1
|
Sagulkoo P, Plaimas K, Suratanee A, Colado Simão AN, Vissoci Reiche EM, Maes M. Immunopathogenesis and immunogenetic variants in COVID-19. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1780-1797. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220519150821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread globally despite the discovery of vaccines. Many people die due to COVID-19 as a result of catastrophic consequences, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by a cytokine storm. Immunopathology and immunogenetic research may assist in diagnosing, predicting, and treating severe COVID-19 and the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19. This paper reviews the immunopathogenesis and immunogenetic variants that play a role in COVID-19. Although various immune-related genetic variants have been investigated in relation to severe COVID-19, the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) have not been assessed for their potential significance in the clinical outcome. Here, we a) summarize the current understanding of the immunogenetic etiology and pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the associated cytokine storm; and b) construct and analyze protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks (using enrichment and annotation analysis) based on the NLRP3 and IL18 variants and all genes, which were established in severe COVID-19. Our PPI network and enrichment analyses predict a) useful drug targets to prevent the onset of severe COVID-19 including key antiviral pathways such as Toll-Like-Receptor cascades, NOD-like receptor signaling, RIG-induction of interferon (IFN) α/β, and interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor signaling; and b) SARS-CoV-2 innate immune evasion and the participation of MYD88 and MAVS in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19. The PPI network genetic variants may be used to predict more severe COVID-19 outcomes, thereby opening the door for targeted preventive treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Sagulkoo
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kitiporn Plaimas
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Apichat Suratanee
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Andrea Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Department of Pathology Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Wu Z, Wang J, Si X, Zhang R, Sun T, Dong Q, Wu W, Qiu Y. Docosahexaenoic acid ester of phloridzin reduces inflammation and insulin resistance via AMPK. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1854-1862. [PMID: 35585811 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220518102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid-acylated phloridzin (PZ-DHA), a novel polyphenol fatty acid ester derivative, is synthesized through an acylation reaction of phloridzin (PZ) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). PZ-DHA is more stable than DHA and exhibits higher cellular uptake and bioavailability than PZ. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of PZ-DHA on insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle and the related mechanisms, we used palmitic acid (PA)-treated C2C12 myotubes as an insulin resistance model. RESULTS We found that PZ-DHA increased the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and improved glucose uptake and mitochondrial function in an AMPK-dependent manner in untreated C2C12 myotubes. PZ-DHA treatment of the myotubes reversed PA-induced insulin resistance; this was indicated by increases in glucose uptake and the expression of membrane glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and phosphorylated Akt. Moreover, PZ-DHA treatment reversed PA-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. These effects of PZ-DHA were mediated by AMPK. Furthermore, the increase in AMPK activity, improvement in insulin resistance, and decrease in inflammatory and oxidative responses after PZ-DHA treatment diminished upon co-treatment with a liver kinase B1 (LKB1) inhibitor, suggesting that PZ-DHA improved AMPK activity by regulating its upstream kinase, LKB1. CONCLUSION The effects of PZ-DHA on insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes may be mediated by the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Hence, PZ-DHA is a promising therapeutic agent for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqing Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuemeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianqi Sun
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiaoyan Dong
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yefeng Qiu
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fricke-Galindo I, Falfán-Valencia R. Genetics Insight for COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622176. [PMID: 33868239 PMCID: PMC8047200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presents a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from an asymptomatic to a severe clinical course. The host genetic background influence on the susceptibility and outcome of multiples infectious diseases has been previously reported. Herein, we aimed to describe relevant identified genetic variants and those potentially related to the inter-individual variability of COVID-19 susceptibility and/or severity considering the physiopathological pathway of the disease The HLA-A*25:01, -B*15:27, -B*46:01, -C*01:02, and -C*07:29 alleles have been associated with COVID-19 susceptibility; while HLA-A*02:02, -B*15:03, and -C*12:03 have been identified as low-risk alleles. Variants in cytokine genes such as IL1B, IL1R1, IL1RN, IL6, IL17A, FCGR2A, and TNF could be related to disease susceptibility and cytokine storm, and/or COVID-19 complications (e.g., venous thrombosis). Several variants in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 affecting the expression of the receptors related to COVID-19 have been associated with the disease susceptibility and risk factors. Finally, two GWAS have identified the loci 3p21.31 (LZTFL1, SLC6A20, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6, and XCR1) and 9q34.2 (ABO) with COVID-19 severity. Heterogeneous results in the association of genetic variants with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity were observed. The mechanism of identified risk-genes and studies in different populations are still warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giese APJ, Ali S, Isaiah A, Aziz I, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM. Genomics of Otitis Media (OM): Molecular Genetics Approaches to Characterize Disease Pathophysiology. Front Genet 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32391049 PMCID: PMC7191070 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is an infective and inflammatory disorder known to be a major cause of hearing impairment across all age groups. Both acute and chronic OM result in substantial healthcare utilization related to antibiotic prescription and surgical procedures necessary for its management. Although several studies provided evidence of genetics playing a significant role in the susceptibility to OM, we had limited knowledge about the genes associated with OM until recently. Here we have summarized the known genetic factors that confer susceptibility to various forms of OM in mice and in humans and their genetic load, along with associated cellular signaling pathways. Spotlighted in this review are fucosyltransferase (FUT) enzymes, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of OM. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of OM-associated genes may provide potential opportunities for its diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud P J Giese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Saadat Ali
- The Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amal Isaiah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ishrat Aziz
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Larson ED, Magno JPM, Steritz MJ, Llanes EGDV, Cardwell J, Pedro M, Roberts TB, Einarsdottir E, Rosanes RAQ, Greenlee C, Santos RAP, Yousaf A, Streubel SO, Santos ATR, Ruiz AG, Lagrana-Villagracia SM, Ray D, Yarza TKL, Scholes MA, Anderson CB, Acharya A, Gubbels SP, Bamshad MJ, Cass SP, Lee NR, Shaikh RS, Nickerson DA, Mohlke KL, Prager JD, Cruz TLG, Yoon PJ, Abes GT, Schwartz DA, Chan AL, Wine TM, Cutiongco-de la Paz EM, Friedman N, Kechris K, Kere J, Leal SM, Yang IV, Patel JA, Tantoco MLC, Riazuddin S, Chan KH, Mattila PS, Reyes-Quintos MRT, Ahmed ZM, Jenkins HA, Chonmaitree T, Hafrén L, Chiong CM, Santos-Cortez RLP. A2ML1 and otitis media: novel variants, differential expression, and relevant pathways. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1156-1171. [PMID: 31009165 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A genetic basis for otitis media is established, however, the role of rare variants in disease etiology is largely unknown. Previously a duplication variant within A2ML1 was identified as a significant risk factor for otitis media in an indigenous Filipino population and in US children. In this report exome and Sanger sequencing was performed using DNA samples from the indigenous Filipino population, Filipino cochlear implantees, US probands, Finnish, and Pakistani families with otitis media. Sixteen novel, damaging A2ML1 variants identified in otitis media patients were rare or low-frequency in population-matched controls. In the indigenous population, both gingivitis and A2ML1 variants including the known duplication variant and the novel splice variant c.4061 + 1 G>C were independently associated with otitis media. Sequencing of salivary RNA samples from indigenous Filipinos demonstrated lower A2ML1 expression according to the carriage of A2ML1 variants. Sequencing of additional salivary RNA samples from US patients with otitis media revealed differentially expressed genes that are highly correlated with A2ML1 expression levels. In particular, RND3 is upregulated in both A2ML1 variant carriers and high-A2ML1 expressors. These findings support a role for A2ML1 in keratinocyte differentiation within the middle ear as part of otitis media pathology and the potential application of ROCK inhibition in otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Larson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jose Pedrito M Magno
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Matthew J Steritz
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Erasmo Gonzalo D V Llanes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.,Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jonathan Cardwell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melquiadesa Pedro
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Tori Bootpetch Roberts
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rose Anne Q Rosanes
- Department of Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Christopher Greenlee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Ayesha Yousaf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sven-Olrik Streubel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Amanda G Ruiz
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sheryl Mae Lagrana-Villagracia
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Dylan Ray
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Talitha Karisse L Yarza
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines.,Newborn Hearing Screening Reference Center, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila, Philippines
| | - Melissa A Scholes
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine B Anderson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Samuel P Gubbels
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen P Cass
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nanette R Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc. and Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Rehan S Shaikh
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeremy D Prager
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Teresa Luisa G Cruz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.,Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Patricia J Yoon
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Generoso T Abes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.,Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Abner L Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.,Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Todd M Wine
