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Huang XJ, Chen GX, Cheng H, Ge YB, Li J, Zhang Y. The distribution, uses, and characteristic components of gentianaceae plants in China. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_14_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Lu Q, He Y, Wang Y, Gao L, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Cao B, Wang Q, Mao X, Hu S. Saponins From Paris forrestii (Takht.) H. Li Display Potent Activity Against Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Suppressing the RNF6/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:673. [PMID: 29997504 PMCID: PMC6028905 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins are amphipathic glycosides found in traditional Chinese medicines. In the present study, we isolated a panel of saponins from Paris forrestii (Takht.) H. Li, a unique plant found in Tibet and Yunnan provinces, China. By examining their activities in suppressing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell proliferation, total saponins from Paris forrestii (TSPf) displayed more potent activity than individual ones. TSPf induced more than 40% AML cell apoptosis and decreased the viability of all leukemia cell lines. TSPf-induced apoptosis was confirmed by both Annexin V staining and caspase-3 activation. In line with these findings, TSPf downregulated pro-survival proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 but upregulated the expression of tumor suppressor proteins p53, p27, Bax, and Beclin 1. The AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is frequently overactivated in various AML cells, and TSPf was found to suppress the activation of both AKT and mTOR, but had no effects on their total protein expression. This was further confirmed by the inactivation of 4EBP-1 and p70S6K, two typical downstream signal molecules in the AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, TSPf-inactivated AKT/mTOR signaling was found to be associated with downregulated RNF6, a recently identified oncogene in AML. RNF6 activated AKT/mTOR, and consistently, knockdown of RNF6 led to inactivation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, TSPf suppressed the growth of AML xenografts in nude mice models. Oral administration of TSPf almost fully suppressed tumor growth without gross toxicity. Consistent with the findings in cultured cell lines, TSPf also downregulated RNF6 expression along with inactivated AKT/mTOR signaling in tumor tissues. This study thus demonstrated that TSPf displays potent anti-AML activity by suppressing the RNF6/AKT/mTOR pathway. Given its low toxicity, TSPf could be developed for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanming He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuehu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunjing Zheng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zubin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biyin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Wang S, Bilal M, Hu H, Wang W, Zhang X. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-a versatile platform intermediate for value-added compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018. [PMID: 29516141 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) has recently emerged as a promising intermediate for several value-added bioproducts with potential biotechnological applications in food, cosmetics, pharmacy, fungicides, etc. Over the past years, a variety of biosynthetic techniques have been developed for producing the 4-HBA and 4-HBA-based products. At this juncture, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches enabled the biosynthesis of 4-HBA to address the increasing demand for high-value bioproducts. This review summarizes the biosynthesis of a variety of industrially pertinent compounds such as resveratrol, muconic acid, gastrodin, xiamenmycin, and vanillyl alcohol using 4-HBA as the starting feedstock. Moreover, potential research activities with a close-up look at the future perspectives to produce new compounds using 4-HBA have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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West BJ, Deng S, Uwaya A, Isami F, Abe Y, Yamagishi SI, Jensen CJ. Iridoids are natural glycation inhibitors. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:671-81. [PMID: 27306206 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycation of amino acid residues in proteins leads to the eventual formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE formation significantly influences human health and the aging process. AGE accumulation rates may be slowed by modifications to lifestyle or by pharmacological strategies. But the use of therapeutic drugs is not an appropriate means of controlling AGEs within the general population. However, phytochemical constituents in plant-based foods exhibit anti-glycation activities and may be more appropriate for general consumption. Among these phytochemicals are iridoids. The anti-AGE potential of iridoids has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, while also revealing possible mechanisms of action. Inclusion of iridoid food sources in the diet may be a useful component of strategies intended to mitigate AGE accumulation within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J West
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA.
