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V A B, Mathew P, Thomas S, Mathew L. Detection of lung cancer and stages via breath analysis using a self-made electronic nose device. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:341-353. [PMID: 38369930 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2316755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breathomics is an emerging area focusing on monitoring and diagnosing pulmonary diseases, especially lung cancer. This research aims to employ metabolomic methods to create a breathprint in human-expelled air to rapidly identify lung cancer and its stages. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS An electronic nose (e-nose) system with five metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors, a microcontroller, and machine learning algorithms was designed and developed for this application. The volunteers in this study include 114 patients with lung cancer and 147 healthy controls to understand the clinical potential of the e-nose system to detect lung cancer and its stages. RESULTS In the training phase, in discriminating lung cancer from controls, the XGBoost classifier model with 10-fold cross-validation gave an accuracy of 91.67%. In the validation phase, the XGBoost classifier model correctly identified 35 out of 42 patients with lung cancer samples and 44 out of 51 healthy control samples providing an overall sensitivity of 83.33% and specificity of 86.27%. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the exhaled breath VOC analysis method may be developed as a new diagnostic tool for lung cancer detection. The advantages of e-nose based diagnostics, such as an easy and painless method of sampling, and low-cost procedures, will make it an excellent diagnostic method in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binson V A
- Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Philip Mathew
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | - Sania Thomas
- Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Luke Mathew
- Department of Pulmonology, Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
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Tirelli C, Mira S, Belmonte LA, De Filippi F, De Grassi M, Italia M, Maggioni S, Guido G, Mondoni M, Canonica GW, Centanni S. Exploring the Potential Role of Metabolomics in COPD: A Concise Review. Cells 2024; 13:475. [PMID: 38534319 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a pathological condition of the respiratory system characterized by chronic airflow obstruction, associated with changes in the lung parenchyma (pulmonary emphysema), bronchi (chronic bronchitis) and bronchioles (small airways disease). In the last years, the importance of phenotyping and endotyping COPD patients has strongly emerged. Metabolomics refers to the study of metabolites (both intermediate or final products) and their biological processes in biomatrices. The application of metabolomics to respiratory diseases and, particularly, to COPD started more than one decade ago and since then the number of scientific publications on the topic has constantly grown. In respiratory diseases, metabolomic studies have focused on the detection of metabolites derived from biomatrices such as exhaled breath condensate, bronchoalveolar lavage, and also plasma, serum and urine. Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy are powerful tools in the precise identification of potentially prognostic and treatment response biomarkers. The aim of this article was to comprehensively review the relevant literature regarding the applications of metabolomics in COPD, clarifying the potential clinical utility of the metabolomic profile from several biologic matrices in detecting biomarkers of disease and prognosis for COPD. Meanwhile, a complete description of the technological instruments and techniques currently adopted in the metabolomics research will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tirelli
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mira
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Alessandro Belmonte
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica De Filippi
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro De Grassi
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Italia
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Maggioni
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Guido
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Mondoni
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Centanni
- Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
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Brener S, Snitz K, Sobel N. An electronic nose can identify humans by the smell of their ear. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjad053. [PMID: 38237638 PMCID: PMC10810274 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial mammals identify conspecifics by body odor. Dogs can also identify humans by body odor, and in some instances, humans can identify other humans by body odor as well. Despite the potential for a powerful biometric tool, smell has not been systematically used for this purpose. A question arising in the application of smell to biometrics is which bodily odor source should we measure. Breath is an obvious candidate, but the associated humidity can challenge many sensing devices. The armpit is also a candidate source, but it is often doused in cosmetics. Here, we test the hypothesis that the ear may provide an effective source for odor-based biometrics. The inside of the ear has relatively constant humidity, cosmetics are not typically applied inside the ear, and critically, ears contain cerumen, a potent source of volatiles. We used an electronic nose to identify 12 individuals within and across days, using samples from the armpit, lower back, and ear. In an identification setting where chance was 8.33% (1 of 12), we found that we could identify a person by the smell of their ear within a day at up to ~87% accuracy (~10 of 12, binomial P < 10-5), and across days at up to ~22% accuracy (~3 of 12, binomial P < 0.012). We conclude that humans can indeed be identified from the smell of their ear, but the results did not imply a consistent advantage over other bodily odor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brener
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Kobi Snitz
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noam Sobel
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Kim HS, Lee H, Kang S, Kim WJ, Shin S. Diagnostic performance of respirators for collection and detection of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13277. [PMID: 37582958 PMCID: PMC10427661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Respirators, called as face mask, have been used to protect the wearer from the outside harmful air environment and prevent any virus from being released to neighbors from potentially infected exhaled breath. The antiviral effectiveness of respirators has not only been researched scientifically, but has also become a global issue due to society's obligation to wear respirators. In this paper, we report the results of a study on the collection and detection of viruses contained in exhaled breath using respirators. The inner electrostatic filter was carefully selected for virus collection because it does not come in direct contact with either human skin or the external environment. In the study of a healthy control group, it was confirmed that a large amount of DNA and biomolecules such as exosomes were collected from the respirator exposed to exhalation, and the amount of collection increased in proportion to the wearing time. We conducted experiments using a total of 72 paired samples with nasopharyngeal swabs and respirator samples. Out of these samples, fifty tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and twenty-two tested negative. The PCR results of the NPS and respirator samples showed a high level of agreement, with a positive percent agreement of ≥ 90% and a negative percent agreement of ≥ 99%. Furthermore, there was a notable level of concordance between RCA-flow tests and PCR when examining the respirator samples. These results suggest that this is a non-invasive, quick and easy method of collecting samples from subjects using a respirator, which can significantly reduce the hassle of waiting at airports or public places and concerns about cross-contamination. Furthermore, we expect miniaturized technologies to integrate PCR detection into respirators in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Micro-nano System Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghui Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sehyun Shin
- Department of Micro-nano System Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Piccirillo F, Crispino SP, Buzzelli L, Segreti A, Incalzi RA, Grigioni F. A State-of-the-Art Review on Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol 2023; 195:57-69. [PMID: 37011555 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) affects many patients worldwide every year. It represents a leading cause of hospitalization and still, today, mortality remains high, albeit the progress in treatment strategies. Several factors contribute to the development and progression of HF. Among these, sleep apnea syndrome represents a common but still underestimated factor because its prevalence is substantially higher in patients with HF than in the general population and is related to a worse prognosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about sleep apnea syndrome coexisting with HF in terms of morbidity and mortality to provide actual and future perspectives about the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piccirillo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128 Roma, Italy; Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy.