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eva Maria Cutiongco-de la Paz
- Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.,University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Norman Friedman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Janak A Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ma Leah C Tantoco
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.,Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenny H Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Petri S Mattila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Rina T Reyes-Quintos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.,Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines.,Newborn Hearing Screening Reference Center, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila, Philippines.,University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Herman A Jenkins
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Charlotte M Chiong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.,Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines.,Newborn Hearing Screening Reference Center, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health (NIH), Manila, Philippines
| | - Regie Lyn P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila - National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines.,Center for Children's Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mulay A, Hood DW, Williams D, Russell C, Brown SDM, Bingle L, Cheeseman M, Bingle CD. Loss of the homeostatic protein BPIFA1, leads to exacerbation of otitis media severity in the Junbo mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3128. [PMID: 29449589 PMCID: PMC5814562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis Media (OM) is characterized by epithelial abnormalities and defects in innate immunity in the middle ear (ME). Although, BPIFA1, a member of the BPI fold containing family of putative innate defence proteins is abundantly expressed by the ME epithelium and SNPs in Bpifa1 have been associated with OM susceptibility, its role in the ME is not well characterized. We investigated the role of BPIFA1 in protection of the ME and the development of OM using murine models. Loss of Bpifa1 did not lead to OM development. However, deletion of Bpifa1 in Evi1Jbo/+ mice, a model of chronic OM, caused significant exacerbation of OM severity, thickening of the ME mucosa and increased collagen deposition, without a significant increase in pro-inflammatory gene expression. Our data suggests that BPIFA1 is involved in maintaining homeostasis within the ME under steady state conditions and its loss in the presence of inflammation, exacerbates epithelial remodelling leading to more severe OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Mulay
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Derek W Hood
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Debbie Williams
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Catherine Russell
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Lynne Bingle
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. .,Florey Institute for Host Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Živković M, Kolić I, Jesić S, Jotić A, Stanković A. The Allele 2 of the VNTR Polymorphism in the Gene That Encodes a Natural Inhibitor of IL-1β, IL-1RA Is Favorably Associated With Chronic Otitis Media. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 11:118-123. [PMID: 29433161 PMCID: PMC5951068 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2017.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chronic otitis media (COM) is followed by irreversible tissue damage and destruction of the middle ear structures, with the possibility of complications under the maintenance of inflammation. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines play a crucial role in the initial stage of inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the polymorphisms in two innate immunity/inflammation cascade genes from interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene cluster with COM with regard to cholesteatoma. Methods In the cross-sectional case-control study, DNA samples were collected from 189 patients with COM and 119 controls from a population of Serbia. The +3953 C/T (rs1143634), TaqI polymorphism in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) gene and 86 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR, rs2234663) polymorphism in the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Results The IL-1β TaqI polymorphism was not significantly different in patients compared with the control group. The significant difference between patients and controls was observed for both, genotype and allele frequencies of IL-1RA VNTR polymorphism (chi-square P<0.01). We found that carriers of IL-1RA allele 2 (odds ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 0.76; P=0.004) have a favorable association with COM, using multivariate logistic analysis that included both polymorphisms, age and sex. The IL-1RA allele frequency distribution was significantly different with regard to cholesteatoma. Conclusion The carriers of allele 2 of VNTR IL-1RA polymorphism had a decreased odds ratio for COM, which is in agreement with findings in other inflammatory disease and its previous association with higher IL-1RA levels. Possible down-regulation of IL-1 mediated proinflammatory signaling pathways via IL-1RA in COM as well as results of our study should be further investigated and replicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Živković
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kolić
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Jesić
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia, University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Jotić
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia, University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Granath A. Recurrent Acute Otitis Media: What Are the Options for Treatment and Prevention? CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:93-100. [PMID: 28616364 PMCID: PMC5446546 DOI: 10.1007/s40136-017-0151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To survey current strategies for treatment and prevention of recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM). Recent Findings Treatment with systemic antibiotics is required in recurrent episodes of acute otitis media. A cautious attitude is recommended due to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics also provide effective prophylaxis for rAOM. Topical treatment with ear drops is recommended in rAOM with otorrhea from tympanostomy tubes. Pneumococcal conjugated vaccines seem to have a moderate reductive effect on overall otitis media. The effect on rAOM is still unclear. Different administrations of immunoglobulins have not been effective against rAOM. Breastfeeding had a protective effect against rAOM. A recommendation against cigarette smoke exposure as a measure to prevent otitis seems warranted. An effect for adenoidectomy in children <2 years old with rAOM has been suggested. There is a strong genetic connection with rAOM. Probiotics and nasal spray with Streptococci might offer future opportunities as prophylaxis. Too little is known about complimentary treatments to give any recommendations. Summary Systemic antibiotics are still needed as treatment against episodes of AOM in rAOM children. There are several preventive measures that can be taken to reduce the burden of AOM but they all have a small-moderate effect. Systemic antibiotics provide effective prophylaxis in rAOM, but must be used with extreme caution due to the emerging antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Granath
- ENT-Department Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wilhelm T, Stelzer T, Hagen R. Sensorineural hearing loss after otitis media with effusion and subacute mastoiditis after viral infections of the upper respiratory tract: A comparative study of conservative and surgical treatment. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2017; 95:E18-27. [PMID: 27657322 DOI: 10.1177/014556131609500908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of the middle ear after viral infections of the upper airways may lead to serous otitis media with effusion in the absence of bacterial infection. This can be accompanied by a concomitant shading of the mastoid air cells, which could manifest as a reduced opacity on computed tomography (CT) in the absence of a history of chronic mastoiditis or acute inflammatory signs. This can lead to a subsequent impairment of inner ear function. CT scans reveal an extended pneumatization of the temporal bones in affected patients. Inner ear hearing impairment can probably be attributed to a concomitant labyrinthine reaction-the so-called toxic inner ear lesion. If no remission occurs within 5 days after initial conservative treatment (paracentesis or hemorrheologic infusions), surgical treatment with a mastoidectomy can accelerate hearing restoration. We conducted a retrospective, nonrandomized study of short- and long-term hearing outcomes in patients with a toxic inner ear lesion who had been treated with conservative measures alone (CONS group) or with surgery (SURG group) in a tertiary care referral center. Our study group was made up of 52 consecutively presenting patients (57 ears) who had been seen over a 10-year period; there were 20 patients (21 ears) in the CONS group and 32 patients (36 ears) in the SURG group. Initially, 15 CONS patients (75%) and 18 SURG patients (56%) complained of dizziness or a balance disorder. The initial averaged sensorineural hearing loss (over 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kHz) was 32.4 ± 15.6 dB in the CONS group and 35.4 ± 12.0 dB in the SURG group. At follow-up (mean: 31.7 mo), the SURG group experienced a significantly greater improvement in hearing (p = 0.025). We conclude that patients with viral otitis media and concomitant noninflammatory mastoiditis with impairment of inner ear function (sensorineural hearing loss) experience a better hearing outcome when a mastoidectomy is performed during primary treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilhelm
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head/Neck and Facial Plastic Surgery, Sana Kliniken Leipziger Land, Rudolf Virchow Strasse 2, 04552 Borna, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bergroth E, Roponen M, Karvonen AM, Keski-Nisula L, Remes S, Riedler J, Roduit C, Dalphin JC, Kaulek V, Loss GJ, Lauener R, Hirvonen MR, Genuneit J, Schmaußer-Hechfellner E, Renz H, Pfefferle PI, Krauss-Etschmann S, Schaub B, von Mutius E, Pekkanen J. Enhanced T helper 1 and 2 cytokine responses at birth associate with lower risk of middle ear infections in infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:53-59. [PMID: 27633913 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections and their symptoms are frequent during early childhood, but their risk factors, including the effect of early immune regulation, are less known. The aim of the study was to analyze whether stimulated cord blood cytokine production is associated with the frequency of respiratory tract infection symptoms or infections during the first year of life. METHODS The study population consisted of children of mothers from farm or non-farm rural environment from Austria, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland who participated in a prospective birth cohort study (PASTURE: Protection against Allergy-Study in Rural Environments) (N = 550). Cord blood samples were stimulated with the combination of phorbol ester and ionomycin (P/I) for 24 h, and the production of IL-5, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was determined using ELISA. Information about infectious morbidity was collected using weekly diaries. RESULTS P/I-stimulated production of IL-5 (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) for ≤median production, 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.25-0.55, aRR for >median production, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27-0.61 vs. production <detection limit) and IFN-γ (aRR for ≤median production, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.95, aRR for >median production, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.25-0.62 vs. production <detection limit) in cord blood were associated with lower number of weeks with reported middle ear infection. There was a tendency toward positive association with P/I-stimulated TNF-α production and middle ear infections. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that increased Th2- and Th1-associated cytokine responses at birth may provide protection from later middle ear infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eija Bergroth
