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Cucuzzella M, Bailes J, Favret J, Paddu N, Bradley AB. Beyond Obesity and Overweight: The Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Excess Body Fat in Children : Part 1 - Insulin Resistance as the Root Cause of Pediatric Obesity. Curr Obes Rep 2024:10.1007/s13679-024-00565-0. [PMID: 38709471 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric obesity and comorbidities related to insulin resistance continue to be a growing public health crisis. If lifestyle measures are unsuccessful, pharmacological and surgical interventions are offered. In this paper, we describe the driving force of the obesity crisis: hyperinsulinemia and the development of insulin resistance. We give historical background of key policy issues which have contributed to this pandemic as well as the physiologic mechanisms of insulin resistance. The prevalence of obesity will continue to rise unless the root cause of hyperinsulinemia is addressed. RECENT FINDINGS Current research on insulin resistance demonstrates that a decreased consumption of carbohydrates is an effective first-line dietary intervention for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. Evidence shows it is safe and beneficial. A low-carbohydrate eating pattern can be helpful to address pediatric obesity. However, there must be policy guardrails in place to ensure that this is a sustainable and viable option for children and their families. There must be a change in the nutritional environment to help individuals battle the chronic disease of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cucuzzella
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | | | - Jenny Favret
- Duke Pediatrics Healthy Lifestyles Program, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nina Paddu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Alemany M. The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2251. [PMID: 38396928 PMCID: PMC10888680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the question of metabolic syndrome (MS) being a complex, but essentially monophyletic, galaxy of associated diseases/disorders, or just a syndrome of related but rather independent pathologies. The human nature of MS (its exceptionality in Nature and its close interdependence with human action and evolution) is presented and discussed. The text also describes the close interdependence of its components, with special emphasis on the description of their interrelations (including their syndromic development and recruitment), as well as their consequences upon energy handling and partition. The main theories on MS's origin and development are presented in relation to hepatic steatosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, but encompass most of the MS components described so far. The differential effects of sex and its biological consequences are considered under the light of human social needs and evolution, which are also directly related to MS epidemiology, severity, and relations with senescence. The triggering and maintenance factors of MS are discussed, with especial emphasis on inflammation, a complex process affecting different levels of organization and which is a critical element for MS development. Inflammation is also related to the operation of connective tissue (including the adipose organ) and the widely studied and acknowledged influence of diet. The role of diet composition, including the transcendence of the anaplerotic maintenance of the Krebs cycle from dietary amino acid supply (and its timing), is developed in the context of testosterone and β-estradiol control of the insulin-glycaemia hepatic core system of carbohydrate-triacylglycerol energy handling. The high probability of MS acting as a unique complex biological control system (essentially monophyletic) is presented, together with additional perspectives/considerations on the treatment of this 'very' human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marià Alemany
- Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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3
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Gugliucci A. Sugar and Dyslipidemia: A Double-Hit, Perfect Storm. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5660. [PMID: 37685728 PMCID: PMC10488931 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of sugar has expanded over the past 50 years, due to improved industrial processes and corn subsidies, particularly in the form of sweetened beverages. This correlates with a surge in the prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, which has brought this issue back into the spotlight for public health. In this narrative review, we focus on the role of fructose in the genesis of cardiometabolic dyslipidemia (an increase in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL): VLDL, chylomicrons (CM), and their remnants) bringing together the most recent data on humans, which demonstrates the crucial interaction between glucose and fructose, increasing the synthesis while decreasing the catabolism of these particles in a synergistic downward spiral. After reviewing TRL metabolism, we discuss the fundamental principles governing the metabolism of fructose in the intestine and liver and the effects of dysregulated fructolysis, in conjunction with the activation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) by glucose and the resulting crosstalk. The first byproduct of fructose catabolism, fructose-1-P, is highlighted for its function as a signaling molecule that promotes fat synthesis. We emphasize the role of fructose/glucose interaction in the liver, which enhances de novo lipogenesis, triglyceride (TG) synthesis, and VLDL production. In addition, we draw attention to current research that demonstrates how fructose affects the activity of lipoprotein lipase by increasing the concentration of inhibitors such as apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), which reduce the catabolism of VLDL and chylomicrons and cause the building up of their atherogenic remnants. The end outcome is a dual, synergistic, and harmful action that encourages atherogenesis. Thus, considering the growing concerns regarding the connection between sugar consumption and cardiometabolic disease, current research strongly supports the actions of public health organizations aimed at reducing sugar intake, including dietary guidance addressing "safe" limits for sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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4
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Sakr HF, Sirasanagandla SR, Das S, Bima AI, Elsamanoudy AZ. Insulin Resistance and Hypertension: Mechanisms Involved and Modifying Factors for Effective Glucose Control. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2271. [PMID: 37626767 PMCID: PMC10452601 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors such as aging, an unhealthy lifestyle with decreased physical activity, snacking, a standard Western diet, and smoking contribute to raising blood pressure to a dangerous level, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease and heart failure. Atherosclerosis, or aging of the blood vessels, is a physiological process that has accelerated in the last decades by the overconsumption of carbohydrates as the primary sources of caloric intake, resulting in increased triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol and insulin spikes. Classically, medications ranging from beta blockers to angiotensin II blockers and even calcium channel blockers were used alone or in combination with lifestyle modifications as management tools in modern medicine to control arterial blood pressure. However, it is not easy to control blood pressure or the associated complications. A low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet can reduce glucose and insulin spikes, improve insulin sensitivity, and lessen atherosclerosis risk factors. We reviewed articles describing the etiology of insulin resistance (IR) and its impact on arterial blood pressure from databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. We discuss how the LCHF diet is beneficial to maintaining arterial blood pressure at normal levels, slowing down the progression of atherosclerosis, and reducing the use of antihypertensive medications. The mechanisms involved in IR associated with hypertension are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Sakr
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (S.R.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (S.R.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Abdulhadi I. Bima
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21465, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.B.); (A.Z.E.)
| | - Ayman Z. Elsamanoudy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21465, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.B.); (A.Z.E.)
