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Choi JW, Song NE, Hong SP, Rhee YK, Hong HD, Cho CW. Engineering Bacillus subtilis J46 for efficient utilization of galactose through adaptive laboratory evolution. AMB Express 2024; 14:14. [PMID: 38282124 PMCID: PMC10822834 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient utilization of galactose by microorganisms can lead to the production of valuable bio-products and improved metabolic processes. While Bacillus subtilis has inherent pathways for galactose metabolism, there is potential for enhancement via evolutionary strategies. This study aimed to boost galactose utilization in B. subtilis using adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) and to elucidate the genetic and metabolic changes underlying the observed enhancements. The strains of B. subtilis underwent multiple rounds of adaptive laboratory evolution (approximately 5000 generations) in an environment that favored the use of galactose. This process resulted in an enhanced specific growth rate of 0.319 ± 0.005 h-1, a significant increase from the 0.03 ± 0.008 h-1 observed in the wild-type strains. Upon selecting the evolved strain BSGA14, a comprehensive whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of 63 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Two of them, located in the coding sequences of the genes araR and glcR, were found to be the advantageous mutations after reverse engineering. The strain with these two accumulated mutations, BSGALE4, exhibited similar specific growth rate on galactose to the evolved strain BSGA14 (0.296 ± 0.01 h-1). Furthermore, evolved strain showed higher productivity of protease and β-galactosidase in mock soybean biomass medium. ALE proved to be a potent tool for enhancing galactose metabolism in B. subtilis. The findings offer valuable insights into the potential of evolutionary strategies in microbial engineering and pave the way for industrial applications harnessing enhanced galactose conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Choi
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Nho-Eul Song
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Pil Hong
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Lim WC, Shin EJ, Lim TG, Choi JW, Song NE, Hong HD, Cho CW, Rhee YK. Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121709. [PMID: 35741909 PMCID: PMC9222511 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rf (G-Rf) is a saponin of the protopanaxatriol family and a bioactive component of Korean ginseng. Several ginsenosides are known to have a positive effect on exercise endurance, but there is not yet a report on that of G-Rf. Forced swimming tests were performed on G-Rf-treated mice to evaluate the effect of G-Rf on exercise endurance. Subsequently, the expression of markers related to myoblast differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in murine skeletal C2C12 myotubes and tibialis anterior muscle tissue was determined using Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence staining to elucidate the mechanism of action of G-Rf. The swimming duration of the experimental animal was increased by oral gavage administration of G-Rf. Moreover, G-Rf significantly upregulated the myoblast differentiation markers, mitochondrial biogenesis markers, and its upstream regulators. In particular, the mitochondrial biogenesis marker increased by G-Rf was decreased by each inhibitor of the upstream regulators. G-Rf enhances exercise endurance in mice, which may be mediated by myoblast differentiation and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting that it increases energy production to satisfy additional needs of exercising muscle cells. Therefore, G-Rf is an active ingredient in Korean ginseng responsible for improving exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Chul Lim
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (W.-C.L.); (E.J.S.); (J.W.C.); (N.-E.S.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Eun Ju Shin
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (W.-C.L.); (E.J.S.); (J.W.C.); (N.-E.S.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Division of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Jae Woong Choi
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (W.-C.L.); (E.J.S.); (J.W.C.); (N.-E.S.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Nho-Eul Song
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (W.-C.L.); (E.J.S.); (J.W.C.); (N.-E.S.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (W.-C.L.); (E.J.S.); (J.W.C.); (N.-E.S.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (W.-C.L.); (E.J.S.); (J.W.C.); (N.-E.S.); (H.-D.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-W.C.); (Y.K.R.); Tel.: +82-63-219-9312 (C.-W.C.); +82-63-219-9319 (Y.K.R.)
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (W.-C.L.); (E.J.S.); (J.W.C.); (N.-E.S.); (H.-D.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-W.C.); (Y.K.R.); Tel.: +82-63-219-9312 (C.-W.C.); +82-63-219-9319 (Y.K.R.)
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Chung KS, Choi JW, Shin JS, Kim SY, Han HS, Kim SY, Lee KY, Kang JY, Cho CW, Hong HD, Rhee YK, Lee KT. Strain-Specific Identification and In Vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Heat-Killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123034. [PMID: 34945585 PMCID: PMC8701173 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the immunostimulatory activity of heat-killed Latilactobacillus sakei K040706 in macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated mice. However, identification of heat-killed L. sakei K040706 (heat-killed LS06) using a validated method is not yet reported. Further, the underlying molecular mechanisms for its immunostimulatory effects in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice remain unknown. In this study, we developed strain-specific genetic markers to detect heat-killed L. sakei LS06. The lower detection limit of the validated primer set was 2.1 × 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL for the heat-killed LS06 assay. Moreover, oral administration of heat-killed LS06 (108 or 109 CFU/day, p.o.) effectively improved the body loss, thymus index, natural killer cell activity, granzyme B production, and T and B cell proliferation in CTX-treated mice. In addition, heat-killed LS06 enhanced CTX-reduced immune-related cytokine (interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12) production and mRNA expression. Heat-killed LS06 also recovered CTX-altered microbiota composition, including the phylum levels of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and the family levels of Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Gracilibacteraceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae. In conclusion, since heat-killed L. sakei K040706 ameliorated CTX-induced immunosuppression and modulated gut microbiota composition, they have the potential to be used in functional foods for immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (K.-Y.L.)
| | - Jae Woong Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (J.W.C.); (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (K.-Y.L.)
| | - Seo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (K.-Y.L.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (K.-Y.L.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (K.-Y.L.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kwang-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (K.-Y.L.)
| | - Joo-Yeon Kang
- NOVAREX Co., Ltd., 94, Gangni 1-gil, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 363-885, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (J.W.C.); (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (J.W.C.); (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (J.W.C.); (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.K.R.); (K.-T.L.); Tel.: +82-63-219-9319 (Y.K.R.); +82-2-961-0860 (K.-T.L.)
