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Lu J, Long Y, Sun J, Gong L. Towards a comprehensive view of the herpes B virus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281384. [PMID: 38035092 PMCID: PMC10687423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms, human infections with this virus can cause serious neurological symptoms or fatal encephalomyelitis with a high mortality rate. Herpes B virus can be latent in the sensory ganglia of monkeys and humans, often leading to missed diagnoses. Furthermore, the herpes B virus has extensive antigen crossover with HSV, SA8, and HVP-2, causing false-positive results frequently. Timely diagnosis, along with methods with sensitivity and specificity, are urgent for research on the herpes B virus. The lack of a clear understanding of the host invasion and life cycle of the herpes B virus has led to slow progress in the development of effective vaccines and drugs. This review discusses the research progress and problems of the epidemiology of herpes B virus, detection methods and therapy, hoping to inspire further investigation into important factors associated with transmission of herpes B virus in macaques and humans, and arouse the development of effective vaccines or drugs, to promote the establishment of specific pathogen-free (SPF) monkeys and protect humans to effectively avoid herpes B virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yiru Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
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Pöhlmann S, Krüger A, Hafezi W, Schneider S, Gruber J, Winkler M, Kaul A. Detection systems for antibody responses against herpes B virus. Primate Biol 2017; 4:9-16. [PMID: 32110687 PMCID: PMC7041526 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-9-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus (BV) infection is highly prevalent among adult Asian macaques
and rarely causes severe disease in infected animals. In contrast, BV
infection of humans can induce fatal encephalitis in the absence of
treatment. Therefore, the development of diagnostic tests for specific and
sensitive detection of antibodies against BV is an important task. The
cross-reactivity of antibodies against BV with related simplex viruses of
other primates may afford an opportunity to obtain sensitive detection
systems without the need to work with the highly pathogenic BV. Moreover, it
has been proposed that use of recombinant viral glycoproteins may allow for a
detection of antibody responses against BV with high specificity. However,
limited data are available for both approaches to BV diagnostic. Here, we
report that simian agent 8 (SA8; infects African green monkeys)- and
herpesvirus papio 2 (HVP-2; infects baboons)-infected cells allow for a more
sensitive detection of antibody responses against BV in macaques than lysates
of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1/2;
infect humans)-infected cells and a
commercial HSV ELISA (Enzygnost®
Anti-HSV/IgG). In addition, we show that sera from BV-infected macaques
frequently contain antibodies against the recombinant BV glycoprotein gD (BV
gD) that has been previously proposed as a diagnostic target for
discriminating BV- and HSV-induced antibodies. However, we found that
antibodies of some HSV-infected human patients also reacted with BV gD. In
contrast, only sera of HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected humans, but not sera from
BV-infected macaques, reacted with HSV-1/2 gG. Collectively, these results
suggest that both SA8 and HVP-2 allow for sensitive and comparable detection
of BV-directed antibody responses in macaques and that the combination of BV
gD and HSV-1/2 gG needs to be complemented by a least one additional viral
glycoprotein for reliable discrimination between antibody responses against
BV and HSV-1/2 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Krüger
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wali Hafezi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Gruber
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kaul
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Viruses related to the herpes simplex viruses of humans are present in all nonhuman primate (NHP) species tested and cross species transmission has been documented. The herpesvirus present in macaques, Herpes B virus (BV) rarely causes disease in its natural macaque host. However, when transmitted to a nonnative host, BV has occasionally caused severe and even fatal disease if not treated immediately. Here we present a comprehensive review of the taxonomy, molecular biology, physiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of BV. We also summarizes what is known about related herpesviruses of other NHP species and the zoonotic potential of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
| | - L Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Washington, USA
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Yee JL, Vanderford TH, Didier ES, Gray S, Lewis A, Roberts J, Taylor K, Bohm RP. Specific pathogen free macaque colonies: a review of principles and recent advances for viral testing and colony management. J Med Primatol 2016; 45:55-78. [PMID: 26932456 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific pathogen free (SPF) macaques provide valuable animal models for biomedical research. In 1989, the National Center for Research Resources [now Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)] of the National Institutes of Health initiated experimental research contracts to establish and maintain SPF colonies. The derivation and maintenance of SPF macaque colonies is a complex undertaking requiring knowledge of the biology of the agents for exclusion and normal physiology and behavior of macaques, application of the latest diagnostic technology, facilitiy management, and animal husbandry. This review provides information on the biology of the four viral agents targeted for exclusion in ORIP SPF macaque colonies, describes current state-of-the-art viral diagnostic algorithms, presents data from proficiency testing of diagnostic assays between laboratories at institutions participating in the ORIP SPF program, and outlines management strategies for maintaining the integrity of SPF colonies using results of diagnostic testing as a guide to decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Stanton Gray