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Harlan TS, Gow RV, Kornstädt A, Alderson PW, Lustig RH. The Metabolic Matrix: Re-engineering ultraprocessed foods to feed the gut, protect the liver, and support the brain. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1098453. [PMID: 37063330 PMCID: PMC10097968 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1098453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraprocessed food is established as a metabolic disruptor acting to increase adiposity, reduce mitochondrial efficiency, drive insulin resistance, alter growth, and contribute to human morbidity and mortality. Consumer packaged goods (CPG) companies are beginning to understand the detrimental impact of the food they market, and have employed substitution strategies to reduce salt, sugar, and fat. However, the harms of ultraprocessed foods are far more complex than any single component, and are not ameliorated by such simple substitutions. Over the past 2 years, the authors have worked with the Kuwaiti Danish Dairy Company (KDD) to conduct a comprehensive scientific evaluation of their entire commercial food and beverage portfolio. Assay of the macronutrients, micronutrients, additives, and toxins contained in each of their products was undertaken to determine the precise nature of each product’s ingredients as well as the health impacts of processing. The authors formed a Scientific Advisory Team (SAT) and developed a tiered “Metabolic Matrix” founded in three science-based principles: (1) protect the liver, (2) feed the gut, and (3) support the brain. The Metabolic Matrix categorizes each product and provides the criteria, metrics, and recommendations for improvement or reformulation. Real-time consultation with the KDD Executive and Operations teams was vital to see these procedures through to fruition. This scientific exercise has enabled KDD to lay the groundwork for improving the health, well-being, and sustainability of their entire product line, while maintaining flavor, economic, and fiscal viability. This process is easily transferrable, and we are sharing this effort and its approaches as a proof-of-concept. The key aim of our work is to not only make ultraprocessed food healthier but to urge other food companies to implement similar analysis and reformulation of their product lines to improve the metabolic health and well-being of consumers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Harlan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Timothy S. Harlan,
| | - Rachel V. Gow
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - P. Wolfram Alderson
- Human & Environmental Health Department, Kuwaiti Danish Dairy Company, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Robert H. Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Somi Sankaran P, Cui Y. High-fat-diet induced obesity and diabetes mellitus in Th1 and Th2 biased mice strains: A brief overview and hypothesis. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2023; 9:14-19. [PMID: 36926255 PMCID: PMC10011668 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are common metabolic diseases prevalent worldwide. Mice are commonly used to study the pathogenesis of these two conditions. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are induced by administering a high-fat diet in many studies although other diet-induced models are also used. Several factors may influence the outcome of the studies done to study diet-induced obesity in mice. The immune system plays a crucial role in the susceptibility of mice to develop obesity and metabolic disease. In this article, the reasons for differences in susceptibility to develop obesity and diabetes mellitus in mice in response to high-fat-diet feeding and the influence of immunological bias of the mice strain used in studies are evaluated. Mice strains that induce proinflammatory and Th1-type immune responses are found to be susceptible to high-fat-diet-induced obesity. A few studies which directly compared the effect of a high-fat diet on obesity and diabetic phenotype in Th1- and Th2-biased mice strains were briefly analyzed. Based on the observations, it is proposed that the liver and adipose tissue may respond differently to high-fat-diet feeding regimens in Th1- and Th2-biased mice strains. For instance, in Th1-biased mice, adipose tissue fat content was high both in the baseline as well as in response to a high-fat diet whereas in the liver, it was found to be less. It can be inferred that the immune responses to diet-induced models may provide insights into the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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Nuwaylati D, Eldakhakhny B, Bima A, Sakr H, Elsamanoudy A. Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet: A SWOC Analysis. Metabolites 2022; 12:1126. [PMID: 36422267 PMCID: PMC9695571 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) plays a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet that arose in the 1920s as an effective treatment for seizure control. Since then, the KD has been studied as a therapeutic approach for various IR-related disorders with successful results. To date, the use of the KD is still debatable regarding its safety. Some studies have acknowledged its usefulness, while others do not recommend its long-term implementation. In this review, we applied a SWOC (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges) analysis that revealed the positive, constructive strengths of the KD, its potential complications, different conditions that can make used for it, and the challenges faced by both physicians and subjects throughout a KD. This SWOC analysis showed that the KD works on the pathophysiological mechanism of IR-related disorders such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial stress. Furthermore, the implementation of the KD as a potential adjuvant therapy for many diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, and pain management was proven. On the other hand, the short and long-term possible undesirable KD-related effects, including nutritional deficiencies, growth retardation and nephrolithiasis, should be considered and strictly monitored. Conclusively, this review provides a context for decision-makers, physicians, researchers, and the general population to focus on this dietary intervention in preventing and treating diseases. Moreover, it draws the attention of scientists and physicians towards the opportunities and challenges associated with the KD that requires attention before KD initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Nuwaylati
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah Eldakhakhny
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhadi Bima
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Sakr
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ayman Elsamanoudy
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21465, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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8
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Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1209-1221. [PMID: 35896818 PMCID: PMC9436778 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic continues unabated despite a persistent public health campaign to decrease energy intake (“eat less”) and increase energy expenditure (“move more”). One explanation for this failure is that the current approach, based on the notion of energy balance, has not been adequately embraced by the public. Another possibility is that this approach rests on an erroneous paradigm. A new formulation of the energy balance model (EBM), like prior versions, considers overeating (energy intake > expenditure) the primary cause of obesity, incorporating an emphasis on “complex endocrine, metabolic, and nervous system signals” that control food intake below conscious level. This model attributes rising obesity prevalence to inexpensive, convenient, energy-dense, “ultra-processed” foods high in fat and sugar. An alternative view, the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), proposes that hormonal responses to highly processed carbohydrates shift energy partitioning toward deposition in adipose tissue, leaving fewer calories available for the body’s metabolic needs. Thus, increasing adiposity causes overeating to compensate for the sequestered calories. Here, we highlight robust contrasts in how the EBM and CIM view obesity pathophysiology and consider deficiencies in the EBM that impede paradigm testing and refinement. Rectifying these deficiencies should assume priority, as a constructive paradigm clash is needed to resolve long-standing scientific controversies and inform the design of new models to guide prevention and treatment. Nevertheless, public health action need not await resolution of this debate, as both models target processed carbohydrates as major drivers of obesity.
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Effects of Isocaloric Fructose Restriction on Ceramide Levels in Children with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk: Relation to Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071432. [PMID: 35406045 PMCID: PMC9002884 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar intake, particularly fructose, is implicated as a factor contributing to insulin resistance via hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL). A nine-day fructose reduction trial, controlling for other dietary factors and weight, in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome, decreased DNL and mitigated cardiometabolic risk (CMR) biomarkers. Ceramides are bioactive sphingolipids whose dysregulated metabolism contribute to lipotoxicity, insulin resistance, and CMR. We evaluated the effect of fructose reduction on ceramides and correlations between changes observed and changes in traditional CMR biomarkers in this cohort. Analyses were completed on data from 43 participants. Mean weight decreased (−0.9 ± 1.1 kg). The majority of total and subspecies ceramide levels also decreased significantly, including dihydroceramides, deoxyceramides and ceramide-1-phoshates. Change in each primary ceramide species correlated negatively with composite insulin sensitivity index (CISI). Change in deoxyceramides positively correlated with change in DNL. These results suggest that ceramides decrease in response to dietary fructose restriction, negatively correlate with insulin sensitivity, and may represent an intermediary link between hepatic DNL, insulin resistance, and CMR.
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Manrique P, Zhu Y, van der Oost J, Herrema H, Nieuwdorp M, de Vos WM, Young M. Gut bacteriophage dynamics during fecal microbial transplantation in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-15. [PMID: 33794724 PMCID: PMC8023239 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1897217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a growing public health concern worldwide. Individuals with MetS have an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D). These diseases - in part preventable with the treatment of MetS - increase the chances of premature death and pose a great economic burden to health systems. A healthy gut microbiota is associated with a reduction in MetS, T2D, and CV disease. Treatment of MetS with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can be effective, however, its success rate is intermediate and difficult to predict. Because bacteriophages significantly affect the microbiota membership and function, the aim of this pilot study was to explore the dynamics of the gut bacteriophage community after FMT in MetS subjects. We performed a longitudinal study of stool bacteriophages from healthy donors and MetS subjects before and after FMT treatment. Subjects were assigned to either a control group (self-stool transplant, n = 3) or a treatment group (healthy-donor-stool transplant; n-recipients = 6, n-donors = 5). Stool samples were collected over an 18-week period and bacteriophage-like particles were purified and sequenced. We found that FMT from healthy donors significantly alters the gut bacteriophage community. Subjects with better clinical outcome clustered closer to the heathy donor group, suggesting that throughout the treatment, their bacteriophage community was more similar to healthy donors. Finally, we identified bacteriophage groups that could explain these differences and we examined their prevalence in individuals from a larger cohort of MetS FMT trial.Trial information- http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2705; NTR 2705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Manrique
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Oost
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,RPU Human Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark Young
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA,CONTACT Mark Young Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173150, Bozeman, MT59717-3150, USA
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11
