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de Haan LR, van Golen RF, Heger M. Molecular Pathways Governing the Termination of Liver Regeneration. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:500-558. [PMID: 38697856 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate, and up to 70% of the liver can be removed without detrimental consequences to the organism. Liver regeneration is a complex process involving multiple signaling networks and organs. Liver regeneration proceeds through three phases: the initiation phase, the growth phase, and the termination phase. Termination of liver regeneration occurs when the liver reaches a liver-to-body weight that is required for homeostasis, the so-called "hepatostat." The initiation and growth phases have been the subject of many studies. The molecular pathways that govern the termination phase, however, remain to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the pathways and molecules that signal the cessation of liver regrowth after partial hepatectomy and answers the question, "What factors drive the hepatostat?" SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Unraveling the pathways underlying the cessation of liver regeneration enables the identification of druggable targets that will allow us to gain pharmacological control over liver regeneration. For these purposes, it would be useful to understand why the regenerative capacity of the liver is hampered under certain pathological circumstances so as to artificially modulate the regenerative processes (e.g., by blocking the cessation pathways) to improve clinical outcomes and safeguard the patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
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Li W, Wu Y, Hu W, Zhou J, Shu X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Wu H, Du Y, Lü D, Lü S, Li N, Long M. Direct mechanical exposure initiates hepatocyte proliferation. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100905. [PMID: 37920845 PMCID: PMC10618550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Liver paracrine signaling from liver sinusoid endothelial cells to hepatocytes in response to mechanical stimuli is crucial in highly coordinated liver regeneration. Interstitial flow through the fenestrated endothelium inside the space of Disse potentiates the role of direct exposure of hepatocytes to fluid flow in the immediate regenerative responses after partial hepatectomy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods Mouse liver perfusion was used to identify the effects of interstitial flow on hepatocyte proliferation ex vivo. Isolated hepatocytes were further exposed to varied shear stresses directly in vitro. Knockdown and/or inhibition of mechanosensitive proteins were used to unravel the signaling pathways responsible for cell proliferation. Results An increased interstitial flow was visualized and hepatocytes' regenerative response was demonstrated experimentally by ex vivo perfusion of mouse livers. In vitro measurements also showed that fluid flow initiated hepatocyte proliferation in a duration- and amplitude-dependent manner. Mechanistically, flow enhanced β1 integrin expression and nuclear translocation of YAP (yes-associated protein), via the Hippo pathway, to stimulate hepatocytes to re-enter the cell cycle. Conclusions Hepatocyte proliferation was initiated after direct exposure to interstitial flow ex vivo or shear stress in vitro, which provides new insights into the contributions of mechanical forces to liver regeneration. Impact and implications By using both ex vivo liver perfusion and in vitro flow exposure tests, we identified the roles of interstitial flow in the space of Disse in stimulating hepatocytes to re-enter the cell cycle. We found an increase in shear flow-induced hepatocyte proliferation via β1 integrin-YAP mechanotransductive pathways. This serves as a useful model to potentiate hepatocyte expansion in vitro using mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Shu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziliang Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Du
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lima CMDF, Rebouças TO, Carlos LMDB, Oliveira JBF, Silva ELD, Alves JS, Lima CAD, Mesquita FP, Ribeiro JKC, Aquino PEAD, Brunetta DM, Garcia JHP, Viana Júnior AB. Assessment of the need for routine intraoperative cell salvage in liver transplantation. Acta Cir Bras 2023; 38:e386423. [PMID: 38055399 DOI: 10.1590/acb386423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the necessity of routine intraoperative cell salvage in liver transplantations. METHODS A total of 327 liver transplants performed between 2014 and 2016 was included in the analysis. Patient data, including pre-transplant examinations, intraoperative red blood cell transfusions, and procedural information, were collected. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 54 years old, with 67% (219) being male. The most prevalent ABO blood type was O, accounting for 48% (155) of cases. The leading causes of liver disease were hepatitis C (113 cases, 34.6%) and alcohol-related liver disease (97 cases, 29.7%). Out of the 327 liver transplants, allogeneic red blood cell transfusions were administered in 110 cases (34%) with a median of two units of red blood cells per case. Cell salvage was employed in 237 transplants (73%), and successful blood recovery was achieved in 221 cases (93%). Among the group that recovered more than 200 mL of blood, the median volume of recovered blood was 417 mL, with no transfusion of allogeneic blood required. A total of 90 transplants was performed without utilizing cell salvage, and, among these cases, 19 required blood transfusions, with a median of zero units transfused. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that routine cell salvage is unnecessary for all liver transplantations. The most suitable indication for its use is in patients presenting with portal vein thrombosis and abnormal creatinine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Clébia Azevedo de Lima
- Universidade Federal do Ceará - Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio - Fortaleza (CE), Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Denise Menezes Brunetta
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Ceará - Fortaleza (CE), Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Ceará - Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio - Fortaleza (CE), Brazil
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Yazici SE, Gedik ME, Leblebici CB, Kosemehmetoglu K, Gunaydin G, Dogrul AB. Can endocan serve as a molecular "hepatostat" in liver regeneration? Mol Med 2023; 29:29. [PMID: 36849916 PMCID: PMC9972723 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intriguingly, liver regeneration after injury does not induce uncontrolled growth and the underlying mechanisms of such a "hepatostat" are still not clear. Endocan, a proteoglycan, was implicated in liver regeneration. It can support the function of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in tissue repair after injury. Endostatin, a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, may modulate the cessation of liver regeneration. eEF2K, a protein kinase that regulates protein synthesis, can regulate angiogenesis. Thus, we investigated the role of endocan, endostatin and eEF2K during normal liver regeneration. METHODS Serum samples and regenerating remnant liver tissues were obtained on various days after partial hepatectomy in rats. mRNA expression levels of Vegf and Pcna were analyzed in addition to immunohistochemical evaluations. Liver tissue protein levels of endostatin, endocan and p-eEF2K/eEF2K were determined with Western blot. Serum levels of endostatin and endocan were assessed with ELISA. RESULTS Pcna expression level in residual liver tissues peaked on day-1, while Vegf expression reached its highest level on days 1-3 after partial hepatectomy (70%). Endocan activity declined gradually on days 1-7. The decrease in liver endocan expression was accompanied by an increase in serum endocan levels. Partial hepatectomy induced a rapid increase in liver endostatin levels. Following its surge on day-1, endostatin expression gradually declined, which was accompanied by a peak in serum endostatin. Finally, partial hepatectomy was shown to regulate eEF2K; thus, increasing protein translation. CONCLUSIONS We revealed possible mechanistic insights into liver regeneration by examining the associations of Pcna, Vegf, endocan, endostatin, eEF2K with hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Indeed, endocan might serve as a useful biomarker to monitor clinical prognosis in a plethora of conditions such as recovery of donor's remaining liver after living-donor liver transplant. Whether endocan might represent a strategy to optimize liver regeneration when given therapeutically needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Efe Yazici
- Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Berk Leblebici
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kemal Kosemehmetoglu
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Bulent Dogrul
- Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Anatomical Resection Improved the Outcome of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis of a Retrospective Cohort. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4446243. [PMID: 36330355 PMCID: PMC9626204 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4446243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common liver malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with a dismal prognosis and high heterogeneity. The oncological advantages of anatomical resection (AR) and nonanatomical resection (NAR) in HCC have been studied, but surgical strategies for ICC remain controversial with insufficient investigations. Materials and Methods From Jan 2013 to Dec 2016, 3880 consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed from a single center. Patients with ICC undergoing AR or NAR have been enrolled according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed between two groups with a 1 : 1 ratio. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints included disease-free survival (DFS), intraoperative patterns, postoperative morbidity, mortality, complications and recurrence. A prognostic nomogram was developed by a multivariate Cox proportion hazard model. Results After PSM, 99 paired cases were selected from 276 patients enrolled in this study. Patients in the AR group achieved better 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS (70%, 46%, and 34%, respectively) and DFS (61%, 21%, and 10%, respectively) than patients in the NAR group with statistical significance after PSM analysis. The postoperative complications and recurrence patterns were comparable between the two groups. Multivariate analysis identified NAR, tumor size >5 cm, multiple tumors, and poor differentiation as independent risk factors for OS (p < 0.05). Selected patients can benefit most from AR, according to subgroup analysis. A prognostic nomogram based on six independent risk factors for OS and factors with clinical significance was constructed to predict OS in ICC patients. Conclusion AR improved the long-term survival of ICC with comparable postoperative complications and similar recurrence patterns. AR is suggested in ICC patients with sufficient remnant liver volume. In addition to surgery strategy, malignant characteristics of tumors are risk factors for ICC prognosis.