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (K.-S.C.); (J.-S.S.); (S.-Y.K.); (H.-S.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (K.-Y.L.)
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.R.); (K.-T.L.); Tel.: +82-63-219-9319 (Y.K.R.); +82-2-961-0860 (K.-T.L.)
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Han HS, Kim SY, Shin JS, Lee HH, Chung KS, Rhee YK, Cho CW, Hong HD, Lee KT. Polysaccharide fraction isolated from the leaves of Hordeum vulgare L. protects against colonic inflammation of systemic immune responses. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Chung KS, Shin JS, Lee JH, Park SE, Han HS, Rhee YK, Cho CW, Hong HD, Lee KT. Protective effect of exopolysaccharide fraction from Bacillus subtilis against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis through maintenance of intestinal barrier and suppression of inflammatory responses. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:363-372. [PMID: 33652052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that an exopolysaccharide-enriched fraction from Bacillus subtilis J92 (B-EPS) could improve immune functions by regulating the immunological parameters of IFN-γ-primed macrophages, CD3/CD28-stimulated splenocytes, and in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. In the present study, we investigated whether B-EPS contributes to the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model that mimics human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). B-EPS treatment improved histological characteristics and common features including a high disease activity index (DAI), an increased spleen weight, and colon shortening in DSS-induced colitis. B-EPS also effectively restored intestinal barrier function by modulating tight junction-related proteins (claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker proteins (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin). Moreover, B-EPS downregulated immune cell infiltration and inflammatory responses including the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1β, and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Taken together, these results suggest that B-EPS could serve as a functional food ingredient for improving intestinal barrier function and alleviating colonic inflammation in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Yuan S, Yang Y, Li J, Tan X, Cao Y, Li S, Hong HD, Liu L, Zhang Q. Ganoderma lucidum Rhodiola compound preparation prevent D-galactose-induced immune impairment and oxidative stress in aging rat model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19244. [PMID: 33159105 PMCID: PMC7648061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an irreversible process. This research aims to study the anti-aging effects of GRCP, a compound preparation made by Ganoderma lucidum and Rhodiola rosen, in aging rats. Rats were subcutaneously injected with 400 mg/kg of D-galactose daily, and aging could be induced after 8 weeks. The aging rats were treated with GRCP. This experiment was divided into 6 groups. Rats were randomly divided into the model group, positive control group, low-dose GRCP group (25 mg/kg body weight), medium-dose GRCP group (50 mg/kg body weight), and high-dose GRCP group (100 mg/kg body weight), healthy and normal rats were used as blank controls. After the end, the results show that the use of GRCP at a dose of 100 mg/kg is the best treatment for improving aging rats. Rats gained weight, spleen and thymus indexes, and splenocyte proliferation improved, and inflammatory cytokine levels decreased. Besides, biochemical indicators show that GRCP can improve the antioxidant enzyme activity and reduce the content of lipofuscin and TGF-β in aging rats (P < 0.05). GRCP can also inhibit the activation of the MyD88/NF-κB pathway in rat hippocampus. These results seem to suggest that GRCP can be used as a potential natural supplement or functional food to prevent aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yuan
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, 116622, Liaoning, China
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University College of Basic Medicine, Yanji, 133022, Jilin, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, 116622, Liaoning, China
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University College of Basic Medicine, Yanji, 133022, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tan
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated of Dalian University, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuying Cao
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Shaoheng Li
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, 116622, Liaoning, China
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam-si, South Korea
| | - Liping Liu
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, 116622, Liaoning, China.
| | - Qinggao Zhang
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, 116622, Liaoning, China.
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Lim WC, Choi JW, Song NE, Cho CW, Rhee YK, Hong HD. Polysaccharide isolated from persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3835-3845. [PMID: 32835798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, to verify the effect of polysaccharides derived from persimmon leaves (PLE) at epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), A549 cells were treated with TGF-β1 alone or co-treated with TGF-β1 and PLE (50 and 75 μg/mL). PLE-treated cells showed higher expression of E-cadherin and lower expression of N-cadherin and vimentin compared to TGF-β1-treated cells by inhibiting the levels of transcription factors, including Snail, Slug, and ZEB1, all associated with EMT. PLE also significantly decreased migration, invasion, and anoikis resistance through TGF-β1 mediated EMT suppression, whereby PLE inhibited the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 while cleaving PARP. These inhibitory effects of PLE against EMT, migration, invasion, and anoikis resistance were determined by activating the canonical SMAD2/3 and non-canonical ERK/p38 signaling pathways. Therefore, these results suggest that PLE could be used as a potential chemical therapeutic agent for early metastasis of lung cancer in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Chul Lim
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woong Choi
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Nho-Eul Song
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Lee HJ, Kim BM, Lee SH, Sohn JT, Choi JW, Cho CW, Hong HD, Rhee YK, Kim HJ. Ginseng-Induced Changes to Blood Vessel Dilation and the Metabolome of Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082238. [PMID: 32727012 PMCID: PMC7468881 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng consumption has been shown to prevent and reduce many health risks, including cardiovascular disease. However, the ginseng-induced changes in biofluids and tissue metabolomes associated with blood health remain poorly understood. In this study, healthy rats were orally administered ginseng extracts or water for one month. Biofluid and tissue metabolites along with steroid hormones, plasma cytokines, and blood pressure factors were determined to elucidate the relationship between ginseng intake and blood vessel health. Moreover, the effect of ginseng extract on blood vessel tension was measured from the thoracic aorta. Ginseng intake decreased the levels of blood phospholipids, lysophosphatidylcholines and related enzymes, high blood pressure factors, and cytokines, and induced vasodilation. Moreover, ginseng intake decreased the level of renal oxidized glutathione. Overall, our findings suggest that ginseng intake can improve blood vessel health via modulation of vasodilation, oxidation stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the decrease in renal oxidized glutathione indicated that ginseng intake is positively related with the reduction in oxidative stress-induced renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (B.-M.K.)
| | - Bo-Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (B.-M.K.)
| | - Soo Hee Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Korea; (S.H.L.); (J.-T.S.)
| | - Ju-Tae Sohn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Korea; (S.H.L.); (J.-T.S.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Korea
| | - Jae Woong Choi
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (J.W.C.); (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (J.W.C.); (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (J.W.C.); (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.)