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Ambalal SM. Metabolic Syndrome and Skin: Interactions and Implications. Indian J Dermatol 2022; 67:138-145. [PMID: 36092223 PMCID: PMC9455100 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_155_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a global crisis and is believed to affect almost one-quarter of the world's population. Its prevalence has been rising, especially in the younger age group. The interactions of the skin and MetS are myriad. Physiological functions of the skin may confer a protective role, whereas cutaneous diseases may play the role of MetS initiator or amplifier. Cutaneous signs may be some of the earliest manifestations of insulin resistance, the basic pathophysiology behind MetS. Skin changes are also prominent in type 2 diabetes mellitus, the consequence of MetS. Drugs used in dermatological disorders can lead to metabolic dysfunction. Awareness about the risk factors and early lifestyle interventions can help delay or even prevent the life-threatening complications of this syndrome. Dermatologists are in a unique position to predict and prevent MetS or its complications, a long time before the patient visits a physician for systemic problems. To write this review, an internet search was made focusing on articles on skin problems associated with MetS and its components, its risk factors, pathogenesis, and ways to prevent it. Information relevant to dermatological practice was compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mehta Ambalal
- From the Skin Clinic @ Sumeru, SHREI (Skin and Hair Research and Education Initiative), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Sujata Mehta Ambalal, Skin Clinic @ Sumeru, Opp. Campus Corner Building, St. Xavier's College Corner, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat - 380 009, India. E-mail:
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Ludwig DS, Aronne LJ, Astrup A, de Cabo R, Cantley LC, Friedman MI, Heymsfield SB, Johnson JD, King JC, Krauss RM, Lieberman DE, Taubes G, Volek JS, Westman EC, Willett WC, Yancy WS, Ebbeling CB. The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1873-1885. [PMID: 34515299 PMCID: PMC8634575 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
According to a commonly held view, the obesity pandemic is caused by overconsumption of modern, highly palatable, energy-dense processed foods, exacerbated by a sedentary lifestyle. However, obesity rates remain at historic highs, despite a persistent focus on eating less and moving more, as guided by the energy balance model (EBM). This public health failure may arise from a fundamental limitation of the EBM itself. Conceptualizing obesity as a disorder of energy balance restates a principle of physics without considering the biological mechanisms that promote weight gain. An alternative paradigm, the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), proposes a reversal of causal direction. According to the CIM, increasing fat deposition in the body-resulting from the hormonal responses to a high-glycemic-load diet-drives positive energy balance. The CIM provides a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses for how various modifiable factors influence energy balance and fat storage. Rigorous research is needed to compare the validity of these 2 models, which have substantially different implications for obesity management, and to generate new models that best encompass the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis J Aronne
- Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark I Friedman
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Nutrition Science Initiative, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Metabolism & Body Composition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - James D Johnson
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Personalized Therapeutic Nutrition, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janet C King
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gary Taubes
- Nutrition Science Initiative, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric C Westman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Yancy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cara B Ebbeling
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Domouzoglou EM, Vlahos AP, Cholevas VK, Papafaklis MI, Chaliasos N, Siomou E, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Naka KK. Association of fibroblast growth factor 21 with metabolic syndrome and endothelial function in children: a prospective cross-sectional study on novel biomarkers. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26:242-251. [PMID: 34015901 PMCID: PMC8749025 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2040258.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic and cardiovascular disease prevention starting in childhood is critical for reducing morbidity later in life. In the present study, the association of novel biomarkers with metabolic syndrome (MS) and vascular function/structure indices of early atherosclerosis in children was investigated. METHODS This was a prospective study of 78 children (8-16 years of age) grouped based on the presence or absence of MS. The serum biomarkers investigated included fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), leptin, adiponectin, and insulinlike growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP1). Endothelial function and carotid atherosclerosis were assessed based on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness, respectively. RESULTS Children with MS (n=12) had higher levels of FGF21 (median [interquartile range]: 128 [76-189] pg/mL vs. 60 [20-98] pg/mL, P=0.003) and leptin (18.1 [11-34.8] pg/mL vs. 7.5 [1.9-16.5] ng/mL, P=0.003), and lower levels of IGFBP1 (1.5 [1.2-2.1] ng/mL vs. 2.3 [1.5-6] ng/mL, P=0.028) compared with children without MS. FMD inversely correlated with FGF21 (Spearman rho= -0.24, P=0.035) and leptin (rho= -0.24, P=0.002) in all children. The best cutoff value of FGF21 levels for MS diagnosis was above 121.3 pg/mL (sensitivity/specificity, 58/86%). Only FGF21 was significantly associated with the presence of MS after adjustment for body mass index, age, and sex (odds ratio per 10 pg/mL increase: 1.10 [95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.22]; P=0.043). CONCLUSION Increased FGF21 levels were associated with the presence of MS and worse endothelial function in children. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the potential value of FGF21 as a biomarker that could predict future metabolic/cardiovascular disease at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni M. Domouzoglou
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece,Address for correspondence: Eleni M. Domouzoglou Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou 45110, Greece ,
| | - Antonios P. Vlahos
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasileios K. Cholevas
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michail I. Papafaklis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Chaliasos
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Siomou
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Lampros K. Michalis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina K. Naka
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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de Souza JA, Pinto ABG, de Oliveira EC, Coelho DB, Totou NL, de Lima WG, Becker LK. Aerobic exercise training prevents impairment in renal parameters and in body composition of rats fed a high sucrose diet. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:378. [PMID: 34565460 PMCID: PMC8474763 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of swimming training (T) on the renal system and body composition parameters in young animals treated with a high sucrose diet (SUD) during 12 weeks. RESULTS The SUD impaired the physical performance, increased the body adiposity index (BAI), Lee index (LI) and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RAT) weight, plasma creatinine and number renal cells nuclei, decreased urinary volume and urinary creatinine excretion besides creatinine clearance. The T reversed the increased the BAI, LI, RAT weight, plasma and urinary creatinine, creatinine clearance and number renal cells nuclei in addition to promoting decrease in urinary protein excretion. This study found that eight weeks of swimming physical training protected renal function and restored normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values. Swimming training also contributed to prevention of the onset of a renal inflammatory process and caused a decrease in the risk of development of obesity promoted by SUD decreasing the body composition parameters (BAI, LI, and RAT weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline A de Souza
- Dept. of Pharmacology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson C de Oliveira
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35,400-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Coelho
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35,400-000, Brazil
| | - Nádia L Totou
- Dept. of Biological Sciences-ICEB, UFOP, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lenice K Becker
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, 35,400-000, Brazil.
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15
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Fazzini F, Lamina C, Raftopoulou A, Koller A, Fuchsberger C, Pattaro C, Del Greco FM, Döttelmayer P, Fendt L, Fritz J, Meiselbach H, Schönherr S, Forer L, Weissensteiner H, Pramstaller PP, Eckardt K, Hicks AA, Kronenberg F. Association of mitochondrial DNA copy number with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in 14 176 individuals. J Intern Med 2021; 290:190-202. [PMID: 33453124 PMCID: PMC8359248 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria play an important role in cellular metabolism, and their dysfunction is postulated to be involved in metabolic disturbances. Mitochondrial DNA is present in multiple copies per cell. The quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) might be used to assess mitochondrial dysfunction. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the cross-sectional association of mtDNA-CN with type 2 diabetes and the potential mediating role of metabolic syndrome. METHODS We examined 4812 patients from the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study and 9364 individuals from the Cooperative Health Research in South Tyrol (CHRIS) study. MtDNA-CN was measured in whole blood using a plasmid-normalized qPCR-based assay. RESULTS In both studies, mtDNA-CN showed a significant correlation with most metabolic syndrome parameters: mtDNA-CN decreased with increasing number of metabolic syndrome components. Furthermore, individuals with low mtDNA-CN had significantly higher odds of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.025; 95% CI = 1.011-1.039, P = 3.19 × 10-4 , for each decrease of 10 mtDNA copies) and type 2 diabetes (OR = 1.027; 95% CI = 1.012-1.041; P = 2.84 × 10-4 ) in a model adjusted for age, sex, smoking and kidney function in the meta-analysis of both studies. Mediation analysis revealed that the association of mtDNA-CN with type 2 diabetes was mainly mediated by waist circumference in the GCKD study (66%) and by several metabolic syndrome parameters, especially body mass index and triglycerides, in the CHRIS study (41%). CONCLUSIONS Our data show an inverse association of mtDNA-CN with higher risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. A major part of the total effect of mtDNA-CN on type 2 diabetes is mediated by obesity parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Fazzini
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - C. Lamina
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - A. Raftopoulou
- Eurac ResearchInstitute for BiomedicineAffiliated Institute of the University of LübeckBolzanoItaly
| | - A. Koller
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - C. Fuchsberger
- Eurac ResearchInstitute for BiomedicineAffiliated Institute of the University of LübeckBolzanoItaly
| | - C. Pattaro
- Eurac ResearchInstitute for BiomedicineAffiliated Institute of the University of LübeckBolzanoItaly
| | - F. M. Del Greco
- Eurac ResearchInstitute for BiomedicineAffiliated Institute of the University of LübeckBolzanoItaly
| | - P. Döttelmayer
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - L. Fendt
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - J. Fritz
- Department of Medical StatisticsInformatics and Health EconomicsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - H. Meiselbach
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionFriedrich‐Alexander Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - S. Schönherr
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - L. Forer
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - H. Weissensteiner
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - P. P. Pramstaller