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Ahmed AR, Ahmed M, Vun-Sang S, Iqbal M. Is Glyceryl Trinitrate, a Nitric Oxide Donor Responsible for Ameliorating the Chemical-Induced Tissue Injury In Vivo? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144362. [PMID: 35889233 PMCID: PMC9318303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by well-known toxins including ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide (TAA) has been attributed to causing tissue injury in the liver and kidney. In this study, the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a donor of nitric oxide and NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide inhibitor on TAA-induced hepatic oxidative stress, GSH and GSH-dependent enzymes, serum transaminases and tumor promotion markers such as ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rats were examined. The animals were divided into seven groups consisting of six healthy rats per group. The six rats were injected intraperitoneally with TAA to evaluate its toxic effect, improvement in its toxic effect if any, or worsening in its toxic effect if any, when given in combination with GTN or l-NAME. The single necrogenic dose of TAA administration caused a significant change in the levels of both hepatic and serum enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), alanine aminotransferase (AST) and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, treatment with TAA also augmented malondialdehyde (MDA), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H]-thymidine incorporation in rats liver. Concomitantly, TAA treatment depleted the levels of GSH. However, most of these changes were alleviated by the treatment of animals with GTN dose-dependently. The protective effect of GTN against TAA was also confirmed histopathologically. The present data confirmed our earlier findings with other oxidants including Fe-NTA and CCl4. The GTN showed no change whatsoever when administered alone, however when it was given along with TAA then it showed protection thereby contributing towards defending the role against oxidants-induced organ toxicity. Overall, GTN may contribute to protection against TAA-induced oxidative stress, toxicity, and proliferative response in the liver, according to our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Rahman Ahmed
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Mahiba Ahmed
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Senty Vun-Sang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Iqbal
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: or
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Verma A, Manchel A, Melunis J, Hengstler JG, Vadigepalli R. From Seeing to Simulating: A Survey of Imaging Techniques and Spatially-Resolved Data for Developing Multiscale Computational Models of Liver Regeneration. FRONTIERS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:917191. [PMID: 37575468 PMCID: PMC10421626 DOI: 10.3389/fsysb.2022.917191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration, which leads to the re-establishment of organ mass, follows a specifically organized set of biological processes acting on various time and length scales. Computational models of liver regeneration largely focused on incorporating molecular and signaling detail have been developed by multiple research groups in the recent years. These modeling efforts have supported a synthesis of disparate experimental results at the molecular scale. Incorporation of tissue and organ scale data using noninvasive imaging methods can extend these computational models towards a comprehensive accounting of multiscale dynamics of liver regeneration. For instance, microscopy-based imaging methods provide detailed histological information at the tissue and cellular scales. Noninvasive imaging methods such as ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide morphological and physiological features including volumetric measures over time. In this review, we discuss multiple imaging modalities capable of informing computational models of liver regeneration at the organ-, tissue- and cellular level. Additionally, we discuss available software and algorithms, which aid in the analysis and integration of imaging data into computational models. Such models can be generated or tuned for an individual patient with liver disease. Progress towards integrated multiscale models of liver regeneration can aid in prognostic tool development for treating liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalap Verma
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexandra Manchel
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Justin Melunis
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Lv X, Chen J, He J, Hou L, Ren Y, Shen X, Wang Y, Ji T, Cai X. Gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis suppresses liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2340-2353. [PMID: 35509206 PMCID: PMC9426395 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a kind of programmed cell death primarily mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD) and shown to regulate multiple diseases. However, its contribution to liver regeneration, a fine‐tuned tissue repair process mediated primarily by hepatocytes after mass loss, remains unclear. Herein, we found that caspase‐11/GSDMD‐mediated pyroptosis was activated in regenerating liver after 70% partial hepatectomy. Impeding pyroptosis by deleting GSDMD significantly reduced liver injury and accelerated liver regeneration. Mechanistically, GSDMD deficiency up‐regulates the activation of hepatocyte growth factor/c‐Met and epidermal growth factor receptor mitogenic pathways at the initiation phase. Moreover, activin A and glypican 3 (GPC3), two terminators of liver regeneration, were inhibited when GSDMD was absent. In vitro study suggested the expressions of activin A and GPC3 were induced by interleukin (IL)–1β and IL‐18, whose maturations were regulated by GSDMD‐mediated pyroptosis. Similarly, pharmacologically inhibiting GSDMD recapitulates these phenomena. Conclusion: This study characterizes the role of GSDMD‐mediated pyroptosis in liver regeneration and lays the foundation for enhancing liver restoration by targeting GSDMD in liver patients with impaired regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayan He
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lidan Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyue Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tong Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
End-stage liver disease is characterized by massive hepatocyte death resulting in clinical decompensation and organ failures. Clinical consequences in cirrhosis are the results of the loss of functional hepatocytes and excessive scarring. The only curative therapy in advanced cirrhosis is orthotropic liver transplantation, but the clinical demand outweighs the availability of acceptable donor organs. Moreover, this also necessitates lifelong immunosuppression and carries associated risks. The liver has a huge capability for regeneration. Self-replication of quiescent differentiated hepatocytes and cholangiocytes occurs in patients with acute liver injury. Due to limited hepatocyte self-renewal capacity in advanced cirrhosis, great interest has therefore been shown in characterizing the possible role of hepatic progenitor cells and bone marrow-derived stem cells to therapeutically aid this process. Transplantation of cells from various sources that can be properly differentiated into functional liver cells or use of growth factors for ex-vivo expansion of progenitor cells is needed at utmost priority. Multiple researches over the last two decades have aided researchers in refining proliferation, differentiation, and storage techniques and understand the functionality of these cells for use in clinical practice. However, these cell-based therapies are still experimental and have to be used in trial settings.
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Key Words
- Ang2, angiopoietin 2
- BM, Bone marrow
- BM-MNCs, bone marrow mononuclear cells
- BMSC, bone marrow stem cells
- DAMPs, Damage associated molecular patterns
- EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells
- ESRP2, epithelial splicing regulatory protein 2
- GCSF
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HPC, Hepatocyte progenitor cells
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- Hh, Hedgehog
- HybHP, hybrid periportal hepatocytes
- MMP, matrix metalloprotease
- MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells
- OLT, Orthotropic liver transplantation
- PAMPs, Pathogen associated molecular patterns
- SAH, severe alcoholic hepatitis
- SDF1, stromal-derived factor 1
- TNFSF12, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12
- Terthigh, high Telomerase reverse transcriptase
- [Hnf4a], Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Alpha
- [Mfsd2a], Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain containing 2A
- acute liver failure
- chronic liver diseases
- hepatocyte transplant
- liver regeneration
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Huang W, Han N, Du L, Wang M, Chen L, Tang H. A narrative review of liver regeneration-from models to molecular basis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1705. [PMID: 34988214 PMCID: PMC8667151 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To elucidate the characteristics of different liver regeneration animal models, understand the activation signals and mechanisms related to liver regeneration, and obtain a more comprehensive conception of the entire liver regeneration process. Background Liver regeneration is one of the most enigmatic and fascinating phenomena of the human organism. Despite suffering significant injuries, the liver still can continue to perform its complex functions through the regeneration system. Although advanced topics on liver regeneration have been proposed; unfortunately, complete regeneration of the liver has not been achieved until now. Therefore, increasing understanding of the liver regenerative process can help improve our treatment of liver failure. It will provide a new sight for the treatment of patients with liver injury in the clinic. Methods Literatures on liver regeneration animal models and involved basic research on molecular mechanisms were retrieved to analyze the characteristics of different models and those related to molecular basis. Conclusions The process of liver regeneration is complex and intricate, consisting of various and interactive pathways. There is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that liver regeneration is similar between humans and rodents. At the same time, many of the same cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways are relevant. There are many gaps in our current knowledge. Understanding of this knowledge will provide more supportive clinical treatment strategies, including small-scale liver transplantation and high-quality regenerative process after surgical resection, and offer possible targets to treat the dysregulation of regeneration that occurs in chronic hepatic diseases and tumors. Current research work, such as the use of animal models as in vivo vectors for high-quality human hepatocytes, represents a unique and significant cutting edge in the field of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Han
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Elchaninov A, Lokhonina A, Vishnyakova P, Soboleva A, Poltavets A, Artemova D, Makarov A, Glinkina V, Goldshtein D, Bolshakova G, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. MARCO + Macrophage Dynamics in Regenerating Liver after 70% Liver Resection in Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091129. [PMID: 34572315 PMCID: PMC8471044 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a key role in liver regeneration. The fates of resident macrophages after 70% resection are poorly investigated. In this work, using the MARCO macrophage marker (abbreviated from macrophage receptor with collagenous structure), we studied the dynamics of mouse liver resident macrophages after 70% resection. METHODS In BALB/c male mice, a model of liver regeneration after 70% resection was reproduced. The dynamics of markers CD68, TIM4, and MARCO were studied immunohistochemically and by using a Western blot. RESULTS The number of MARCO- and CD68-positive macrophages in the regenerating liver increased 1 day and 3 days after resection, respectively. At the same time, the content of the MARCO protein increased in the sorted macrophages of the regenerating liver on the third day. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that the number of MARCO-positive macrophages in the regenerating liver increases due to the activation of MARCO synthesis in the liver macrophages. The increased expression of MARCO by macrophages can be regarded as a sign of their activation. In the present study, stimulation with LPS led to an increase in the expression of the Marco gene in both Kupffer cells and macrophages of bone marrow origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anastasia Lokhonina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Anna Soboleva
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (D.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Anastasiya Poltavets
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Daria Artemova
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (D.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrey Makarov
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Valeria Glinkina
- Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Goldshtein
- Stem Cell Genetics Laboratory, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Galina Bolshakova
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (D.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (D.A.); (G.B.)
