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Fornace KM, Zorello Laporta G, Vythilingham I, Chua TH, Ahmed K, Jeyaprakasam NK, de Castro Duarte AMR, Amir A, Phang WK, Drakeley C, Sallum MAM, Lau YL. Simian malaria: a narrative review on emergence, epidemiology and threat to global malaria elimination. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e520-e532. [PMID: 37454671 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Simian malaria from wild non-human primate populations is increasingly recognised as a public health threat and is now the main cause of human malaria in Malaysia and some regions of Brazil. In 2022, Malaysia became the first country not to achieve malaria elimination due to zoonotic simian malaria. We review the global distribution and drivers of simian malaria and identify priorities for diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, and control. Environmental change is driving closer interactions between humans and wildlife, with malaria parasites from non-human primates spilling over into human populations and human malaria parasites spilling back into wild non-human primate populations. These complex transmission cycles require new molecular and epidemiological approaches to track parasite spread. Current methods of malaria control are ineffective, with wildlife reservoirs and primarily outdoor-biting mosquito vectors urgently requiring the development of novel control strategies. Without these, simian malaria has the potential to undermine malaria elimination globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nantha K Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Programme, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro Duarte
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Pasteur, Secretaria de Estado da Saude de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amirah Amir
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Kit Phang
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maria Anice M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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de Assis GMP, de Alvarenga DAM, Souza LBE, Sánchez-Arcila JC, Silva EFE, de Pina-Costa A, Gonçalves GHP, Souza JCDJ, Nunes AJD, Pissinatti A, Moreira SB, Torres LDM, Costa HL, Tinoco HDP, Pereira VDS, Soares IDS, de Sousa TN, Ntumngia FB, Adams JH, Kano FS, Hirano ZMB, Pratt-Riccio LR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira JO, Carvalho LH, Alves de Brito CF. IgM antibody responses against Plasmodium antigens in neotropical primates in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1169552. [PMID: 37829607 PMCID: PMC10565664 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1169552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zoonotic transmission is a challenge for the control and elimination of malaria. It has been recorded in the Atlantic Forest, outside the Amazon which is the endemic region in Brazil. However, only very few studies have assessed the antibody response, especially of IgM antibodies, in Neotropical primates (NP). Therefore, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the immune response in different hosts and facilitate the identification of potential reservoirs, in this study, naturally acquired IgM antibody responses against Plasmodium antigens were evaluated, for the first time, in NP from the Atlantic Forest. Methods The study was carried out using 154 NP samples from three different areas of the Atlantic Forest. IgM antibodies against peptides of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from different Plasmodium species and different erythrocytic stage antigens were detected by ELISA. Results Fifty-nine percent of NP had IgM antibodies against at least one CSP peptide and 87% against at least one Plasmodium vivax erythrocytic stage antigen. Levels of antibodies against PvAMA-1 were the highest compared to the other antigens. All families of NP showed IgM antibodies against CSP peptides, and, most strikingly, against erythrocytic stage antigens. Generalized linear models demonstrated that IgM positivity against PvCSP and PvAMA-1 was associated with PCR-detectable blood-stage malaria infection and the host being free-living. Interestingly, animals with IgM against both PvCSP and PvAMA-1 were 4.7 times more likely to be PCR positive than animals that did not have IgM for these two antigens simultaneously. Discussion IgM antibodies against different Plasmodium spp. antigens are present in NP from the Atlantic Forest. High seroprevalence and antibody levels against blood-stage antigens were observed, which had a significant association with molecular evidence of infection. IgM antibodies against CSP and AMA-1 may be used as a potential marker for the identification of NP infected with Plasmodium, which are reservoirs of malaria in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maíra Pereira de Assis
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luisa Braga e Souza
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juan Camilo Sánchez-Arcila
- School of Natural Sciences, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | | | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa, Departamento de Doenças infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Julia Dutra Nunes
- Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Programa de conservação do Bugio Ruivo, Perini Business Park, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (Unifeso), Teresópolis, Brazil
| | - Silvia Bahadian Moreira
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Menezes Torres
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helena Lott Costa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Irene da Silva Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francis Babila Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Flora Satiko Kano
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Zelinda Maria Braga Hirano
- Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Programa de conservação do Bugio Ruivo, Perini Business Park, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Carrillo-Bilbao G, Martin-Solano S, Saegerman C. Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1009. [PMID: 34451473 PMCID: PMC8400055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrillo-Bilbao
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, 171103 Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Hang JW, Tukijan F, Lee EQH, Abdeen SR, Aniweh Y, Malleret B. Zoonotic Malaria: Non- Laverania Plasmodium Biology and Invasion Mechanisms. Pathogens 2021; 10:889. [PMID: 34358039 PMCID: PMC8308728 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium parasites through Anopheles mosquito transmission, remains one of the most life-threatening diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Plasmodium vivax, which accounts for the majority of cases of recurring malaria caused by the Plasmodium (non-Laverania) subgenus, is an ancient and continuing zoonosis originating from monkey hosts probably outside Africa. The emergence of other zoonotic malarias (P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, and P. simium) further highlights the seriousness of the disease. The severity of this epidemic disease is dependent on many factors, including the parasite characteristics, host-parasite interactions, and the pathology of the infection. Successful infection depends on the ability of the parasite to invade the host; however, little is known about the parasite invasion biology and mechanisms. The lack of this information adds to the challenges to malaria control and elimination, hence enhancing the potential for continuation of this zoonosis. Here, we review the literature describing the characteristics, distribution, and genome details of the parasites, as well as host specificity, host-parasite interactions, and parasite pathology. This information will provide the basis of a greater understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of malaria to support future development of strategies for the control and prevention of this zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Hang
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.W.H.); (F.T.); (E.Q.H.L.)
| | - Farhana Tukijan
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.W.H.); (F.T.); (E.Q.H.L.)
| | - Erica-Qian-Hui Lee
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.W.H.); (F.T.); (E.Q.H.L.)
| | - Shifana Raja Abdeen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana;
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.W.H.); (F.T.); (E.Q.H.L.)
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
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de Lemos AB, da Silva OS, Deboni SC, Schallemberger V, dos Santos E, de Almeida MAB, Marth AAD, Silva S, Mello ARDL, Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Cardoso JDC. Reemergence of human malaria in Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210064. [PMID: 34259737 PMCID: PMC8279121 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unforeseen Plasmodium infections in the Atlantic Forest of Brazilian Extra-Amazonian region could jeopardise malaria elimination. A human malaria case was registered in Três Forquilhas, in the Atlantic Forest biome of Rio Grande do Sul, after a 45 years' time-lapsed without any malaria autochthonous notification in this southern Brazilian state. This finding represents the expansion of the malaria distribution areas in Brazil and the southernmost human malaria case record in South America in this decade. The coexistence of the bromeliad-breeding vector Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii and non-human primates in the Atlantic Forest regularly visited by the patient claimed for the zoonotic origin of this infection. The reemergence of Atlantic Forest human malaria in Rio Grande do Sul was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bittencourt de Lemos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Onilda Santos da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Sandra Cristina Deboni
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Valdir Schallemberger
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Edmilson dos Santos
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Marco Antônio Barreto de Almeida
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Anne Andrea Dockhorn Marth
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, 18ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde, Osório, RS, Brasil
| | - Sidnei Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline Rosa de Lavigne Mello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jáder da Cruz Cardoso
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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de Assis GMP, de Alvarenga DAM, Costa Pereira MDO, Sánchez-Arcila JC, de Pina Costa A, de Souza Junior JC, Nunes AJD, Pissinatti A, Moreira SB, de Menezes Torres L, Costa HL, da Penha Tinoco H, Pereira VDS, Soares IDS, de Sousa TN, Ntumngia FB, Adams JH, Kano FS, Hirano ZMB, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Oliveira Ferreira J, Carvalho LH, Alves de Brito CF. Profiling Humoral Immune Response Against Pre-Erythrocytic and Erythrocytic Antigens of Malaria Parasites Among Neotropical Primates in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:678996. [PMID: 34055672 PMCID: PMC8155606 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.678996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malaria due to zoonotic transmission has been recorded in the Atlantic Forest, an extra-Amazonian area in Brazil, which are a challenge for malaria control. Naturally acquired humoral immune response against pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic antigens of Neotropical primates (NP) was evaluated here to improve the knowledge about the exposure of those animals to the malaria transmission and