| | - Shixin Deng
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Akemi Uwaya
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Fumiyuki Isami
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Yumi Abe
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center and Glycation Stress Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - C Jarakae Jensen
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
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Huang XJ, Li J, Mei ZY, Chen G. Gentiopicroside and sweroside from Veratrilla baillonii Franch. induce phosphorylation of Akt and suppress Pck1 expression in hepatoma cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:270-8. [PMID: 27248905 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of phytochemicals and herbal medicines has accompanied human history. Advances in modern biomedical sciences have allowed us to investigate the functional mechanisms of herbal medicines and phytochemicals. Veratrilla baillonii Franch. has long been used as a medicinal herb in southwestern China. Here, we analyzed the effects of an ethanol extract from V. baillonii (VBFE) on the expression levels of the cytosolic form of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene (Pck1) mRNA and components of the insulin signalling cascade in HL1C hepatoma cells. Compared with the insulin control, VBFE treatment inhibited the expression of Pck1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. This was associated with the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 in a time-dependent manner. Further analysis of the purified components of VBFE indicated that gentiopicroside and sweroside from VBFE, alone and in combination, suppressed Pck1 expression and induced Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, gentiopicroside and sweroside suppress Pck1 expression and induce phosphorylation of components in the insulin signalling cascade. This is the first study to demonstrate that gentiopicroside and sweroside show insulin-mimicking effects on the regulation of Pck1 expression. Further studies are warranted to explore the potential of gentiopicroside and sweroside in the control of blood glucose in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ju Huang
- a College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- a College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yi Mei
- a College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Guoxun Chen
- b Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, 229 Jessie Harris Building, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Zhao YB, Shen YM, He HP, Du ZZ, Mu QZ, Hao XJ. Three New C21 Steroidal Glycosides from Roots of Cynanchum otophyllum. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Bai Y, Yin H, Bi H, Zhuang Y, Liu T, Ma Y. De novo biosynthesis of Gastrodin in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2016; 35:138-147. [PMID: 26804288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gastrodin, a phenolic glycoside, is the key ingredient of Gastrodia elata, a notable herbal plant that has been used to treat various conditions in oriental countries for centuries. Gastrodin is extensively used clinically for its sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties in China. Gastrodin is usually produced by plant extraction or chemical synthesis, which has many disadvantages. Herein, we report unprecedented microbial synthesis of gastrodin via an artificial pathway. A Nocardia carboxylic acid reductase, endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases and a Rhodiola glycosyltransferase UGT73B6 transformed 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, an intermediate of ubiquinone biosynthesis, into gastrodin in Escherichia coli. Pathway genes were overexpressed to enhance metabolic flux toward precursor 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Furthermore, the catalytic properties of the UGT73B6 toward phenolic alcohols were improved through directed evolution. The finally engineered strain produced 545mgl(-1) gastrodin in 48h. This work creates a new route to produce gastrodin, instead of plant extractions and chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Bai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Huiping Bi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yibin Zhuang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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Long FY, Chen YS, Zhang L, Kuang X, Yu Y, Wang LF, Liu XJ, Wang L, Zhou YF, Sang N, Du JR. Pennogenyl saponins induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:112-20. [PMID: 25562722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pennogenyl saponins, the characterized components of Rhizoma Paridis, have been reported to have anticancer activity through induction of apoptosis or anti-metastasis in cultured cells or animal models. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anticancer properties of four pennogenyl saponins (PS1-PS4) on a panel of human cancer and normal cell lines, and explore the potential mechanisms underlying the selective anticancer effects of the steroidal saponins in cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Differences in the anticancer activity of pennogenyl saponins were examined by MTT assay in human cancer cell lines (HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells, UACC-257 melanoma cells, MCF-7 breast and PC-3 prostate cancer cells) and normal human cell lines (L-02 liver cells and HEK293 kidney cells). Flow cytometry analysis, JC-1 staining and western blot analysis were applied to detect the effects of anticancer pennogenyl saponins on apoptosis, cell cycle, and expression and/or activation of main effectors involved in the potential signaling pathways. RESULTS Among the tested four saponins, only PS1 and PS2 selectively inhibited cell growth in HepG2, MCF-7 and PC-3 cells. Moreover, PS1 and PS2 could significantly induce apoptosis and cell cycle G2/M arrest in HepG2 cells, which were at least associated with activation of mitochondrial caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic cascades, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. CONCLUSIONS PS1 and PS2 had potent and selective anticancer activity to breast, liver and prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, the anticancer effects of PS1 and PS2 were associated with induction of apoptosis and blockage of cell cycle progression through multiple targets in HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that PS1 and PS2 can be considered as potential agents for the treatment of some cancers such as hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Shu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang-Fen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children׳s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
| | | | - Na Sang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Chen YS, He Y, Chen C, Zeng Y, Xue D, Wen FY, Wang L, Zhang H, Du JR. Growth inhibition by pennogenyl saponins from Rhizoma paridis on hepatoma xenografts in nude mice. Steroids 2014; 83:39-44. [PMID: 24530287 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoma paridis is widely used in the traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cancers. Steroidal saponins, including diosgenyl saponins and the characterized component pennogenyl saponins, are regarded as the main active components of R. paridis. To date, quite a bit of research has been published which attempt to explore the in vivo anticancer effects and the underlying mechanisms of pennogenyl saponins, compounds which are present at quite low levels in the plant. In the present study, two known pennogenyl saponins (PS1 and PS2) were isolated from R. paridis axialis and identified by spectral techniques. The anti-cancer activity of these two pennogenyl saponins was investigated in nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 xenografts. PS1 or PS2 (purity >98%, 1 or 3mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection, respectively. The specimens of HepG2 xenografts were removed for mechanistic study. The current results indicated that both PS1 and PS2 dose-dependently prevented the growth of HepG2 xenografts. Western blotting analysis showed that the anticancer effects of these two monomers were associated with apoptosis induction and proliferation inhibition through activation of both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic pathways, regulation of mitogen-related protein kinase pathway and inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway. The present data suggest, for the first time, that PS1 and PS2 effectively inhibit human HCC progression through regulation of the signal pathways associated with apoptosis and proliferation, and have the potential for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, and Translational Neuroscience Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, and Translational Neuroscience Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, and Translational Neuroscience Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Xue
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei-Yan Wen
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, and Translational Neuroscience Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Zhu HL, Wan JB, Wang YT, Li BC, Xiang C, He J, Li P. Medicinal compounds with antiepileptic/anticonvulsant activities. Epilepsia 2013; 55:3-16. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Bao-Cai Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Jing He
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
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Kim KJ, Lee OH, Han CK, Kim YC, Hong HD. Acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia Rhizomes suppress the atherosclerosis risk index through inhibition of the serum cholesterol composition in Sprague Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1620-1631. [PMID: 22408412 PMCID: PMC3291981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a broad spectrum of cardio-metabolic disturbances, including atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CDV). A high-fat diet has been shown to cause an elevation of the plasma cholesterol levels in humans, and the control of serum cholesterol has been demonstrated to be important in the prevention of CVD and atherosclerosis. The aims of this study were to demonstrate that crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes suppress atherosclerosis through the regulation of serum lipids in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed a high-fat diet. We examined the concentrations of serum lipids, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, in SD rats fed a high-fat diet and evaluated the atherogenic index. Here, we show that both crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes inhibited the total cholesterol and LDL levels. Moreover, there was a significantly suppressed atherosclerosis risk due to the acidic polysaccharide extract from Gastrodia rhizome. Taken together, our results suggested that acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes might be beneficial for lowering the incidence of CVD and atherosclerosis by reducing the de novo synthesis of total cholesterol and the LDL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Chan-Kyu Han