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12
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Alvarez MDL, Lorenzetti F. Role of eicosanoids in liver repair, regeneration and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114732. [PMID: 34411565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are lipid signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of ω-6 fatty acids, usually arachidonic acid. There are three major pathways, including the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and P450 cytochrome epoxygenase (CYP) pathway. Prostanoids, which include prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (Tx), are formed via the COX pathway, leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX) by the action of 5-LOX, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by CYP. Although eicosanoids are usually associated with pro-inflammatory responses, non-classic eicosanoids, as LX, have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. Eicosanoids like PGE2, LTB4 and EETs have been involved in promoting liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. PGE2 and LTB4 have also been reported to participate in the regenerative phase after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), while cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LT) contribute to the inflammatory process associated with I/R and are also involved in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, LX, another product of 5-LOX, have the opposite effect, acting as pro-resolving mediators in these pathologies. In liver cancer, most studies show that eicosanoids, with the exception of LX, promote the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and favor metastasis. This review summarizes the synthesis of different eicosanoids in the liver and discusses key findings from basic research linking eicosanoids to liver repair, regeneration and cancer and the impact of targeting eicosanoid cascade. In addition, studies in patients are presented that explore the potential use of eicosanoids as biomarkers and show correlations between eicosanoid production and the course and prognosis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Luján Alvarez
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS) Sede Regional Rosario, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Av. Pellegrini 1618 (S2000BUG), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Lorenzetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina
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13
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Wang T, Yeh MM, Avigan MI, Pelosof L, Feldman GM. Deciphering the Dynamic Complexities of the Liver Microenvironment - Toward a Better Understanding of Immune-Mediated liver Injury Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ILICI). AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:99. [PMID: 34401948 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a promising therapy for many types of cancer. However, only a portion of patients respond to this therapy and some patients develop clinically significant immune-mediated liver injury caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ILICI), an immune-related adverse event (irAE) that may require the interruption or termination of treatment and administration of systemic corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents. Although the incidence of ILICI is lower with monotherapy, the surge in combining ICIs with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination of different ICIs has led to an increase in the incidence and severity of ILICI - a major challenge for development of effective and safe ICI therapy. In this review, we highlight the importance and contribution of the liver microenvironment to ILICI by focusing on the emerging roles of resident liver cells in modulating immune homeostasis and hepatocyte regeneration, two important decisive factors that dictate the initiation, progression, and recovery from ILICI. Based on the proposed contribution of the liver microenvironment on ICILI, we discuss the clinical characteristics of ILICI in patients with preexisting liver diseases, as well as the challenges of identifying prognostic biomarkers to guide the clinical management of severe ILICI. A better understanding of the liver microenvironment may lead to novel strategies and identification of novel biomarkers for effective management of ILICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Mark I Avigan
- Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lorraine Pelosof
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Gerald M Feldman
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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14
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Merrell AJ, Peng T, Li J, Sun K, Li B, Katsuda T, Grompe M, Tan K, Stanger BZ. Dynamic Transcriptional and Epigenetic Changes Drive Cellular Plasticity in the Liver. Hepatology 2021; 74:444-457. [PMID: 33423324 PMCID: PMC8271088 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Following liver injury, a fraction of hepatocytes adopt features of biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in a process known as biliary reprogramming. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular events accompanying this dramatic shift in cellular identity. APPROACH AND RESULTS We applied the techniques of bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), single-cell RNA-seq, and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing to define the epigenetic and transcriptional changes associated with biliary reprogramming. In addition, we examined the role of TGF-β signaling by profiling cells undergoing reprogramming in mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion in the downstream TGF-β signaling component mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4). Biliary reprogramming followed a stereotyped pattern of altered gene expression consisting of robust induction of biliary genes and weaker repression of hepatocyte genes. These changes in gene expression were accompanied by corresponding modifications at the chromatin level. Although some reprogrammed cells had molecular features of "fully differentiated" BECs, most lacked some biliary characteristics and retained some hepatocyte characteristics. Surprisingly, single-cell analysis of Smad4 mutant mice revealed a dramatic increase in reprogramming. CONCLUSION Hepatocytes undergo widespread chromatin and transcriptional changes during biliary reprogramming, resulting in epigenetic and gene expression profiles that are similar to, but distinct from, native BECs. Reprogramming involves a progressive accumulation of biliary molecular features without discrete intermediates. Paradoxically, canonical TGF-β signaling through Smad4 appears to constrain biliary reprogramming, indicating that TGF-β can either promote or inhibit biliary differentiation depending on which downstream components of the pathway are engaged. This work has implications for the formation of BECs and bile ducts in the adult liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson J Merrell
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn Sun
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Takeshi Katsuda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kai Tan
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben Z. Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Elchaninov A, Nikitina M, Vishnyakova P, Lokhonina A, Makarov A, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. Macro- and microtranscriptomic evidence of the monocyte recruitment to regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy in mouse model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111516. [PMID: 33765583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important regulators of liver repair. Participation of migratory monocytes/macrophages in regeneration of hepatic tissues after resection remains disputable. In mouse the resection promotes migration of Ly6C+CD11b+ monocytes/macrophages to the remnant liver accompanied by a reduction in its CD206 + macrophage content. Macrophage proliferation within the liver reaches maximum on day 3 after the surgery. Corresponding macro- and microtranscriptomic profiles of macrophages in regeneration liver cannot be unambiguously defined as pro- or anti-inflammatory. Their typical features include elevated expression of leukocyte chemoattractant factors, and many of the differentially expressed sequences are related to the control of cell growth and metabolic processes in the liver. These findings revealed essential roles of immigration of monocytes/macrophages and macrophages proliferation in maintenance of macrophage populations in the mouse liver during its recovery from a massive resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia; Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia.
| | - Maria Nikitina
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, FSBSI Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia; Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Anastasia Lokhonina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia; Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Andrey Makarov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia; Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, FSBSI Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russia; Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
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16
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Chen Y, Xu Z, Zeng Y, Liu J, Wang X, Kang Y. Altered metabolism by autophagy defection affect liver regeneration. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250578. [PMID: 33914811 PMCID: PMC8084245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the primary intracellular catabolic process for degrading and recycling long-lived proteins and damaged organelles, which maintains cellular homeostasis. Autophagy has key roles in development and differentiation. By using the mouse with liver specific knockout of autophagy related gene 5 (Atg5), a gene essential for autophagy, we investigated the possible role of autophagy in liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). Ablation of autophagy significantly impaired mouse liver regeneration, and this impairment was associated with reduced hepatocellular proliferation rate, down-regulated expression of cyclins and tumor suppressors, and increased hepatocellular apoptosis via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Ablation of autophagy does not affect IL-6 and TNF-α response after PHx, but the altered hepatic and systemic metabolic responses were observed in these mice, including reduced ATP and hepatic free fatty acid levels in the liver tissue, increased glucose level in the serum. Autophagy is required to promote hepatocellular proliferation by maintaining normal hepatic and systemic metabolism and suppress hepatocellular apoptosis in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Clinical Research Service Center, Henan Provincia People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Clinical Research Service Center, Henan Provincia People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincia People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junping Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincia People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan Provincia People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YK); (XW)
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincia People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YK); (XW)
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17
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Gao C, Peng J. All routes lead to Rome: multifaceted origin of hepatocytes during liver regeneration. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:2. [PMID: 33403526 PMCID: PMC7785766 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver is the largest internal organ that serves as the key site for various metabolic activities and maintenance of homeostasis. Liver diseases are great threats to human health. The capability of liver to regain its mass after partial hepatectomy has widely been applied in treating liver diseases either by removing the damaged part of a diseased liver in a patient or transplanting a part of healthy liver into a patient. Vast efforts have been made to study the biology of liver regeneration in different liver-damage models. Regarding the sources of hepatocytes during liver regeneration, convincing evidences have demonstrated that different liver-damage models mobilized different subtype hepatocytes in contributing to liver regeneration. Under extreme hepatocyte ablation, biliary epithelial cells can undergo dedifferentiation to liver progenitor cells (LPCs) and then LPCs differentiate to produce hepatocytes. Here we will focus on summarizing the progresses made in identifying cell types contributing to producing new hepatocytes during liver regeneration in mice and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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18
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Herranz-Itúrbide M, López-Luque J, Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Caballero-Díaz D, Crosas-Molist E, Martín-Mur B, Gut M, Esteve-Codina A, Jaquet V, Jiang JX, Török NJ, Fabregat I. NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) deletion accelerates liver regeneration in mice. Redox Biol 2020; 40:101841. [PMID: 33493901 PMCID: PMC7823210 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is a unique organ in displaying a reparative and regenerative response after acute/chronic damage or partial hepatectomy, when all the cell types must proliferate to re-establish the liver mass. The NADPH oxidase NOX4 mediates Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) actions, including apoptosis in hepatocytes and activation of stellate cells to myofibroblasts. Aim of this work was to analyze the impact of NOX4 in liver regeneration by using two mouse models where Nox4 was deleted: 1) general deletion of Nox4 (NOX4-/-) and 2) hepatocyte-specific deletion of Nox4 (NOX4hepKO). Liver regeneration was analyzed after 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH). Results indicated an earlier recovery of the liver-to-body weight ratio in both NOX4-/- and NOX4hepKO mice and an increased survival, when compared to corresponding WT mice. The regenerative hepatocellular fat accumulation and the parenchyma organization recovered faster in NOX4 deleted livers. Hepatocyte proliferation, analyzed by Ki67 and phospho-Histone3 immunohistochemistry, was accelerated and increased in NOX4 deleted mice, coincident with an earlier and increased Myc expression. Primary hepatocytes isolated from NOX4 deleted mice showed higher proliferative capacity and increased expression of Myc and different cyclins in response to serum. Transcriptomic analysis through RNA-seq revealed significant changes after PH in NOX4-/- mice and support a relevant role for Myc in a node of regulation of proliferation-related genes. Interestingly, RNA-seq also revealed changes in the expression of genes related to activation of the TGF-β pathway. In fact, levels of active TGF-β1, phosphorylation of Smads and levels of its target p21 were lower at 24 h in NOX4 deleted mice. Nox4 did not appear to be essential for the termination of liver regeneration in vivo, neither for the in vitro hepatocyte response to TGF-β1 in terms of growth inhibition, which suggest its potential as therapeutic target to improve liver regeneration, without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herranz-Itúrbide
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - J López-Luque
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - E Gonzalez-Sanchez
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Caballero-Díaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - E Crosas-Molist
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Martín-Mur
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; RE.A.D.S Unit, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J X Jiang
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - N J Török
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - I Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group. Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Effects of Gut Metabolites and Microbiota in Healthy and Marginal Livers Submitted to Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010044. [PMID: 33375200 PMCID: PMC7793124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota is defined as the collection of microorganisms within the gastrointestinal ecosystem. These microbes are strongly implicated in the stimulation of immune responses. An unbalanced microbiota, termed dysbiosis, is related to the development of several liver diseases. The bidirectional relationship between the gut, its microbiota and the liver is referred to as the gut–liver axis. The translocation of bacterial products from the intestine to the liver induces inflammation in different cell types such as Kupffer cells, and a fibrotic response in hepatic stellate cells, resulting in deleterious effects on hepatocytes. Moreover, ischemia-reperfusion injury, a consequence of liver surgery, alters the microbiota profile, affecting inflammation, the immune response and even liver regeneration. Microbiota also seems to play an important role in post-operative outcomes (i.e., liver transplantation or liver resection). Nonetheless, studies to determine changes in the gut microbial populations produced during and after surgery, and affecting liver function and regeneration are scarce. In the present review we analyze and discuss the preclinical and clinical studies reported in the literature focused on the evaluation of alterations in microbiota and its products as well as their effects on post-operative outcomes in hepatic surgery.