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Anne Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Taylor
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
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Coutrot E, Blancher-Sardou M, Blancher A. Anti-CeHV1 antibodies of two cynomolgus macaques cross-react with HSV2 but not HSV1 antigens in ELISA. J Med Primatol 2008; 37:38-44. [PMID: 18199071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to compare the cross-reactivity of macaque anti-CeHV1 antibodies with type 1 and type 2 human herpes simplex viruses (HSV1 and HSV2). METHODS We studied the serum of 344 animals which had been tested either positive (n = 39) or negative (n = 305) for the presence of CeHV1 antibodies by expert laboratories. Macaque serums were studied by means of two ELISA: one based on HSV1 antigen-coated wells, the other on polystyrene beads coated with HSV1 and HSV2 antigens in approximately equal proportions. RESULTS In the serum of two animals originating from Vietnam, we found anti-CeHV1 antibodies cross-reacting with HSV2 but not with HSV1 antigens. For the serum with the highest titer, inhibition by soluble antigens confirmed the high affinity of the antibodies for HSV2 antigens. CONCLUSIONS Tests using HSV1 and HSV2 in a combined way are better suited to macaque screening than tests using only HSV1 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Coutrot
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Discrimination of antibody to herpes B virus from antibody to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in human and macaque sera. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:56-61. [PMID: 17989200 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00342-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic cross-reactive characteristics of herpes B virus and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are responsible for false-positive diagnoses by serological assays in humans and macaques. In the present study, we developed a fluorometric indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant herpes B virus glycoprotein D (gD) and HSV-1 and HSV-2 gG (gG-1 and gG-2, respectively) to discriminate between the three primate herpesvirus infections. The secreted form of gD, gDdTM, was used to detect antibody to herpes B virus gD. Sera positive for herpes B virus, HSV-1, and HSV-2 showed specific reactions to gD, gG-1, and gG-2, respectively. Sera collected from humans and rhesus macaques were investigated for the presence of antibodies to the recombinant proteins of the three herpesviruses. The results suggested that the approach is able to discriminate between herpes B virus and HSV infections. The ELISA was also found to be able to detect infections with multiple primate herpesviruses and may have the potential to identify a subsequent infection in individuals that have already been infected with another herpesvirus. In addition, we found evidence of a greater cross-reactivity of herpes B virus with HSV-1 than with HSV-2. It is suggested that the ELISA with the recombinant antigens is useful not only for the serodiagnosis of primate herpesvirus infections but also for elucidation of the seroprevalence of herpesviruses in humans and primates.
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Tanaka S, Mannen K, Sato H. Use of Herpesvirus Papio 2 as an Alternative Antigen in Immunoblotting Assay for B Virus Diagnosis. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:529-32. [PMID: 15187363 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus papio 2 (HVP2), which infects baboons, is much more closely related genetically and antigenically to monkey B virus (BV) than to human herpes simplex virus 1(HSV1) and other related herpes viruses. The usefulness of HVP2 as an alternative test antigen in immunoblotting assays to detect BV-antibody in macaque monkey sera was assessed. Six HVP2 proteins reacted with BV-positive sera in immunoblotting. No specific bands could be detected with BV-negative sera. These results show the usefulness of HVP2 antigen as an alternative and safer antigen than authentic BV antigen in detecting BV antibody in immunoblotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Tanaka
- Division of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Department of Life Science, Institute of Scientific Research, Oita University, Hasama-machi, Japan
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Tanabayashi K, Mukai R, Yamada A. Detection of B virus antibody in monkey sera using glycoprotein D expressed in mammalian cells. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3025-30. [PMID: 11526123 PMCID: PMC88291 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.9.3025-3030.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding glycoprotein D (gD) of the monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) was cloned into a mammalian expression vector, pcDNA3.1(-), and the recombinant plasmid DNA was transfected into COS7 cells. The expression of gD in transfected COS7 cells was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay or radioimmunoprecipitation analysis (RIPA). Although the expressed gD protein was revealed to react well with sera from monkeys naturally infected with B virus by RIPA, some sera showed reduced reactivity when analyzed by the Western blotting (WB) method. Some sera also showed relatively high background when the WB was performed using gD expressed from recombinant plasmid. The mutant gD protein lacking the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) was next expressed in COS7 cells. The mutant protein was secreted into culture medium without apparent loss of the antigenicity. Using the secretory form of the gD protein as antigen in dot blot analysis, sera from B virus-infected monkeys were shown to react with the mutant protein without nonspecific reaction. Since the recombinant gD or its derivative lacking TM and CT could be expressed in mammalian cells with proper antigenicity, these antigens appeared to be useful for serological detection of B virus infection in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanabayashi
- Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 208-0843, Japan.
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