| | - Simone Pasquale Crispino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128 Roma, Italy; Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Buzzelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128 Roma, Italy; Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128 Roma, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128 Roma, Italy; Research Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Grigioni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128 Roma, Italy; Research Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy
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Ali AS, Jacinto JGP, Mϋnchemyer W, Walte A, Kuhla B, Gentile A, Abdu MS, Kamel MM, Ghallab AM. Study on the Discrimination of Possible Error Sources That Might Affect the Quality of Volatile Organic Compounds Signature in Dairy Cattle Using an Electronic Nose. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090461. [PMID: 36136677 PMCID: PMC9502780 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent decades, remarkable progress in the development of electronic nose (EN) technologies, particularly for disease detection, has been accomplished through the disclosure of novel methods and associated devices, mainly for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, we assessed the ability of a novel EN technology (MENT-EGAS prototype) to respond to direct sampling and to evaluate the influence of possible error sources that might affect the quality of VOC signatures. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) evidenced the presence in the analyzed samples of sufficient information to consent the discrimination of different environmental backgrounds, feed headspaces and exhalated breath between two groups of cows fed with two different types of feed. Moreover, discrimination was also observed within the same group between exhalated breaths sampled before and after feed intake. Based on these findings, we provided evidence that the MENT-EGAS prototype can identify error sources with accuracy. Livestock precision farming technologies are powerful tools for monitoring animal health and welfare parameters in a continuous and automated way. Abstract Electronic nose devices (EN) have been developed for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study aimed to assess the ability of the MENT-EGAS prototype-based EN to respond to direct sampling and to evaluate the influence of possible error sources that might affect the quality of VOC signatures. This study was performed on a dairy farm using 11 (n = 11) multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows. The cows were divided into two groups housed in two different barns: group I included six lactating cows fed with a lactating diet (LD), and group II included 5 non-lactating late pregnant cows fed with a far-off diet (FD). Each group was offered 250 g of their respective diet; 10 min later, exhalated breath was collected for VOC determination. After this sampling, 4 cows from each group were offered 250 g of pellet concentrates. Ten minutes later, the exhalated breath was collected once more. VOCs were also measured directly from the feed’s headspace, as well as from the environmental backgrounds of each. Principal component analyses (PCA) were performed and revealed clear discrimination between the two different environmental backgrounds, the two different feed headspaces, the exhalated breath of groups I and II cows, and the exhalated breath within the same group of cows before and after the feed intake. Based on these findings, we concluded that the MENT-EGAS prototype can recognize several error sources with accuracy, providing a novel EN technology that could be used in the future in precision livestock farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S. Ali
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12211, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Joana G. P. Jacinto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Björn Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohamed S. Abdu
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12211, Egypt
| | - Mervat M. Kamel
- Department of Animal Management and Behavior, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12211, Egypt
| | - Abdelrauf Morsy Ghallab
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12211, Egypt
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Predicting Early Hospital Readmissions in COPD Patients Using an Electronic Nose. ARCHIVOS DE BRONCONEUMOLOGÍA 2022; 58:663-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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[Translated article] Study of diffuse interstitial lung disease with the analysis of volatile particles in exhaled air. Arch Bronconeumol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Segreti A, Incalzi RA, Lombardi M, Miglionico M, Nusca A, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Grasso S, Grigioni F, Di Sciascio G. Characterization of inflammatory profile by breath analysis in chronic coronary syndromes. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2021; 21:675-681. [PMID: 32740499 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exhaled breath contains thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during various metabolic processes both in health and disease.Analysis of breath with electronic nose BIONOTE-V allows modifications of exhaled VOCs to be studied, which are clinically recognized to be a marker for several disorders, including heart failure. New noninvasive tests based on VOCs analysis might be a useful tool for early detection of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). METHODS Exhaled air was collected and measured in individuals with an indication to perform invasive coronary angiography (ICA). All patients' samples were obtained before ICA. RESULTS Analysis with BIONOTE-V was performed in a total cohort of 42 patients consecutively enrolled, of whom 19 did not require myocardial revascularization and 23 with indication for myocardial revascularization. BIONOTE-V was able to correctly identify 18 out of 23 patients affected by severe coronary artery disease (sensitivity = 78.3% and specificity = 68.4%). Our predicted model had a tight correlation with SYNTAX score (error of the BIONOTE-V = 15). CONCLUSION CCS patients have a distinctive fingerprint of exhaled breath, and analysis by BIONOTE-V has the potential for identifying these patients. Moreover, it seems that this technique can correctly identify patients according to anatomical disease severity at ICA. If the preliminary data of this proof of concept study will be confirmed, this rapid and noninvasive diagnostic tool able to identify CCS might have an impact in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Santonico
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Grasso
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Snitz K, Andelman-Gur M, Pinchover L, Weissgross R, Weissbrod A, Mishor E, Zoller R, Linetsky V, Medhanie A, Shushan S, Jaffe E, Sobel N. Proof of concept for real-time detection of SARS CoV-2 infection with an electronic nose. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252121. [PMID: 34077435 PMCID: PMC8172018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis is key to curtailing the Covid-19 pandemic. One path to such rapid diagnosis may rely on identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the infected body, or in other words, identifying the smell of the infection. Consistent with this rationale, dogs can use their nose to identify Covid-19 patients. Given the scale of the pandemic, however, animal deployment is a challenging solution. In contrast, electronic noses (eNoses) are machines aimed at mimicking animal olfaction, and these can be deployed at scale. To test the hypothesis that SARS CoV-2 infection is associated with a body-odor detectable by an eNose, we placed a generic eNose in-line at a drive-through testing station. We applied a deep learning classifier to the eNose measurements, and achieved real-time detection of SARS CoV-2 infection at a level significantly better than chance, for both symptomatic and non-symptomatic participants. This proof of concept with a generic eNose implies that an optimized eNose may allow effective real-time diagnosis, which would provide for extensive relief in the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Snitz
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (NS); (KS)
| | - Michal Andelman-Gur
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liron Pinchover
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Weissgross
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Weissbrod
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eva Mishor
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roni Zoller
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vera Linetsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Abebe Medhanie
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagit Shushan
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Eli Jaffe
- Magen David Adom in Israel and Department of Emergency Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Noam Sobel
- Department of Neurobiology and Azrieli Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (NS); (KS)