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-746, Korea; E-Mails: (C.-K.H.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Young-Chan Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-746, Korea; E-Mails: (C.-K.H.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-746, Korea; E-Mails: (C.-K.H.); (Y.-C.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-31-780-9285; Fax: +82-31-780-9312
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Yu ZY, Guo L, Wang B, Kang LP, Zhao ZH, Shan YJ, Xiao H, Chen JP, Ma BP, Cong YW. Structural requirement of spirostanol glycosides for rat uterine contractility and mode of their synergism. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:521-9. [PMID: 20604843 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.04.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Total steroidal saponins extracted from the rhizome of Paris polyphylla (TSSP) have been used in China for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding. The aim of this study was to analyse the structure-activity relationship of steroidal saponins purified from P. polyphylla Sm. var. yunnanensis on rat myometrial contractions, and investigate the synergism among themselves as well as with known inherent agonists, such as Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF-2alpha). METHODS In this study, 22 steroidal saponins purified from TSSP were screened for their contractile activity in isolated uterine strips from estrogen-primed rats. KEY FINDINGS It was shown that spirostanol glycosides exhibited inducible or inhibitory activity in rat uterine contraction based on the difference of their structures, which was not only attributed in part to the number, the length and the position of sugar side chains attached by a glycoside, but also related to the structure of the aglycone. Furthermore, synergistic actions were observed among pennogenin or diosgenin glycosides as well as with the known inherent agonist PGF-2alpha, indicating they may share, at least in part, similar pathways with PGF-2alpha in stimulating myometrial contractions. Finally, the contractile response of rat myometrium to spirostanol glycosides was significantly enhanced with advancing pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data support the possibility that some spirostanol glycosides may represent a new type of contractile agonist for the uterus and their synergism may be responsible for the therapeutic effect of TSSP on abnormal uterine bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Yin Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Steroid-like compounds in Chinese medicines promote blood circulation via inhibition of Na+/K+ -ATPase. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:696-702. [PMID: 20523340 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine if steroid-like compounds found in many Chinese medicinal products conventionally used for the promotion of blood circulation may act as active components via the same molecular mechanism triggered by cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain. METHODS The inhibitory potency of ouabain and the identified steroid-like compounds on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was examined and compared. Molecular modeling was exhibited for the docking of these compounds to Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. RESULTS All the examined steroid-like compounds displayed more or less inhibition on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, with bufalin (structurally almost equivalent to ouabain) exhibiting significantly higher inhibitory potency than the others. In the pentacyclic triterpenoids examined, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid were moderate inhibitors of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and their inhibitory potency was comparable to that of ginsenoside Rh2. The relatively high inhibitory potency of ursolic acid or oleanolic acid was due to the formation of a hydrogen bond between its carboxyl group and the Ile322 residue in the deep cavity close to two K(+) binding sites of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Moreover, the drastic difference observed in the inhibitory potency of ouabain, bufalin, ginsenoside Rh2, and pentacyclic triterpenoids is ascribed mainly to the number of hydrogen bonds and partially to the strength of hydrophobic interaction between the compounds and residues around the deep cavity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. CONCLUSION Steroid-like compounds seem to contribute to therapeutic effects of many cardioactive Chinese medicinal products. Chinese herbs, such as Prunella vulgaris L, rich in ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and their glycoside derivatives may be adequate sources for cardiac therapy via effective inhibition on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase.