- Eurac ResearchInstitute for BiomedicineAffiliated Institute of the University of LübeckBolzanoItaly
| | - K.‐U. Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionFriedrich‐Alexander Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive CareCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - A. A. Hicks
- Eurac ResearchInstitute for BiomedicineAffiliated Institute of the University of LübeckBolzanoItaly
| | - F. Kronenberg
- From theDepartment of Genetics and PharmacologyInstitute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Wabo TMC, Nkondjock VRN, Onwuka JU, Sun C, Han T, Sira J. Association of fourteen years diet quality trajectories and type 2 diabetes mellitus with related biomarkers. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10112-10127. [PMID: 33819180 PMCID: PMC8064195 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diet quality fluctuates throughout one’s adulthood, yet it remains unclear how long-term diet quality changes are related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its biomarkers. We aimed to examine the association of long-term diet quality with T2DM and its biomarkers. Diet quality was assessed by the revised DBI-07, in which diet quality distance levels (DQD) represented the overall diet quality. Participants were clustered into classes sharing similar DQD levels using latent class mixed model. We used Cox regression and random effect linear regression to assess DQD trajectories’ association with T2DM and its biomarkers. Three DQD trajectories were derived: moderate to gradual decrease, high to moderate, high stable DQD level representing 2.14%, 6.18% and, 91.68% of the population. Compared to class 1, class 2 and 3 were associated with an increased risk of T2DM [HR=4.40; 95%CI: 2.02-9.59]; [HR=3.68; 95% CI: 2.11-6.43]. When class 3 was used as a reference, class 1 was also associated with an increased risk of TDM [HR=2.71; 95%CI: 1.55-4.73]. Our findings suggest that a long-term unhealthy diet is associated with an increased risk of T2DM. Gradually reducing DQD level may not make a difference, which establishes the importance of promoting healthy eating habits at early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Martin Cheteu Wabo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Justina Ucheojor Onwuka
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tianshu Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jackson Sira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.,Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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17
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Mitochondrial health is enhanced in rats with higher vs. lower intrinsic exercise capacity and extended lifespan. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:1. [PMID: 33398019 PMCID: PMC7782588 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-020-00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic aerobic capacity of an organism is thought to play a role in aging and longevity. Maximal respiratory rate capacity, a metabolic performance measure, is one of the best predictors of cardiovascular- and all-cause mortality. Rats selectively bred for high-(HCR) vs. low-(LCR) intrinsic running-endurance capacity have up to 31% longer lifespan. We found that positive changes in indices of mitochondrial health in cardiomyocytes (respiratory reserve, maximal respiratory capacity, resistance to mitochondrial permeability transition, autophagy/mitophagy, and higher lipids-over-glucose utilization) are uniformly associated with the extended longevity in HCR vs. LCR female rats. Cross-sectional heart metabolomics revealed pathways from lipid metabolism in the heart, which were significantly enriched by a select group of strain-dependent metabolites, consistent with enhanced lipids utilization by HCR cardiomyocytes. Heart–liver–serum metabolomics further revealed shunting of lipidic substrates between the liver and heart via serum during aging. Thus, mitochondrial health in cardiomyocytes is associated with extended longevity in rats with higher intrinsic exercise capacity and, probably, these findings can be translated to other populations as predictors of outcomes of health and survival.
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18
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Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113401. [PMID: 33167515 PMCID: PMC7694501 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Past public health crises (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, opioids, cholera, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lead, pollution, venereal disease, even coronavirus (COVID-19) have been met with interventions targeted both at the individual and all of society. While the healthcare community is very aware that the global pandemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has its origins in our Western ultraprocessed food diet, society has been slow to initiate any interventions other than public education, which has been ineffective, in part due to food industry interference. This article provides the rationale for such public health interventions, by compiling the evidence that added sugar, and by proxy the ultraprocessed food category, meets the four criteria set by the public health community as necessary and sufficient for regulation—abuse, toxicity, ubiquity, and externalities (How does your consumption affect me?). To their credit, some countries have recently heeded this science and have instituted sugar taxation policies to help ameliorate NCDs within their borders. This article also supplies scientific counters to food industry talking points, and sample intervention strategies, in order to guide both scientists and policy makers in instituting further appropriate public health measures to quell this pandemic.
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19
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Nash MS, Gater DR. Cardiometabolic Disease and Dysfunction Following Spinal Cord Injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2020; 31:415-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Sequeira
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, Haus A15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Edoardo Bertero
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, Haus A15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, Haus A15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Beneficial Effects of a Low-dose of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Body Weight Gain and other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Cafeteria Diet-fed Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020408. [PMID: 32033223 PMCID: PMC7071287 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a dietary supplement that has been shown to improve obesity. However, some authors have associated high doses of CLA supplementation with liver impairment and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess whether the consumption of low doses of CLA maintained the beneficial effects on the main metabolic disturbances associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) but prevented the occurrence of non-desirable outcomes associated with its consumption. Male Wistar rats, fed standard or cafeteria (CAF) diet for 12 weeks, were supplemented with three different low doses of CLA in the last three weeks. Both biochemical and H1 NMR-based metabolomics profiles were analysed in serum and liver. The consumption of 100 mg/kg CLA, but not doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg, ameliorated the increase in body weight gain as well as the serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, diglyceride, and total phospholipid induced by a CAF diet. In turn, CLA reverted the increase in lactate, alanine, and glucose concentrations in the liver of these animals, but enhanced hepatic cholesterol accumulation without any detrimental effect on liver function. In conclusion, a low dose of CLA corrected the adverse effects associated with MetS without compromising other metabolic parameters.
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22
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Bai XL, Deng XL, Wu GJ, Li WJ, Jin S. Rhodiola and salidroside in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1611-1626. [PMID: 31481002 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190903115424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the knowledge gained about the mechanisms that underpin the potential use of Rhodiola in stress- and ageing-associated disorders has increased, and provided a universal framework for studies that focused on the use of Rhodiola in preventing or curing metabolic diseases. Of particular interest is the emerging role of Rhodiola in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Moreover, over the last two decades, great efforts have been undertaken to unravel the underlying mechanisms of action of Rhodiola in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Extracts of Rhodiola and salidroside, the most abundant active compound in Rhodiola, are suggested to provide a beneficial effect in mental, behavioral, and metabolic disorders. Both in vivo and ex vivo studies, Rhodiola extracts and salidroside ameliorate metabolic disorders when administered acutely or prior to experimental injury. The mechanism involved includes multi-target effects by modulating various synergistic pathways that control oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondria, autophagy, and cell death, as well as AMPK signaling that is associated with possible beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. However, evidence-based data supporting the effectiveness of Rhodiola or salidroside in treating metabolic disorders is limited. Therefore, a comprehensive review of available trials showing putative treatment strategies of metabolic disorders that include both clinical effective perspectives and fundamental molecular mechanisms is warranted. This review highlights studies that focus on the potential role of Rhodiola extracts and salidroside in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, the two most common metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Li Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Guang-Jie Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Si Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
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23
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Zhao Y, Yu Y, Li H, Li M, Zhang D, Guo D, Yu X, Lu C, Wang H. The Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Biochemical Markers in Beijing Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224557. [PMID: 31752150 PMCID: PMC6887991 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents and its association with several MetS-related biochemical markers. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out and data were extracted from the Nutrition and Health Surveillance in Primary and Secondary school students of Beijing (NHSPSB) 2017. Participants were aged 10-15 years old. MetS was diagnosed using the recommended criteria for Chinese adolescents. The associations among MetS, biochemical biomarkers, and socioeconomic status were estimated by multivariable linear regression. Results: The prevalence of MetS in adolescents in Beijing was 3% in the total sample, 4% in boys, and 2% in girls. Moreover, the prevalence of MetS in the overweight and obesity populations were 5% and 12% respectively. The prevalence of MetS remained higher in boys than in girls. The concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum uric acid (SUA), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were higher in the MetS children in comparison with non-MetS children (All p < 0.05), while the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration was lower in MetS children. After adjusting for socioeconomic parameters in the multivariable regression model, MetS was strongly associated with ALT, SUA, HDL, and LDL. The five components of MetS indicated that abdominal obesity and a high serum triglyceride (TG) concentration were tightly linked with ALT, SUA, LDL, and CRP; while a low HDL concentration and elevated blood pressure were related to enhanced ALT, UA, and CRP. Additionally, impaired fasting glucose was only related to increased ALT. Conclusion: The epidemiological issues of MetS in Beijing adolescents should be known across socioeconomic classes. Early intervention strategies, such as dietary pattern interventions and physical excise, should be designed for that population to reduce the disease burdens of cardiovascular disease (CVD), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and steatohepatitis in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing100013, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (D.G.); (X.Y.)
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing100013, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (D.G.); (X.Y.)