support the identification of the potential reservoirs of the disease in the Atlantic Forest. Blood samples of 154 monkeys from three areas of the Atlantic Forest were used to identify IgG antibodies against peptides of the repeat region of the major pre-erythrocytic antigen, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), of Plasmodium vivax (PvCSP), Plasmodium brasilianum/Plasmodium malariae (Pb/PmCSP), and Plasmodium falciparum (PfCSP) by ELISA. Antibodies against erythrocytic recombinant antigens of P. vivax, Apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA-1), Erythrocyte binding protein 2 (PvEBP-2) and domain II of Duffy binding protein (PvDBPII) were also evaluated. Parameters, such as age, sex, PCR positivity, and captivity, potentially associated with humoral immune response were analyzed. Eighty-five percent of NP had antibodies against at least one CSP peptide, and 76% against at least one P. vivax erythrocytic antigen. A high percentage of adults compared to non-adults were seropositive and showed increased antibody levels. Neotropical primates with PCR positive for P. simium had a significantly higher frequency of positivity rate for immune response against PvEBP-2, PvDBPII and also higher antibody levels against PvDBPII, compared to PCR negative NPs for this species. Monkeys with PCR positive for P. brasilianum/P. malariae showed higher frequency of seropositivity and antibody levels against Pb/PmCSP. Levels of antibodies against Pb/PmCSP, PvEBP-2 and PvDBPII were higher in free-living than in captive monkeys from the same area. All Platyrrhine families showed antibodies against CSP peptides, however not all showed IgG against erythrocytic antigens. These findings showed a high prevalence of naturally acquired antibodies against CSP repeats in all studied areas, suggesting an intense exposure to infected-mosquitoes bites of NP from all families. However, mainly monkeys of Atelidae family showed antibodies against P. vivax erythrocytic antigens, suggesting blood infection, which might serve as potential reservoirs of malaria in the Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maíra Pereira de Assis
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anielle de Pina Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Ambulatório de Doenças febris, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia (INI), Ambulatório de Doenças Febris Agudas Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis, Brazil
| | - Júlio César de Souza Junior
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Ana Julia Dutra Nunes
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Programa de conservação do Bugio Ruivo, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis, Brazil
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, Brazil
| | - Silvia Bahadian Moreira
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Menezes Torres
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helena Lott Costa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Irene da Silva Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francis Babila Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Flora Satiko Kano
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Zelinda Maria Braga Hirano
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da malária, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Howler monkeys are the reservoir of malarial parasites causing zoonotic infections in the Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007906. [PMID: 31815937 PMCID: PMC6922453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although malaria cases have substantially decreased in Southeast Brazil, a significant increase in the number of Plasmodium vivax-like autochthonous human cases has been reported in remote areas of the Atlantic Forest in the past few decades in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state, including an outbreak during 2015-2016. The singular clinical and epidemiological aspects in several human cases, and collectively with molecular and genetic data, revealed that they were due to the non-human primate (NHP) parasite Plasmodium simium; however, the understanding of the autochthonous malarial epidemiology in Southeast Brazil can only be acquired by assessing the circulation of NHP Plasmodium in the foci and determining its hosts. METHODOLOGY A large sampling effort was carried out in the Atlantic forest of RJ and its bordering states (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Espírito Santo) for collecting and examining free-living NHPs. Blood and/or viscera were analyzed for Plasmodium infections via molecular and microscopic techniques. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In total, 146 NHPs of six species, from 30 counties in four states, were tested, of which majority were collected from RJ. Howler monkeys (Alouatta clamitans) were the only species found infected. In RJ, 26% of these monkeys tested positive, of which 17% were found to be infected with P. simium. Importantly, specific single nucleotide polymorphisms-the only available genetic markers that differentiate P. simium from P. vivax-were detected in all P. simium infected A. clamitans despite their geographical origin of malarial foci. Interestingly, 71% of P. simium infected NHPs were from the coastal slope of a mountain chain (Serra do Mar), where majority of the human cases were found. Plasmodium brasilianum/malariae was initially detected in 14% and 25% free-living howler monkeys in RJ and in the Espírito Santo (ES) state, respectively. Moreover, the malarial pigment was detected in the spleen fragments of 50% of a subsample comprising dead howler monkeys in both RJ and ES. All NHPs were negative for Plasmodium falciparum. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that howler monkeys act as the main reservoir for the Atlantic forest human malarial parasites in RJ and other sites in Southeast Brazil and reinforce its zoonotic characteristics.