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Xiao X, Bai P, Bui Nguyen TM, Xiao J, Liu S, Yang G, Hu L, Chen X, Zhang X, Liu J, Wang H. The antitumoral effect of Paris Saponin I associated with the induction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1179-88. [PMID: 19435869 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhizoma Paridis, a traditional Chinese medicine, has shown promise in cancer prevention and therapy. In the present study, we isolated Paris Saponin I (PSI), an active component of Rhizoma paridis, and evaluated its effects on a panel of human cell lines and in a mouse model of human ovarian cancer to explore the mechanisms of its activity. PSI had more potent and selective cytotoxic effects on tumor cell lines than etoposide had, promoting dramatic G(2)-M phase arrest and apoptosis in SKOV3 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, PSI treatment increased levels of Bax, cytochrome c, activated caspase-3, active caspase-9, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and decreased both Bcl-2 expression levels and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 activity. We also assessed the antitumor efficacy of i.p. and p.o. PSI administration in mice bearing SKOV3 tumors; both significantly inhibited the growth of SKOV3 cells in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model (by 66% and 52%, respectively). These results indicate that PSI mediates its effects via mitochondrial apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, and G(2)-M cell cycle arrest. Most important, the efficacy of PSI in xenografts when administered p.o. or i.p. suggests its clinical potential. Thus, PSI is a potent antitumor compound and should be developed as a natural agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Zhao YB, Fan QS, Xu GL, Feng ZL, Hao XJ. Isolation and Structural Study on Carbohydrates fromCynanchum otophyllumandCynanchum paniculatum. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300802401301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Guo L, Su J, Deng BW, Yu ZY, Kang LP, Zhao ZH, Shan YJ, Chen JP, Ma BP, Cong YW. Active pharmaceutical ingredients and mechanisms underlying phasic myometrial contractions stimulated with the saponin extract from Paris polyphylla Sm. var. yunnanensis used for abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:964-71. [PMID: 18258765 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total steroidal saponins of Paris polyphylla Sm. var. yunnanensis (TSSP) have been widely used in China for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). But until now, the main active constituents and the mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions on uterine activity have not been described. METHODS Total steroidal saponins were extracted with EtOH and purified by chromatography. In vitro isometric contraction studies were performed using myometrial strips from estrogen-primed or pregnant rats. Intracellular calcium was monitored under a confocal microscope using Fluo-3 AM-loaded myometrial cells. RESULTS TSSP dose-dependently induced phasic myometrial contractions in vitro. Experiments with calcium channel blockers or kinase inhibitors demonstrated that the TSSP-stimulated myometrial contraction was mediated by an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) via influx of extracellular calcium and release of intracellular calcium. Through bioassay-guided separation, it was found that total spirostanol saponins exhibited contractile activity in myometrium and Pennogenin-3-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl(1-->4)[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (PARG) was identified as the active ingredient of TSSP. Furthermore, the contractile response of rat myometrium to PARG was significantly enhanced with advancing pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that myometrial contractility stimulated by TSSP results from [Ca(2+)](i) increase and supports the possibility that some spirostanol gylcosides may represent a new type of contractile agonist for the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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18
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Dou J, Li P, Song Y, Qi LW, Bi ZM. Application of liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening and quantitative analysis of C21 steroids in the roots and rhizomes ofCynanchum paniculatum. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:992-8. [PMID: 17566332 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method is presented for the quantification of C21 steroids in the roots and rhizomes of Cynanchum paniculatum. Eight C21 steroids, including five steroidal aglycones and three steroidal glycosides, were simultaneously analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The extracted ion current chromatograms were extracted from the total ion current chromatogram using characteristic ions produced by target compounds for peak determination. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 reversed-phase column within 60 min, using an acetonitrile/water gradient. For comparision, six C. paniculatum samples from different locations were investigated by the established method, and the results indicated that the different geographical origin significantly influenced the C21 steroid composition. The method was observed to have the necessary sensitivity, selectivity, precision, and accuracy, and to be suitable for quality control of herbal medicines and their preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, China
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19
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Zhao YB, Shen YM, He HP, Mu QZ, Hao XJ. Antifungal agent and other constituents fromCynanchum otophyllum. Nat Prod Res 2007; 21:203-10. [PMID: 17365709 DOI: 10.1080/14786410601130364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Seven constituents were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the rhizome of Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid (Asclepiadaceae). Their structures were determined as 1-(4-methoxy-3-(6-methoxy-3-acetylphenylperoxy)phenyl)ethanone (1), 1-(3-hydroxy-7-acetylnaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone (2), 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone (3), 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone (4), 1-(3-(3,6-dihydroxy-2-methylbenzoyl)-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone (beishouwubenzophenone) (5), N,N-dimethylethanamine (6), and 2-oxo-2-phenylacetic acid (7), respectively, by spectral methods. Among them, 1 and 2 were new compounds; 1 had antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, People' s Republic of China
