there is no perfect experimental model of human AD pathology, animal studies have already proven that anorexigenic peptides exhibit neuroprotective properties. This phenomenon is extremely important for the potential development of new drugs in view of the aging of the human population and of the significantly increasing incidence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Popelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Bencze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Holubová M, Hrubá L, Popelová A, Bencze M, Pražienková V, Gengler S, Kratochvílová H, Haluzík M, Železná B, Kuneš J, Hölscher C, Maletínská L. Liraglutide and a lipidized analog of prolactin-releasing peptide show neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of β-amyloid pathology. Neuropharmacology 2018; 144:377-387. [PMID: 30428311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Drugs originally developed for T2DM treatment, e.g., analog of glucagon-like peptide 1 liraglutide, have shown neuroprotective effects in mouse models of AD. We previously examined the neuroprotective properties of palm11-PrRP31, an anorexigenic and glucose-lowering analog of prolactin-releasing peptide, in a mouse model of AD-like Tau pathology, THY-Tau22 mice. Here, we demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of palm11-PrRP31 in double transgenic APP/PS1 mice, a model of AD-like β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology. The 7-8-month-old APP/PS1 male mice were subcutaneously injected with liraglutide or palm11-PrRP31 for 2 months. Both the liraglutide and palm11-PrRP31 treatments reduced the Aβ plaque load in the hippocampus. Palm11-PrRP31 also significantly reduced hippocampal microgliosis, consistent with our observations of a reduced Aβ plaque load, and reduced cortical astrocytosis, similar to the treatment with liraglutide. Palm11-PrRP31 also tended to increase neurogenesis, as indicated by the number of doublecortin-positive cells in the hippocampus. After the treatment with both anorexigenic compounds, we observed a significant decrease in Tau phosphorylation at Thr231, one of the first epitopes phosphorylated in AD. This effect was probably caused by elevated activity of protein phosphatase 2A subunit C, the main Tau phosphatase. Both liraglutide and palm11-PrRP31 reduced the levels of caspase 3, which has multiple roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Palm11-PrRP31 increased protein levels of the pre-synaptic marker synaptophysin, suggesting that palm11-PrRP31 might help preserve synapses. These results indicate that palm11-PrRP31 has promising potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hrubá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Popelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Bencze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pražienková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Gengler
- Biomedical and Life Science, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Kratochvílová
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Biomedical and Life Science, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Holubová M, Hrubá L, Neprašová B, Majerčíková Z, Lacinová Z, Kuneš J, Maletínská L, Železná B. Prolactin-releasing peptide improved leptin hypothalamic signaling in obese mice. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:85-94. [PMID: 29233862 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The situation following anti-obesity drug termination is rarely investigated, eventhough a decrease in body weight needs to be sustained. Therefore, this study examined the impact of twice-daily peripheral administration of 5 mg/kg [N-palm-γGlu-Lys11] prolactin-releasing peptide 31 (palm11-PrRP31) in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO from consuming a high-fat diet) after 28 days of treatment (palm11-PrRP31 group) and after 14 days of peptide treatment followed by 14 days of discontinuation (palm11-PrRP31 + saline group). At the end of the treatment, cumulative food intake, body weight and subcutaneous fat weight/body weight ratio and leptin plasma level were reduced significantly in both the palm11-PrRP31 group and the palm11-PrRP31 + saline group compared to the saline control group. This reduction correlated with significantly increased FOSB, a marker of long-term neuronal potentiation, in the nucleus arcuatus and nucleus tractus solitarii, areas known to be affected by the anorexigenic effect of palm11-PrRP31. Moreover, activation of leptin-related hypothalamic signaling was registered through an increase in phosphoinositide-3-kinase, increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB, AKT) and enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Besides, lowered apoptotic markers c-JUN N-terminal kinase and c-JUN phosphorylation were registered in the hypothalami of both palm11-PrRP31-treated groups. This study demonstrates that palm11-PrRP31 positively affects feeding and leptin-related hypothalamic signaling, not only after 28 days of treatment but even 14 days after the termination of a 14-day long treatment without the yo-yo effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hrubá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Neprašová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- Institute of PhysiologyThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Majerčíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Lacinová
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePrague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- Institute of PhysiologyThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
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Lipidized prolactin-releasing peptide improved glucose tolerance in metabolic syndrome: Koletsky and spontaneously hypertensive rat study. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:5. [PMID: 29339795 PMCID: PMC5851428 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-017-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) has a potential to decrease food intake and ameliorate obesity, but is ineffective after peripheral administration. We have previously shown that our novel lipidized analogs PrRP enhances its stability in the circulation and enables its central effect after peripheral application. The purpose of this study was to explore if sub-chronic administration of novel PrRP analog palmitoylated in position 11 (palm11-PrRP31) to Koletsky-spontaneously hypertensive obese rats (SHROB) could lower body weight and glucose intolerance as well as other metabolic parameters. Subjects/Methods The SHROB rats (n = 16) were used for this study and age-matched hypertensive lean SHR littermates (n = 16) served as controls. Palm11-PrRP31 was administered intraperitoneally to SHR and SHROB (n = 8) at a dose of 5 mg/kg once-daily for 3 weeks. During the dosing period food intake and body weight were monitored. At the end of the experiment the oral glucose tolerance test was performed; plasma and tissue samples were collected. Thereafter, arterial blood pressure was measured. Results At the end of the experiment, vehicle-treated SHROB rats showed typical metabolic syndrome parameters, including obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Peripheral treatment with palm11-PrRP31 progressively decreased the body weight of SHR rats but not SHROB rats, though glucose tolerance was markedly improved in both strains. Moreover, in SHROB palm11-PrRP31 ameliorated the HOMA index, insulin/glucagon ratio, and increased insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 expression in fat and insulin signaling in the hypothalamus, while it had no effect on blood pressure. Conclusions We demonstrated that our new lipidized PrRP analog is capable of improving glucose tolerance in obese SHROB rats after peripheral application, suggesting that its effect on glucose metabolism is independent of leptin signaling and body weight lowering. These data suggest that this analog has the potential to be a compound with both anti-obesity and glucose-lowering properties.