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Karvonen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leea Keski-Nisula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Remes
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Caroline Roduit
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland.,Children's Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Dalphin
- Department of Respiratory Disease, University of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Kaulek
- Department of Respiratory Disease, University of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Georg J Loss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roger Lauener
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jon Genuneit
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Harald Renz
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research, UGMLC, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra I Pfefferle
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Pathobiochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research, UGMLC, Marburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Biomaterial Bank Marburg CBBM, Medical faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Division of Experimental Asthma Research, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Member of the German Research Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bianca Schaub
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research, CPC-M, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research, CPC-M, Munich, Germany
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Teschner M. Evidence and evidence gaps in the treatment of Eustachian tube dysfunction and otitis media. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2016; 15:Doc05. [PMID: 28025605 PMCID: PMC5169078 DOI: 10.3205/cto000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence-based medicine is an approach to medical treatment intended to optimize patient-oriented decision-making on the basis of empirically proven effectiveness. For this purpose, a classification system has been established to categorize studies - and hence therapy options - in respect of associated evidence according to defined criteria. The Eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear cavity. Its key function is to ensure middle ear ventilation. Compromised ventilation results in inflammatory middle ear disorders. Numerous evidence-based therapy options are available for the treatment of impaired middle ear ventilation and otitis media, the main therapeutic approach being antibiotic treatment. More recent procedures such as balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube have also shown initial success but must undergo further evaluation with regard to evidence. There is, as yet, no evidence for some of the other long-established procedures. Owing to the multitude of variables, the classification of evidence levels for various treatment approaches calls for highly diversified assessment. Numerous evidence-based studies are therefore necessary in order to evaluate the evidence pertaining to existing and future therapy solutions for impaired middle ear ventilation and otitis media. If this need is addressed, a wealth of implications can be expected for therapeutic approaches in the years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Teschner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma JR, Wang DH. [Epigenetic effects of human breastfeeding]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:926-930. [PMID: 27751205 PMCID: PMC7389542 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is well-known for its benefits of preventing communicable and non-communicable diseases. Human breastmilk consists not only of nutrients, but also of bioactive substances. What's more, the epigenetic effects of human breast milk may also play an important role. Alterations in the epigenetic regulation of genes may lead to profound changes in phenotype. Clarifying the role of human breast milk on genetic expression can potentially benefit the infant's health and his later life. This review article makes a brief summary of the epigenetic mechanism of breast milk, and its epigenetic effects on neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, infectious diseases, metabolism syndrome, cognitive function and anaphylactic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ran Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Einarsdottir E, Hafrén L, Leinonen E, Bhutta MF, Kentala E, Kere J, Mattila PS. Genome-wide association analysis reveals variants on chromosome 19 that contribute to childhood risk of chronic otitis media with effusion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33240. [PMID: 27632927 PMCID: PMC5025747 DOI: 10.1038/srep33240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify genetic risk factors of childhood otitis media (OM), a genome-wide association study was performed on Finnish subjects, 829 affected children, and 2118 randomly selected controls. The most significant and validated finding was an association with an 80 kb region on chromosome 19. It includes the variants rs16974263 (P = 1.77 × 10(-7), OR = 1.59), rs268662 (P = 1.564 × 10(-6), OR = 1.54), and rs4150992 (P = 3.37 × 10(-6), OR = 1.52), and harbors the genes PLD3, SERTAD1, SERTAD3, HIPK4, PRX, and BLVRB, all in strong linkage disequilibrium. In a sub-phenotype analysis of the 512 patients with chronic otitis media with effusion, one marker reached genome-wide significance (rs16974263, P = 2.92 × 10(-8)). The association to this locus was confirmed but with an association signal in the opposite direction, in a UK family cohort of 4860 subjects (rs16974263, P = 3.21 × 10(-4), OR = 0.72; rs4150992, P = 1.62 × 10(-4), OR = 0.71). Thus we hypothesize that this region is important for COME risk in both the Finnish and UK populations, although the precise risk variants or haplotype background remain unclear. Our study suggests that the identified region on chromosome 19 includes a novel and previously uncharacterized risk locus for OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eira Leinonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Erna Kentala
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Petri S Mattila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Samuels TL, Yan J, Khampang P, MacKinnon A, Hong W, Johnston N, Kerschner JE. Association of microRNA 146 with middle ear hyperplasia in pediatric otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 88:104-8. [PMID: 27497395 PMCID: PMC4978186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor signaling activated by bacterial otitis media pathogens in the middle ear has been shown to play a key role in OM susceptibility, pathogenesis and recovery. Recent studies implicate microRNA 146 (miR-146) in regulation of inflammation via negative feedback of toll-like receptor signaling (TLR) in a wide variety of tissues, however its involvement in otitis media is unknown. METHODS Human middle ear epithelial cells were stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta or tumor necrosis factor alpha, for two to twenty-four hours. Middle ear biopsies were collected from children with otitis media with effusion (n = 20), recurrent otitis media (n = 9), and control subjects undergoing cochlear implantation (n = 10). miR-146a, miR-146b expression was assayed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Expression of miR-146 targets involved in TLR signaling, IRAK1 and TRAF6, was assayed by qPCR in middle ear biopsies. Middle ear biopsies were cryosectioned and epithelial thickness measured by a certified pathologist. RESULTS Proinflammatory cytokines induced expression of miR-146 in middle ear epithelial cells in vitro. Middle ear miR-146a and miR-146b expression was elevated in otitis media patients relative to control subjects and correlated with middle ear epithelial thickness. A trend towards inverse correlation was observed between miR-146 and TRAF6 expression in the clinical population. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to assess miRNA expression in a clinical population with OM. Findings herein suggest miR-146 may play a role in OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Justin Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Joseph E. Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miljanović O, Cikota-Aleksić B, Likić D, Vojvodić D, Jovićević O, Magić Z. Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms and risk factors with otitis media proneness in children. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:809-15. [PMID: 26957492 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In order to assess the association between gene polymorphisms and otitis media (OM) proneness, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) -308, interleukin (IL) 10-1082 and -3575, IL6 -597, IL2 -330, and CD14 -159 genotyping was performed in 58 OM-prone children and 85 controls who were exposed to similar number and frequency of environmental and host risk factors. The frequencies of genotypes (wild type vs. genotypes containing at least one polymorphic allele) were not significantly different between groups, except for IL10 -1082. Polymorphic genotypes IL10 -1082 GA and GG were more frequent in OM-prone children than in control group (RR 1.145, 95 % CI 1.011-1.298; p = 0.047). However, logistic regression did not confirm IL10 -1082 polymorphic genotypes as an independent risk factor for OM proneness. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that high-producing IL10 -1082 GA/GG genotypes may increase the risk for OM proneness in its carriers when exposed to other environmental/host risk factors (day care attendance, passive smoking, male sex, respiratory infections, and atopic manifestations). This study revealed no significant independent genetic association, but the lack of breastfeeding in infancy was found to be the only independent risk factor for development of OM-prone phenotype, implying that breastfeeding had a protective role in development of susceptibility to OM. WHAT IS KNOWN • The pathogenesis of OM is of multifactorial nature, dependent on infection, environmental factors, and immune response of the child. • Cytokines and CD14 play an important role in the presentation and clinical course of otitis media, but a clear link with otitis media proneness was not established. What is new: • This is the first clinical and genetic study on Montenegrin children with the otitis media-prone phenotype. • The study revealed that high-producing IL10 -1082 genotypes may influence otitis media proneness in children exposed to other environmental/host risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Miljanović
- Center for medical genetic and immunology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Str. Ljubljanska BB, 81 000, Podgorica, Montenegro. .,Clinical Center of Montenegro, Medical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | | | - Dragan Likić
- Department for Anesthesiology, Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Institute for Children Diseases, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Danilo Vojvodić
- Military Medical Academy, Institute of Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ognjen Jovićević
- Department for Anesthesiology, Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Institute for Children Diseases, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Zvonko Magić
