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Illia G, Jouliá RB, Citon L, Oklander L, Kowalewski M. Parasites and Other Infectious Agents in Non-human Primates of Argentina. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022; 9:267-277. [PMID: 36406044 PMCID: PMC9649014 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In Argentina, there are five non-human primate (NHP) species: Sapajus nigritus cucullatus, Sapajus cay, Alouatta caraya, Alouatta guariba clamitans, and Aotus azarae. All of them inhabit protected and non-protected areas and face severe threats due anthropization. We aim to summarize the information available about parasites and infectious diseases of these NHPs and suggest further research on primate diseases in Argentina. Recent Findings NHPs of Argentina are hosts of several parasites and pathogens important for conservation as well as public health. Alouatta species are lethally susceptible to yellow fever virus, which makes them suitable health sentinels of possible outbreaks. For other primate species, few parasite surveys have been carried out. Summary Assessing the presence of infectious diseases and long-term surveillance on NHP allow the development of strategies to help in the early detection of pathogens that may threat public health. Increasing the knowledge about parasites and infectious diseases and their consequences in NHP of Argentina is needed, considering a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimena Illia
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas Y Técnicas (IBS-CONICET), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Bay Jouliá
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET), Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Lucila Citon
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET), Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciana Oklander
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas Y Técnicas (IBS-CONICET), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Martin Kowalewski
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET), Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Corrientes, Argentina
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Acosta N, Miret J, López E, Schinini A. First report of Sapajus cay naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi in San Pedro Department, Paraguay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:327-332. [PMID: 27579529 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To verify the occurrence of natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in non-human primates from a rural endemic area of the east region of Paraguay, xenodiagnosis was performed in 35 animals belonging to two species. For genotyping and T. cruzi discrete typing unit (DTU) assignment, a combination of four markers was used, including amplification products of the small (18S) and large (24Sα) subunits of ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene, the intergenic region of mini-exon gene and the heat shock protein 60 Eco-RV polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (HSP60/EcoRV-PCR-RFLP). One specimen of Sapajus cay was found positive and infected by the DTU TcII. This result constitutes the first record of natural T. cruzi infection in a sylvatic monkey in Paraguay, harbouring a DTU associated with severe Chagas disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Acosta
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción - UNA, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Jorge Miret
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción - UNA, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Elsa López
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción - UNA, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Alicia Schinini
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción - UNA, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
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Martínez MF, Kowalewski MM, Salomón OD, Schijman AG. Molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2016; 5:198-206. [PMID: 27617205 PMCID: PMC5005429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by vectors is confined to the Americas, and the infection circulates in at least two broadly defined transmission cycles occurring in domestic and sylvatic habitats. This study sought to detect and characterize infection by T. cruzi and other trypanosomes using PCR strategies in blood samples from free-ranging howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya, in the northeastern Argentina. Blood samples were collected at four sites with variable levels of habitat modification by human activity. PCR was conducted using primers for kinetoplast DNA, satellite DNA and ribosomal DNA of the trypanosomatid parasites. Ribosomal and satellite DNA fragments were sequenced to identify the trypanosomatid species and to characterize the discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi. Overall, 46% (50/109) of the howlers were positive according to the kDNA-PCR assay, but only 7 of the howlers were positive according to the SatDNA-PCR protocol. We sequenced the amplicons of the satellite DNA obtained from five specimens, and the sequences were 99% and 100% similar to T. cruzi. A sequence typical of DTU T. cruzi I was found in one howler monkey from the "remote" site, while sequences compatible with DTUs II, V, and VI were found in howlers from the "remote", "rural" and "village" sites. We detected 96% positive samples for RibDNA-PCR, 9 of which were sequenced and displayed 99% identity with Trypanosoma minasense, while none showed identity with T. cruzi. The results demonstrated the presence of T. cruzi and a species closely related to T. minasense in blood samples from free-ranging A. caraya, belonging to different T. cruzi DTUs circulating in these howler monkey populations. The results obtained in this study could help evaluate the role of A. caraya as a reservoir of T. cruzi in regions where Chagas disease is hyper-endemic and where the human-wildlife interface is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Florencia Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Neuquén y Jujuy s/n, 3370, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN–CONICET), San Cayetano, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Martín Miguel Kowalewski
- Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN–CONICET), San Cayetano, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Neuquén y Jujuy s/n, 3370, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación de Endemo-epidemias (CeNDIE–ANLIS Malbrán), Av. Paseo Colón 568, 1063, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Gabriel Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 2do piso, 1428, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Alvarado-Otegui J, Ceballos L, Orozco M, Enriquez G, Cardinal M, Cura C, Schijman A, Kitron U, Gürtler R. The sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area in the humid Chaco of Argentina. Acta Trop 2012; 124:79-86. [PMID: 22771688 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Gran Chaco ecoregion. We conducted surveys to identify the main sylvatic hosts of T. cruzi, parasite discrete typing units and vector species involved in Pampa del Indio, a rural area in the humid Argentinean Chaco. A total of 44 mammals from 14 species were captured and examined for infection by xenodiagnosis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the hyper-variable region of kinetoplast DNA minicircles of T. cruzi (kDNA-PCR). Ten (22.7%) mammals were positive by xenodiagnosis or kDNA-PCR. Four of 11 (36%) Didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossums) and six of nine (67%) Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillos) were positive by xenodiagnosis and or kDNA-PCR. Rodents, other armadillo species, felids, crab-eating raccoons, hares and rabbits were not infected. Positive animals were highly infectious to the bugs that fed upon them as determined by xenodiagnosis. All positive opossums were infected with T. cruzi I and all positive nine-banded armadillos with T. cruzi III. Extensive searches in sylvatic habitats using 718 Noireau trap-nights only yielded Triatoma sordida whereas no bug was collected in 26 light-trap nights. Four armadillos or opossums fitted with a spool-and-line device were successfully tracked to their refuges; only one Panstrongylus geniculatus was found in an armadillo burrow. No sylvatic triatomine was infected with T. cruzi by microscopical examination or kDNA-PCR. Our results indicate that two independent sylvatic transmission cycles of T. cruzi occur in the humid Chaco. The putative vectors of both cycles need to be identified conclusively.