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28
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LC-MS/MS analysis of lipidized analogs of prolactin-releasing peptide utilizing a monolithic column and simple sample preparation. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1319-1328. [PMID: 28901165 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Novel compounds for obesity treatment are currently being studied employing lipidized analogs of anorexigenic neuropeptides. Various analogs of prolactin-releasing peptide have demonstrated their ability to decrease food intake. Adequate analytical tools are required to support corresponding research. Methodology & results: An analytical method was developed that includes simple dilution of plasma samples prior to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and employs a monolithic column for the determination of lipidized analogs of prolactin-releasing peptide in complex biological samples. A multiple reaction monitoring approach was applied that included matrix calibration and an internal standard and produced a linear calibration range 20-200 ng ml-1 in rat and macaque plasma samples. CONCLUSION A straightforward, simple and reliable analytical method was developed satisfying major validation criteria.
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Pražienková V, Holubová M, Pelantová H, Bugáňová M, Pirník Z, Mikulášková B, Popelová A, Blechová M, Haluzík M, Železná B, Kuzma M, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Impact of novel palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide analogs on metabolic changes in mice with diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183449. [PMID: 28820912 PMCID: PMC5562305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analogs of anorexigenic neuropeptides, such as prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), have a potential as new anti-obesity drugs. In our previous study, palmitic acid attached to the N-terminus of PrRP enabled its central anorexigenic effects after peripheral administration. In this study, two linkers, γ-glutamic acid at Lys11 and a short, modified polyethylene glycol at the N-terminal Ser and/or Lys11, were applied for the palmitoylation of PrRP31 to improve its bioavailability. These analogs had a high affinity and activation ability to the PrRP receptor GPR10 and the neuropeptide FF2 receptor, as well as short-term anorexigenic effect similar to PrRP palmitoylated at the N-terminus. Two-week treatment with analogs that were palmitoylated through linkers to Lys11 (analogs 1 and 2), but not with analog modified both at the N-terminus and Lys11 (analog 3) decreased body and liver weights, insulin, leptin, triglyceride, cholesterol and free fatty acid plasma levels in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Moreover, the expression of uncoupling protein-1 was increased in brown fat suggesting an increase in energy expenditure. In addition, treatment with analogs 1 and 2 but not analog 3 significantly decreased urinary concentrations of 1-methylnicotinamide and its oxidation products N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and N-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, as shown by NMR-based metabolomics. This observation confirmed the previously reported increase in nicotinamide derivatives in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the effectiveness of analogs 1 and 2 in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pražienková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bugáňová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenko Pirník
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Human and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Mikulášková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Popelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Blechová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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30
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Mikulášková B, Maletínská L, Zicha J, Kuneš J. The role of food intake regulating peptides in cardiovascular regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:78-92. [PMID: 27450151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor that worsens cardiovascular events leading to higher morbidity and mortality. However, the exact mechanisms of relation between obesity and cardiovascular events are unclear. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that pharmacological therapy for obesity has great potential to improve some cardiovascular problems. Therefore, it is important to determine the common mechanisms regulating both food intake and blood pressure. Several hormones produced by peripheral tissues work together with neuropeptides involved in the regulation of both food intake and blood pressure. Anorexigenic (food intake lowering) hormones such as leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin cooperate with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated peptide as well as prolactin-releasing peptide. Curiously their collective actions result in increased sympathetic activity, especially in the kidney, which could be one of the factors responsible for the blood pressure increases seen in obesity. On the other hand, orexigenic (food intake enhancing) peptides, especially ghrelin released from the stomach and acting in the brain, cooperates with orexins, neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin, which leads to decreased sympathetic activity and blood pressure. This paradox should be intensively studied in the future. Moreover, it is important to know that the hypothalamus together with the brainstem seem to be major structures in the regulation of food intake and blood pressure. Thus, the above mentioned regions might be essential brain components in the transmission of peripheral signals to the central effects. In this short review, we summarize the current information on cardiovascular effects of food intake regulating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mikulášková
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Zicha
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kuneš
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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