- Military Medical Academy, Institute of Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Niclasen J, Obel C, Homøe P, Kørvel-Hanquist A, Dammeyer J. Associations between otitis media and child behavioural and learning difficulties: Results from a Danish cohort. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 84:12-20. [PMID: 27063746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Findings from studies investigating early childhood episodes of otitis media (OM) and developmental outcomes are inconclusive. This may in part be because large-scale prospective studies controlling for relevant confounding factors are sparse. The present study investigates associations between OM in early childhood and later behavioural and learning difficulties controlling for relevant confounding factors. METHODS The study applied data from the Aarhus Birth Cohort's 10-12-year-old follow-up (N=7578). Associations between retrospective parent-reported OM (no OM; 1-3 episodes of OM with/without tympanostomy tubes; 4+ OM episodes without tympanostomy tubes and; 4+ OM episodes with tympanostomy tubes) one the one hand, and parent- and teacher-reported scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and parent-reported academic difficulties on the other hand, were investigated. The following variables were controlled for: parental educational level, maternal and paternal school problems, parental post-natal smoking, breastfeeding, and age at which the child started walking. All analyses were stratified by gender. RESULTS Large differences in background characteristics were observed for the group of children with 4+ OM episodes with tympanostomy tubes compared to the no OM group. After controlling for relevant confounders, negative associations were consistently observed for the group of children with 4+ episodes of OM with tympanostomy tubes compared to the group of children without OM. This was particularly so for girls. CONCLUSION The findings suggest an association between 4+ episodes of early OM with tympanostomy tubes and behavioural and learning difficulties later in childhood. The large inter-group differences, i.e. impact of residual and unmeasured confounding factors, may in part explain the observed associations and underline the need to include these in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Niclasen
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - C Obel
- Department of Public Health, Institute of General Medical Practice, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - P Homøe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Kørvel-Hanquist
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark
| | - J Dammeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ovnat Tamir S, Roth Y, Goldfarb A, Grotto I, Marom T. Severity of pneumococcal versus non-pneumococcal acute otitis media in children. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 40:370-7. [PMID: 25644105 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal acute otitis media (AOM) has been previously considered as a more severe disease than that caused by other otopathogens, based on clinical and/or otologic scores. We sought to test this hypothesis in the pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV) era. METHODS Children <6 years who presented with 'severe' AOM episodes with middle ear fluid (MEF) cultures during 2008-2013 were retrospectively identified. 'Severe' AOM episodes were considered if tympanocentesis was required or if spontaneous otorrhea was present. Data were extracted for demographics, clinical and laboratory tests. Children were categorised according to their PCV status as 'unimmunised' or 'PCV7/PCV13 immunised' and according to their MEF culture results into the 'pneumococcal' or the 'non-pneumococcal' group. Leukocytosis was defined as white blood cells (WBC) count >15 000/μL, and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level was considered as >50 mg/L. RESULTS Of 295 eligible AOM episodes, 106 (36%) were culture positive. Children in the pneumococcal group (65, 61%) had a significantly higher WBC counts and higher CRP levels, were more often <2 years old and were more prone to complicate with acute mastoiditis (AM), compared to children in the non-pneumococcal group, P = 0.03, P = 0.02, P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, respectively. In the pneumococcal group, unimmunised children had higher WBC counts when compared with PCV13-immunised children (P = 0.04), but there were no appreciable differences in CRP levels between unimmunised and PCV7/PCV13-immunised children. CONCLUSION Pneumococcal AOM is associated with higher leukocytosis and CRP levels than non-pneumococcal AOM. Circulating Streptococcus pneumoniae strains causing 'severe' AOM in PCV13-immunised children yielded lower inflammatory responses when compared with unimmunised children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ovnat Tamir
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Holon, Israel
| | - Y Roth
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Holon, Israel
| | - A Goldfarb
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Holon, Israel
| | - I Grotto
- Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - T Marom
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Holon, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chonmaitree T, Trujillo R, Jennings K, Alvarez-Fernandez P, Patel JA, Loeffelholz MJ, Nokso-Koivisto J, Matalon R, Pyles RB, Miller AL, McCormick DP. Acute Otitis Media and Other Complications of Viral Respiratory Infection. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3555. [PMID: 27020793 PMCID: PMC4811317 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URI, LRI) are common in infants. We determined the prevalence of viral URI and its complications, including acute otitis media (AOM) and LRI, and assessed the effect of bacterial-viral interactions, and genetic and environmental risks on AOM development. METHODS Healthy infants were enrolled from near birth and followed to the first episode of AOM up to 12 months of age. Nasopharyngeal specimens were collected at monthly intervals (months 1-6, 9) and during viral URI episodes for bacterial culture and viral polymerase chain reaction studies. Subjects were followed closely for AOM development. RESULTS A total of 367 infants were followed for 286 child-years; 887 URI (305 infants) and 180 AOM episodes (143 infants) were documented. Prevalence of URI, LRI, and AOM in the first year was 3.2, 0.25, and 0.67 per child-year, respectively. Cumulative AOM incidence by ages 3, 6, and 12 months was 6%, 23%, and 46%. Infants with and without AOM had 4.7 and 2.3 URI episodes per child-year, respectively (P < .002). Pathogenic bacterial colonization rates by month were significantly higher in infants with AOM (P < .005). Breastfeeding reduced both URI and AOM risks (P < .05). Significant bacterial-viral interactions occurred with Moraxella catarrhalis and a variety of respiratory viruses and altered URI and AOM risks. CONCLUSIONS Almost half of infants experienced AOM by age 1. Important AOM risk factors included frequent viral URI, pathogenic bacterial colonization, and lack of breastfeeding. Bacterial-viral interactions may play a significant role in AOM pathogenesis and deserve further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard B. Pyles
- Departments of Pediatrics, ,Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cutforth T, DeMille MM, Agalliu I, Agalliu D. CNS autoimmune disease after Streptococcus pyogenes infections: animal models, cellular mechanisms and genetic factors. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016; 11:63-76. [PMID: 27110222 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.16.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes infections have been associated with two autoimmune diseases of the CNS: Sydenham's chorea (SC) and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus infections (PANDAS). Despite the high frequency of pharyngeal streptococcus infections among children, only a small fraction develops SC or PANDAS. This suggests that several factors in combination are necessary to trigger autoimmune complications: specific S. pyogenes strains that induce a strong immune response toward the host nervous system; genetic susceptibility that predispose children toward an autoimmune response involving movement or tic symptoms; and multiple infections of the throat or tonsils that lead to a robust Th17 cellular and humoral immune response when untreated. In this review, we summarize the evidence for each factor and propose that all must be met for the requisite neurovascular pathology and behavioral deficits found in SC/PANDAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Cutforth
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168 Street, Room 310E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mellissa Mc DeMille
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 464 Congress Avenue, Suite S208, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Ilir Agalliu
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Room 1315-B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168 Street, Room 310E, New York, NY 10032, USA; Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology & Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168 Street, Room 310E, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bowatte G, Tham R, Allen KJ, Tan DJ, Lau MXZ, Dai X, Lodge CJ. Breastfeeding and childhood acute otitis media: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:85-95. [PMID: 26265016 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To synthesise the evidence on the association between duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding and the risk of acute otitis media (AOM). METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis following searching of PubMed, CINAHL and EMBASE electronic databases. RESULTS Twenty-four studies, all from the USA or Europe, met the inclusion criteria. In the pooled analyses, any form of breastfeeding was found to be protective for AOM in the first 2 years of life. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months was associated with the greatest protection (OR 0.57 95% CI 0.44, 0.75), followed by 'more vs less' breastfeeding (OR 0.67; 0.59, 0.76) and 'ever vs never' breastfeeding (OR 0.67; 0.56, 0.80). CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence that breastfeeding protects against AOM until 2 years of age, but protection is greater for exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding of longer duration. Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months was associated with around a 43% reduction in ever having AOM in the first 2 years of life. After 2 years of age, there is no evidence that breastfeeding protects against AOM; however, there were few studies and the evidence quality was low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bowatte
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - R Tham
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - KJ Allen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics; Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - DJ Tan
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease; School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS Australia
| | - MXZ Lau
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - X Dai
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - CJ Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics; Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Santos-Cortez RLP, Chiong CM, Reyes-Quintos MRT, Tantoco MLC, Wang X, Acharya A, Abbe I, Giese AP, Smith JD, Allen EK, Li B, Cutiongco-de la Paz EM, Garcia MC, Llanes EGD, Labra PJ, Gloria-Cruz TLI, Chan AL, Wang GT, Daly KA, Shendure J, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Patel JA, Riazuddin S, Sale MM, Chonmaitree T, Ahmed ZM, Abes GT, Leal SM. Rare A2ML1 variants confer susceptibility to otitis media. Nat Genet 2015; 47:917-20. [PMID: 26121085 PMCID: PMC4528370 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A duplication variant within the middle ear-specific gene A2ML1 cosegregates with otitis media in an indigenous Filipino pedigree (LOD score = 7.5 at reduced penetrance) and lies within a founder haplotype that is also shared by 3 otitis-prone European-American and Hispanic-American children but is absent in non-otitis-prone children and >62,000 next-generation sequences. We identified seven additional A2ML1 variants in six otitis-prone children. Collectively, our studies support a role for A2ML1 in the pathophysiology of otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regie Lyn P. Santos-Cortez
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charlotte M. Chiong
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila – National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ma. Rina T. Reyes-Quintos
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila – National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ma. Leah C. Tantoco
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila – National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Izoduwa Abbe
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arnaud P. Giese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua D. Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E. Kaitlynn Allen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Biao Li