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20
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Jishage M, Roeder RG. Regulation of hepatocyte cell cycle re-entry by RNA polymerase II-associated Gdown1. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:3222-3230. [PMID: 33238793 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1843776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver is the central organ responsible for whole-body metabolism, and its constituent hepatocytes are the major players that carry out liver functions. Although they are highly differentiated and rarely divide, hepatocytes re-enter the cell cycle following hepatic loss due to liver damage or injury. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle re-entry remain undefined. Gdown1 is an RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-associated protein that has been linked to the function of the Mediator transcriptional coactivator complex. We recently found that Gdown1 ablation in mouse liver leads to down-regulation of highly expressed liver-specific genes and a concomitant cell cycle re-entry associated with the induction of cell cycle-related genes. Unexpectedly, in view of a previously documented inhibitory effect on transcription initiation by Pol II in vitro, we found that Gdown1 is associated with elongating Pol II on the highly expressed genes and that its ablation leads to a reduced Pol II occupancy that correlates with the reduced expression of these genes. Based on these observations, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo functions of Gdown1 and consider mechanisms by which the dysregulated Pol II recruitment associated with Gdown1 loss might induce quiescent cell re-entry into the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Jishage
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
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21
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Peng YC, Lv TH, Du ZK, Cun XN, Yang KM. Liver Macrophages Stimulate the Expression of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-6 and Promote Hepatocyte Proliferation at the Early Stage of Liver Regeneration. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 170:40-45. [PMID: 33222081 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-05000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF-6) is a liver-specific protein and a key component in the differentiation process during the development of mature liver. The immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR techniques were employed to examine the expression of HNF-6 and proliferation of Ki-67+ cells during the early regeneration of the liver on postsurgery in 3, 6, 12, and 24 h in original model of partial hepatectomy in rats. The earliest proliferating (Ki-67+) cells were observed in 3 h after surgery in liver sinusoids (liver macrophages) and then in liver parenchyma. Expression of HNF-6 in hepatocytes and epithelial cells of the bile ducts attained maximum in 6 h after surgery. At later terms, this parameter somewhat decreased, but still surpassed the control level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ch Peng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - T H Lv
- Department of Surgery of Dali Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, PR China
| | - Zh K Du
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - X N Cun
- Department of Surgery of Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - K M Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Dali, PR China.
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22
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Resina Draconis Reduces Acute Liver Injury and Promotes Liver Regeneration after 2/3 Partial Hepatectomy in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2305784. [PMID: 33082819 PMCID: PMC7563078 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2305784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the protective effects and possible mechanisms of action of resina draconis (RD) on acute liver injury and liver regeneration after 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice. Methods 2/3 PH was used to induce acute liver injury. Mice were divided into three groups: sham, vehicle + 2/3 PH, and RD + 2/3 PH. Resina draconis was administered intragastrically after 2/3 PH into the RD + 2/3 PH group, and the same volume of vehicle (1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) was injected into the vehicle + 2/3 PH group and sham group mice. The index of liver to body weight (ILBW) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were assayed to evaluate liver regeneration. Blood and liver tissues were collected for serological and western blotting analysis. Results Resina draconis protected against 2/3 PH-induced acute severe liver injury and promoted liver regeneration as shown by significantly increased ILBW compared with that of controls. 2/3 PH increased serum AST and ALT levels, which were significantly decreased by RD treatment, while 2/3 PH decreased serum TP and ALB, which were increased by RD treatment. In the RD + 2/3 PH group, PCNA expression was significantly increased compared with the 2/3 PH group. Further, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), TNFα, and EGFR levels were increased in the RD group at postoperative days 2 and 4 compared with the those in the 2/3 PH group. Conclusion Our results suggest that RD ameliorates acute hepatic injury and promotes liver cell proliferation, liver weight restoration, and liver function after 2/3 PH, probably via HGF, TNFα, and EGFR signaling.
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23
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Michalik M, Gładyś A, Czekaj P. Differentiation of Cells Isolated from Afterbirth Tissues into Hepatocyte-Like Cells and Their Potential Clinical Application in Liver Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:581-603. [PMID: 32974851 PMCID: PMC8036182 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxic, viral and surgical injuries can pose medical indications for liver transplantation. The number of patients waiting for a liver transplant still increases, but the number of organ donors is insufficient. Hepatocyte transplantation was suggested as a promising alternative to liver transplantation, however, this method has some significant limitations. Currently, afterbirth tissues seem to be an interesting source of cells for the regenerative medicine, because of their unique biological and immunological properties. It has been proven in experimental animal models, that the native stem cells, and to a greater extent, hepatocyte-like cells derived from them and transplanted, can accelerate regenerative processes and restore organ functioning. The effective protocol for obtaining functional mature hepatocytes in vitro is still not defined, but some studies resulted in obtaining functionally active hepatocyte-like cells. In this review, we focused on human stem cells isolated from placenta and umbilical cord, as potent precursors of hepatocyte-like cells for regenerative medicine. We summarized the results of preclinical and clinical studies dealing with the introduction of epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells of the afterbirth origin to the liver failure therapy. It was concluded that the use of native afterbirth epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the treatment of liver failure could support liver function and regeneration. This effect would be enhanced by the use of hepatocyte-like cells obtained from placental and/or umbilical stem cells. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Michalik
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gładyś
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
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24
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Della Torre S. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Canonical Example of Metabolic Inflammatory-Based Liver Disease Showing a Sex-Specific Prevalence: Relevance of Estrogen Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:572490. [PMID: 33071979 PMCID: PMC7531579 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.572490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence supporting the interplay between metabolism and immune response, that have evolved in close relationship, sharing regulatory molecules and signaling systems, to support biological functions. Nowadays, the disruption of this interaction in the context of obesity and overnutrition underlies the increasing incidence of many inflammatory-based metabolic diseases, even in a sex-specific fashion. During evolution, the interplay between metabolism and reproduction has reached a degree of complexity particularly high in female mammals, likely to ensure reproduction only under favorable conditions. Several factors may account for differences in the incidence and progression of inflammatory-based metabolic diseases between females and males, thus contributing to age-related disease development and difference in life expectancy between the two sexes. Among these factors, estrogens, acting mainly through Estrogen Receptors (ERs), have been reported to regulate several metabolic pathways and inflammatory processes particularly in the liver, the metabolic organ showing the highest degree of sexual dimorphism. This review aims to investigate on the interaction between metabolism and inflammation in the liver, focusing on the relevance of estrogen signaling in counteracting the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a canonical example of metabolic inflammatory-based liver disease showing a sex-specific prevalence. Understanding the role of estrogens/ERs in the regulation of hepatic metabolism and inflammation may provide the basis for the development of sex-specific therapeutic strategies for the management of such an inflammatory-based metabolic disease and its cardio-metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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25
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Starlinger P, Luyendyk JP, Groeneveld DJ. Hemostasis and Liver Regeneration. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46:735-742. [PMID: 32906177 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is unique in its remarkable regenerative capacity, which enables the use of liver resection as a treatment for specific liver diseases, including removal of neoplastic liver disease. After resection, the remaining liver tissue (i.e, liver remnant) regenerates to maintain normal hepatic function. In experimental settings as well as patients, removal of up to two-thirds of the liver mass stimulates a rapid and highly coordinated process resulting in the regeneration of the remaining liver. Mechanisms controlling the initiation and termination of regeneration continue to be discovered, and many of the fundamental signaling pathways controlling the proliferation of liver parenchymal cells (i.e., hepatocytes) have been uncovered. Interestingly, while hemostatic complications (i.e., bleeding and thrombosis) are primarily thought of as a complication of surgery itself, strong evidence suggests that components of the hemostatic system are, in fact, powerful drivers of liver regeneration. This review focuses on the clinical and translational evidence supporting a link between the hemostatic system and liver regeneration, and the mechanisms whereby the hemostatic system directs liver regeneration discovered using experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Dafna J Groeneveld
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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26
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Arteel GE, Naba A. The liver matrisome - looking beyond collagens. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100115. [PMID: 32637906 PMCID: PMC7330160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a diverse microenvironment that maintains bidirectional communication with surrounding cells to regulate cell and tissue homeostasis. The classical definition of the ECM has more recently been extended to include non-fibrillar proteins that either interact or are structurally affiliated with the ECM, termed the 'matrisome.' In addition to providing the structure and architectural support for cells and tissue, the matrisome serves as a reservoir for growth factors and cytokines, as well as a signaling hub via which cells can communicate with their environment and vice-versa. The matrisome is a master regulator of tissue homeostasis and organ function, which can dynamically and appropriately respond to any stress or injury. Failure to properly regulate these responses can lead to changes in the matrisome that are maladaptive. Hepatic fibrosis is a canonical example of ECM dyshomeostasis, leading to accumulation of predominantly collagenous ECM; indeed, hepatic fibrosis is considered almost synonymous with collagen accumulation. However, the qualitative and quantitative alterations of the hepatic matrisome during fibrosis are much more diverse than simple accumulation of collagens and occur long before fibrosis is histologically detected. A deeper understanding of the hepatic matrisome and its response to injury could yield new mechanistic insights into disease progression and regression, as well as potentially identify new biomarkers for both. In this review, we discuss the role of the ECM in liver diseases and look at new "omic" approaches to study this compartment.