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (J.W.C.); (C.-W.C.); (H.-D.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.K.R.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-219-9319 (Y.K.R.); +82-55-772-1908 (H.-J.K.); Fax: +82-63-219-9876 (Y.K.R.); +82-55-772-1909 (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (B.-M.K.)
- Department of Food Science & Technology, and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.R.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-219-9319 (Y.K.R.); +82-55-772-1908 (H.-J.K.); Fax: +82-63-219-9876 (Y.K.R.); +82-55-772-1909 (H.-J.K.)
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Hwang YH, Jang SA, Lee A, Cho CW, Song YR, Hong HD, Ha H, Kim T. Polysaccharides isolated from lotus leaves (LLEP) exert anti-osteoporotic effects by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:449-456. [PMID: 32531355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nelumbo nucifera, more commonly known as the Indian lotus, is an important plant that has been incorporated into traditional herbal remedies along the years. Even today, lotus leaves are considered reservoirs for bioactive compounds that can be used as nutritional supplements to treat various human diseases. However, despite the wide ranging biological activities of lotus polysaccharides, limited information is available regarding the anti-osteoporotic effects of these substances. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of pectinase-assisted extractable polysaccharides from lotus leaves (LLEP) on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. We found that LLEP markedly inhibited receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. It also revoked RANKL-induced activation of osteoclastogenic signals such as the expression of key transcription factors (i.e., c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1), resulting in a decrement in osteoclast-specific marker gene expressions. Microcomputed tomography and morphometric analysis revealed that a four-week oral administration of LLEP notably decreased trabecular bone loss. Taken together, our results suggest that LLEP can mitigate estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis, which makes it an excellent candidate for combating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Korean Convergence Medicine Major KIOM, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-A Jang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ami Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Korean Convergence Medicine Major KIOM, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Song
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunil Ha
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Han HS, Shin JS, Song YR, Rhee YK, Cho CW, Ryu JH, Inn KS, Hong HD, Lee KT. Immunostimulatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from young barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.) with dual activation of Th1 and Th2 in splenic T cells and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:954-964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Shin EJ, Jo S, Choi S, Cho CW, Lim WC, Hong HD, Lim TG, Jang YJ, Jang M, Byun S, Rhee Y. Red Ginseng Improves Exercise Endurance by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Myoblast Differentiation. Molecules 2020; 25:E865. [PMID: 32079067 PMCID: PMC7070955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng has been reported to elicit various therapeutic effects relevant to cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory diseases. However, the effect of red ginseng on exercise endurance and skeletal muscle function remains unclear. Herein, we sought to investigate whether red ginseng could affect exercise endurance and examined its molecular mechanism. Mice were fed with red ginseng extract (RG) and undertook swimming exercises to determine the time to exhaustion. Animals fed with RG had significantly longer swimming endurance. RG treatment was also observed to enhance ATP production levels in myoblasts. RG increased mRNA expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators, NRF-1, TFAM, and PGC-1α, which was accompanied by an elevation in mitochondrial DNA, suggesting an enhancement in mitochondrial energy-generating capacity. Importantly, RG treatment induced phosphorylation of p38 and AMPK and upregulated PGC1α expression in both myoblasts and in vivo muscle tissue. In addition, RG treatment also stimulated C2C12 myogenic differentiation. Our findings show that red ginseng improves exercise endurance, suggesting that it may have applications in supporting skeletal muscle function and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Shin
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Seongin Jo
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Sungbin Choi
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Won-Chul Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Mi Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Youngkyung Rhee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
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12
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Lee J, Cho CW, Jang M, Lim TG, Lee E, Hong HD, Rhee Y, Lee Y. Immunostimulatory activities of a high molecular weight fraction of Cynanchum auriculatum royle ex wight root obtained by ultrafiltration. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_449_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Song YR, Han AR, Lim TG, Lee EJ, Hong HD. Isolation, purification, and characterization of novel polysaccharides from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaves and their immunostimulatory effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:546-555. [PMID: 30685309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a crude water-soluble polysaccharide (LLWP-C) was extracted from lotus leaves and further purified by size exclusion chromatography, to obtain the two main polysaccharides, LLWP-1 and LLWP-3. Physical and chemical analyses showed that they were homogeneous polysaccharides in β-type glycosidic linkage. LLWP-1 was devoid of helical conformation, had a molecular weight of 85.1 kDa and was mainly composed of Rha, Ara, Gal, Glu, and GalA in a molar ratio of 7.0:24.8:28.0:6.0:26.4. LLWP-3 showed a helical conformation, had a molecular weight of 12.5 kDa and consisted mainly of Rha, Ara, Gal, Glu, Man, and GalA in a molar ratio of 6.6:9.8:15.0:8.9:6.1:47.2. It was demonstrated that LLWP-C and both purified LLWP-1 and LLWP-3 could effectively enhance the proliferation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO), and cytokine secretions by activating corresponding mRNA expression in macrophages, via MAPK and NF-κB pathways. LLWP-3 displayed the greatest immunostimulatory potential, followed by LLWP-1 and LLWP-C. These findings suggest that polysaccharides extracted from lotus leaf exert immunostimulatory activity that could be further investigated to develop functional foods and natural immunopotentiating therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ran Song
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ram Han
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Song YR, Sung SK, Shin EJ, Cho CW, Han CJ, Hong HD. The Effect of Pectinase-Assisted Extraction on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides from Aster scaber. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2839. [PMID: 30235870 PMCID: PMC6164288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible and medicinal perennial herb Aster scaber is known to have anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, the biological effects of its polysaccharides are not well understood. Here, we aimed to extract novel polysaccharides with enhanced biological properties from Aster scaber using enzyme-assisted methods. Amylase, cellulase, and pectinase were used to extract enzyme-assisted polysaccharide (ASEP)-A, ASEP-C, and ASEP-P, respectively. The yields, physicochemical properties, and immunostimulatory activities of the polysaccharides were investigated and compared with those of hot water extracted polysaccharide (ASWP). The highest yield (3.8%) was achieved for ASEP-P extracted using pectinase digestion. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and chemical composition analysis revealed that ASWP and three ASEPs were typical acidic heteropolysaccharides, mainly comprising rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid. Immunostimulatory activity assays on RAW264.7 macrophages showed ASEP-P to have the greatest immunostimulatory potential in terms of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine productions and phagocytic activity. ASEP-P administration improved immune-enhancing effects in normal mice by improving the spleen index and splenic lymphocyte proliferation, and in immunosuppressed mice by modulating lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and leukocyte counts. The ASEP-P derived from pectinase hydrolysate of Aster scaber demonstrated efficacious immunostimulatory properties and has potential applications as an immune stimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ran Song
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea.