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eva Maria Cutiongco-de la Paz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of the Philippines Manila – National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marieflor Cristy Garcia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Erasmo Gonzalo D.V. Llanes
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila – National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Patrick John Labra
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Teresa Luisa I. Gloria-Cruz
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila – National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Abner L. Chan
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila – National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gao T. Wang
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Daly
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Deborah A. Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janak A. Patel
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele M. Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Zubair M. Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Generoso T. Abes
- Philippine National Ear Institute, University of the Philippines Manila – National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Suzanne M. Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hernandez M, Leichtle A, Pak K, Webster NJ, Wasserman SI, Ryan AF. The transcriptome of a complete episode of acute otitis media. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:259. [PMID: 25888408 PMCID: PMC4394589 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media is the most common disease of childhood, and represents an important health challenge to the 10-15% of children who experience chronic/recurrent middle ear infections. The middle ear undergoes extensive modifications during otitis media, potentially involving changes in the expression of many genes. Expression profiling offers an opportunity to discover novel genes and pathways involved in this common childhood disease. The middle ears of 320 WBxB6 F1 hybrid mice were inoculated with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) or PBS (sham control). Two independent samples were generated for each time point and condition, from initiation of infection to resolution. RNA was profiled on Affymetrix mouse 430 2.0 whole-genome microarrays. RESULTS Approximately 8% of the sampled transcripts defined the signature of acute NTHi-induced otitis media across time. Hierarchical clustering of signal intensities revealed several temporal gene clusters. Network and pathway enrichment analysis of these clusters identified sets of genes involved in activation of the innate immune response, negative regulation of immune response, changes in epithelial and stromal cell markers, and the recruitment/function of neutrophils and macrophages. We also identified key transcriptional regulators related to events in otitis media, which likely determine the expression of these gene clusters. A list of otitis media susceptibility genes, derived from genome-wide association and candidate gene studies, was significantly enriched during the early induction phase and the middle re-modeling phase of otitis but not in the resolution phase. Our results further indicate that positive versus negative regulation of inflammatory processes occur with highly similar kinetics during otitis media, underscoring the importance of anti-inflammatory responses in controlling pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The results characterize the global gene response during otitis media and identify key signaling and transcription factor networks that control the defense of the middle ear against infection. These networks deserve further attention, as dysregulated immune defense and inflammatory responses may contribute to recurrent or chronic otitis in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hernandez
- Divisions of Surgery / Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Anke Leichtle
- Divisions of Surgery / Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Kwang Pak
- Divisions of Surgery / Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Webster
- Medicine / Endocrinology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen I Wasserman
- Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Divisions of Surgery / Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute otitis media occurs as a complication of viral upper respiratory tract infection. Bacterial otopathogens and respiratory viruses interact and play important roles in acute otitis media development. A better understanding of viral and bacterial interactions may lead to innovative ways to lessen the burden of this common childhood disease. RECENT FINDINGS There has been increasing evidence that acute otitis media occurs during upper respiratory infection, even in the absence of nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization. Among the types of viruses associated with acute otitis media, respiratory syncytial virus continues to be the most commonly detected. It is still unclear whether viral load plays an important role in acute otitis media development, but symptomatic upper respiratory tract infection (as opposed to asymptomatic viral infection) is crucial. Widespread use of bacterial and viral vaccines in young children, including pneumococcal conjugate and influenza vaccines, has led to the reduction in otitis media-related healthcare use between 2001 and 2011. There has been no new vaccine against respiratory viruses other than influenza. SUMMARY Progress has been made toward the reduction of the burden of acute otitis media in the last decade. Success in reducing acute otitis media incidence will rely mainly on prevention of nasopharyngeal otopathogen colonization, as well as reduction in the incidence of viral upper respiratory tract infection.
Collapse
|
24
|
Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7173526 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
25
|
Mittal R, Robalino G, Gerring R, Chan B, Yan D, Grati M, Liu XZ. Immunity genes and susceptibility to otitis media: a comprehensive review. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:567-81. [PMID: 25434680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a middle ear infection associated with inflammation and pain. This disease frequently afflicts humans and is the major cause of hearing loss worldwide. OM continues to be one of the most challenging diseases in the medical field due to its diverse host targets and wide range of clinical manifestations. Substantial morbidity associated with OM is further exacerbated by high frequency of recurrent infections leading to chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Children have greater susceptibility to, and thus, suffer most frequently from OM, which can cause significant deterioration in quality of life. Genetic factors have been demonstrated, in large part by twin and family studies, to be key determinants of OM susceptibility. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on immunity genes and selected variants that have been associated with predisposition to OM. In particular, polymorphisms in innate immunity and cytokine genes have been strongly linked with the risk of developing OM. Future studies employing state-of-the-art technologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), will aid in the identification of novel genes associated with susceptibility to OM. This, in turn, will open up avenues for identifying high-risk individuals and designing novel therapeutic strategies based on precise targeting of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Giannina Robalino
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Robert Gerring
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Brandon Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - M'hamed Grati
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xue-Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chonmaitree T, Alvarez-Fernandez P, Jennings K, Trujillo R, Marom T, Loeffelholz MJ, Miller AL, McCormick DP, Patel JA, Pyles RB. Symptomatic and asymptomatic respiratory viral infections in the first year of life: association with acute otitis media development. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:1-9. [PMID: 25205769 PMCID: PMC4318943 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitive viral diagnostic methods have identified increasing prevalence of asymptomatic viral infection. This study determined the epidemiologic characteristics and etiology of asymptomatic upper respiratory tract infection in the first year of life and the association with acute otitis media complication. Background. Sensitive diagnostic assays have increased the detection of viruses in asymptomatic individuals. The clinical significance of asymptomatic respiratory viral infection in infants is unknown. Methods. High-throughput, quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect 13 common respiratory viruses from nasopharyngeal specimens collected during 2028 visits from 362 infants followed from near birth up to 12 months of age. Specimens were collected at monthly interval (months 1–6 and month 9) and during upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) episodes. Subjects were followed closely for acute otitis media (AOM) development. Results. Viruses were detected in 76% of 394 URTI specimens and 27% of asymptomatic monthly specimens. Rhinovirus was detected most often; multiple viruses were detected in 29% of the specimens. Generalized mixed-model analyses associated symptoms with increasing age and female sex; detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, and adenovirus was highly associated with symptoms. Increasing age was also associated with multiple virus detection. Overall, 403 asymptomatic viral infections in 237 infants were identified. Viral load was significantly higher in URTI specimens than asymptomatic specimens but did not differentiate cases of URTI with and without AOM complication. The rate of AOM complicating URTI was 27%; no AOM occurred following asymptomatic viral infections. AOM development was associated with increasing age and infection with RSV, rhinovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus, and bocavirus. Conclusions. Compared to symptomatic infection, asymptomatic viral infection in infants is associated with young age, male sex, low viral load, specific viruses, and single virus detection. Asymptomatic viral infection did not result in AOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard B Pyles
- Departments of Pediatrics Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zehsaz F, Farhangi N, Monfaredan A. Interleukin-6 G-174C gene polymorphism and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection among endurance athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
28
|
Polymorphisms in IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β1 genes and susceptibility to acute otitis media in early infancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:518-21. [PMID: 24463810 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility has a major role in the pathogenesis of acute otitis media (AOM). In the present study, we investigated the variability of 5 cytokine genotypes as related to susceptibility and outcome of AOM in early infancy. METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-6 (-174 G→C), IL-10 (-592 C→A, -819 C→T and -1082 G→A), TNF-α (-308 G→A), IFN-γ (+874 A→T) and TGF-β1 (codon 10 C→T; codon 25 G→C) genes were investigated and related to clinical course and outcome in 96 infants younger than 9 months with AOM. RESULTS Compared with wild genotypes, IL-10 (-592, -819 and -1082) and TGF-β1 (codon 10) genotypes carrying the alternative allele were related to more AOM episodes (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001 and P = 0.002, respectively) and the need for tympanostomy tubes. Furthermore, IL-10 (-1082) and TGF-β1 (codon 10) genotypes carrying the alternative allele were related to later onset of first AOM episode than wild-type genotypes (P = 0.007 and P = 0.039, respectively). No relationship was found about AOM complications. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that IL-10 and TGF-β1 genotypes are related to the age of AOM onset, multiple AOM episodes and insertion of tympanostomy tubes, pointing to the involvement of anti-inflammatory cytokines in AOM during infancy.