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Castillo Villegas D, Barril S, Giner J, Millan-Billi P, Rodrigo-Troyano A, Merino JL, Sibila O. Study of Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease With the Analysis of Volatile Particles in Exhaled Air. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 58:99-101. [PMID: 33867204 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Castillo Villegas
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
| | - Silvia Barril
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
| | - Jordi Giner
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - Paloma Millan-Billi
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España; Servicio de Neumologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España
| | - Ana Rodrigo-Troyano
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España; Servicio de Neumologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, España; Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, España
| | - Jose Luis Merino
- Electronic Systems Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, España
| | - Oriol Sibila
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; Instituto del Tórax, Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, Barcelona, España
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12
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath as Fingerprints of Lung Cancer, Asthma and COPD. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010032. [PMID: 33374433 PMCID: PMC7796324 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are inflammatory diseases that have risen worldwide, posing a major public health issue, encompassing not only physical and psychological morbidity and mortality, but also incurring significant societal costs. The leading cause of death worldwide by cancer is that of the lung, which, in large part, is a result of the disease often not being detected until a late stage. Although COPD and asthma are conditions with considerably lower mortality, they are extremely distressful to people and involve high healthcare overheads. Moreover, for these diseases, diagnostic methods are not only costly but are also invasive, thereby adding to people’s stress. It has been appreciated for many decades that the analysis of trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath could potentially provide cheaper, rapid, and non-invasive screening procedures to diagnose and monitor the above diseases of the lung. However, after decades of research associated with breath biomarker discovery, no breath VOC tests are clinically available. Reasons for this include the little consensus as to which breath volatiles (or pattern of volatiles) can be used to discriminate people with lung diseases, and our limited understanding of the biological origin of the identified VOCs. Lung disease diagnosis using breath VOCs is challenging. Nevertheless, the numerous studies of breath volatiles and lung disease provide guidance as to what volatiles need further investigation for use in differential diagnosis, highlight the urgent need for non-invasive clinical breath tests, illustrate the way forward for future studies, and provide significant guidance to achieve the goal of developing non-invasive diagnostic tests for lung disease. This review provides an overview of these issues from evaluating key studies that have been undertaken in the years 2010–2019, in order to present objective and comprehensive updated information that presents the progress that has been made in this field. The potential of this approach is highlighted, while strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are discussed. This review will be of interest to chemists, biologists, medical doctors and researchers involved in the development of analytical instruments for breath diagnosis.
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The Role of Electronic Noses in Phenotyping Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110171. [PMID: 33187142 PMCID: PMC7697924 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common progressive disorder of the respiratory system which is currently the third leading cause of death worldwide. Exhaled breath analysis is a non-invasive method to study lung diseases, and electronic noses have been extensively used in breath research. Studies with electronic noses have proved that the pattern of exhaled volatile organic compounds is different in COPD. More recent investigations have reported that electronic noses could potentially distinguish different endotypes (i.e., neutrophilic vs. eosinophilic) and are able to detect microorganisms in the airways responsible for exacerbations. This article will review the published literature on electronic noses and COPD and help in identifying methodological, physiological, and disease-related factors which could affect the results.
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Wong DC, Relton SD, Lane V, Ismail M, Goss V, Bytheway J, West RM, Deuchars J, Sutcliffe J. Bedside breath tests in children with abdominal pain: a prospective pilot feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2019; 5:121. [PMID: 31720000 PMCID: PMC6833160 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is no definitive method of accurately diagnosing appendicitis before surgery. We evaluated the feasibility of collecting breath samples in children with abdominal pain and gathered preliminary data on the accuracy of breath tests. Methods We conducted a prospective pilot study at a large tertiary referral paediatric hospital in the UK. We recruited 50 participants with suspected appendicitis, aged between 5 and 15 years. Five had primary diagnosis of appendicitis. The primary outcome was the number of breath samples collected. We also measured the number of samples processed within 2 h and had CO2 ≥ 3.5%. Usability was assessed by patient-reported pain pre- and post-sampling and user-reported sampling difficulty. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict appendicitis and evaluated using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). Results Samples were collected from all participants. Of the 45 samples, 36 were processed within 2 h. Of the 49 samples, 19 had %CO2 ≥ 3.5%. No difference in patient-reported pain was observed (p = 0.24). Sampling difficulty was associated with patient age (p = 0.004). The logistic regression model had AUROC = 0.86. Conclusions Breath tests are feasible and acceptable to patients presenting with abdominal pain in clinical settings. We demonstrated adequate data collection with no evidence of harm to patients. The AUROC was better than a random classifier; more specific sensors are likely to improve diagnostic performance. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03248102. Registered 14 Aug 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Wong
- 1Centre for Health Informatics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samuel D Relton
- 2Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mohamed Ismail
- 2Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Victoria Goss
- 4Leeds Institute for Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Robert M West
- 2Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jim Deuchars
- 6School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Exhaled Breath Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090538. [PMID: 31461988 PMCID: PMC6780099 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological events. Polysomnography is the gold-standard for the diagnosis, however is expensive and time-consuming and not suitable for widespread use. Breath analysis is an innovative, non-invasive technique, able to provide clinically relevant information about OSAS. This systematic review was aimed to outline available evidence on the role of exhaled breath analysis in OSAS, taking into account the techniques’ level of adherence to the recently proposed technical standards. Materials and Methods: Articles reporting original data on exhaled breath analysis in OSAS were identified through a computerized and manual literature search and screened. Duplicate publications, case reports, case series, conference papers, expert opinions, comments, reviews and meta-analysis were excluded. Results: Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) is higher in OSAS patients than controls, however its absolute value is within reported normal ranges. FeNO association with AHI is controversial, as well as its change after continuous positive airway pressure (C-PAP) therapy. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is acid in OSAS, cytokines and oxidative stress markers are elevated, they positively correlate with AHI and normalize after treatment. The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by spectrometry or electronic nose is able to discriminate OSAS from healthy controls. The main technical issues regards the dilution of EBC and the lack of external validation in VOCs studies. Conclusions: Exhaled breath analysis has a promising role in the understanding of mechanisms underpinning OSAS and has demonstrated a clinical relevance in identifying individuals affected by the disease, in assessing the response to treatment and, potentially, to monitor patient’s adherence to mechanical ventilation. Albeit the majority of the technical standards proposed by the ERS committee have been followed by existing papers, further work is needed to uniform the methodology.