| | - Su-Kyung Sung
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea.
| | - Eun-Ju Shin
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea.
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea.
| | - Chun-Ji Han
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea.
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Han AR, Lim TG, Song YR, Jang M, Rhee YK, Hong HD, Kim MH, Kim HJ, Cho CW. Inhibitory Effect of Opuntia humifusa Fruit Water Extract on Solar Ultraviolet-Induced MMP-1 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092503. [PMID: 30149526 PMCID: PMC6163292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Opuntia humifusa is a type of cactus whose fruits have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether O. humifusa fruit water extract (OHE) has inhibitory effects against solar ultraviolet (sUV)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression. In ex vivo human skin, we found that OHE suppressed sUV radiation-induced MMP-1 expression. The inhibitory effect of OHE was confirmed in human dermal fibroblasts. OHE treatment reduced sUV-induced MMP-1 expression by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and phosphorylation of c-Jun, a component of transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1). On the other hand, OHE recovered the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and type 1 collagen production attenuated by sUV. As upstream signaling pathways for AP-1, MKK4-JNK, MEK-ERK, and MKK3/6-p38 phosphorylation were downregulated by OHE treatment. In addition, OHE exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity. These findings demonstrate that OHE has a preventive effect against sUV-induced skin damage via suppression of pathways triggered by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ram Han
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
| | - Young-Ran Song
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
| | - Mi Jang
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 plus), and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si 52828, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea.
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Korea.
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Jang M, Cho CW, Han AR, Rhee YK, Hong HD, Kim KT, Lee SY, Lee KM, Jung SK, Lim TG. MMP-1 suppressing activity of high-molecular weight fraction isolated from the roots of Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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17
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Hong HD, Kim JC, Lim TG, Song YR, Cho CW, Jang M. Mixing ratio optimization for functional complex extracts of Rhodiola crenulata, Panax quinquefolius, and Astragalus membranaceus using mixture design and verification of immune functional efficacy in animal models. J Funct Foods 2018; 40:447-454. [PMID: 32288793 PMCID: PMC7105012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify the optimum mixing ratio for various ingredients to obtain complex extracts with high extract yields and immune-enhancing activity in animals. The extract yield and amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-6 were set to maximum for modeling predictions. The predicted optimum values for the mixing ratio were 49.5% for Rhodiola crenulata, 26.1% for Astragalus membranaceus, and 24.4% for Panax quinquefolius, and the predicted response values were 31.5% yield, 13.4% NO production, and 6.1% IL-6 production; actual values were 35.3% yield, 14.7% NO, and 6.6% IL-6. The optimum mixing ratio extract (OMRE) was used for the animal experiments. Treating mice with OMRE at 200 mg/kg produced significant increases in spleen indexes and T-cell/B-cell proliferation. OMRE treatment increased IL-10 and IL-6 production in concanavalin A- and lipopolysaccharide-induced T- and B- lymphocytes, respectively. These results provide a basis for the development of functional extracts and drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Song
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
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Lee SB, Rhee YK, Gu EJ, Kim DW, Jang GJ, Song SH, Lee JI, Kim BM, Lee HJ, Hong HD, Cho CW, Kim HJ. Mass-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Lactobacillus sakei and Its Growth Media at Different Growth Phases. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:925-932. [PMID: 28260346 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1609.09014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the metabolite profiles of Lactobacillus sakei and its growth media, based on different culture times (0, 6, 12, and 24 h), were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography-MS with partial least squares discriminant analysis, in order to understand the growth characteristics of this organism. Cell and media samples of L. sakei were significantly separated on PLS-DA score plots. Cell and media metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, were identified as major metabolites contributing to the difference among samples. The alteration of cell and media metabolites during cell growth was strongly associated with energy production. Glucose, fructose, carnitine, tryptophan, and malic acid in the growth media were used as primary energy sources during the initial growth stage, but after the exhaustion of these energy sources, L. sakei could utilize other sources such as trehalose, citric acid, and lysine in the cell. The change in the levels of these energy sources was inversely similar to the energy production, especially ATP. Based on these identified metabolites, the metabolomic pathway associated with energy production through lactic acid fermentation was proposed. Although further studies are required, these results suggest that MS-based metabolomic analysis might be a useful tool for understanding the growth characteristics of L. sakei, the most important bacterium associated with meat and vegetable fermentation, during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eun-Ji Gu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Ju Jang
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hwa Song
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-In Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science & Technology, and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Park HR, Hwang D, Hong HD, Shin KS. Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of pectic polysaccharides isolated from persimmon leaves mediated by enhanced natural killer cell activity. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lee MH, Rhee YK, Choi SY, Cho CW, Hong HD, Kim KT. Quality and characteristics of fermented ginseng seed oil based on bacterial strain and extraction method. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:428-433. [PMID: 28701887 PMCID: PMC5489869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the fermentation of ginseng seeds was hypothesized to produce useful physiologically-active substances, similar to that observed for fermented ginseng root. Ginseng seed was fermented using Bacillus, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus strains to extract ginseng seed oil, and the extraction yield, color, and quantity of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and phytosterol were then analyzed. METHODS The ginseng seed was fermented inoculating 1% of each strain on sterilized ginseng seeds and incubating the seeds at 30°C for 24 h. Oil was extracted from the fermented ginseng seeds using compression extraction, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The color of the fermented ginseng seed oil did not differ greatly according to the fermentation or extraction method. The highest phenolic compound content recovered with the use of supercritical fluid extraction combined with fermentation using the Bacillus subtilis Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI) 1127 strain. The fatty acid composition did not differ greatly according to fermentation strain and extraction method. The phytosterol content of ginseng seed oil fermented with Bacillus subtilis KFRI 1127 and extracted using the supercritical fluid method was highest at 983.58 mg/100 g. Therefore, our results suggested that the ginseng seed oil fermented with Bacillus subtilis KFRI 1127 and extracted using the supercritical fluid method can yield a higher content of bioactive ingredients, such as phenolics, and phytosterols, without impacting the color or fatty acid composition of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hee Lee