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing100013, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (D.G.); (X.Y.)
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Mingying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xicheng District, Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Dongran Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Fangshan District, Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Dandan Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing100013, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (D.G.); (X.Y.)
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing100013, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (D.G.); (X.Y.)
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Ce Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No.101 Longmian Ave, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China;
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, No.101 Longmian Ave, Jiangning District, Nanjing 211166, China;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-025-86868291; Fax: +86-025-86868499
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Šoštarič A, Jenko B, Kozjek NR, Ovijač D, Šuput D, Milisav I, Dolžan V. Detection of metabolic syndrome burden in healthy young adults may enable timely introduction of disease prevention. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1184-1194. [PMID: 31572463 PMCID: PMC6764305 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.87462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome and associated diseases are a global health problem. Detection of early metabolic modifications that may lead to metabolic syndrome would enable timely introduction of preventive lifestyle modifications. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total 103 young, healthy adults were assessed for indicators of metabolic alterations. Anthropometric, lifestyle, genetic and biochemical parameters were assessed. Individuals who fulfilled at least one criterion for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome were assigned to the group with the higher metabolic syndrome burden (B-MeS). RESULTS The 34 young healthy individuals who were assigned to the B-MeS group had lower fat-free mass, higher body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, fat mass, and blood pressure, more visceral fat, they were less physically active, had higher C-reactive protein values and higher catalase activity. Their phenotype was more similar to that of patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome than the rest of the population. CONCLUSIONS Simple anthropometric measurements, lifestyle assessment and basic biochemical measurements can be used to identify young healthy individuals with increased risk for metabolic syndrome. These assessments can be performed at periodic check-ups of the healthy population so that timely diagnosis of B-MeS can be made. As lifestyle factors have a big influence on development or improvement of the MeS, the timely diagnosis for B-MeS would enable an early opportunity for intervention for lifestyle modification in the still healthy population, saving costs and reducing disability adjusted life years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Šoštarič
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Jenko
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Rotovnik Kozjek
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Ovijač
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina Milisav
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bosomworth NJ. [Not Available]. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2019; 65:e251-e260. [PMID: 31189638 PMCID: PMC6738391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectif Étudier le risque de mortalité présenté par l’obésité centrale chez les personnes de poids normal, déterminer une mesure clinique pour aider à dépister ce phénotype et examiner les moyens de réduire ce risque. Qualité des données La recherche n’a relevé que des études de cohorte prospectives (niveau II) ayant comparé des participants qui présentaient une obésité centrale et un poids normal à des participants dont l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) était élevé. Des études de niveau I de bonne qualité ont démontré l’effet des interventions liées à l’alimentation et à l’exercice sur l’obésité centrale et la mortalité. Message principal Les participants centralement obèses malgré un IMC normal et qui sont atteints de dyslipidémie athérogène présentent un risque comparable, sinon supérieur, de mortalité que les participants qui sont centralement obèses en plus d’être en surpoids ou obèses selon l’IMC. Le rapport entre le tour de taille et la taille* serait la mesure clinique la plus pragmatique de l’obésité centrale. Le régime méditerranéen est une intervention efficace pour stopper la prise pondérale tout en réduisant la ceinture abdominale. Un faible niveau d’exercice réduit aussi le tour de taille. La perte pondérale ne doit pas constituer l’objectif. Conclusion Un rapport entre le tour de taille et la taille de plus de 0,5 malgré un IMC normal indique un risque élevé de mortalité par atteinte cardiométabolique. Ce risque serait équivalent, voire supérieur, au risque présenté par les patients centralement obèses en plus d’être en surpoids ou obèses. De légères interventions liées à l’alimentation et à l’exercice sont efficaces pour réduire ce risque.
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Affiliation(s)
- N John Bosomworth
- Chargé de cours honoraire au Département de médecine familiale de l'Université de la Colombie-Britannique, à Vancouver.
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Bosomworth NJ. Normal-weight central obesity: Unique hazard of the toxic waist. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2019; 65:399-408. [PMID: 31189627 PMCID: PMC6738397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the mortality risk presented by normal-weight central obesity, to identify a clinical measure to aid in the identification of this phenotype, and to explore the means for mitigation of this risk. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Only prospective cohort studies (level II) comparing participants with central obesity at normal weight with those at higher levels of body mass index (BMI) were found. Good level I studies were available to demonstrate the effect of diet and exercise interventions on central obesity and mortality. MAIN MESSAGE Participants with atherogenic dyslipidemia who are centrally obese at normal BMI are at similar, and possibly higher, mortality risk compared with those who are centrally obese and overweight or obese according to their BMI. Waist-to-height ratio might be the most pragmatic clinical measure of central obesity. The Mediterranean diet is an effective intervention to prevent ongoing weight gain while reducing abdominal girth. Low levels of exercise can also reduce waist circumference. Weight loss need not be an objective. CONCLUSION A waist-to-height ratio exceeding 0.5 at normal BMI identifies elevated mortality risk for cardiometabolic disease. This risk might equal or exceed that of centrally obese patients who are overweight or obese. Modest dietary and exercise interventions can be effective in mitigation of this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- N John Bosomworth
- Honorary Lecturer in the Department of Family Practice at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
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Himani K, Vani G, Mishra S, Mahdi AA, Shally A. Association of serum Interleukin-10, omentin-1 and visfatin concentration with metabolic risk factors in obese children. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2069-2074. [PMID: 31235138 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kulshrestha Himani
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Gupta Vani
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
| | - Supriya Mishra
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Awasthi Shally
- Department of Paediatric, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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David J, Dardevet D, Mosoni L, Savary-Auzeloux I, Polakof S. Impaired Skeletal Muscle Branched-Chain Amino Acids Catabolism Contributes to Their Increased Circulating Levels in a Non-Obese Insulin-Resistant Fructose-Fed Rat Model. Nutrients 2019; 11:E355. [PMID: 30744017 PMCID: PMC6412955 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) levels are often observed in obese insulin-resistant (IR) subjects and laboratory animals. A reduced capacity of the adipose tissues (AT) to catabolize BCAA has been proposed as an explanation, but it seems restricted to obesity models of genetically modified or high fat⁻fed rodents. We aimed to determine if plasma BCAA levels were increased in a model of IR without obesity and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Rats were fed with a standard diet, containing either starch or fructose. BCAA levels, body weight and composition were recorded before and after 5, 12, 30, or 45 days of feeding. Elevated blood BCAA levels were observed in our IR model with unaltered body weight and composition. No changes were observed in the liver or the AT, but instead an impaired capacity of the skeletal muscle to catabolize BCAA was observed, including reduced capacity for transamination and oxidative deamination. Although the elevated blood BCAA levels in the fructose-fed rat seem to be a common feature of the IR phenotype observed in obese subjects and high fat⁻fed animals, the mechanisms involved in such a metabolic phenomenon are different, likely involving the skeletal muscle BCAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie David
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, France.
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, France.
| | - Laurent Mosoni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, France.
| | - Isabelle Savary-Auzeloux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, France.
| | - Sergio Polakof
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, France.
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Lent-Schochet D, McLaughlin M, Ramakrishnan N, Jialal I. Exploratory metabolomics of metabolic syndrome: A status report. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:23-36. [PMID: 30697368 PMCID: PMC6347655 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is as a cluster of cardio-metabolic factors that greatly increase the risk of chronic diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In the United States, obesity, physical inactivity, aging, and genetics (to a minor extent) have arisen as risk factors for developing MetS. Although 35% of American adults suffer from MetS, its pathogenesis largely remains unknown. Worse, there is a lack of screening and optimum therapy for this disease. Researchers have consequently turned towards metabolomics to identify biomarkers to better understand MetS. The purpose of this review is to characterize various metabolites and their potential connections to MetS. Numerous studies have also characterized MetS as a disease of increased inflammation, and therefore this review also explores how metabolites play a role in various inflammatory pathways. Our review explores a broad range of metabolites including biogenic amines, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amines, phosphatidylcholines, as well as a variety of other molecules. We will explore their biochemical pathways and their potential role in serving as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Lent-Schochet
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Matthew McLaughlin
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Neeraj Ramakrishnan
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
- VA Medical Center, Mather CA 95655, United States
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Fornari E, Maffeis C. Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:702. [PMID: 31681173 PMCID: PMC6803446 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Metabolic Syndrome may be tentatively defined as the clustering of several metabolic risk factors in the same individual. A progressively higher number of children and adolescents is affected by this syndrome worldwide, mainly as a consequence of the constant increase of the prevalence of obesity and sedentary habits. As obesity, the chance that the metabolic syndrome traks into adulthood is high. Moreover, the evidence of an association between the duration of the exposition to metabolic risk factors and morbidity and mortality justifies early treatment and prevention of the metabolic syndrome in both children and adolescents. Treatment includes behavioral interventions, adequate nutrition and physical activity, and, if necessary, pharmacological treatments aimed at reducing excessive weight, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose impairments. A multidisciplinary and staged approach to treatment, which includes pediatrician, mental health practitioner, dietician, and nurses, is crucial. Usually, the reduction of fat mass promotes an overall improvement of all the components of the metabolic syndrome. Nevertheless, every single component of the metabolic syndrome should be treated as quickly as possible, by using the best current practice. Drugs may be necessary for treating hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. In selected cases of gross obesity resistant to treatment, surgical therapy may be also performed.