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De Vincentis A, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Sabatini A, Antonelli-Incalzi R, Picardi A. Exhaled breath analysis in hepatology: State-of-the-art and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4043-4050. [PMID: 31435162 PMCID: PMC6700691 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is characterized by breath exhalation of peculiar volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Thanks to the availability of sensitive technologies for breath analysis, this empiric approach has recently gained increasing attention in the context of hepatology, following the good results obtained in other fields of medicine. After the first studies that led to the identification of selected VOCs for pathophysiological purposes, subsequent research has progressively turned towards the comprehensive assessment of exhaled breath for potential clinical application. Specific VOC patterns were found to discriminate subjects with liver cirrhosis, to rate disease severity, and, eventually, to forecast adverse clinical outcomes even beyond existing scores. Preliminary results suggest that breath analysis could be useful also for detecting and staging hepatic encephalopathy and for predicting steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, clinical translation is still hampered by a number of methodological limitations, including the lack of standardization and the consequent poor comparability between studies and the absence of external validation of obtained results. Given the low-cost and easy execution at bedside of the new technologies (e-nose), larger and well-structured studies are expected in order to provide the adequate level of evidence to support VOC analysis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Vincentis
- Unit of Clinical Medicine and Hepatology, Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Umberto Vespasiani-Gentilucci
- Unit of Clinical Medicine and Hepatology, Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Anna Sabatini
- Unit of Electronics for sensor systems, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Raffaele Antonelli-Incalzi
- Unit of Clinical Medicine and Hepatology, Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Antonio Picardi
- Unit of Clinical Medicine and Hepatology, Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, Rome 00128, Italy
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The electronic nose technology in clinical diagnosis: A systematic review. Porto Biomed J 2019; 4:e42. [PMID: 31930178 PMCID: PMC6924976 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are end products of human metabolism (normal and disease-associated) that can be mainly excreted in breath, urine, and feces. Therefore, VOC can be very useful as markers of diseases and helpful for clinicians since its sampling is noninvasive, inexpensive, and painless. Electronic noses, or eNoses, provide an easy and inexpensive way to analyze gas samples. Thus, this device may be used for diagnosis, monitoring or phenotyping diseases according to specific breathprints (breath profile). Objective: In this review, we summarize data showing the ability of eNose to be used as a noninvasive tool to improve diagnosis in clinical settings. Methods: A PRISMA-oriented search was performed in PubMed and Cochrane Library. Only studies performed in humans and published since 2000 were included. Results: A total of 48 original articles, 21 reviews, and 7 other documents were eligible and fully analyzed. The quality assessment of the selected studies was conducted according to the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Airway obstructive diseases were the most studied and Cyranose 320 was the most used eNose. Conclusions: Several case–control studies were performed to test this technology in diverse fields. More than a half of the selected studies showed good accuracy. However, there are some limitations regarding sampling methodology, analysis, reproducibility, and external validation that need to be standardized. Additionally, it is urgent to test this technology in intend-to-treat populations. Thus, it is possible to think in the contribution of VOC analysis by eNoses in a clinical setting.
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Evolution of Electronic Noses from Research Objects to Engineered Environmental Odour Monitoring Systems: A Review of Standardization Approaches. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9020075. [PMID: 31159226 PMCID: PMC6627819 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since electronic noses are used more and more for air quality monitoring purposes, and in some countries are starting to have a legal value, there is a need for standardization and programs for the quality verification of instruments. Such quality programs have the aim to guarantee the main characteristics of the instrument for both the final user and local authorities, let the user establish a suitable maintenance procedure and give information on measurement uncertainty. One critical aspect when dealing with electronic noses for environmental odour monitoring is that environmental odours are complex mixtures that are not repeatable nor reproducible, giving that they are not suitable for quality verifications. This paper aims to review and discuss the different approaches that can be adopted in order to perform quality checks on electronic noses (e-noses) used for environmental odour monitoring, thereby referring to existing technical standards, such as the Dutch NTA 9055:2012, the new German VDI 3518-3:2018, and the Italian UNI 1605848 project, which directly refer to electronic noses. Moreover, also the European technical standards that are prescriptive for automatic measuring systems (AMSs) are taken into consideration (i.e., EN 14181:2014 and EN 15267:2009), and their possible applicability to electronic noses is investigated. Finally, the pros and cons of the different approaches are presented and discussed in the conclusions section.