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Key Words
- AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- ECM
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Extracellular matrix
- Fibrosis
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Liver disease
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NPV, negative predictive value
- POSTN, periostin
- PPV, positive predictive values
- Proteomics
- Regeneration
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E. Arteel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Jishage M, Ito K, Chu CS, Wang X, Yamaji M, Roeder RG. Transcriptional down-regulation of metabolic genes by Gdown1 ablation induces quiescent cell re-entry into the cell cycle. Genes Dev 2020; 34:767-784. [PMID: 32381628 PMCID: PMC7263145 DOI: 10.1101/gad.337683.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, Jishage et al. show that hepatocyte-specific ablation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-associated Gdown1 leads to down-regulation of highly expressed genes involved in plasma protein synthesis and metabolism, a concomitant cell cycle re-entry associated with induction of cell cycle-related genes (including cyclin D1). Their findings establish an important physiological function for a Pol II regulatory factor (Gdown1) in the maintenance of normal liver cell transcription through constraints on cell cycle re-entry of quiescent hepatocytes. Liver regeneration and metabolism are highly interconnected. Here, we show that hepatocyte-specific ablation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-associated Gdown1 leads to down-regulation of highly expressed genes involved in plasma protein synthesis and metabolism, a concomitant cell cycle re-entry associated with induction of cell cycle-related genes (including cyclin D1), and up-regulation of p21 through activation of p53 signaling. In the absence of p53, Gdown1-deficient hepatocytes show a severe dysregulation of cell cycle progression, with incomplete mitoses, and a premalignant-like transformation. Mechanistically, Gdown1 is associated with elongating Pol II on the highly expressed genes and its ablation leads to reduced Pol II recruitment to these genes, suggesting that Pol II redistribution may facilitate hepatocyte re-entry into the cell cycle. These results establish an important physiological function for a Pol II regulatory factor (Gdown1) in the maintenance of normal liver cell transcription through constraints on cell cycle re-entry of quiescent hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Jishage
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Chi-Shuen Chu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Masashi Yamaji
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 49267, USA
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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28
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Du ZQ, Dong J, Li MX, Zhang JF, Bi JB, Ren YF, Zhang LN, Wu RQ, Monga SPS, Lv Y, Zhang XF, Wang HC. Overexpression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Α D842V Mutants Prevents Liver Regeneration and Chemically Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis via Inhibition of MET and EGFR. J Cancer 2020; 11:4614-4624. [PMID: 32489479 PMCID: PMC7255377 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth receptor α (PDGFRα) is a key factor in many pathophysiological processes. The expression level of PDGFRα is significantly elevated in the early stage of liver development and maintained at a lower level in adult normal livers. In this study, we constructed a liver-specific PDGFRαD842 mutant transgenic (TG) mice model to explore the effect of continuous activation of PDGFRα on liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis. 14-day-old TG and wild-type (WT) mice were intraperitoneally injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at a dose of 25 μg/g body weight. Two-month-old male TG and WT mice were subjected to partial hepatectomy (PH). The liver tissues were collected for further analysis at different time points. Overexpression of PDGFRα D842V and its target genes, Akt, c-myc and cyclin D1 in hepatocytes with no overt phenotype versus WT mice were compared. Unexpectedly, a dramatic decrease in hepatocyte proliferation was noted after PH in TG versus WT mice, possibly due to the downregulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). No TG mice developed HCC spontaneously after 14 months follow-up. However, TG mice were more resistant to DEN-induced hapatocarcinogenesis at 6, 10, and 12 months of age, showing delayed hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis, lower tumor incidence, smaller size and fewer number, compared with age-matched WTs, partially through downregulation of MET and EGFR. In conclusion, continuous activation of PDGFRα signaling by expression of PDGFRα D842V does not promote, but inhibit hepatic regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis, possibly through compensatory downregulation of MET and EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Qing Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Mu-Xing Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jian-Fei Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Jian-Bin Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong-Qian Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Satdarshan P S Monga
- Department of Pathology and Medicine and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Xu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Hai-Chen Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
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29
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The landscape of gene mutations in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2020; 72:990-1002. [PMID: 32044402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease and primary liver cancer are a massive global problem, with a future increase in incidences predicted. The most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, occurs after years of chronic liver disease. Mutations in the genome are a causative and defining feature of all cancers. Chronic liver disease, mostly at the cirrhotic stage, causes the accumulation of progressive mutations which can drive cancer development. Within the liver, a Darwinian process selects out dominant clones with selected driver mutations but also leaves a trail of passenger mutations which can be used to track the evolution of a tumour. Understanding what causes specific mutations and how they combine with one another to form cancer is a question at the heart of understanding, preventing and tackling liver cancer. Herein, we review the landscape of gene mutations in cirrhosis, especially those paving the way toward hepatocellular carcinoma development, that have been characterised by recent studies capitalising on technological advances in genomic sequencing. With these insights, we are beginning to understand how cancers form in the liver, particularly on the background of chronic liver disease. This knowledge may soon lead to breakthroughs in the way we detect, diagnose and treat this devastating disease.
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30
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Eissa M, Elarabany N, Hyder A. In vitro efficacy of liver microenvironment in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:341-348. [PMID: 32270392 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) represent an interesting alternative to liver or hepatocyte transplantation to treat liver injuries. Many studies have reported that MSCs can treat several diseases, including liver damage, just by injection into the bloodstream, without evidence of differentiation. The improvements were attributed to the organotrophic factors, low immunogenicity, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs, rather than their differentiation. The aim of the present study was to answer the question of whether the presence of BM-MSCs in the hepatic microenvironment will lead to their differentiation to functional hepatocyte-like cells. The hepatic microenvironment was mimicked in vitro by culture for 21 d with liver extract. The resulted cells expressed marker genes of the hepatic lineage including AFP, CK18, and Hnf4a. Functionally, they were able to detoxify ammonia into urea, to store glycogen as observed by PAS staining, and to synthesize glucose from pyruvate/lactate mixture. Phenotypically, the expression of MSC surface markers CD90 and CD105 decreased by differentiation. This evidenced differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells was accompanied by a downregulation of the stem cell marker genes sox2 and Nanog and the cell cycle regulatory genes ANAPC2, CDC2, Cyclin A1, and ABL1. The present results suggest a clear differentiation of BM-MSCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells by the extracted liver microenvironment. This differentiation is confirmed by a decrease in the stemness and mitotic activities. Tracking transplanted BM-MSCs and proving their in vivo differentiation remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Eissa
- Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Elarabany
- Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Ayman Hyder
- Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt.