Collapse
|
29
|
Verduci E, Banderali G, Barberi S, Radaelli G, Lops A, Betti F, Riva E, Giovannini M. Epigenetic effects of human breast milk. Nutrients 2014; 6:1711-24. [PMID: 24763114 PMCID: PMC4011062 DOI: 10.3390/nu6041711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A current aim of nutrigenetics is to personalize nutritional practices according to genetic variations that influence the way of digestion and metabolism of nutrients introduced with the diet. Nutritional epigenetics concerns knowledge about the effects of nutrients on gene expression. Nutrition in early life or in critical periods of development, may have a role in modulating gene expression, and, therefore, have later effects on health. Human breast milk is well-known for its ability in preventing several acute and chronic diseases. Indeed, breastfed children may have lower risk of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, infectious diseases, and also of non-communicable diseases, such as obesity and related-disorders. Beneficial effects of human breast milk on health may be associated in part with its peculiar components, possible also via epigenetic processes. This paper discusses about presumed epigenetic effects of human breast milk and components. While evidence suggests that a direct relationship may exist of some components of human breast milk with epigenetic changes, the mechanisms involved are still unclear. Studies have to be conducted to clarify the actual role of human breast milk on genetic expression, in particular when linked to the risk of non-communicable diseases, to potentially benefit the infant's health and his later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Barberi
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Radaelli
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Lops
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Betti
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Enrica Riva
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marcello Giovannini
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nokso-Koivisto J, Chonmaitree T, Jennings K, Matalon R, Block S, Patel JA. Polymorphisms of immunity genes and susceptibility to otitis media in children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93930. [PMID: 24718616 PMCID: PMC3981756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (OM) is a common disease which often develops through complex interactions between the host, the pathogen and environmental factors. We studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity, and other host and environmental factors for their role in OM. METHODS Using Sequenom Massarray platform, 21 SNPs were studied in 653 children from prospective (n = 202) and retrospective (n = 451) cohorts. Data were analyzed for the relationship between SNPs and upper respiratory infection (URI) frequency, risk of acute OM during URI episodes, and proneness to recurrent OM. RESULTS Increased risk for OM proneness was associated with CX3CR1 (Thr280Met) SNP and with a jointly interactive group of IL-10 (-1082) SNP, IL-1β (-511) wild type genotype and white race. Family history of OM proneness independently increased the risk for frequent URIs, OM occurrence during URI, and OM proneness. Additionally, IL-1β (-31) SNP was associated with increased risk for frequent URIs, but IL-10 (-592), IL-1β (-511), IL-5 (-746) and IL-8 (-251) SNPs were associated with decreased risk of URI. CONCLUSION IL-1β (-31), CX3CR1 (Thr280Met), IL-10 (-1082) and IL-1β (-511) SNPs were associated with increased risk for frequent URIs or OM proneness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nokso-Koivisto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Reuben Matalon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stan Block
- Kentucky Pediatric Research, Inc., Bardstown, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Janak A. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Interleukin-6 −174G/C gene polymorphism affects muscle damage response to acute eccentric resistance exercise in elderly obese women. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1255-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
32
|
Hafrén L, Kentala E, Einarsdottir E, Kere J, Mattila PS. Current knowledge of the genetics of otitis media. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 12:582-9. [PMID: 22886440 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media is one of the most common childhood infections leading to doctor's visits and a leading cause of antibiotic prescriptions in children. Twin and family studies have confirmed that the predisposition of developing a bacterial middle ear infection is genetically determined. Several case-control studies have been performed to analyze genes involved in inflammatory processes in search of potential associations. Modern genome-wide association approaches that require no prior assumptions of the involvement of a given gene locus in the risk of otitis media are currently being used to identify otitis media genes, and will hopefully give more detailed information on the pathogenesis of childhood otitis media. That information could be used in finding the high-risk patient, in the prevention of the disease, and in the design of new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 220, 00029, HUS, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Carroll SR, Zald PB, Soler ZM, Milczuk HA, Trune DR, MacArthur CJ. Innate immunity gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:976-9. [PMID: 22494793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptors (TLR) activate the innate immune system. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR genes are linked to increased susceptibility to infections. TLR4-deficient mice have increased incidence and duration of otitis media. We hypothesize that SNPs in TLR genes are more common in otitis-prone children than in children without a history of otitis media. METHODS Cases (n=70) included children undergoing surgery for otitis media. Control subjects (n=70) included children undergoing surgery for non-otologic indication. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples. RT-PCR genotyping was performed for TLR2 (rs5743708), TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791), TLR9 (rs5743836 & rs187084), and CD14 (rs2569190). RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups in family history, day care, smoke exposure, allergies or prevalence of the SNPs. The most common pre-op diagnosis in control subjects was obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). CONCLUSIONS TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 and CD14 gene SNPs were not more prevalent in otitis-prone children.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kainulainen L, Peltola V, Seppänen M, Viander M, He Q, Lokki ML, Ruuskanen O. C4A deficiency in children and adolescents with recurrent respiratory infections. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:498-501. [PMID: 22406254 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to recurrent viral and bacterial respiratory infections in children and young adults is not well understood. To evaluate the role of complement factor C4 in the defense against respiratory infections, we studied complement factor C4 allotypes C4A and C4B and copy numbers of C4A and C4B genes in 84 children and young adults with recurrent acute otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia and in 74 healthy controls. The occurrence of C4A gene deficiency was significantly higher in patients compared with controls (26% vs 14%, p = 0.048). Girls predominated in the group of patients with C4A deficiency (73% girls and 27% boys, p = 0.004). The lectin pathway of complement was more often functionally impaired in patients with C4A deficiency than in patients with no C4A deficiency (41% vs 13%, p = 0.033). Classical and alternative pathways were normal in individuals with C4 null alleles. C4A deficiency is 1 of the minor defects of the innate immunity that may predispose children and young adults to recurrent respiratory infections. C4 gene testing should be added to the list of investigations when the cause for recurrent acute otitis media, maxillary sinusitis, or pneumonia in children and young adults is sought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Kainulainen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rye MS, Blackwell JM, Jamieson SE. Genetic susceptibility to otitis media in childhood. Laryngoscope 2012; 122:665-75. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
36
|
Hilton JM, Lewis MA, Grati M, Ingham N, Pearson S, Laskowski RA, Adams DJ, Steel KP. Exome sequencing identifies a missense mutation in Isl1 associated with low penetrance otitis media in dearisch mice. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R90. [PMID: 21936904 PMCID: PMC3308053 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-9-r90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media) is very common and can lead to serious complications if not resolved. Genetic studies suggest an inherited component, but few of the genes that contribute to this condition are known. Mouse mutants have contributed significantly to the identification of genes predisposing to otitis media Results The dearisch mouse mutant is an ENU-induced mutant detected by its impaired Preyer reflex (ear flick in response to sound). Auditory brainstem responses revealed raised thresholds from as early as three weeks old. Pedigree analysis suggested a dominant but partially penetrant mode of inheritance. The middle ear of dearisch mutants shows a thickened mucosa and cellular effusion suggesting chronic otitis media with effusion with superimposed acute infection. The inner ear, including the sensory hair cells, appears normal. Due to the low penetrance of the phenotype, normal backcross mapping of the mutation was not possible. Exome sequencing was therefore employed to identify a non-conservative tyrosine to cysteine (Y71C) missense mutation in the Islet1 gene, Isl1Drsh. Isl1 is expressed in the normal middle ear mucosa. The findings suggest the Isl1Drshmutation is likely to predispose carriers to otitis media. Conclusions Dearisch, Isl1Drsh, represents the first point mutation in the mouse Isl1 gene and suggests a previously unrecognized role for this gene. It is also the first recorded exome sequencing of the C3HeB/FeJ background relevant to many ENU-induced mutants. Most importantly, the power of exome resequencing to identify ENU-induced mutations without a mapped gene locus is illustrated.