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Fasola S, Ferrante G, Sabatini A, Santonico M, Zompanti A, Grasso S, Antonelli Incalzi R, La Grutta S. Repeatability of exhaled breath fingerprint collected by a modern sampling system in asthmatic and healthy children. J Breath Res 2019; 13:036007. [PMID: 30965288 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
E-noses provide potential non-invasive metabolic biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring pulmonary diseases. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the within-day and between-day repeatability of a modern breath sampling system (Pneumopipe® plus an array of e-nose sensors) in asthmatic and healthy children. The secondary aim was to compare the repeatability of the breath sampling system, spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO). Fifteen children (age 6-11 years) with asthma and thirty healthy children matched by age and gender (1:2 allocation) were recruited; of them, three healthy children did not complete the study. All measurements were collected twice during the baseline visit, 30 min apart, and once during the final visit, after 7 d. Repeatability was assessed through the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC), and a significance test was performed to detect an at least 'fair' repeatability (ICC > 0.2). In asthmatic children, the within-day (0-30 min) ICCs for e-nose sensors (8 sensors × 4 desorption temperatures) ranged from 0.24 to 0.84 (median 0.57, IQR 0.47-0.71), while the between-day (0-7 d) ICCs ranged from 0.25 to 0.83 (median 0.66, IQR 0.55-0.72). In healthy children, the within-day ICCs for e-nose sensors ranged from 0.29 to 0.85 (median 0.58, IQR 0.49-0.63), while the between-day ICCs ranged from 0.33 to 0.82 (median 0.55, IQR 0.49-0.63). In both groups, most of the within-day and between-day ICCs for e-nose sensors were statistically significant. Moreover, the within-day and between-day ICCs for all spirometry parameters and eNO were significant and similar to those of the most reliable sensors. The modern breath sampling system showed more than acceptable within-day and between-day repeatability, in both asthmatic and healthy children. The present study was registered on the central registration system ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03025061).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fasola
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
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20
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Hayton C, Terrington D, Wilson AM, Chaudhuri N, Leonard C, Fowler SJ. Breath biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review. Respir Res 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 30634961 PMCID: PMC6329167 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled biomarkers may be related to disease processes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) however their clinical role remains unclear. We performed a systematic review to investigate whether breath biomarkers discriminate between patients with IPF and healthy controls. We also assessed correlation with lung function, ability to distinguish diagnostic subgroups and change in response to treatment. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched. Study selection was limited to adults with a diagnosis of IPF as per international guidelines. RESULTS Of 1014 studies screened, fourteen fulfilled selection criteria and included 257 IPF patients. Twenty individual biomarkers discriminated between IPF and controls and four showed correlation with lung function. Meta-analysis of three studies indicated mean (± SD) alveolar nitric oxide (CalvNO) levels were significantly higher in IPF (8.5 ± 5.5 ppb) than controls (4.4 ± 2.2 ppb). Markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate, such as hydrogen peroxide and 8-isoprostane, were also discriminatory. Two breathomic studies have isolated discriminative compounds using mass spectrometry. There was a lack of studies assessing relevant treatment and none assessed differences in diagnostic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests CalvNO is higher in IPF, although studies were limited by small sample size. Further breathomic work may identify biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conal Hayton
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | | | - Andrew M Wilson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nazia Chaudhuri
- North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Colm Leonard
- North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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21
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Finamore P, Scarlata S, Incalzi RA. Breath analysis in respiratory diseases: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 19:47-61. [PMID: 30575423 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1559052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vast majority of respiratory diseases are associated with the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the analysis of which might improve our knowledge about these disorders and their clinical management. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive summary of current evidence supporting the application of breath analysis in the field of respiratory diseases, as well as suggesting potential applications available in the near future. Areas covered: A computerized literature search was performed to identify relevant articles reporting original data on the clinical use of breath analysis in respiratory diseases. Papers focusing on diseases other than respiratory, technical issues of VOC sampling and analysis, in vitro experiments or exogenous compounds were excluded. Expert commentary: Currently available evidence on the application of breath analysis in respiratory diseases is encouraging; however, it is mostly based on single-center studies without external validation. The standardization of the technique, together with multicenter clinical trials with external validation, will ensure it is ready for clinical use. Current and new applications in respiratory diseases may represent a major breakthrough in the field, so much so as to deserve further efforts in outlining the most effective way to apply VOC analysis for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Scarlata
- a Unit of Geriatrics , Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
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22
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Oakley-Girvan I, Davis SW. Breath based volatile organic compounds in the detection of breast, lung, and colorectal cancers: A systematic review. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21:29-39. [PMID: 29060925 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could provide a rapid, noninvasive, and inexpensive screening tool for detecting cancer. OBJECTIVE In this systematic review, we identified specific exhaled breath VOCs correlated with lung, colorectal, and breast cancer. METHODS We identified relevant studies published in 2015 and 2016 by searching Pubmed and Web of Science. The protocol for this systematic review was registered in PROSPERO and the PRISMA guidelines were used in reporting. VOCs and performance data were extracted. RESULTS Three hundred and thirty three records were identified and 43 papers were included in the review, of which 20 were review articles themselves. We identified 17 studies that listed the VOCs with at least a subset of statistics on detection cutoff levels, sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and gradient. CONCLUSIONS Breath analysis for cancer screening and early detection shows promise, because samples can be collected easily, safely, and frequently. While gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is considered the gold standard for identifying specific VOCs, breath analysis has moved into analyzing patterns of VOCs using a variety of different multiple sensor techniques, such as eNoses and nanomaterials. Further development of VOCs for early cancer detection requires clinical trials with standardized breath sampling methods.