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Silva TRM, Barros FNL, Bahia M, Sampaio Junior FD, Santos SSF, Inoue LS, Gonçalves TS, Chiesorin Neto L, Faria DCLO, Tochetto C, Viana GMR, Monteiro FOB, Góes-Cavalcante G, Scofield A. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection in Neotropical primates in the western Amazon, Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:798-804. [PMID: 31293103 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Brazilian Amazon is endemic for malaria and natural infections by Plasmodium spp. have been detected in Neotropical primates. Despite the diversity of primate species in the region, studies on infections by these agents are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of infection by Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in free-born primates that were kept in captivity, in the western Amazon, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 98 Neotropical primates. Detection of P. vivax and P. falciparum DNA was performed using a semi-nested PCR, and the amplified products were sequenced. Plasmodium spp. DNA was detected in 6.12% (6/98) of the primates. P. vivax, and P. falciparum DNA was detected in 2.04% (2/98) and 4.08% (4/98) of these mammals, respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results obtained from the semi-nested PCR. The presence of infected non-human primates (NHP) can be auxiliary in the maintenance of P. falciparum and P. vivax and may have implications for the malaria surveillance and control in the Brazilian Amazon. It is necessary to structure an efficient surveillance system for the aetiological agents of malaria that infect NHP and humans to reduce the risk of Plasmodium spp. introduction into new areas, to protect all susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiene R M Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Flávia N L Barros
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Michele Bahia
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco D Sampaio Junior
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Sidney S F Santos
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Larissa S Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Thamirys S Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo C L O Faria
- Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele M R Viana
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Malaria, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Frederico O B Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Animal Production in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Góes-Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Scofield
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
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Gamalo LE, Dimalibot J, Kadir KA, Singh B, Paller VG. Plasmodium knowlesi and other malaria parasites in long-tailed macaques from the Philippines. Malar J 2019; 18:147. [PMID: 31014342 PMCID: PMC6480513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaque) is the most widespread species of macaque in Southeast Asia and the only species of monkey found naturally in the Philippines. The species is the natural host for the zoonotic malaria species, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi and for the potentially zoonotic species, Plasmodium inui. Moreover, other Plasmodium species such as Plasmodium coatneyi and Plasmodium fieldi are also natural parasites of M. fascicularis. The aims of this study were to identify and determine the prevalence of Plasmodium species infecting wild and captive long-tailed macaques from the Philippines. Methods A total of 95 blood samples from long-tailed macaques in the Philippines were collected from three locations; 30 were from captive macaques at the National Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center (NWRRC) in Luzon, 25 were from captive macaques at the Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center (PWRCC) in Palawan and 40 were from wild macaques from Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (PPSRNP) in Palawan. The Plasmodium spp. infecting the macaques were identified using nested PCR assays on DNA extracted from these blood samples. Results All 40 of the wild macaques from PPSRNP in Palawan and 5 of 25 captive macaques from PWRCC in Palawan were Plasmodium-positive; while none of the 30 captive macaques from the NWRRC in Luzon had any malaria parasites. Overall, P. inui was the most prevalent malaria parasite (44.2%), followed by P. fieldi (41.1%), P. cynomolgi (23.2%), P. coatneyi (21.1%), and P. knowlesi (19%). Mixed species infections were also observed in 39 of the 45 Plasmodium-positive macaques. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of P. knowlesi among the troops of wild macaques from PPSRNP. Conclusion Wild long-tailed macaques from the island of Palawan, the Philippines are infected with P. knowlesi, P. inui, P. coatneyi, P. fieldi and P. cynomolgi. The prevalence of these Plasmodium spp. varied among the sites of collection and among troops of wild macaques at one site. The presence of these simian Plasmodium parasites, especially P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi in the long-tailed macaques in Palawan presents risks for zoonotic transmission in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lief Erikson Gamalo
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los, Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.,Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Tugbok District, Mintal, 8000, Davao City, Philippines
| | - Judeline Dimalibot
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los, Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Khamisah Abdul Kadir
- Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Balbir Singh
- Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Vachel Gay Paller
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los, Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
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de Alvarenga DAM, Culleton R, de Pina-Costa A, Rodrigues DF, Bianco C, Silva S, Nunes AJD, de Souza JC, Hirano ZMB, Moreira SB, Pissinatti A, de Abreu FVS, Lisboa Areas AL, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Zalis MG, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF, Brasil P, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, de Brito CFA. An assay for the identification of Plasmodium simium infection for diagnosis of zoonotic malaria in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Sci Rep 2018; 8:86. [PMID: 29311638 PMCID: PMC5758784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic malaria poses a unique problem for malaria control. Autochthonous cases of human malaria in the Atlantic Forest have recently been attributed to Plasmodium simium, a parasite that commonly infects non-human primates in this Brazilian biome. However, due to its close similarity at both the morphological and molecular level to Plasmodium vivax, the diagnosis of P. simium in this region remains problematic. Therefore, a diagnostic assay able to accurately identify P. simium is important for malaria surveillance. Based on mitochondrial genome sequences, primers were designed to amplify a region containing a SNP specific to P. simium. This region can then be digested with the restriction enzyme HpyCH4III, which results in digestion of P. simium sequences, but not of any other malaria parasite. Fifty-two human and monkey blood samples from different regions and infected with different Plasmodium species were used to validate this protocol. This easy and inexpensive tool can be used for the diagnosis of P. simium in non-human primates and human infections from the Atlantic Forest region to monitor zoonotic malaria transmission in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Anete Madureira de Alvarenga
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte/MG, 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Richard Culleton
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis/RJ, 25964-004, Brazil
| | - Danielle Fonseca Rodrigues
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte/MG, 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Dutra Nunes
- Núcleo de Educação Ambiental Fábio Perini, Perini Business Park, Joinville/SC, 89219-600, Brazil
| | - Julio César de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial/SC, 89130-000, Brazil
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau/SC, 89012-900, Brazil
| | - Zelinda Maria Braga Hirano
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial/SC, 89130-000, Brazil
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau/SC, 89012-900, Brazil
| | | | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ/INEA), Guapimirim/RJ, 25940-000, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis/RJ, 25964-004, Brazil
| | | | - André Luiz Lisboa Areas
- Laboratório de Infectologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade, Federal do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | | | - Mariano Gustavo Zalis
- Laboratório de Infectologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade, Federal do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Patricia Brasil
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte/MG, 30190-009, Brazil.