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Pelli A, Castellano LR, Cardoso MRS, Vasconcelos LAS, Domingues MA, Ferreira MB, Rodrigues V. Differential reactivity of serum immunoglobulins from Brazilian wild mammals to staphylococcal A and streptococcal G proteins. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:148-52. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711434322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pathogens have evolved to infect vertebrate hosts other than human beings without causing symptoms of the disease, thus permitting them to complete their life cycle and to develop into infectious forms. The identification and management of infected animals are alternatives to control dissemination of the disease and to prevent human illness. In the current study, the potential use of staphylococcal A or streptococcal G proteins was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for seroepidemiological studies. Sera were collected from animals that were representative of 23 different Brazilian wild mammals. A high protein A binding rate was observed in all animals, except for the orders Didelphimorphia, Artiodactyla, and Rodentia, in which affinity was medium or low. Affinity for streptococcal G protein was higher in animals of the order Artiodactyla, whereas no streptococcal G protein binding was observed in samples obtained from felines (order Carnivora). Bacterial protein binding to mammalian immunoglobulins was confirmed by immunoblotting. The results suggest that secondary detection systems should be better investigated in ELISA protocols before their implementation in seroepidemiological studies involving wild mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso Pelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Pelli, Castellano, Rodrigues), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Technical School of Health, Paraíba Federal University, Paraíba, Brazil (Castellano), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Furnas Central Electric S.A., Mato Grosso, Brazil (Cardoso, Vasconcelos), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A., Minas Gerais, Brazil (Ferreira)
| | - Lucio R. Castellano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Pelli, Castellano, Rodrigues), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Technical School of Health, Paraíba Federal University, Paraíba, Brazil (Castellano), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Furnas Central Electric S.A., Mato Grosso, Brazil (Cardoso, Vasconcelos), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A., Minas Gerais, Brazil (Ferreira)
| | - Marcos R. S. Cardoso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Pelli, Castellano, Rodrigues), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Technical School of Health, Paraíba Federal University, Paraíba, Brazil (Castellano), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Furnas Central Electric S.A., Mato Grosso, Brazil (Cardoso, Vasconcelos), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A., Minas Gerais, Brazil (Ferreira)
| | - Luís A. S. Vasconcelos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Pelli, Castellano, Rodrigues), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Technical School of Health, Paraíba Federal University, Paraíba, Brazil (Castellano), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Furnas Central Electric S.A., Mato Grosso, Brazil (Cardoso, Vasconcelos), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A., Minas Gerais, Brazil (Ferreira)
| | - Marcos A. Domingues
- Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Pelli, Castellano, Rodrigues), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Technical School of Health, Paraíba Federal University, Paraíba, Brazil (Castellano), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Furnas Central Electric S.A., Mato Grosso, Brazil (Cardoso, Vasconcelos), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A., Minas Gerais, Brazil (Ferreira)
| | - Maria B. Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Pelli, Castellano, Rodrigues), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Technical School of Health, Paraíba Federal University, Paraíba, Brazil (Castellano), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Furnas Central Electric S.A., Mato Grosso, Brazil (Cardoso, Vasconcelos), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A., Minas Gerais, Brazil (Ferreira)
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Pelli, Castellano, Rodrigues), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Technical School of Health, Paraíba Federal University, Paraíba, Brazil (Castellano), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Department of Furnas Central Electric S.A., Mato Grosso, Brazil (Cardoso, Vasconcelos), Jacarandá City Zoo Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Domingues)
- Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A., Minas Gerais, Brazil (Ferreira)
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Monteiro RV, Dietz JM, Raboy B, Beck B, De Vleeschouwer K, Vleeschouwer KD, Baker A, Martins A, Jansen AM. Parasite community interactions: Trypanosoma cruzi and intestinal helminths infecting wild golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia and golden-headed lion tamarins L. chrysomelas (Callitrichidae, L., 1766). Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1689-98. [PMID: 17676342 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The parasite prevalence and infection intensity in primate wild populations can be affected by many variables linked to host and/or parasite ecology or either to interparasite competition/mutualism. In this study, we tested how host sex, age, and place of origin, as well parasitic concomitant infections affect the structure of golden lion and golden-headed lion tamarins parasite community, considering Trypanosoma cruzi and intestinal helminths infection in these primates. A total of 206 tamarins from two Atlantic Coastal rain forest areas in Brazil were tested during 4 years for prevalence of T. cruzi infection and helminth prevalence. Three intestinal helminth groups showed high prevalences in both tamarin species: Prosthenorchis sp., Spiruridae, and Trichostrongylidae. An association between presence of T. cruzi infection and higher intestinal helminth prevalence was found in both tamarin species. Two explanations for this association seem to be plausible: (1) lower helminth-linked mortality rates in T. cruzi-infected tamarins and (2) lower elimination rates of helminths in such tamarins. A higher frequency of T. cruzi-positive blood cultures was significantly correlated to female tamarins and to the presence of Trichostrongylidae infection. The possibility of an increase in the transmissibility of T. cruzi and the three analyzed helminths in lion tamarins with concomitant infections is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael V Monteiro
- Lab. Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
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