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Rhee
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Choi
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Ginseng Research Team, Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Jang M, Lee YC, Hong HD, Rhee YK, Lim TG, Kim KT, Chen F, Kim HJ, Cho CW. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of devil's club ( Oplopanax horridus) leaves. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:213-220. [PMID: 30263531 PMCID: PMC6049459 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-oxidative properties of the ethanolic extracts of the devil's club (Oplopanax horridus) leaves, stems, and roots. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extract was analyzed. The leaf extract had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and anti-oxidative activity (radical scavenging, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid oxidation) than the root and stem extracts. The leaf extract also had anti-inflammatory effects. It significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO; 71.0% at 50 μg/mL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (87.6% at 100 μg/mL), and interleukin (IL)-6 (36.2% at 100 μg/mL) production in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was decreased by the leaf extract (IC50=24.4 μg/mL). The ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) analysis showed that the leaf extract contained gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, and maltol. These findings suggest that the leaf extract could be utilized as a functional food material because of its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jang
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13539 Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17104 Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 plus)/Department of Food Science & Technology, and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828 Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13539 Korea
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Seo S, Shin JS, Lee WS, Rhee YK, Cho CW, Hong HD, Lee KT. Anti-colitis effect of Lactobacillus sakei K040706 via suppression of inflammatory responses in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice model. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Lim TG, Jang M, Cho CW, Hong HD, Kim KT, Lee SY, Jung SK, Rhee YK. White ginseng extract induces immunomodulatory effects via the MKK4-JNK pathway. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:1737-1744. [PMID: 30263469 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer (white ginseng) is a popular functional food and its biological effects on the human body have been noted for hundreds of years. In the present study, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the immunomodulatory effects of white ginseng extract (WGE) were investigated. WGE increased NO production via upregulation of iNOS expression levels. Mouse cytokine array results also revealed that the expression of 13 cytokines was elevated by WGE treatment in IFN-γ-primed macrophage cells. Although both MKK4-JNK and MEK-ERK signaling pathways were activated after treatment with WGE, only the MKK4-JNK signaling pathway appears to have any significant immunomodulatory significance. Oral administration of WGE for 28 days recovered cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced suppression of the immune system in mice via the MKK4-JNK pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that the MKK4-JNK signaling pathway is a crucial mechanism of WGE-induced immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gyu Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Sung-Young Lee
- 2The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912 USA
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
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Shin MS, Lee H, Hong HD, Shin KS. Characterization of immunostimulatory pectic polysaccharide isolated from leaves of Diospyros kaki Thumb . (Persimmon). J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Park HY, Yu AR, Hong HD, Kim HH, Lee KW, Choi HD. Immunomodulatory Effects of Nontoxic Glycoprotein Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran. Planta Med 2016; 82:606-611. [PMID: 26891000 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rice bran, a by-product of brown rice milling, is a rich source of dietary fiber and protein, and its usage as a functional food is expected to increase. In this study, immunomodulatory effects of glycoprotein obtained from rice bran were studied in normal mice and mouse models of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. We prepared glycoprotein from rice bran by using ammonium precipitation and anion chromatography techniques. Different doses of glycoprotein from rice bran (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) were administered orally for 28 days. On day 21, cyclophosphamide at a dose of 100 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally. Glycoprotein from rice bran showed a significant dose-dependent restoration of the spleen index and white blood cell count in the immunocompromised mice. Glycoprotein from rice bran affected the immunomodulatory function by inducing the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, which produce potential T and B cells. Moreover, it prevented cyclophosphamide-induced damage of Th1-type immunomodulatory function through enhanced secretion of Th1-type cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-12). These results indicate that glycoprotein from rice bran significantly recovered cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Based on these data, it was concluded that glycoprotein from rice bran is a potent immunomodulator and can be developed to recover the immunity of immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Young Park
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - A-Reum Yu
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Don Choi