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31
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Ma T, Zhang Y, Lao M, Chen W, Hu Q, Zhi X, Chen Z, Bai X, Dang X, Liang T. Endogenous Interleukin 18 Suppresses Liver Regeneration After Hepatectomy in Mice. Liver Transpl 2020; 26:408-418. [PMID: 31872961 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive role of interleukin (IL) 18 during liver regeneration is barely studied. Our aim is to evaluate the role of IL18 in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice. The expression profile of IL18 in the liver and the gut after 70% PH was measured. Liver samples after 70% and 85% PH from IL18 knockout (IL18-/- ) mice and wild type (WT) mice were collected for comparison of liver regeneration. The effect of recombinant IL18 on liver regeneration was tested in IL18-/- mice, and the utility of IL18 binding protein (BP) was also evaluated following 70% PH in WT mice. Expression levels of IL18 in the liver and the gut elevated after 70% PH. The liver weight/body weight ratios (LBWRs) after PH were significantly higher in IL18-/- mice than those in WT mice. Recombinant IL18 injection significantly decreased LBWR at 7 days after 70% PH in IL18-/- mice. The expression of cyclin D1, EdU labeling index, and Ki-67 proliferation index were much higher in IL18-/- mice than those in WT mice after 70% PH. The expression level of glypican 3 (GPC3) in WT mice significantly elevated during liver regeneration. In contrast, the expression level of GPC3 in IL18-/- mice remained roughly unchanged during liver regeneration. IL18BP injection significantly increased the LBWR at 7 days after 70% PH in WT mice. In conclusion, endogenous IL18 inhibited liver regeneration after PH in mice, possibly through up-regulating GPC3. IL18BP may be an effective agent to promote liver regeneration after PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Lao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qida Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Dang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
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Monga SP, Sadler KC. An epigenetic perspective on liver regeneration. Epigenomics 2020; 12:381-384. [PMID: 32090611 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, Medicine & The Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center & University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Makarov A, Vorobieva I, Lokhonina A, Usman N, Kananykhina E, Vishnyakova P, Nikitina M, Goldshtein D, Bolshakova G, Glinkina V, Sukhikh G. Inherent control of hepatocyte proliferation after subtotal liver resection. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:80-88. [PMID: 31297922 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At the normal physiological conditions, hepatocytes predominantly reside in G0 phase of cell cycle; they actively proceed to G1 phase upon damage to the organ. As it was shown in experiments with restoration of liver mass in rats after subtotal hepatectomy (resection of 80% of the organ mass may be considered as a model of the 'small for size' liver syndrome), the growth inhibition is due to prolonged arrest of hepatocyte proliferation, molecular mechanisms of which remain understudied. In a rat model of liver regeneration after surgical removal of 80% of its mass, we observe a delayed onset of hepatocyte proliferation: Ki67+ hepatocytes begin to appear as late as at 30 h after liver subtotal resection. Their appearance coincides with the beginning of transcription of genes for cyclins A2, B1, D 1 , and E 1 at 24-30 h after surgery. The corresponding increase in concentrations of cyclin D 1 and E proteins is further delayed till 48 h after liver resection. We have also observed a prolonged decrease in the expression of proto-oncogene c-met (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor-encoding gene Met), an increase in expression of the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ 1 ) receptor-encoding gene Tgfbr2. At the same time, irreversible block of hepatocyte proliferation is prevented by expression of certain factors, notably of the TWEAK/Fn14 signaling pathway: concentrations of the corresponding proteins in remnant livers have peaked from 24 to 48 h after liver subtotal resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Makarov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Iva Vorobieva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Lokhonina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Usman
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniya Kananykhina
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Nikitina
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Goldshtein
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, 1 Moscvorechie, Moscow, 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Bolshakova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Valeria Glinkina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
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Elchaninov AV, Fatkhudinov TK, Vishnyakova PA, Nikitina MP, Lokhonina AV, Makarov AV, Arutyunyan IV, Kananykhina EY, Poltavets AS, Butov KR, Baranov II, Goldshtein DV, Bolshakova GB, Glinkina VV, Sukhikh GT. Molecular mechanisms of splenectomy-induced hepatocyte proliferation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233767. [PMID: 32531779 PMCID: PMC7292681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional and anatomical connection between the liver and the spleen is most clearly manifested in various pathological conditions of the liver (cirrhosis, hepatitis). The mechanisms of the interaction between the two organs are still poorly understood, as there have been practically no studies on the influence exerted by the spleen on the normal liver. Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats of 250-260 g body weight, 3 months old, were splenectomized. The highest numbers of Ki67+ hepatocytes in the liver of splenectomized rats were observed at 24 h after the surgery, simultaneously with the highest index of Ki67-positive hepatocytes. After surgical removal of the spleen, expression of certain genes in the liver tissues increased. A number of genes were upregulated in the liver at a single time point of 24 h, including Ccne1, Egf, Tnfa, Il6, Hgf, Met, Tgfb1r2 and Nos2. The expression of Ccnd1, Tgfb1, Tgfb1r1 and Il10 in the liver was upregulated over the course of 3 days after splenectomy. Monitoring of the liver macrophage populations in splenectomized animals revealed a statistically significant increase in the proportion of CD68-positive cells in the liver (as compared with sham-operated controls) detectable at 24 h and 48 h after the surgery. The difference in the liver content of CD68-positive cells between splenectomized and sham-operated animals evened out by day 3 after the surgery. No alterations in the liver content of CD163-positive cells were observed in the experiments. A decrease in the proportion of CD206-positive liver macrophages was observed at 48 h after splenectomy. The splenectomy-induced hepatocyte proliferation is described by us for the first time. Mechanistically, the effect is apparently induced by the removal of spleen as a major source of Tgfb1 (hepatocyte growth inhibitor) and subsequently supported by activation of proliferation factor-encoding genes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Timur Kh. Fatkhudinov
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina A. Vishnyakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria P. Nikitina
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiya V. Lokhonina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V. Makarov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V. Arutyunyan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniya Y. Kananykhina
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiya S. Poltavets
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill R. Butov
- Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I. Baranov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V. Goldshtein
- Laboratory of Stem Cells Genetics, Research Center of Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Galina B. Bolshakova
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valeria V. Glinkina
- Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
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35
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Chromatin dynamics during liver regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 97:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhao E, Shen Y, Amir M, Farris AB, Czaja MJ. Stathmin 1 Induces Murine Hepatocyte Proliferation and Increased Liver Mass. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:38-49. [PMID: 31909354 PMCID: PMC6939544 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cellular signals that initiate the transition of hepatocytes from quiescence to proliferation remain unclear. The protein stathmin 1 (STMN1) is highly expressed in dividing cells, including hepatocytes, and functions to promote cell mitosis through physical interactions with tubulin and microtubules that regulate mitotic spindle formation. The recent finding that STMN1 mediates the resistance of cultured hepatocytes to oxidant stress led to an examination of the expression and function of this protein in the liver in vivo. STMN1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were essentially undetectable in normal mouse liver but increased markedly in response to oxidant injury from carbon tetrachloride. Similarly, levels of STMN1 mRNA and protein were increased in human livers from patients with acute fulminant hepatic failure. To determine STMN1 function in the liver in vivo, mice were infected with a control or Stmn1-expressing adenovirus. Stmn1 expression induced spontaneous liver enlargement with a doubling of the liver to body weight ratio. The increase in liver mass resulted, in part, from hepatocellular hypertrophy but mainly from an induction of hepatocyte proliferation. STMN1 expression led to marked increases in the numbers of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive and mitotic hepatocytes and hepatic nuclear levels of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. STMN1-induced hepatocyte proliferation was followed by an apoptotic response and a return of the liver to its normal mass. Conclusion: STMN1 promotes entry of quiescent hepatocytes into the cell cycle. STMN1 expression by itself in the absence of any reduction in liver mass is sufficient to stimulate a hepatic proliferative response that significantly increases liver mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY
| | - Yang Shen
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Muhammad Amir
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
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Guo X, Jin W, Chang C, Ding Y, Wang Y, Li L, Chen Y, Zhang J, Xu C, Chen G, Guo J. Large-scale quantitative genomics analyzes the circRNA expression profile and identifies the key circRNA in regulating cell proliferation during the proliferation phase of rat LR. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2957-2966. [PMID: 31315467 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1640710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have been exploring the genetic mechanisms underlying the control of liver regeneration (LR). However, an integrated analysis of circRNAs expression of rat regenerating livers during the proliferation phase has not been performed yet. For this purpose, circRNAs expression profile was globally analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. It showed that 10,003 circRNAs were detected, and 164 circRNAs were differentially expressed. Subsequently, 27 circRNAs were predicted to bind to 58 candidate miRNAs and compete for miRNA-binding sites with 2195 mRNAs. By applying GO and KEGG analysis, it was predicted that these circRNAs significantly participated in tissue regeneration, regulation of cell proliferation and Ras, p53, Wnt, Jak-STAT, MAPK signalling pathways. Based on the number of the corresponding miRNAs and their role enriched and reported in cell proliferation of LR or hepatocellular carcinoma, four kinds of circRNAs (circ_03848, circ_08236, circ_13398 and circ_15013) were considered as the key circRNAs. The predicted competing endogenous RNA networks and bioinformatics analysis revealed the potential role of these circRNAs in LR, which would provide useful information for understanding the mechanism of LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Guo
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
| | - Wei Jin
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
| | - Yi Ding
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
| | - Yahao Wang
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
| | - Lifei Li
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- c Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- a College of Life Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , China.,b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation , Xinxiang , China
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Participation of 5-lipoxygenase and LTB4 in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18176. [PMID: 31796842 PMCID: PMC6890767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is the unmatched liver ability for recovering its functional mass after tissue lost. Leukotrienes (LT) are a family of eicosanoids with the capacity of signaling to promote proliferation. We analyzed the impact of blocking LT synthesis during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). Male Wistar rats were subjected to two-third PH and treated with zileuton, a specific inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Our first find was a significant increment of intrahepatic LTB4 during the first hour after PH together with an increase in 5-LOX expression. Zileuton reduced hepatic LTB4 levels at the moment of hepatectomy and also inhibited the increase in hepatic LTB4. This inhibition produced a delay in liver proliferation as seen by decreased PCNA and cyclin D1 nuclear expression 24 h post-PH. Results also showed that hepatic LTB4 diminution by zileuton was associated with a decrease in NF-ĸB activity. Additionally, decreased hepatic LTB4 levels by zileuton affected the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. Non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) from zileuton-treated PH-rats displayed higher apoptosis than NPCs from PH control rats. In conclusion, the present work provides evidences that 5-LOX activation and its product LTB4 are involved in the initial signaling events for liver regeneration after PH and the pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme can delay the initial time course of the phenomenon.