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Cuschieri S. Type 2 diabetes - An unresolved disease across centuries contributing to a public health emergency. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:450-453. [PMID: 30641742 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global epidemic. However, T2DM is not a new, 21stcentury disease. Different populations have been struggling with this disease across a number of centuries. The question lies as to why humanity has never succeeded in keeping it in check over the course of its history. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this review, the history of T2DM and its evolution throughout the ages are revisited. The review then investigates the growing burden of T2DM across the past fourteen years within the European continent, while comparing this epidemic with the obesity burden. RESULTS Various explanations for the emergence of this public health epidemic were explored ranging from lifestyle factors, high sugary food and drink, disrupted sleep pattern to obesity. Over a fourteen-year period, an evident steady incline in both T2DM and obesity prevalence rates across Europe was evident. CONCLUSION It is essential for public health officials and researchers alike to have a good grip of the past and the present diabetes epidemiology and its co-determinants. This will provide the basis for new and improved strategies to target and prevent this epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cuschieri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Biomedical Building, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta.
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Poškus V, Vičkačkaitė V. Silver-coated monolithic silica column for separation of trans fatty acids. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vilius Poškus
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vida Vičkačkaitė
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
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Nash MS, Bilzon JLJ. Guideline Approaches for Cardioendocrine Disease Surveillance and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2018; 6:264-276. [PMID: 30546969 PMCID: PMC6267529 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-018-0203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Persons with spinal cord injuries (SCI) commonly experience individual risks and coalesced health hazards of the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). This review will examinethe role of exercise and nutritional intervention as countermeasures to these disease risks. RECENT FINDINGS The CMS hazards of overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are strongly associated with physical deconditioning and are common after SCI. Both the CMS diagnosis and physical deconditioning worsen the prognosis for all-cause cardiovascular disease occurring early after SCI. Evidence supports a therapeutic role for physical activity after SCI as an effective countermeasure to these risks and often represents the first-line approach to CMS abatement. This evidence is supported by authoritative systematic reviews and associated guidelines that recommend specific activities, frequencies, and activities of work. In many cases, the most effective exercise programming uses more intense periods of work with limited rest. As SCI is also associated with poor dietary habits, including excessive energy intake and saturated fat consumption, more comprehensive lifestyle management incorporating both exercise and nutrition represents a preferred approach for overall health management. SUMMARY Irrespective of the interventional strategy, improved surveillance of the population for CMS risks and encouraged incorporation of exercise and nutritional management according to recent population-specific guidelines will most likely play an important role in the preservation of activity, optimal health, and independence throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Nash
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - James L. J. Bilzon
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset UK
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Crescenzo R, Cigliano L, Mazzoli A, Cancelliere R, Carotenuto R, Tussellino M, Liverini G, Iossa S. Early Effects of a Low Fat, Fructose-Rich Diet on Liver Metabolism, Insulin Signaling, and Oxidative Stress in Young and Adult Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:411. [PMID: 29755364 PMCID: PMC5932594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the use of refined food, which is rich in fructose, is of particular concern in children and adolescents, since the total caloric intake and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome are increasing continuously in these populations. Nevertheless, the effects of high fructose diet have been mostly investigated in adults, by focusing on the effect of a long-term fructose intake. Notably, some reports evidenced that even short-term fructose intake exerts detrimental effects on metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the metabolic changes induced by the fructose-rich diet in rats of different age, i.e., young (30 days old) and adult (90 days old) rats. The fructose-rich diet increased whole body lipid content in adult, but not in young rats. The analysis of liver markers of inflammation suggests that different mechanisms depending on the age might be activated after the fructose-rich diet. In fact, a pro-inflammatory gene-expression analysis showed just a minor activation of macrophages in young rats compared to adult rats, while other markers of low-grade metabolic inflammation (TNF-alpha, myeloperoxidase, lipocalin, haptoglobin) significantly increased. Inflammation was associated with oxidative damage to hepatic lipids in young and adult rats, while increased levels of hepatic nitrotyrosine and ceramides were detected only in young rats. Interestingly, fructose-induced hepatic insulin resistance was evident in young but not in adult rats, while whole body insulin sensitivity decreased both in fructose-fed young and adult rats. Taken together, the present data indicate that young rats do not increase their body lipids but are exposed to metabolic perturbations, such as hepatic insulin resistance and hepatic oxidative stress, in line with the finding that increased fructose intake may be an important predictor of metabolic risk in young people, independently of weight status. These results indicate the need of corrective nutritional interventions for young people and adults as well for the prevention of fructose-induced metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Cigliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Arianna Mazzoli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Cancelliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Liverini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Predictive Value of Adiposity Level, Metabolic Syndrome, and Insulin Resistance for the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diagnosis in Obese Children. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:9465784. [PMID: 29854716 PMCID: PMC5944281 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9465784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in obese children. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for curing or slowing down the disease progression. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of NAFLD in this population and to identify anthropometrical and metabolic risk factors for NAFLD prediction and its development. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 108 obese children. Anthropometric measurements, NAFLD diagnosis (based on ALT level and/or liver ultrasound), and metabolic syndrome (MS) components were assessed in all patients. Patients were divided into groups with and without NAFLD. RESULTS NAFLD was diagnosed in 49 (45%) patients with similar prevalence in boys (27; 55.10%) and girls [22 (44.9%), p = 0.089]. NAFLD patients had significantly greater waist circumference, WHR, and WHtR and significantly higher total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting insulin concentrations as well as higher glucose and insulin concentrations in 120 minutes of OGTT and higher HOMA-IR levels compared to group of patients without NAFLD. In NAFLD patients, MS was significantly more likely to be diagnosed than in group without NAFLD (40.82% versus 22.81%, p = 0.04), but among the MS components only hypertriglyceridemia was significantly more frequently diagnosed in the group with NAFLD (p = 0.002). Among analysed parameters the best independent risk factor for NAFLD was fasting insulin concentration with the cut-off point = 18,9 uIU/ml (AUC = 0.829). CONCLUSIONS NAFLD is a very common disease in obese children. NAFLD predictive risk factors include increased waist circumference, elevated WHR and WHtR, and elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting insulin as well as elevated glucose and insulin concentration in the OGTT and HOMA-IR index. NAFLD increases the risk of potential cardiovascular complications expressed by diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The best independent predictive risk factor for diagnosing NAFLD in obese children is fasting insulin > 18.9 uIU/ml.