Collapse
|
37
|
Nokso-Koivisto J, Patel JA, Chonmaitree T. IL-6 -174 c/c genotype is not conclusively a low IL-6 production phenotype. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1876-8. [PMID: 21606547 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
38
|
McCormick DP, Grady JJ, Diego A, Matalon R, Revai K, Patel JA, Han Y, Chonmaitree T. Acute otitis media severity: association with cytokine gene polymorphisms and other risk factors. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:708-12. [PMID: 21440944 PMCID: PMC3272162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown an association between polymorphisms of proinflammatory cytokine genes and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection and acute otitis media. It has not been known whether polymorphisms or risk factors are associated with the severity of acute otitis media. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influences of proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms and other risk factors on severity of acute otitis media following upper respiratory tract infection. METHODS In a prospective, longitudinal study, children aged 6-35 months were followed for one year for occurrences of upper respiratory tract infection and acute otitis media. Children were studied for TNFα(-308), interleukin (IL)-6(-174) and IL-1β(+3953) polymorphisms, taking into account age, gender, race, family history of otitis, tobacco smoke exposure, breast feeding, day of upper respiratory tract infection at the time of diagnosis and pneumococcal vaccine status. Symptoms and signs of acute otitis media were graded according to a validated scale. The association between acute otitis media clinical severity, polymorphic genotypes, and risk factors were analyzed using statistical models that account for multiple episodes of acute otitis media per child. RESULTS A total of 295 episodes of acute otitis media in 128 subjects was included. More severe acute otitis media symptoms were associated with young age (P=0.01), family history of acute otitis media (P=0.002), tobacco smoke exposure (P=0.008), and early diagnosis of otitis after onset of upper respiratory tract infection (P=0.02). Among children with a bulging or perforated tympanic membrane (206 episodes, 104 subjects), those who had the IL-1 β(+3953) polymorphism, experienced higher symptom scores (P<0.02). CONCLUSION This is the first report of the association between risk factors and acute otitis media severity. Risk factors such as tobacco smoke exposure and a positive family history appear to be more significantly associated with acute otitis media severity than proinflammatory gene polymorphisms. Clinical severity may be an important factor contributing to the incidence and costs of acute otitis media, because children with more severe symptoms might be more likely to be brought for a medical visit, receive a diagnosis of acute otitis media, and be prescribed an antibiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P. McCormick
- Department of Pediatrics The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
| | - James J. Grady
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
| | - Alejandro Diego
- Department of Pediatrics The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
| | - Reuben Matalon
- Department of Pediatrics The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
| | - Krystal Revai
- Department of Pediatrics The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
| | - Janak A. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
| | - Yimei Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Department of Pediatrics The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, Department of Pathology The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Leichtle A, Lai Y, Wollenberg B, Wasserman SI, Ryan AF. Innate signaling in otitis media: pathogenesis and recovery. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2011; 11:78-84. [PMID: 21049294 PMCID: PMC3020300 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-010-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most prevalent childhood disease in developed countries. Involvement of innate immunity mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in OM has been implicated primarily in cell lines and by association studies of innate immune gene polymorphisms with OM prevalence. However, the precise role of innate immunity in OM is incompletely understood. We review recent research that has advanced our understanding of how innate immunity in the middle ear is mediated by the interaction of pathogen molecules with receptors such as the TLRs, leading to the activation of adaptor molecules and production of proinflammatory cytokines. TLR genes and signaling molecules are upregulated in OM in a murine model. Deletion of several key innate immune genes results in persistent OM in mice, coupled with an inability to clear bacterial infection from the middle ear. It is concluded that an intact innate immune signaling system is critical to recovery from bacterial OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Leichtle
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23564, Lübeck, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Adler UC. Low-grade inflammation in chronic diseases: an integrative pathophysiology anticipated by homeopathy? Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:622-6. [PMID: 21277692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines and their chronic effect - low-grade inflammation - have been associated with diverse chronic conditions. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were recently proposed as a treatment strategy. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, had already hypothesized a systemic and progressive disorder as the cause of many chronic diseases - the Psora theory. He also advised of the consequences of palliative use for chronic diseases, as a contrary effect of the "of the life-preserving principle" could worsen the course of those diseases. The hypotheses presented here are that the main aspects of Hahnemann's Psora theory are supported by current data on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and that the use of NSAIDs to treat chronic low-grade inflammation can produce a contrary, rebound effect, as anticipated by Hahnemann. By diverting from the "palliative action-rebound effect" course, not only homeopathy but integrative medicine could provide different approaches to the treatment of low-grade chronic inflammation. Studies assessing inflammatory markers in chronic integrative treatments are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ubiratan Cardinalli Adler
- Homeopathy Graduation Program, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Av. Francisco Telles, 250, Jundiai, 13202-550 São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bhutta MF, Hedge EA, Parker A, Cheeseman MT, Brown SD. Oto-endoscopy: A reliable and validated technique for phenotyping otitis media in the mouse. Hear Res 2011; 272:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
42
|
Preciado D, Kuo E, Ashktorab S, Manes P, Rose M. Cigarette smoke activates NFκB-mediated Tnf-α release from mouse middle ear cells. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:2508-15. [PMID: 21108432 PMCID: PMC4107661 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS : Cigarette smoke exposure is a significant risk factor in the development of otitis media. NF-κB is a transcription factor known to mediate cigarette smoke effects in multiple cell types. We hypothesized that stimulation of murine middle ear epithelial cells (MEEC) with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) activates NF-κB resulting in upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. STUDY DESIGN : In vitro model of cultured murine middle ear epithelial cells. METHODS : Time course CSC stimulation of MEEC was performed. Antibody microarrays were then utilized to simultaneously measure 40 inflammatory cytokines. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were performed to validate and further evaluate array results. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to evaluate NF-κB activation with CSC in MEEC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to determine whether CSC induces NF-κB interaction with the Tnf-α promoter. RESULTS : Multiple cytokines showed significant increases with CSC exposure. ELISA studies demonstrated that Tnf-α secretion increased the most. CSC stimulation likewise increased Tnf-α mRNA abundance and induced promoter activity 4.8-fold in a Tnf-α reporter plasmid. Reporter assays demonstrated 4.84-fold activation of NF-κB with CSC. ChIP assays demonstrated NF-κB binding to canonical κB sites in the Tnf-α promoter with CSC stimulation. CONCLUSIONS : CSC activates NF-κB in MEEC. Furthermore, this activation results in CSC induced Tnf-α promoter activation, gene expression, and levels in cell secretions. Laryngoscope, 120:2508-2515, 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Preciado
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Unraveling the genetics of otitis media: from mouse to human and back again. Mamm Genome 2010; 22:66-82. [PMID: 21107580 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is among the most common illnesses of early childhood, characterised by the presence of inflammation in the middle ear cavity. Acute OM and chronic OM with effusion (COME) affect the majority of children by school age and have heritability estimates of 40-70%. However, the majority of genes underlying this susceptibility are, as yet, unidentified. One method of identifying genes and pathways that may contribute to OM susceptibility is to look at mouse mutants displaying a comparable phenotype. Single-gene mouse mutants with OM have identified a number of genes, namely, Eya4, Tlr4, p73, MyD88, Fas, E2f4, Plg, Fbxo11, and Evi1, as potential and biologically relevant candidates for human disease. Recent studies suggest that this "mouse-to-human" approach is likely to yield relevant data, with significant associations reported between polymorphisms at the FBXO11, TLR4, and PAI1 genes and disease in humans. An association between TP73 and chronic rhinosinusitis has also been reported. In addition, the biobanks of available mouse mutants provide a powerful resource for functional studies of loci identified by future genome-wide association studies of OM in humans. Mouse models of OM therefore are an important component of current approaches attempting to understand the complex genetic susceptibility to OM in humans, and which aim to facilitate the development of preventative and therapeutic interventions for this important and common disease.