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Shini S, Shini A, Bryden WL. Unravelling fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome: 1. Oestrogen and inflammation. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:87-98. [PMID: 31565961 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1674444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated oestrogen as a factor in the induction of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). In this study, a refined laying hen model was employed to permit further investigations. Intramuscular (i.m.) injections of exogenous oestrogen as β-estradiol-17-dipropionate (E2) (5 mg/kg BW) were given every 4 days for 20 days to 30-week-old hens fed either ad libitum or with restricted feed intake. Elevated (P < 0.01) plasma oestrogen concentrations produced significant macroscopic and microscopic hepatic alterations. Hens in the E2-treated ad libitum fed (EAL) group experienced a higher incidence of FLHS than hens in the E2-treated restricted feed intake group, showing that birds with a higher feed intake are more at risk of developing FLHS. Histological examination of livers revealed that hens in the E2-treated ad libitum fed group had consistent and severe fat infiltration in the liver, and fat vacuolization within hepatocytes. Fat accumulation and fat droplets were found not only in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes but also in liver sinusoids. White blood cell counts and fibrinogen concentrations were altered (P < 0.01) in hens treated with E2 when compared with controls. Plasma fibrinogen concentrations were altered over time, and correlated with white blood cell counts (Pearson's correlation r = 0.96; P = 0.001). Hens treated with E2 had increased (P < 0.01) levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, confirming that E2 induced hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. It was concluded that E2 successfully induced FLHS in hens, with typical systemic and hepatic events resulting from a disturbance in lipid metabolism and chronic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniko Shini
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Agim Shini
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,Queensland Agricultural Training Colleges (QATC), Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Wayne L Bryden
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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Elchaninov AV, Fatkhudinov TK, Vishnyakova PA, Lokhonina AV, Sukhikh GT. Phenotypical and Functional Polymorphism of Liver Resident Macrophages. Cells 2019; 8:E1032. [PMID: 31491903 PMCID: PMC6769646 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are one of the main causes of mortality. In this regard, the development of new ways of reparative processes stimulation is relevant. Macrophages play a leading role in the regulation of liver homeostasis in physiological conditions and in pathology. In this regard, the development of new liver treatment methods is impossible without taking into account this cell population. Resident macrophages of the liver, Kupffer cells, represent a unique cell population, first of all, due to their development. Most of the liver macrophages belong to the self-sustaining macrophage cell population, whose origin is not bone marrow. In addition, Kupffer cells are involved in such processes as regulation of hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis, remodeling of the intercellular matrix, lipid metabolism, protective function, etc. Such a broad spectrum of liver macrophage functions indicates their high functional plasticity. The review summarizes recent data on the development, phenotypic and functional plasticity, and participation in the reparative processes of liver macrophages: resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and bone marrow-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Histology, Embryology and Cytology Department, Ministry of Healthcare of The Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Timur Kh Fatkhudinov
- Histology, Embryology and Cytology Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia.
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia.
| | - Polina A Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Anastasia V Lokhonina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Histology, Embryology and Cytology Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia.
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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41
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Li J, Zhao YR, Tian Z. Roles of hepatic stellate cells in acute liver failure: From the perspective of inflammation and fibrosis. World J Hepatol 2019; 11:412-420. [PMID: 31183002 PMCID: PMC6547291 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i5.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) usually results in hepatocellular dysfunction and coagulopathy and carries a high mortality rate. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are famous for their role in liver fibrosis. Although some recent studies revealed that HSCs might participate in the pathogenesis of ALF, the accurate mechanism is still not fully understood. This review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the functions of HSCs in ALF and revealed both protective and promotive roles during the pathogenesis of ALF: HSC activation participates in the maintenance of cell attachment and the architecture of liver tissue via extracellular matrix production and assists liver regeneration by producing growth factors; and HSC inflammation plays a role in relaying inflammation signaling from sinusoids to parenchyma via secretion of inflammatory cytokines. A better understanding of roles of HSCs in the pathogenesis of ALF may lead to improvements and novel strategies for treating ALF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying-Ren Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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42
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Somatostatin and the "Small-For-Size" Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102512. [PMID: 31121844 PMCID: PMC6566601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
“Small-for-size” livers arising in the context of liver resection and transplantation are vulnerable to the effects of increased portal flow in the immediate postoperative period. Increased portal flow is an essential stimulus for liver regeneration. If the rise in flow and stimulus for regeneration are excessive; however, liver failure and patient death may result. Somatostatin is an endogenous peptide hormone that may be administered exogenously to not only reduce portal blood flow but also offer direct protection to different cells in the liver. In this review article, we describe key changes that transpire in the liver following a relative size reduction occurring in the context of resection and transplantation and the largely beneficial effects that peri-operative somatostatin therapy may help achieve in this setting.
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43
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Lokhonina AV, Makarov AV, Elchaninov AV, Arutyunyan IV, Shmakova TV, Grinberg MV, Usman NY, Surovtsev VV, Chernikov VP, Fatkhudinov TK. Quantitative and Qualitative Characterization of Phagocytic Activity of Macrophages of Bone Marrow and Fetal Origin. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:154-158. [PMID: 31183654 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We compared phagocytic activity of macrophages of monocyte origin and Kupffer cells under the influence of M1 and M2 inducers and without activation. Cultures of monocyte-derived macrophages and Kupffer cells were characterized by intensive expression of CD68 that was not affected by activation factors. At the same time, these cultures demonstrated different dynamics of phagocytic activity. Monocyte-derived macrophages initially had more pronounced absorption capacity that gradually increased during the experiment. Kupffer cells were characterized by abrupt fluctuations of phagocytic activity: sharp growth and rapid saturation. Despite these differences, the endosomes produced by monocyte-derived macrophages and Kupffer cells had similar degrees of maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Lokhonina
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Makarov
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Elchaninov
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - I V Arutyunyan
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - T V Shmakova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Grinberg
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Yu Usman
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Surovtsev
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Chernikov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Kh Fatkhudinov
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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44
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Santamaría E, Rodríguez-Ortigosa CM, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Urtasun R, Alvarez-Sola G, Bárcena-Varela M, Colyn L, Arcelus S, Jiménez M, Deutschmann K, Peleteiro-Vigil A, Gómez-Cambronero J, Milkiewicz M, Milkiewicz P, Sangro B, Keitel V, Monte MJ, Marin JJG, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Berasain C. The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ligand Amphiregulin Protects From Cholestatic Liver Injury and Regulates Bile Acids Synthesis. Hepatology 2019; 69:1632-1647. [PMID: 30411380 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic accumulation of bile acids (BAs) causes hepatocellular injury. Upon liver damage, a potent protective response is mounted to restore the organ's function. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is essential for regeneration after most types of liver damage, including cholestatic injury. However, EGFR can be activated by a family of growth factors induced during liver injury and regeneration. We evaluated the role of the EGFR ligand, amphiregulin (AREG), during cholestatic liver injury and regulation of AREG expression by BAs. First, we demonstrated increased AREG levels in livers from patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In two murine models of cholestatic liver injury, bile duct ligation (BDL) and alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) gavage, hepatic AREG expression was markedly up-regulated. Importantly, Areg-/- mice showed aggravated liver injury after BDL and ANIT administration compared to Areg+/+ mice. Recombinant AREG protected from ANIT and BDL-induced liver injury and reduced BA-triggered apoptosis in liver cells. Oral BA administration induced ileal and hepatic Areg expression, and, interestingly, cholestyramine feeding reduced postprandial Areg up-regulation in both tissues. Most interestingly, Areg-/- mice displayed high hepatic cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression, reduced serum cholesterol, and high BA levels. Postprandial repression of Cyp7a1 was impaired in Areg-/- mice, and recombinant AREG down-regulated Cyp7a1 mRNA in hepatocytes. On the other hand, BAs promoted AREG gene expression and protein shedding in hepatocytes. This effect was mediated through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as demonstrated in Fxr-/- mice, and involved EGFR transactivation. Finally, we show that hepatic EGFR expression is indirectly induced by BA-FXR through activation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOC3). Conclusion: AREG-EGFR signaling protects from cholestatic injury and participates in the physiological regulation of BA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Santamaría
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Rodríguez-Ortigosa
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria U Latasa
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Leticia Colyn
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Arcelus
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maddalen Jiménez
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kathleen Deutschmann
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ana Peleteiro-Vigil
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julian Gómez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | | | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bruno Sangro
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Hepatology Unit, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Verena Keitel
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria J Monte
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matias A Ávila
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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45