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Siafis S, Tzachanis D, Samara M, Papazisis G. Antipsychotic Drugs: From Receptor-binding Profiles to Metabolic Side Effects. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1210-1223. [PMID: 28676017 PMCID: PMC6187748 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170630163616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects are major concerns in psychopharmacology and clinical psychiatry. Their pathogenetic mechanisms are still not elucidated. METHODS Herein, we review the impact of neurotransmitters on metabolic regulation, providing insights into antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects. RESULTS Antipsychotic drugs seem to interfere with feeding behaviors and energy balance, processes that control metabolic regulation. Reward and energy balance centers in central nervous system constitute the central level of metabolic regulation. The peripheral level consists of skeletal muscles, the liver, the pancreas, the adipose tissue and neuroendocrine connections. Neurotransmitter receptors have crucial roles in metabolic regulation and they are also targets of antipsychotic drugs. Interaction of antipsychotics with neurotransmitters could have both protective and harmful effects on metabolism. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence suggests that antipsychotics have different liabilities to induce obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. However this diversity cannot be explained merely by drugs'pharmacodynamic profiles, highlighting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georgios Papazisis
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Clinical
Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Tel/Fax: +30 2310 999323; E-mail:
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Gar C, Rottenkolber M, Prehn C, Adamski J, Seissler J, Lechner A. Serum and plasma amino acids as markers of prediabetes, insulin resistance, and incident diabetes. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 55:21-32. [PMID: 29239245 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1414143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Presently, routine screening misses many cases of prediabetes and early type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, better biomarkers are needed for a simple and early detection of abnormalities of glucose metabolism and prediction of future T2D. Possible candidates for this include plasma or serum amino acids because glucose and amino acid metabolism are closely connected. This review presents the available evidence of this connectivity and discusses its clinical implications. First, we examine the underlying physiological, pre-analytical, and analytical issues. Then, we summarize results of human studies that evaluate amino acid levels as markers for insulin resistance, prediabetes, and future incident T2D. Finally, we illustrate the interconnection of amino acid levels and metabolic syndrome with our own data from a deeply phenotyped human cohort. We also discuss how amino acids may contribute to the pathophysiology of T2D. We conclude that elevated branched-chain amino acids and reduced glycine are currently the most robust and consistent amino acid markers for prediabetes, insulin resistance, and future T2D. Yet, we are cautious regarding the clinical potential even of these parameters because their discriminatory power is insufficient and their levels depend not only on glycemia, but also on other components of the metabolic syndrome. The identification of more precise intermediates of amino acid metabolism or combinations with other biomarkers will, therefore, be necessary to obtain in order to develop laboratory tests that can improve T2D screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gar
- a Diabetes Research Group , Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München , Munich , Germany.,b Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany.,c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - M Rottenkolber
- a Diabetes Research Group , Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München , Munich , Germany.,b Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany.,c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - C Prehn
- d Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center , Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - J Adamski
- c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany.,d Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center , Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany.,e Lehrstuhl fu¨r Experimentelle Genetik , Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - J Seissler
- a Diabetes Research Group , Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München , Munich , Germany.,b Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany.,c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - A Lechner
- a Diabetes Research Group , Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München , Munich , Germany.,b Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany.,c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
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Polakof S, Rémond D, David J, Dardevet D, Savary-Auzeloux I. Time-course changes in circulating branched-chain amino acid levels and metabolism in obese Yucatan minipig. Nutrition 2017; 50:66-73. [PMID: 29547796 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS) overfeeding is one of the main factors responsible for the increased prevalence of metabolic disorders. Elevated levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been associated with metabolic dysfunctions, including insulin resistance (IR). The aim of this study was to elucidate whether elevated BCAA levels are the cause or the consequence of IR and to determine the mechanisms and tissues involved in such a phenotype. METHODS We performed a 2-mo follow-up on minipigs overfed an HFHS diet and focused on kinetics fasting and postprandial (PP) BCAA levels and BCAA catabolism in key tissues. RESULTS The study of the fasting BCAA elevation reveals that BCAA accumulation in the plasma compartment is well correlated with IR markers and body weight. Furthermore, the PP excursion of BCAA levels after the last HFHS meal was exacerbated when compared with that of the first meal, suggesting a reduced amino acid oxidation potential. Although only minor changes in BCAA metabolism were observed in liver, muscle, and the visceral adipose tissue, the oxidative deamination potential of the subcutaneous adipose tissue was blunted after 60 d of HFHS feeding. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the present results demonstrated for the first time in a swine model of obesity and IR, the existence of a phenotype related to high-circulating BCAA levels and metabolic dysregulation. The oxidative BCAA capacity reduction specifically in the subcutaneous adipose tissue emerges, at least in the present swine model, as the more plausible metabolic explanation for the elevated blood BCAA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Polakof
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Didier Rémond
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémie David
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Savary-Auzeloux
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Durak A, Olgar Y, Tuncay E, Karaomerlioglu I, Kayki Mutlu G, Arioglu Inan E, Altan VM, Turan B. Onset of decreased heart work is correlated with increased heart rate and shortened QT interval in high-carbohydrate fed overweight rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1335-1342. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical activity of the heart is adversely affected in metabolic syndrome (MetS) characterized by increased body mass and marked insulin resistance. Herein, we examined the effects of high carbohydrate intake on cardiac function abnormalities by evaluating in situ heart work, heart rate, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) in rats. MetS was induced in male Wistar rats by adding 32% sucrose to drinking water for 22–24 weeks and was confirmed by insulin resistance, increased body weight, increased blood glucose and serum insulin, and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in addition to significant loss of left ventricular integrity and increased connective tissue around myofibrils. Analysis of in situ ECG recordings showed a markedly shortened QT interval and decreased QRS amplitude with increased heart rate. We also observed increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense characterized by decreases in serum total thiol level and attenuated paraoxonase and arylesterase activities. Our data indicate that increased heart rate and a shortened QT interval concomitant with higher left ventricular developed pressure in response to β-adrenoreceptor stimulation as a result of less cyclic AMP release could be regarded as a natural compensation mechanism in overweight rats with MetS. In addition to the persistent insulin resistance and obesity associated with MetS, one should consider the decreased heart work, increased heart rate, and shortened QT interval associated with high carbohydrate intake, which may have more deleterious effects on the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Durak
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Olgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irem Karaomerlioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kayki Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Arioglu Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vecdi Melih Altan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Preuss HG, Mrvichin N, Clouatre D, Bagchi D, Preuss JM, Perricone NV, Swaroop A, Kaats GR. General Lack of Correlations between Age and Signs of the Metabolic Syndrome in Subjects with Non-diabetic Fasting Glucose Values. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:556-564. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1322545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry G. Preuss
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Nate Mrvichin
- Integrative Health Technologies, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Services, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Preuss
- Emergency Department, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, USA
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Magge SN, Goodman E, Armstrong SC, Daniels S, Corkins M, de Ferranti S, Golden NH, Kim JH, Magge SN, Schwarzenberg SJ, Sills IN, Casella SJ, DeMeglio LA, Gonzalez JL, Kaplowitz PB, Lynch JL, Wintergerst KA, Bolling CF, Armstrong SC, Muth ND, Rausch JC, Rogers VW, Schwartz RP. The Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Shifting the Focus to Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-1603. [PMID: 28739653 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was developed by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, identifying adults with at least 3 of 5 cardiometabolic risk factors (hyperglycemia, increased central adiposity, elevated triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure) who are at increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The constellation of MetS component risk factors has a shared pathophysiology and many common treatment approaches grounded in lifestyle modification. Several attempts have been made to define MetS in the pediatric population. However, in children, the construct is difficult to define and has unclear implications for clinical care. In this Clinical Report, we focus on the importance of screening for and treating the individual risk factor components of MetS. Focusing attention on children with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering is emphasized over the need to define a pediatric MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela N. Magge
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Elizabeth Goodman
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Mitochondrial health, the epigenome and healthspan. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1285-305. [PMID: 27358026 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food nutrients and metabolic supply-demand dynamics constitute environmental factors that interact with our genome influencing health and disease states. These gene-environment interactions converge at the metabolic-epigenome-genome axis to regulate gene expression and phenotypic outcomes. Mounting evidence indicates that nutrients and lifestyle strongly influence genome-metabolic functional interactions determining disease via altered epigenetic regulation. The mitochondrial network is a central player of the metabolic-epigenome-genome axis, regulating the level of key metabolites [NAD(+), AcCoA (acetyl CoA), ATP] acting as substrates/cofactors for acetyl transferases, kinases (e.g. protein kinase A) and deacetylases (e.g. sirtuins, SIRTs). The chromatin, an assembly of DNA and nucleoproteins, regulates the transcriptional process, acting at the epigenomic interface between metabolism and the genome. Within this framework, we review existing evidence showing that preservation of mitochondrial network function is directly involved in decreasing the rate of damage accumulation thus slowing aging and improving healthspan.