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Wang P, Kricka LJ. Current and Emerging Trends in Point-of-Care Technology and Strategies for Clinical Validation and Implementation. Clin Chem 2018; 64:1439-1452. [PMID: 29884677 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.287052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care technology (POCT) provides actionable information at the site of care to allow rapid clinical decision-making. With healthcare emphasis shifting toward precision medicine, population health, and chronic disease management, the potential impact of POCT continues to grow, and several prominent POCT trends have emerged or strengthened in the last decade. CONTENT This review summarizes current and emerging trends in POCT, including technologies approved or cleared by the Food and Drug Administration or in development. Technologies included have either impacted existing clinical diagnostics applications (e.g., continuous monitoring and targeted nucleic acid testing) or are likely to impact diagnostics delivery in the near future. The focus is limited to in vitro diagnostics applications, although in some sections, technologies beyond in vitro diagnostics are also included given the commonalities (e.g., ultrasound plug-ins for smart phones). For technologies in development (e.g., wearables, noninvasive testing, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, paper-based diagnostics, nanopore-based devices, and digital microfluidics), we also discuss their potential clinical applications and provide perspectives on strategies beyond technological and analytical proof of concept, with the end goal of clinical implementation and impact. SUMMARY The field of POCT has witnessed strong growth over the past decade, as evidenced by new clinical or consumer products or research and development directions. Combined with the appropriate strategies for clinical needs assessment, validation, and implementation, these and future POCTs may significantly impact care delivery and associated outcomes and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- William Pepper Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Heath System, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Larry J Kricka
- William Pepper Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Heath System, and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Scarlata S, Finamore P, Santangelo S, Giannunzio G, Pennazza G, Grasso S, Santonico M, Incalzi RA. Cluster analysis on breath print of newly diagnosed COPD patients: effects of therapy. J Breath Res 2018; 12:036022. [PMID: 29724960 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aac273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly heterogeneous disease and airflow limitation and symptoms only partially capture such heterogeneity. Since COPD is known to affect the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we aimed to verify to which extent exhaled VOCs can characterize newly diagnosed COPD patients and changes in response to inhaled therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty newly diagnosed COPD patients were consecutively recruited among those attending the pulmonary medicine outpatient clinic at 'Campus Bio-Medico' University Hospital. VOCs were collected using the Pneumopipe® and analysed by the BIONOTE electronic nose both at baseline and after 12 weeks of inhaled therapy. Patients were grouped using K-mean cluster analysis on BIONOTE responses and the obtained clusters were compared via non-parametric tests. RESULTS We identified three clusters of subjects: (a) without remarkable comorbidities; (b) with air trapping and higher BODE index score (mean 1.2); (c) without air trapping and with a lower BODE index. Inhaled bronchodilators caused a quantitative reduction in the amound of VOCs, while inhaled steroids provided a qualitative modification of the breath profile. CONCLUSION VOCs patterns categorize newly diagnosed COPD subjects. VOCs production declines after bronchodilators administration and changes in quality after topic steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scarlata
- Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University, via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Turi KN, Romick-Rosendale L, Ryckman KK, Hartert TV. A review of metabolomics approaches and their application in identifying causal pathways of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1191-1201. [PMID: 28479327 PMCID: PMC5671382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because asthma is a disease that results from host-environment interactions, an approach that allows assessment of the effect of the environment on the host is needed to understand the disease. Metabolomics has appealing potential as an application to study pathways to childhood asthma development. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of metabolomics methods and their application to understanding host-environment pathways in asthma development. We reviewed recent literature on advances in metabolomics and their application to study pathways to childhood asthma development. We highlight the (1) potential of metabolomics in understanding the pathogenesis of disease and the discovery of biomarkers; (2) choice of metabolomics techniques, biospecimen handling, and data analysis; (3) application to studying the role of the environment on asthma development; (4) review of metabolomics applied to the outcome of asthma; (5) recommendations for application of metabolomics-based -omics data integration in understanding disease pathogenesis; and (6) limitations. In conclusion, metabolomics allows use of biospecimens to identify useful biomarkers and pathways involved in disease development and subsequently to inform a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis and endotypes and prediction of the clinical course of childhood asthma phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedir N Turi
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Lindsey Romick-Rosendale
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, College of Public Health and Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn.
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Suarez-Cuartin G, Giner J, Merino JL, Rodrigo-Troyano A, Feliu A, Perea L, Sanchez-Reus F, Castillo D, Plaza V, Chalmers JD, Sibila O. Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and airway bacterial colonization by an electronic nose in bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2018; 136:111-117. [PMID: 29501241 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Airway colonization by Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms (PPM) in bronchiectasis is associated with worse clinical outcomes. The electronic nose is a non-invasive technology capable of distinguishing volatile organic compounds (VOC) in exhaled breath. We aim to explore if an electronic nose can reliably discriminate airway bacterial colonization in patients with bronchiectasis. METHODS Seventy-three clinically stable bronchiectasis patients were included. PPM presence was determined using sputum culture. Exhaled breath was collected in Tedlar bags and VOC breath-prints were detected by the electronic nose Cyranose 320®. Raw data was reduced to three factors with principal component analysis. Univariate ANOVA followed by post-hoc least significant difference test was performed with these factors. Patients were then classified using linear canonical discriminant analysis. Cross-validation accuracy values were defined by the percentage of correctly classified patients. RESULTS Forty-one (56%) patients were colonized with PPM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 27, 66%) and Haemophilus influenzae (n = 7, 17%) were the most common PPM. VOC breath-prints from colonized and non-colonized patients were significantly different (accuracy of 72%, AUROC 0.75, p < 0.001). VOC breath-prints from Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonized patients were significantly different from those of patients colonized with other PPM (accuracy of 89%, AUROC 0.97, p < 0.001) and non-colonized patients (accuracy 73%, AUROC 0.83, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS An electronic nose can accurately identify VOC breath-prints of clinically stable bronchiectasis patients with airway bacterial colonization, especially in those with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Suarez-Cuartin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Giner
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Merino
- Electronic Systems Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ana Rodrigo-Troyano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Feliu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Perea
- Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Sanchez-Reus
- Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Microbiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Castillo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Plaza
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James D Chalmers
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Oriol Sibila
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
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Janfaza S, Banan Nojavani M, Khorsand B, Nikkhah M, Zahiri J. Cancer Odor Database (COD): a critical databank for cancer diagnosis research. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2018; 2017:4061478. [PMID: 29220448 PMCID: PMC5737198 DOI: 10.1093/database/bax055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Database URL http://bioinf.modares.ac.ir/software/cod/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Janfaza