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Zhao YB, He HP, Lu CH, Mu QZ, Shen YM, Hao XJ. C21 steroidal glycosides of seven sugar residues from Cynanchum otophyllum. Steroids 2006; 71:935-41. [PMID: 16938319 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two new C21-steroidal glycosides having hepta-saccharide residue were isolated from the rhizome of Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid. Their structures were determined to be caudatin 3-O-alpha-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-l-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-diginopyranoside (1), and caudatin 3-O-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-diginopyranoside (2) by spectral methods, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China
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21
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Suryawanshi S, Mehrotra N, Asthana RK, Gupta RC. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric study and analysis of xanthone and secoiridoid glycoside composition of Swertia chirata, a potent antidiabetic. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:3761-8. [PMID: 17120271 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Swertia chirata is a bitter plant, used in the Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda) for various human ailments. The bioactive constituents include the xanthone and secoiridoid glycosides consisting of mangiferin, amarogentin, amaroswerin, sweroside and swertiamarin. Methanolic extracts of S. chirata possess constituents with antidiabetic activities, which was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). Preliminary HPLC analyses were performed on a reversed-phase C18 column using gradient elution. In the LC/ESI-MS spectra, predominant [M+H]+ and [M+Na]+ ions were observed in positive ion mode and provided molecular mass information. The five components of S. chirata were structurally correlated and confirmed based on the fragmentation characteristics and information available in the literature. The fragmentation behavior of [M+H]+/[M+Na]+ ions of these components were deduced from the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra obtained from the selective on-column information-dependant acquisition (IDA) approach. Xanthone-C-glycoside showed characteristic fragment ions due to fragmentation in the C-glycosidic unit while iridoid-O-glycosides showed characteristic fragment ions due to cleavage in the glycoside linkage and retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) cleavage within an iridoid aglycone. Furthermore, on the basis of this information, an analytical assay was developed and validated to determine relative concentrations of mangiferin, amarogentin, amaroswerin, sweroside and swertiamarin. The detection was carried out using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ionization mode with a total analysis time of 3.5 min. The method was successfully applied to standardize four different batches of herbal preparation on the basis of relative concentration of five bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Suryawanshi
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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Zhao YB, Shen YM, He HP, Li YM, Mu QZ, Hao XJ. Carbohydrates from Cynanchum otophyllum. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:1967-72. [PMID: 15261590 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new carbohydrates were isolated from the acidic hydrolysis part of the ethyl acetate extract of Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid (Asclepiadaceae). Their structures were determined as methyl 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1-->4)-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1-->4)-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside (1), methyl 6-deoxy-1,3-di-O-methyl-beta-D-ribo-hexosyl-(1-->4)-2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranoside (2), methyl 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1-->4)-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside (3), and 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-lyxo-hexopyranose (4), respectively, by spectral methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, PR China.
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Kumarasamy Y, Nahar L, Cox PJ, Jaspars M, Sarker SD. Bioactivity of secoiridoid glycosides from Centaurium erythraea. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 10:344-347. [PMID: 12809366 DOI: 10.1078/094471103322004857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As part of our on-going search for bioactive compounds from Scottish plants, two secoiridoid glycosides, swertiamarin and sweroside, have been isolated from the aerial parts of Centaurium erythraea Rafn (Family: Gentianaceae) by reversed-phase preparative HPLC coupled with a photo-diode-array detector. The structures of these compounds were elucidated unambiguously by UV, FABMS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and also by comparing experimental data with literature data. Antibacterial, free radical scavenging activities and general toxicity of these glycosides have been assessed. Both compounds inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli. While swertiamarin was also active against Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens, sweroside inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Swertiamarin and sweroside exhibited significant general toxicity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the LD50 values were 8.0 microg/ml and 34 microg/ml, respectively, whereas that of the positive control podophyllotoxin, a well known cytotoxic lignan, was 2.79 microg/ml. Chemotaxonomic implications of these compounds in the family Gentianaceae have also been discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kumarasamy
- Phytopharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, UK
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