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Clemens MM, McGill MR, Apte U. Mechanisms and biomarkers of liver regeneration after drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 85:241-262. [PMID: 31307589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver, the major metabolic organ in the body, is known for its remarkable capacity to regenerate. Whereas partial hepatectomy (PHx) is a popular model for the study of liver regeneration, the liver also regenerates after acute injury, but less is known about the mechanisms that drive it. Recent studies have shown that liver regeneration is critical for survival in acute liver failure (ALF), which is usually due to drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It is sometimes assumed that the signaling pathways involved are similar to those that regulate regeneration after PHx, but there are likely to be critical differences. A better understanding of regeneration mechanisms after DILI and hepatotoxicity in general could lead to development of new therapies for ALF patients and new biomarkers to predict patient outcome. Here, we summarize what is known about the mechanisms of liver regeneration and repair after hepatotoxicity. We also review the literature in the emerging field of liver regeneration biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Clemens
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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46
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Subcutaneous Inoculation of Echinococcus multilocularis Induces Delayed Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:462. [PMID: 30679666 PMCID: PMC6345980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the larval stage of echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis), and hepatectomy is the main modality in hepatic AE patients. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) in such patients is challenging, and further investigation is needed. Thus far, knowledge regarding the possible impact of E. multilocularis on liver regeneration after PHx is limited. Herein, a subcutaneous infection model of E. multilocularis was developed in C57 BL/6 mice, and after 3 months, PHx was performed. Plasma and liver samples were harvested under inhalational isofluorane (2%) anaesthesia at designated post-PHx time points (0, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h). The parameters included the future remnant liver/body weight ratio (FLR/BW), liver function tests (AST and ALT) and related cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, Factor V, HMGB1, TGF-β, TSP-1, and TLR4) and proteins (MyD88 and STAT3). To assess the proliferation intensity of hepatocytes, BrdU, Ki67 and PAS staining were carried out in regenerated liver tissue. The FLR/BW in the infected group from 48 h after surgery was lower than that in the control group. The BrdU positive hepatocyte proportions reached their peak at 48 h in the control group and 96 h in the infected group and then gradually decreased. During the first 48 h after surgery, both the AST and ALT levels in the infected group were lower; however, these levels were altered from 96 h after surgery. In the infected group, the concentrations and mRNA expression levels of the pre-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 demonstrated a delayed peak. Moreover, post-operatively, the TGF-β and TSP-1 levels showed high levels in the infected group at each different time-point compared to those in the control group; however, high levels of TGF-β were observed at 96 h in the control group. The MyD88 and STAT3 protein expression levels in the infected group were markedly higher than those in the control group 96 h after surgery. Delayed liver regeneration after PHx was observed in the C57 BL/6 mice with the subcutaneous infection of E. multilocularis in the current study. This phenomenon could be partially explained by the alteration in the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the immunotolerant milieu induced by chronic E. multilocularis infection.
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47
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Lokhonina A, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Makarov A, Arutyunyan I, Grinberg M, Glinkina V, Surovtsev V, Bolshakova G, Goldshtein D, Sukhikh G. Activated Macrophages of Monocytic Origin Predominantly Express Proinflammatory Cytokine Genes, Whereas Kupffer Cells Predominantly Express Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Genes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3912142. [PMID: 30949499 PMCID: PMC6425426 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3912142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system and in the liver, the macrophage populations are represented exclusively by descendants of the hematopoietic progenitor cells of the yolk sac. The reasons for such differential distribution of macrophages are not fully understood. We found that, as can be judged by corresponding changes in the expression of CD86 and CD163 markers, the transient macrophages of monocytic lineage are more sensitive to activating stimuli. The two macrophage populations have distinct patterns of gene expression, which is particularly noticeable for M1- and M2-associated genes. For instance, Kupffer cells more readily develop and longer maintain the elevated expression levels of Il4, Il10, and Il13 upon the activation; by contrast, the macrophages of monocytic lineage express Il1b, Il12a, and Tnfα upon the activation. The obtained results allow us to conclude that the in vitro activated Kupffer cells of the liver are committed to M2 phenotype, whereas the in vitro activated monocyte-derived macrophages show a typical M1 behavior. These observations are likely to reflect the situation in the in vivo microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Lokhonina
- 1National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- 1National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of The Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- 1National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 3Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Andrey Makarov
- 1National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of The Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina Arutyunyan
- 1National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 4Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Maria Grinberg
- 3Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Valeria Glinkina
- 2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of The Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Viktor Surovtsev
- 3Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Galina Bolshakova
- 4Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Dmitry Goldshtein
- 5Research Centre of Medical Genetics, 1 Moscvorechie, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- 1National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
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48
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Takasu S, Yokoo Y, Ishii Y, Kijima A, Ogawa K, Umemura T. Molecular Pathological Differences in Global Gene Expression between Two Sustained Proliferative Lesions, Nodular Regenerative Hepatocellular Hyperplasia and Hepatocellular Adenoma, in Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 47:44-52. [PMID: 30572783 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318810200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) induces multiple nodular masses along with hepatocellular tumors in the liver of mice. The histopathological features of the nodules led to our diagnosis of nodular regenerative hepatocellular hyperplasia (NRH). However, because of the lack of data on the biological characteristics of NRH, whether this lesion is truly nonneoplastic remains unknown. In this study, the molecular characteristics of NRH were compared with those of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) by global gene expression analysis. Six-week-old male ICR mice were fed a diet containing 6,000 ppm PBO for 43 weeks to induce NRH and HCA development. Complementary DNA microarray analysis was performed using messenger RNA extracted from NRH and HCA frozen sections collected by laser microdissection. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that all NRH samples clustered together but were separate from the HCA cluster. Pathway analysis revealed activation of the cell cycle and Delta-Notch signaling in both lesions, but the latter was more upregulated in HCA. Downregulation of cytochrome p450 enzymes was observed in NRH, but not in HCA. These results imply that NRH differs from HCA in terms of not only morphological but also molecular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takasu
- 1 Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuh Yokoo
- 1 Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- 1 Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Aki Kijima
- 1 Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- 1 Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- 1 Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.,2 Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Li B, Song JL, Aierken Y, Chen Y, Zheng JL, Yang JY. Nonanatomic resection is not inferior to anatomic resection for primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A propensity score analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17799. [PMID: 30542113 PMCID: PMC6290773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether anatomic resection (AR) achieves better outcomes than nonanatomic resection (NAR) in patients with primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is unclear. Data were retrieved for all consecutive patients who underwent liver resection for primary ICC from January 2007 to July 2017. The prognoses of the patients without direct invasion to contiguous organs or extrahepatic metastasis who underwent AR or NAR were compared. 85 patients underwent AR, and 65 patients underwent NAR. operation time were slightly decreased in the NAR group. The risk of Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) IV in the AR group was significant higher than that in the NAR group. Cox regression analysis showed lymph node metastasis and adjuvant therapy were significant prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), respectively. After 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM), 29 pairs of patients were compared. The survival curves showed the NAR group had slightly improved DFS and OS than the AR group before and after matching. Thus, we conclude NAR was not inferior to AR in improving the survival outcomes for patients with primary solitary ICC lesions without direct invasion to contiguous organs or extrahepatic metastasis. Furthermore, patients may benefit from NAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Li
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - J L Song
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Y Aierken
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - J L Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - J Y Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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50
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Navarro-Alvarez N, Machaidze Z, Schuetz C, Zhu A, Liu WH, Shah JA, Vagefi PA, Elias N, Buhler L, Sachs DH, Markmann JF, Yeh H. Xenogeneic Heterotopic Auxiliary Liver transplantation (XHALT) promotes native liver regeneration in a Post-Hepatectomy Liver failure model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207272. [PMID: 30462716 PMCID: PMC6248961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver’s regenerative capacity is unique, but too small a segment can overwhelm its ability to simultaneously regenerate and support the host, resulting in liver dysfunction and death. Here we tested a temporary Xenogeneic Heterotopic Auxiliary Liver Transplant (XHALT) from Gal-KO miniature swine in a baboon model of Post-Hepatectomy Liver Failure (PHLF) by 90%- hepatectomy. Immunosuppression consisted of CVF, ATG, FK 506 and steroids. 90%-hepatectomized animals died within 4–5 days with the clinical picture of PHLF, (high LFTs and bilirubin, ascites, encephalopathy and coagulopathy). The 10% remnants had macroscopic and histological evidence of severe steatosis and absence of hepatocyte replication. In contrast, the addition of XHALT prolonged survival up to 11 days, with the cause of death being sepsis, rather than liver failure. The remnant liver appeared grossly normal, and on histology, there was no evidence of fatty infiltration, but there was pronounced Ki-67 staining. In conclusion, temporary auxiliary xenografts have the potential to support a small for size liver graft while it grows to adequate size or provide an opportunity for organ recovery in acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Zurab Machaidze
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Christian Schuetz
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alexander Zhu
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Wei-hui Liu
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jigesh A. Shah
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Parsia A. Vagefi
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nahel Elias
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Leo Buhler
- University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David H. Sachs
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - James F. Markmann
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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