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Yu SY, Lee JH, Cho M, Lee JS, Hong HD, Lee YC, Kim YC, Cho CW, Kim KT, Lee OH. Effect of High Temperature- and High Pressure-Treated Red Ginseng on Lipolysis and Lipid Oxidation in C2C12 Myotubes. J Med Food 2015; 19:24-30. [PMID: 26501225 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng (KRG), a highly valuable medicinal herb in oriental societies, has biological activity similar to that of Panax ginseng. Recently, it has been discovered that the biological activities of red ginseng can vary according to heating and steaming processes under different conditions that change the principal components of KRG and result in changes in biological activity. This study evaluated and compared the effects of high temperature- and high pressure-treated red ginseng (HRG) and commercial red ginseng (RG) on β-oxidation in C2C12 myotubes. HRG enhanced the phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), but RG did not affect the phosphorylation of AMPK in C2C12 myotubes. HRG also promoted the nuclear translocation of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), and the translocation exerted an increase in the protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). As a consequence, HRG increased the mRNA expression level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) compared to the control. Taken together, our results indicated that HRG promotes the lipolysis of triglycerides and mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids in C2C12 myotubes, suggesting that alterations to the principal components by high temperature and pressure may positively influence the nutraceutical functions of HRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Yeong Yu
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Lee
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - MyoungLae Cho
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- 2 Korea Food Research Institute , Gyeonggi, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
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Jung JY, Shin JS, Lee SG, Rhee YK, Cho CW, Hong HD, Lee KT. Lactobacillus sakei K040706 evokes immunostimulatory effects on macrophages through TLR 2-mediated activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jeong HC, Hong HD, Kim YC, Rhee YK, Choi SY, Kim KT, Kim SS, Lee YC, Cho CW. Quantification of maltol in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) products by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:657-64. [PMID: 26246746 PMCID: PMC4522857 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.160452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Maltol, as a type of phenolic compounds, is produced by the browning reaction during the high-temperature treatment of ginseng. Thus, maltol can be used as a marker for the quality control of various ginseng products manufactured by high-temperature treatment including red ginseng. For the quantification of maltol in Korean ginseng products, an effective high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method was developed. Materials and Methods: The HPLC-DAD method for maltol quantification coupled with a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was developed and validated in terms of linearity, precision, and accuracy. An HPLC separation was performed on a C18 column. Results: The LLE methods and HPLC running conditions for maltol quantification were optimized. The calibration curve of the maltol exhibited good linearity (R2 = 1.00). The limit of detection value of maltol was 0.26 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification value was 0.79 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the data of the intra- and inter-day experiments were <1.27% and 0.61%, respectively. The results of the recovery test were 101.35–101.75% with an RSD value of 0.21–1.65%. The developed method was applied successfully to quantify the maltol in three ginseng products manufactured by different methods. Conclusion: The results of validation demonstrated that the proposed HPLC-DAD method was useful for the quantification of maltol in various ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Cheol Jeong
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Young-Chan Kim
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Choi
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Ginseng Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
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Lee SG, Jung JY, Shin JS, Shin KS, Cho CW, Rhee YK, Hong HD, Lee KT. Immunostimulatory polysaccharide isolated from the leaves of Diospyros kaki Thumb modulate macrophage via TLR2. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:971-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Rhodiola rosea is a perennial plant which grows in the alpine regions of Europe and Asia. Although the protective effects of R. rosea extract from fatigue due to exercise stress have been reported, studies on fermented R. rosea extract remain insufficient to date. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the protective effects of fermented R. rosea extract against fatigue and exercise stress. As a result, fermented R. rosea extract was found to significantly increase swimming time, hepatic superoxide dismutase content, and serum lactate dehydrogenase in mice, while decreasing serum blood urea nitrogen content compared to R. rosea extract. Given the above results, it is considered that fermented R. rosea extract effectively protects against fatigue caused by strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhou Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133-002, China
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea
| | - Kyung-Im Kim
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts & Food Service, Hyejeon College, Chungnam 350-702, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea ; Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
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Cho CW, Han CJ, Rhee YK, Lee YC, Shin KS, Shin JS, Lee KT, Hong HD. Cheonggukjang polysaccharides enhance immune activities and prevent cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:519-25. [PMID: 25236609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cheonggukjang is a traditional Korean fermentation product prepared from soybean that is reported to have various biological functions. We previously reported that the polysaccharides from Cheonggukjang (PSCJ) have immunostimulatory activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages and primary cultured splenocytes. In this study, the immunostimulatory activities of the PSCJ were investigated further using various experimental models such as in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. The PSCJ was able to stimulate the complement system (ITCH50: 30.6%). In primary cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages, the PSCJ was found to significantly increase nitric oxide and immunostimulatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-12) production in a concentration-dependent manner (1-100 μg/mL). In the normal mice model, the oral administration of the PSCJ increased the weight of spleen (p < 0.05 at 100 and 200 mg/kg) and improved the phagocytic rates of peritoneal macrophages (p < 0.05 at 200 mg/kg) and lymphocytes proliferation (p < 0.05 at 100 and 200 mg/kg). Similarly, the PSCJ markedly restored the decreased lymphocytes proliferation (p < 0.01 at 200 mg/kg), natural killer cell activity (p < 0.01 at 200mg/kg), and white blood cell count (p<0.01 at 100 and 200 mg/kg) in the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice model. These results suggest that the PSCJ could be utilized as an effective immunostimulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Cho
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-ji Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yanbian University, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Gyeonggi 443-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea.