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Maryam Banan Nojavani
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Babak Khorsand
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human breath can contain thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile compounds that are related to metabolism and other biochemical processes. The presence of cancer cells can affect the identity and abundances of chemicals in breath when compared to those in healthy control subjects, which can be used to indicate the likelihood of a patient having cancer. Recently, the chemical analysis of exhaled breath from patients has been shown to be promising for diagnosing many different types of cancers, including lung, breast, colon, head, neck, and prostate, along with pre-cancerous conditions (dysplasia). AREAS COVERED Here, we reviewed the sampling, analytical and data analysis methods reported in the recent patent literature related to cancer breath testing (2014-2017). In addition, the different types of cancer biomarkers that were disclosed are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The major advantages of breath testing compared to conventional X-ray and imaging based methods includes simplicity of use, non-invasiveness, and the potential to detect cancer at a relatively early stage. Such methods are also suitable to perform population screening because of their non-invasiveness. However, the establishment of standard sampling, detection and quantification methods for breath testing is required before the methods can be employed for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Mohibul Kabir
- a School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales, NSW , Sydney , Australia
| | - William A Donald
- a School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales, NSW , Sydney , Australia
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Scarlata S, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Santangelo S, Rossi Bartoli I, Rivera C, Vernile C, De Vincentis A, Antonelli Incalzi R. Screening of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome by Electronic-Nose Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11938. [PMID: 28931931 PMCID: PMC5607284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) carries important social and economic implications. Once the suspicion of OSAS has arisen, Polysomnography (PSG) represents the diagnostic gold standard. However, about 45% of people who have undergone PSG are free from OSAS. Thus, efforts should be made to improve the selection of subjects. We verified whether the pattern of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) helps to select patients amenable to PSG. We studied 136 subjects (20 obese non-OSAS, 20 hypoxic OSAS, 20 non-hypoxic OSAS, and 20 non-hypoxic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) vs 56 healthy controls) without any criteria of exclusion for comorbidity to deal with a real-life population. VOCs patterns were analyzed using electronic-nose (e-nose) technology. A Discriminant Analysis (Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis) was performed to predict respiratory functions and PSG parameters. E-nose distinguished controls (100% correct classification) from others and identified 60% of hypoxic, and 35% of non-hypoxic OSAS patients. Similarly, it identified 60% of COPD patients. One-by-one group comparison yielded optimal discrimination of OSAS vs controls and of COPD vs controls (100% correct classification). In conclusion, e-nose technology applied to breath-analysis can discriminate non-respiratory from respiratory diseased populations in real-life multimorbid populations and exclude OSAS. If confirmed, this evidence may become pivotal for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scarlata
- Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Campus Bio-Medico University and Teaching Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Centre for Integrated Research - CIR, Department of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Santonico
- Centre for Integrated Research - CIR, Department of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Santangelo
- Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Campus Bio-Medico University and Teaching Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Isaura Rossi Bartoli
- Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Campus Bio-Medico University and Teaching Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Rivera
- Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Campus Bio-Medico University and Teaching Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Vernile
- Centre for Integrated Research - CIR, Department of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio De Vincentis
- Department of Hepatology, Chair of Internal Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University and Teaching Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi
- Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Campus Bio-Medico University and Teaching Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Hepatology, Chair of Internal Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University and Teaching Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Shi H, Zhang M, Adhikari B. Advances of electronic nose and its application in fresh foods: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2700-2710. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1327419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Occhipinti M, Larici AR, Bonomo L, Incalzi RA. Aging Airways: between Normal and Disease. A Multidimensional Diagnostic Approach by Combining Clinical, Functional, and Imaging Data. Aging Dis 2017; 8:471-485. [PMID: 28840061 PMCID: PMC5524809 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of data on lung function decline in the aging process as well as the lack of gold standards to define obstructive and restrictive respiratory disease in older people point out the need for a multidimensional assessment and interpretation of the aging airways. By integrating clinical data together with morphologic and morphometric findings clinicians can assess the airways with a more comprehensive perspective, helpful in the interpretation of the "grey zone" between normal aging and disease. This review focuses on the value of a multidimensional approach in the study of the aging airways, including clinical findings, respiratory function tests, and imaging as parts of a whole. Nowadays this multidimensional diagnostic approach can be used in daily clinical practice. In next future, it can be implemented by the analysis of exhaled gases, post-processing imaging techniques, and genetic analysis, that will hopefully reduce the gaps in knowledge of normal aging and airway disease in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena Occhipinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Larici
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bonomo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy
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Schwarz EI, Engler A, Kohler M. Exhaled breath analysis in obstructive sleep apnea. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:631-639. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1338950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther I Schwarz
- Sleep Disorders Center and Pulmonary Division, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Engler
- Sleep Disorders Center and Pulmonary Division, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Sleep Disorders Center and Pulmonary Division, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mirasoli M, Gotti R, Di Fusco M, Basaglia G, Fiori J, Roda A. Efficacy of a titanium dioxide nanoparticles - based indoor anti-odor product as assessed by electronic nose and gaschromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:236-241. [PMID: 28336003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollutants and odorants may have psychological and physical impact on exposed individuals and the unpleasant room air is considered as one of the factors associated with sick building syndrome comprising general symptoms such as headache and lethargy. Approaches for improving the quality of indoor air are thus important as support for human health and well-being. Photo-oxidation catalyzed by titanium dioxide (TiO2), is one of the methods used for elimination of volatile organic compounds, which are the cause of odor nuisance in indoor and outdoor air. In the present investigation, the efficacy of an experimental anti-odor air freshener based on TiO2 nanoparticles was estimated by testing its ability in removing from a small air chamber (200mL) the odor of triethylamine solutions (50μL at concentrations between 0.700 to 700mM), used as a model volatile molecule for simulating fish-like unpleasant indoor environment. The evaluation was performed by electronic nose which provided a holistic and objective data on the efficacy of the product, demonstrating that the effects of triethylamine even at the highest tested concentrations can be completely removed by application of 3.0g of the product at 25% TiO2 nanoparticles concentration. The obtained results were confirmed by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis addressed to the quantitative determination of residual triethylamine in the environment after treatment by the anti-odor product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Fusco
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Basaglia