Collapse
|
44
|
Patel JA, Nair S, Ochoa EE, Huda R, Roberts NJ, Chonmaitree T. Interleukin-6⁻¹⁷⁴ and tumor necrosis factor α⁻³⁰⁸ polymorphisms enhance cytokine production by human macrophages exposed to respiratory viruses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:917-21. [PMID: 20973681 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6⁻¹⁷⁴ (IL-6⁻¹⁷⁴) and tumor necrosis factor α⁻³⁰⁸ (TNFα⁻³⁰⁸) are high-cytokine-producing genotypes that are known to increase the susceptibility to infectious diseases, but their influence on cytokine production induced by respiratory viruses is unknown. We exposed human monocyte-derived macrophages from IL-6⁻¹⁷⁴, TNFα⁻³⁰⁸, and normal genotype donors to different respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) stimulation was associated with higher IL-6 concentrations in IL-6⁻¹⁷⁴ donors than in normal donors (P = 0.015); 2 of 7 (29%) polymorphic donors were poor responders compared with 6 of 7 (86%) normal donors (P = 0.002). Adenovirus, influenza virus, and RSV stimulations were associated with higher TNFα concentrations in TNFα⁻³⁰⁸ donors than in normal donors (P = 0.03, <0.01, <0.01). A similar trend was seen with rhinovirus stimulation, but this was not significant. These results show that IL-6⁻¹⁷⁴ and TNFα⁻³⁰⁸ gene polymorphisms lead to enhanced production of the respective cytokines when exposed to specific respiratory viruses. This, in turn, may influence the susceptibility to, severity of, and recovery from respiratory virus infections, or influence the immune response to and reactogenicity of viral vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janak A Patel
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0371, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rantala A, Lajunen T, Juvonen R, Silvennoinen-Kassinen S, Peitso A, Vainio O, Saikku P, Leinonen M. Association of IL-6 and IL-6R gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to respiratory tract infections in young Finnish men. Hum Immunol 2010; 72:63-8. [PMID: 20951753 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-6) is an important mediator of inflammatory response in the respiratory tract during an infection, and the action of IL-6 is mediated by an IL-6 receptor. Several polymorphisms in the IL-6 and IL-6R genes have been associated with different inflammatory disease states. We studied the association between 2 IL-6 (IL6A and IL6B) and 5 IL-6R gene polymorphisms (IL6R1 to IL6R5) and respiratory infections in 511 Finnish military recruits whose respiratory infectious episodes were followed during 6 months of service. A promoter polymorphism of the IL-6R gene, IL6R1 (-183G/A), and two intron 1 polymorphisms, IL6R2 (A/G) and IL6R3 (T/A), were associated with infections. The strongest associations were found for the IL6R1 and IL6R2 polymorphisms, which were in the same linkage disequilibrium block. Conscripts with the A/A (IL6R1), G/G (IL6R2), and A/A (IL6R3) genotypes had an increased risk for respiratory infections during service as follows: odds ratio (OR) 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35-2.19; OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.23-2.26; and OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.98-1.55, respectively. IL-6 gene polymorphism IL6A (-174C/G) was associated with infections only in combination with an IL-6R polymorphism. Our data suggest that polymorphisms in the 5' area of the IL-6R gene may be associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aino Rantala
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Daly KA, Hoffman HJ, Kvaerner KJ, Kvestad E, Casselbrant ML, Homoe P, Rovers MM. Epidemiology, natural history, and risk factors: panel report from the Ninth International Research Conference on Otitis Media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74:231-40. [PMID: 19836843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 2007 Recent Advances in Otitis Media Research Conference Panel Report provides an update on otitis media (OM) research published from 2003 to 2007. This report summarizes important trends in disease incidence and prevalence, describes established and newly identified risk factors for acute and chronic OM and OM with effusion, and conveys information on newly discovered genetic factors. In this report, researchers have described declining rates of OM diagnosis, antibiotic prescriptions, offices visits for OM, and middle ear surgery since the licensure and routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. The panel report also recommends short and long term goals for current and future OM research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Daly
- Department of Otolaryngology and Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55435, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Leichtle A, Hernandez M, Ebmeyer J, Yamasaki K, Lai Y, Radek K, Choung YH, Euteneuer S, Pak K, Gallo R, Wasserman SI, Ryan AF. CC chemokine ligand 3 overcomes the bacteriocidal and phagocytic defect of macrophages and hastens recovery from experimental otitis media in TNF-/- mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3087-97. [PMID: 20164426 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune mechanisms are crucial in defense against bacterial illnesses in humans, as evidenced by abnormal antibacterial responses due to defects in TLR signaling, seen in children with MyD88 or IL-1R-associated kinase 4 deficiency. Otitis media (OM) is the most common disease of childhood, and the role of innate immune molecules in this disorder remains unclear. In a murine model of OM, we show that, in the absence of TNF, a key effector of innate immunity, this disease is prolonged after middle ear infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). In the absence of TNF, mice fail to upregulate both TLRs and downstream genes and proteins, such as CCL3, resulting in defects in both inflammatory cell recruitment and macrophage function. Peritoneal macrophages of mice lacking TNF have a diminished ability to phagocytose and kill NTHi, and this defect is partially corrected in vitro by exogenous rTNF. Addition of rCCL3 alone or in combination with rTNF restores phagocytosis and killing by TNF-deficient macrophages to that of unstimulated wild-type macrophages. In vivo administration of rCCL3 to animals deficient in TNF fully restores the ability to control OM due to NTHi, whereas a CCL3-blocking Ab impaired the ability of wild-type mice to recover from OM. Thus, CCL3 is a potent downstream effector of TNF-mediated inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Manipulation of CCL3 and/or TNF may prove to be effective therapeutic approaches in OM or other conditions associated with defective TNF generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Leichtle
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Doyle WJ, Casselbrant ML, Li-Korotky HS, Doyle APC, Lo CY, Turner R, Cohen S. The interleukin 6 -174 C/C genotype predicts greater rhinovirus illness. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:199-206. [PMID: 20001857 PMCID: PMC2943745 DOI: 10.1086/649559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In adults and children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, a polymorphism in the interleukin 6 (IL-6) promoter at position −174 predicts illness magnitude. In addition, polymorphisms in the interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) genes are associated with immune responsiveness and the frequency of complications. Here, the effect of these polymorphisms on illness and seroconversion during infection with rhinovirus type 39 (RV39) was evaluated. Methods. Seventy-two adults were genotyped for the selected polymorphisms, experimentally exposed to RV39, and followed to track infection, seroconversion, and symptoms and signs of illness. Regression analysis was used to determine whether these polymorphisms predicted seroconversion and illness magnitude in 57 infected subjects. Results. The low-production IL-6 −174 phenotype (C/C genotype) was associated with greater symptom magnitudes, and the IFN-γ phenotype +874 predicted the frequency of seroconversion. No relationship between the IL-10 or TNF-α polymorphisms and any measured outcome was documented. The concentration of IL-6 protein, as measured in nasal wash fluids from subjects, was positively correlated with symptom magnitude, but it was independent of the IL-6 −174 genotypes representing the high- and low-production phenotypes. Conclusions. These results document statistically significant associations between the IL-6 −174 and IFN-gγpolymorphisms and specific responses to experimental RV39 infection. For the IL-6 −174 polymorphism, the results replicate those for experimental RSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Doyle
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Patel JA, Nair S, Revai K, Grady J, Chonmaitree T. Nasopharyngeal acute phase cytokines in viral upper respiratory infection: impact on acute otitis media in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:1002-7. [PMID: 19859015 PMCID: PMC3220942 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181aa5b13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of acute phase cytokines generated in the nasopharynx during viral upper respiratory infection (URI) in subsequent development of acute otitis media (AOM) has not been examined. METHODS We studied 326 virus-positive URI episodes in 151 children aged 6-36 months. Nasopharyngeal secretions collected within 1 to 7 days of URI onset were studied for viruses by conventional and molecular techniques, and for concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Children were followed up for 28 days to document AOM complication. RESULTS IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha concentrations correlated positively with each other (P<0.001). IL-6 and TNFalpha concentrations were higher in males than in females (P=0.01 and 0.02). IL-6 and TNFalpha concentrations were inversely correlated with age (P=0.02 and 0.05). IL-6 concentrations correlated positively with duration of fever (P=0.006) and correlated negatively with the number of days of URI symptoms (P=0.026). Furthermore, IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher during adenovirus and influenza virus URIs as compared with enterovirus and rhinovirus URIs (P<0.01). IL-1beta concentrations were higher during URI episodes with AOM than those without AOM (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS We found IL-6 nasopharyngeal secretions concentrations to be higher with adenovirus and influenza infection, and in children with systemic febrile response during URI. However, IL-1beta was found to play a more important role in the development of AOM after URI. Additional studies are needed to further define the role of acute phase cytokines in virus-induced AOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janak A. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Krystal Revai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - James Grady
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Jung J, Ferrell RE, Tekely K, Szatkiewicz JP, Ray A, Weeks DE. Otitis media: a genome-wide linkage scan with evidence of susceptibility loci within the 17q12 and 10q22.3 regions. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:85. [PMID: 19728873 PMCID: PMC2751750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Otitis media (OM) is a common worldwide pediatric health care problem that is known to be influenced by genetics. The objective of our study was to use linkage analysis to map possible OM susceptibility genes. Methods Using a stringent diagnostic model in which only those who underwent tympanostomy tube insertion at least once for recurrent/persistent OM are considered affected, we have carried out a genome-wide linkage scan using the 10K Affymetrix SNP panel. We genotyped 403 Caucasian families containing 1,431 genotyped individuals and 377 genotyped affected sib pairs, and 26 African American families containing 75 genotyped individuals and 27 genotyped affected sib pairs. After careful quality control, non-parametric linkage analysis was carried out using 8,802 SNPs. Results In the Caucasian-only data set, our most significant linkage peak is on chromosome 17q12 at rs226088 with a p-value of 0.00007. Other peaks of potential interest are on 10q22.3 (0.00181 at rs1878001), 7q33 (0.00105 at rs958408), 6p25.1 (0.00261 at rs554653), and 4p15.2 (0.00301 at rs2133507). In the combined Caucasian and African American dataset, the 10q22.3 peak becomes more significant, with a minimal p-value of 0.00026 at rs719871. Family-based association testing reveals signals near previously implicated genes: 513 kb from SFTPA2 (10q22.3), 48 kb from IFNG (12q14), and 870 kb from TNF (6p21.3). Conclusion Our scan does not provide evidence for linkage in the previously reported regions of 10q26.3 and 19q13.43. Our best-supported linkage regions may contain susceptibility genes that influence the risk for recurrent/persistent OM. Plausible candidates in 17q12 include AP2B1, CCL5, and a cluster of other CCL genes, and in 10q22.3, SFTPA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha L Casselbrant
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|