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Lee MH, Lee YC, Kim SS, Hong HD, Kim KT. Quality and antioxidant activity of ginseng seed processed by fermentation strains. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:178-82. [PMID: 26045692 PMCID: PMC4452524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fermentation technology is widely used to alter the effective components of ginseng. This study was carried out to analyze the characteristics and antioxidant activity of ginseng seeds fermented by Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus strains. Methods For ginseng seed fermentation, 1% of each strain was inoculated on sterilized ginseng seeds and then incubated at 30°C for 24 h in an incubator. Results The total sugar content, acidic polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds, including p-coumaric acid, were higher in extracts of fermented ginseng seeds compared to a nonfermented control, and highest in extracts fermented with B. subtilis KFRI 1127. Fermentation led to higher antioxidant activity. The 2,2′-azine-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was higher in ginseng seeds fermented by Bacillus subtilis than by Lactobacillus and Pediococcus, but Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity was higher in ginseng seeds fermented by Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. Conclusion Antioxidant activities measured by ABTS and SOD were higher in fermented ginseng seeds compared to nonfermented ginseng seeds. These results may contribute to improving the antioxidant activity and quality of ginseng subjected to fermentation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hee Lee
- Ginseng Research Center, Division of Industrial Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Ginseng Research Center, Division of Industrial Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Ginseng Research Center, Division of Industrial Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Ginseng Research Center, Division of Industrial Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Ginseng Research Center, Division of Industrial Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Korea
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Yu SY, Yoon BR, Lee YJ, Lee JS, Hong HD, Lee YC, Kim YC, Cho CW, Kim KT, Lee OH. Inhibitory effect of high temperature- and high pressure-treated red ginseng on exercise-induced oxidative stress in ICR mouse. Nutrients 2014; 6:1003-15. [PMID: 24609134 PMCID: PMC3967174 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As previously reported, high temperature- and high pressure-treated red ginseng (HRG) contain higher contents of phenolic compounds and protect C2C12 muscle cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes against oxidative stress. This study investigated the effect of HRG on oxidative stress using a mouse model. Our results show that the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, hepatic malondialdehyde in the HRG group were significantly lower than those of the exercise groups supplemented with commercial red ginseng (CRG) or not supplemented. The muscular glycogen level, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities of the HGR group were higher than that of the CGR group. Furthermore, the HRG treatment group displayed upregulated mRNA expression of Cu/Zn-SOD and muscle regulatory factor 4. These results indicate that HRG may protect oxidative stress induced by exercise as well as improve exercise performance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Yeong Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Bo-Ra Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Young-Jun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea.
| | | | | | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea.
| | | | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
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Han KS, Balan P, Hong HD, Choi WI, Cho CW, Lee YC, Moughan PJ, Singh H. Korean ginseng modulates the ileal microbiota and mucin gene expression in the growing rat. Food Funct 2014; 5:1506-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cho CW, Kim YC, Kang JH, Rhee YK, Choi SY, Kim KT, Lee YC, Hong HD. Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:349-54. [PMID: 24198661 PMCID: PMC3818962 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried ginseng (DG) is in fact the representing ginseng product in the worldwide market. Although it is made in various packages depending on the processing method, size and age of DG, basic scientific data reporting the chemical components are limited. In this study, 4-year-old curved ginseng (CG), one of the domestic DG products, was selected for further investigation. Eighty-six samples of 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, which are the most widely distributed in the market, were collected for 5 yr. Their major components, such as moisture, total sugar, acidic polysaccharides, total phenolic compounds, and saponins, were analyzed to figure out the standard quality characteristics. The moisture content of all CG samples was less than 15%. The total water-soluble sugar contents were 22.9% to 47.8% and 23.2% to 49.5% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The acidic polysaccharide contents were 3.6% to 6.7% and 2.9% to 6.9% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The total phenolic compound content was 0.4% to 0.5% in CG, regardless of the piece-grade. The crude saponin content, which represents the active component of ginseng, was over 2% in all samples. In 30 piece-grade CG samples, the contents of major ginsenosides, Rb1, Rf, and Rg1, were 2.2 to 4.7 mg/g, 0.4 to 1.3 mg/g, and 1.6 to 4.0 mg/g, respectively. The ginsenoside contents in 50 piece-grade CG samples were 2.1 to 3.9 mg/g (Rb1), 0.5 to 1.2 mg/g (Rf), and 1.3 to 3.4 mg/g (Rg1). Overall, since there were relatively high standard deviation and coefficient of variation in all the chemical component contents that were assessed, we found some difficulties in showing the CG standard chemical component characteristics by average, standard deviation, and other statistical analysis factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-420, Korea
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Cho CW, Rhee YK, Kim YC, Han CJ, Shin KS, Hong HD. Immunomodulatory Effects of Polysaccharides Derived from Persimmon Leaves on Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppressed Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2013.45.5.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Choi SY, Hong HD, Bae HM, Choi C, Kim KT. Phytochemical characteristics of coffee bean treated by coating of ginseng extract. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:436-41. [PMID: 23717089 PMCID: PMC3659553 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal objective of this study was to assess the instrumental and sensory characteristics of ginseng coffee with different ratios of the ingredients: type of coffee bean (Colombia, Brazil, and Indonesia), type of ginseng extract (white ginseng, red ginseng, and America ginseng) and concentration of ginseng extract (3, 6, and 9 w/v %). The sensory optimal condition of white ginseng coffee, red ginseng coffee and America ginseng coffee were as follows: 3% Indonesian coffee bean coated with 3% white ginseng extract, Colombian coffee bean coated with 6% red ginseng extract and Colombian coffee bean coated with 3% American ginseng extract, respectively. In particular, the Colombian coffee bean coated with 6% red ginseng extract had significantly higher scores than other samples in terms of flavor, taste, and overall preference. Additionally, the contents of total ginsenoside and total sugar and total phenolic compounds were also highest in the Colombian coffee bean coated with 6% red ginseng extract.