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Dragonieri S, Pennazza G, Carratu P, Resta O. Electronic Nose Technology in Respiratory Diseases. Lung 2017; 195:157-165. [PMID: 28238110 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-017-9987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electronic noses (e-noses) are based on arrays of different sensor types that respond to specific features of an odorant molecule, mostly volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Differently from gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, e-noses can distinguish VOCs spectrum by pattern recognition. E-nose technology has successfully been used in commercial applications, including military, environmental, and food industry. Human-exhaled breath contains a mixture of over 3000 VOCs, which offers the postulate that e-nose technology can have medical applications. Based on the above hypothesis, an increasing number of studies have shown that breath profiling by e-nose could play a role in the diagnosis and/or screening of various respiratory and systemic diseases. The aim of the present study was to review the principal literature on the application of e-nose technology in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Dragonieri
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Center for Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Carratu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Onofrio Resta
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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De Vincentis A, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Galati G, Gallo P, Zompanti A, Pedone C, Antonelli Incalzi R, Picardi A. Breath-print analysis by e-nose may refine risk stratification for adverse outcomes in cirrhotic patients. Liver Int 2017; 37:242-250. [PMID: 27496750 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The spectrum of volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath (breath-print, BP) has been shown to characterize patients with cirrhosis and with worse hepatic function. However, the association of different BPs with clinically relevant outcomes has not been described yet. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the association between BPs, mortality and hospitalization in cirrhotic patients and to compare it with that of the "classical" prognostic indices (Child-Pugh Classification [CPC] and MELD). METHODS Eighty-nine cirrhotic patients (M/F 59/30, mean age 64.8 ± 11.3, CPC A/B/C 37/33/19) were recruited and followed up for a median time of 23 months. Clinical and biochemical data were collected. Breath collection and analysis were obtained through Pneumopipe® and BIONOTE e-nose respectively. RESULTS Four different BP clusters (A, B, C, D) were identified. BP clusters A and D were associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality (HR 2.9, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.5-5.6) and hospitalization (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.6), even in multiple adjusted models including CPC and MELD score (adjusted [a]HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1-7.0 for mortality and aHR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.2 for hospitalization). CPC C maintained the strongest association with both mortality (aHR 17.6, 95% CI 1.8-174.0) and hospitalization (aHR 12.4, 95% CI 2.0-75.8). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates that BP clusters are associated with significant clinical endpoints (mortality and hospitalization) even independently from "classical" prognostic indices. Even though further studies are warranted on this topic, our findings suggest that the e-nose may become an adjunctive aid to stratify the risk of adverse outcomes in cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Vincentis
- Clinical Medicine and Hepatology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Center for Integrated Research - CIR, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Santonico
- Center for Integrated Research - CIR, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Galati
- Clinical Medicine and Hepatology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Clinical Medicine and Hepatology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zompanti
- Center for Integrated Research - CIR, Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pedone
- Chair of Geriatrics, Unit of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi
- Chair of Geriatrics, Unit of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele- Cittadella della Carità Foundation, Taranto, Italy
| | - Antonio Picardi
- Clinical Medicine and Hepatology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
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Potyrailo RA. Multivariable Sensors for Ubiquitous Monitoring of Gases in the Era of Internet of Things and Industrial Internet. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11877-11923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Enhancing Electronic Nose Performance Based on a Novel QPSO-KELM Model. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16040520. [PMID: 27077860 PMCID: PMC4851034 DOI: 10.3390/s16040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel multi-class classification method for bacteria detection termed quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization-based kernel extreme learning machine (QPSO-KELM) based on an electronic nose (E-nose) technology is proposed in this paper. Time and frequency domain features are extracted from E-nose signals used for detecting four different classes of wounds (uninfected and infected with Staphylococcu aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in this experiment. In addition, KELM is compared with five existing classification methods: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), extreme learning machine (ELM), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM). Meanwhile, three traditional optimization methods including particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and grid search algorithm (GS) and four kernel functions (Gaussian kernel, linear kernel, polynomial kernel and wavelet kernel) for KELM are discussed in this experiment. Finally, the QPSO-KELM model is also used to deal with another two experimental E-nose datasets in the previous experiments. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of QPSO-KELM in various E-nose applications.
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Techniques and issues in breath and clinical sample headspace analysis for disease diagnosis. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:677-90. [PMID: 26978667 DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from breath or clinical samples for disease diagnosis is an attractive proposition because it is noninvasive and rapid. There are numerous studies showing its potential, yet there are barriers to its development. Sampling and sample handling is difficult, and when coupled with a variety of analytical instrumentation, the same samples can give different results. Background air and the environment a person has been exposed to can greatly affect the VOCs emitted by the body; however, this is not an easy problem to solve. This review investigates the use of VOCs in disease diagnosis, the analytical techniques employed and the problems associated with sample handling and standardization. It then suggests the barriers to future development.
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Leopold JH, Bos LDJ, Sterk PJ, Schultz MJ, Fens N, Horvath I, Bikov A, Montuschi P, Di Natale C, Yates DH, Abu-Hanna A. Comparison of classification methods in breath analysis by electronic nose. J Breath Res 2015; 9:046002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/4/046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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40
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Multi-Sensor Approach for the Monitoring of Halitosis Treatment via Lactobacillus brevis (CD2)-Containing Lozenges--A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. SENSORS 2015; 15:19583-96. [PMID: 26266414 PMCID: PMC4570386 DOI: 10.3390/s150819583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate whether a recently described multi-sensor approach called BIONOTE(®) is accurate enough to verify the efficacy of treatment of patients with halitosis. A treatment with Lactobacillus brevis (CD2)-containing lozenges, compared with placebo was tested. The BIONOTE(®) was compared with traditional techniques used to detect halitosis: OralChroma™ and two calibrated odor judges enrolled for the organoleptic assessments. Twenty patients (10 treated and 10 placebo), suffering from active phase halitosis were included in the study. Treatment consisted of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2)-containing lozenges or placebo, 4 tablets/day for 14 days. t0 was before the beginning of the study; t1 was day 7 and t2 was day 14. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed through: (1) Rosenberg score; (2) Winkel tongue coating index (WTCI) anterior and posterior; (2) OralChroma™; (3) the new developed multi-sensor approach, called BIONOTE(®) (test technique). Only the WTCI anterior revealed statistically significant changes between t0 and t2 data (p = 0.014) in the treated group. Except for the WTCI anterior, all diagnostic methods revealed the lack of effectiveness for halitosis of a 14-days treatment with Lactobacillus brevis (CD2)-containing lozenges. The BIONOTE(®) multisensor system seems accurate in addition to OralChroma™ to assess the initial condition of halitosis and its mitigation during treatment.
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