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Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit extracts on α-glucosidase enzyme, glucose diffusion and wound healing activities. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cronise RJ, Sinclair DA, Bremer AA. Oxidative Priority, Meal Frequency, and the Energy Economy of Food and Activity: Implications for Longevity, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Disease. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 15:6-17. [PMID: 27869525 PMCID: PMC5326984 DOI: 10.1089/met.2016.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In most modern societies, the relationship that many individuals have with food has fundamentally changed from previous generations. People have shifted away from viewing food as primarily sustenance, and rather now seek out foods based on pure palatability or specific nutrition. However, it is far from clear what optimal nutrition is for the general population or specific individuals. We previously described the Food Triangle as a way to organize food based on an increasing energy density paradigm, and now expand on this model to predict the impact of oxidative priority and both nutrient and fiber density in relation to caloric load. When combined with meal frequency, integrated energy expenditure, macronutrient oxidative priority, and fuel partitioning expressed by the respiratory quotient, our model also offers a novel explanation for chronic overnutrition and the cause of excess body fat accumulation. Herein, we not only review how metabolism is a dynamic process subject to many regulators that mediate the fate of ingested calories but also discuss how the Food Triangle predicts the oxidative priority of ingested foods and provides a conceptual paradigm for healthy eating supported by health and longevity research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Sinclair
- 2 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- 4 Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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45
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Sickeningly Sweet: Does Sugar Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Yes. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40:282-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Windemuller F, Xu J, Rabinowitz SS, Hussain MM, Schwarz SM. Lipogenesis in Huh7 cells is promoted by increasing the fructose: Glucose molar ratio. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:838-843. [PMID: 27458503 PMCID: PMC4945503 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i20.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether hepatocyte lipogenesis, in an in vitro cell culture model, is modulated by adjusting culture media monosaccharide content and concentration.
METHODS: Hepatocytes (Huh7), demonstrating glucose and fructose uptake and lipid biosynthesis, were incubated in culture media containing either glucose alone (0.65-0.72 mmol/L) or isosmolar monosaccharide (0.72 mmol/L) comprising fructose:glucose (F:G) molar ratios ranging from 0.58-0.67. Following a 24-h incubation, cells were harvested and analyzed for total protein, triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (C) content. Significant differences (P < 0.05) among groups were determined using analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons.
RESULTS: After a 24 h incubation period, Huh7 cell mass and viability among all experimental groups were not different. Hepatocytes cultured with increasing concentrations of glucose alone did not demonstrate a significant change either in C or in TG content. However, when the culture media contained increasing F:G molar ratios, at a constant total monosaccharide concentration, synthesis both of C and of TG increased significantly [F:G ratio = 0.58, C/protein (μg/μg) = 0.13; F:G = 0.67, C/protein = 0.18, P < 0.01; F:G ratio = 0.58, TG/protein (μg/μg) = 0.06; F:G ratio = 0.67, TG/protein = 0.11, P < 0.01].
CONCLUSION: In an in vitro hepatocyte model, glucose or fructose plus glucose support total cell mass and lipogenic activity. Increasing the fructose:glucose molar ratio (but not glucose alone) enhances triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis. These investigations demonstrate fructose promotes hepatocellular lipogenesis, and they provide evidence supporting future, in vivo studies of fructose’s role in the development of hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Model Programs to Address Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease: Interventions for Suboptimal Nutrition and Sedentary Lifestyles. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 97:S238-46. [PMID: 27422346 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Problems posed by obesity-related endocrine diseases embody a national health crisis. Caloric excess and sedentary lifestyle from which they develop also pose significant challenges for rehabilitation providers. Almost two thirds of the U.S. population are currently overweight or obese, a number that has increased by >10% within the last decade and is expected to grow. An overweight body habitus is strongly associated with clinical hazards, including cardiometabolic syndrome, diabetes hypertension, and coronary artery disease. The component health risks of the cardiometabolic syndrome include coalescing of risk factors that predict a health calamity unless effective interventions can be developed and widely adopted. Obesity by itself is now considered an American Diabetes Association-qualified disability, but it is also disturbingly prevalent in other physical disability groupings of adults and children. This monograph describes successes of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a National Institutes of Health multisite randomized controlled trial that reported significant weight reduction and a 58% decreased incidence of type-2 diabetes accompanying 1 year of structured lifestyle intervention. This treatment benefit (1) exceeded that of metformin pharmacotherapy, (2) was so powerful that the trial was closed before reaching endpoints, and (3) was judged cost-effective for the patient and society. The DPP roadmap incorporating physical activity, diet, and behavioral approaches has been widely adapted to specific community, faith, racial, ethnic, school, and national populations with excellent outcomes success. The lockstep physical activity approach, activity prescription, and long-term success of the program are described and compared with other programs to illustrate effective countermeasures for the pandemics of obesity and obesity-related cardioendocrine disease. We will illustrate adaptation of the DPP for a cohort of persons with disability from spinal cord injury and the benefits observed.
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Peritoneal Dialysate Glucose Load and Systemic Glucose Metabolism in Non-Diabetics: Results from the GLOBAL Fluid Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155564. [PMID: 27249020 PMCID: PMC4889040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Glucose control is a significant predictor of mortality in diabetic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. During PD, the local toxic effects of intra-peritoneal glucose are well recognized, but despite large amounts of glucose being absorbed, the systemic effects of this in non-diabetic patients are not clear. We sought to clarify whether dialysate glucose has an effect upon systemic glucose metabolism. Methods and Materials We analysed the Global Fluid Study cohort, a prospective, observational cohort study initiated in 2002. A subset of 10 centres from 3 countries with high data quality were selected (368 incident and 272 prevalent non-diabetic patients), with multilevel, multivariable analysis of the reciprocal of random glucose levels, and a stratified-by-centre Cox survival analysis. Results The median follow up was 5.6 and 6.4 years respectively in incident and prevalent patients. On multivariate analysis, serum glucose increased with age (β = -0.007, 95%CI -0.010, -0.004) and decreased with higher serum sodium (β = 0.002, 95%CI 0.0005, 0.003) in incident patients and increased with dialysate glucose (β = -0.0002, 95%CI -0.0004, -0.00006) in prevalent patients. Levels suggested undiagnosed diabetes in 5.4% of prevalent patients. Glucose levels predicted death in unadjusted analyses of both incident and prevalent groups but in an adjusted survival analysis they did not (for random glucose 6–10 compared with <6, Incident group HR 0.92, 95%CI 0.58, 1.46, Prevalent group HR 1.42, 95%CI 0.86, 2.34). Conclusions In prevalent non-diabetic patients, random glucose levels at a diabetic level are under-recognised and increase with dialysate glucose load. Random glucose levels predict mortality in unadjusted analyses, but this association has not been proven in adjusted analyses.
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George Thompson AM, Ursu O, Babkin P, Iancu CV, Whang A, Oprea TI, Choe JY. Discovery of a specific inhibitor of human GLUT5 by virtual screening and in vitro transport evaluation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24240. [PMID: 27074918 PMCID: PMC4831007 DOI: 10.1038/srep24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GLUT5, a fructose-transporting member of the facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT, SLC2) family, is a therapeutic target for diabetes and cancer but has no potent inhibitors. We virtually screened a library of 6 million chemicals onto a GLUT5 model and identified N-[4-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrophenyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-amine (MSNBA) as an inhibitor of GLUT5 fructose transport in proteoliposomes. MSNBA inhibition was specific to GLUT5; this inhibitor did not affect the fructose transport of human GLUT2 or the glucose transport of human GLUT1-4 or bacterial GlcPSe. In MCF7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line, MSNBA competitively inhibited GLUT5 fructose uptake with a KI of 3.2 ± 0.4 μM. Ligand docking, mutagenesis and functional studies indicate that MSNBA binds near the active site and inhibitor discrimination involves H387 of GLUT5. Thus, MSNBA is a selective and potent inhibitor of fructose transport via GLUT5, and the first chemical probe for this transporter. Our data indicate that active site differences in GLUT members could be exploited to further enhance ligand specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna M George Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Oleg Ursu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Translational Informatics Division, MSC09 5025, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Petr Babkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Cristina V Iancu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Alex Whang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Tudor I Oprea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Translational Informatics Division, MSC09 5025, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jun-yong Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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Baez-Duarte BG, Zamora-Ginez I, De Jésus KL, Torres-Rasgado E, González-Mejía ME, Porchia L, Ruiz-Vivanco G, Pérez-Fuentes R. Association of the Metabolic Syndrome with Antioxidant Defense and Outstanding Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Mexican Subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14:154-60. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca G. Baez-Duarte
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Irma Zamora-Ginez
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Porchia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Ricardo Pérez-Fuentes
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Puebla, Mexico
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