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Kim IW, Hong HD, Choi SY, Hwang DH, Her Y, Kim SK. Characterizing a full spectrum of physico-chemical properties of ginsenosides rb1 and rg1 to be proposed as standard reference materials. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:487-96. [PMID: 23717096 PMCID: PMC3659556 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Good manufacturing practice (GMP)-based quality control is an integral component of the common technical document, a formal documentation process for applying a marketing authorization holder to those countries where ginseng is classified as a medicine. In addition, authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenoside reference materials, and qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures are prerequisites for certifying GMP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose an authentication process for isolated ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 as reference materials (RM) and for these compounds to be designated as RMs for ginseng preparations throughout the world. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of the isolated ginsenosides was made according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantitation, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides were proven to be a single compound when analyzed by three different HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.940% for Rb1 and 0.485% for Rg1, meaning that the net mass balance for ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 were 99.060% and 99.515%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physicochemical properties for the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Woung Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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Hong HD, Cho CW, Kim YC, Kim E, Rhee YK, Rho J, Choi SH. Morphological characteristics of korean dried ginseng products. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:314-21. [PMID: 23717133 PMCID: PMC3659588 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine a standard quality characteristic through the evaluation and statistical analysis of the morphological characteristics of dried ginseng (white ginseng) products. Samples of 4-year-old 30 and 50 piece grade curved ginseng and 5-year-old 25 and 15 piece grade straight ginseng products were collected from a market, with 5 to 10 packs of each product being collected annually over a 5-year period (2006-2010). Morphological characteristics, such as weight, length, diameter, and surface color, were measured and statistically analyzed to present a standard quality characteristic value using mean±3SD, a range that excluded outlier. The 4-year-old curved ginseng samples of 50 and 30 piece grade were 4.80 to 6.12 cm and 5.28 to 7.60 cm long, 0.22 to 1.70 cm and 0.21 to 2.07 cm wide, and weighed 5.28 to 7.40 g and 8.62 to 12.26 g, respectively. The 5-year-old straight ginseng samples of 25 and 15 piece grade were 9.66 to 15.47 cm and 10.66 to 16.80 cm long, 1.32 to 1.94 cm and 1.48 to 2.43 cm wide, and weighed 9.18 to 16.40 g and 15.89 to 24.82 g, respectively. The surface color of the different piece grades in the same type of dried ginseng product was similar, whereas the straight ginseng demonstrated a lower level of brightness, but the relative redness and yellowness were of higher levels, than that of curved ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-420, Korea
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Noh DH, Lee OH, Cho JH, Hong HD, Kim KJ. A new approach to the analysis of tannin concentration using a microelectronic biosensor. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Nam S, Rhee YK, Hong HD, Lee YC, Kim YC, Shin KS, Cho CW. Immuno-Modulatory Activity of the Crude Polysaccharide from Wild Ginseng Adventitious Root. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.9799/ksfan.2012.25.4.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shin YA, Park HR, Hong HD, Shin KS. Immuno-stimulating Activities of Polysaccharide Fractions Isolated from Persimmon Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.9799/ksfan.2012.25.4.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chung KS, Cho SH, Shin JS, Kim DH, Choi JH, Choi SY, Rhee YK, Hong HD, Lee KT. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cell cycle arrest and differentiation in human leukemia cells by upregulating TGF-β expression. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:331-40. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Cho CW, Jeong HC, Hong HD, Kim YC, Choi SY, Kim K, Ma JY, Lee YC. Bioconversion of isoflavones during the fermentation of Samso-Eum with Lactobacillus strains. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yoon BR, Lee YJ, Kim SG, Jang JY, Lee HK, Rhee SK, Hong HD, Choi HS, Lee BY, Lee OH. Antioxidant Effect of Hot water and Ethanol extracts from Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2012.19.3.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kim KJ, Yoon KY, Hong HD, Lee BY. Schisandra chinensis
Prevents Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Rats Subjected to Heat Environmental Stress. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1674-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science; CHA University; Kyonggi 463-836 South Korea
| | - Kye-Yoon Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science; CHA University; Kyonggi 463-836 South Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute; Kyonggi Seongnam 463-836 South Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science; CHA University; Kyonggi 463-836 South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; CHA University; Kyonggi 463-836 South Korea
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Yoon BR, Cho BJ, Lee HK, Kim DJ, Rhee SK, Hong HD, Kim KT, Cho CW, Choi HS, Lee BY, Lee OH. Antioxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Tartary and Common Buckwheats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2012.19.1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kim KJ, Lee OH, Han CK, Kim YC, Hong HD. Acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia Rhizomes suppress the atherosclerosis risk index through inhibition of the serum cholesterol composition in Sprague Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1620-1631. [PMID: 22408412 PMCID: PMC3291981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a broad spectrum of cardio-metabolic disturbances, including atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CDV). A high-fat diet has been shown to cause an elevation of the plasma cholesterol levels in humans, and the control of serum cholesterol has been demonstrated to be important in the prevention of CVD and atherosclerosis. The aims of this study were to demonstrate that crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes suppress atherosclerosis through the regulation of serum lipids in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed a high-fat diet. We examined the concentrations of serum lipids, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, in SD rats fed a high-fat diet and evaluated the atherogenic index. Here, we show that both crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes inhibited the total cholesterol and LDL levels. Moreover, there was a significantly suppressed atherosclerosis risk due to the acidic polysaccharide extract from Gastrodia rhizome. Taken together, our results suggested that acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes might be beneficial for lowering the incidence of CVD and atherosclerosis by reducing the de novo synthesis of total cholesterol and the LDL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Chan-Kyu Han
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-746, Korea; E-Mails: (C.-K.H.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Young-Chan Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-746, Korea; E-Mails: (C.-K.H.); (Y.-C.K.)
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-746, Korea; E-Mails: (C.-K.H.); (Y.-C.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-31-780-9285; Fax: +82-31-780-9312
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Kim DJ, Jung JH, Kim SG, Lee HK, Lee SK, Hong HD, Lee BY, Lee OH. Antioxidants and Anti-obesity Activities of Hot Water and Ethanolic Extracts from Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.3.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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