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Erkenswick GA, Watsa M, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, Parker PG. Chronic Plasmodium brasilianum infections in wild Peruvian tamarins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184504. [PMID: 28902879 PMCID: PMC5597185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increased interest in potential zoonotic malarias. To date, Plasmodium malariae that infects humans remains indistinguishable from Plasmodium brasilianum, which is widespread among New World primates. Distributed throughout tropical Central and South America, the Callitrichidae are small arboreal primates in which detection of natural Plasmodium infection has been extremely rare. Most prior screening efforts have been limited to small samples, the use of low-probability detection methods, or both. Rarely have screening efforts implemented a longitudinal sampling design. Through an annual mark-recapture program of two sympatric callitrichids, the emperor (Saguinus imperator) and saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) tamarins, whole blood samples were screened for Plasmodium by microscopy and nested PCR of the cytochrome b gene across four consecutive years (2012–2015). Following the first field season, approximately 50% of the samples collected each subsequent year were from recaptured individuals. In particular, out of 245 samples from 129 individuals, 11 samples from 6 individuals were positive for Plasmodium, and all but one of these infections was found in S. imperator. Importantly, the cytochrome b sequences were 100% identical to former isolates of P. malariae from humans and P. brasilianum from Saimiri sp. Chronic infections were detected as evidenced by repeated infections (7) from two individuals across the 4-year study period. Furthermore, 4 of the 5 infected emperor tamarins were part of a single group spanning the entire study period. Overall, the low prevalence reported here is consistent with previous findings. This study identifies two new natural hosts for P. brasilianum and provides evidence in support of chronic infections in wildlife populations. Given that callitrichids are often found in mixed-species associations with other primates and can be resilient to human-disturbed environments, they could contribute to the maintenance of P. malariae populations if future work provides entomological and epidemiological evidence indicating human zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A. Erkenswick
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Field Projects International, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mrinalini Watsa
- Field Projects International, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - M. Andreína Pacheco
- Department of Biology/Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (igem), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ananias A. Escalante
- Department of Biology/Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (igem), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patricia G. Parker
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Alvarenga DAM, Pina-Costa A, Bianco C, Moreira SB, Brasil P, Pissinatti A, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Brito CFA. New potential Plasmodium brasilianum hosts: tamarin and marmoset monkeys (family Callitrichidae). Malar J 2017; 16:71. [PMID: 28187764 PMCID: PMC5303265 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-human primates (NHPs) as a source for Plasmodium infections in humans are a challenge for malaria elimination. In Brazil, two species of Plasmodium have been described infecting NHPs, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium. Both species are infective to man. Plasmodium brasilianum resembles morphologically, genetically and immunologically the human quartan Plasmodium malariae. Plasmodium brasilianum naturally infects species of non-human primates from all New World monkey families from a large geographic area. In the family Callitrichidae only the genus Saguinus has been described infected so far. The present study describes the natural infection of P. brasilianum in tamarins and marmosets of the genera Callithrix, Mico and Leontopithecus in the Atlantic forest. METHODS One hundred and twenty-two NHPs of the family Callitrichidae housed in the Primate Centre of Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ) were sampled in June 2015, and January and July 2016. The CPRJ is located in the Atlantic forest in the Guapimirim municipality, in the Rio de Janeiro state, where human autochthonous cases of malaria have been reported. The samples were screened for the presence of Plasmodium using optical microscopy and nested PCR for detection of 18S small subunit rRNA gene. The amplicon was sequenced to confirm the molecular diagnosis. RESULTS The frequency of Plasmodium infections detected by nested PCR in New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae was 6.6%. For the first time, Callitrichidae primates of genera Callithrix, Mico and Leontopithecus were found naturally infected with P. brasilianum. Infection was confirmed by sequencing a small fragment of 18S rRNA gene, although no parasites were detected in blood smears. CONCLUSIONS The reported P. brasilianum infection in NHP species maintained in captivity suggests that infection can be favoured by the presence of vectors and the proximity between known (and unknown) hosts of malaria. Thus, the list of potential malaria reservoirs needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A. M. Alvarenga
- Laboratório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Anielle Pina-Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Silvia B. Moreira
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ/INEA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Patricia Brasil
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ/INEA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Claudio T. Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Cristiana F. A. Brito
- Laboratório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
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de Assis GMP, de Alvarenga DAM, Costa DC, de Souza JC, Hirano ZMB, Kano FS, de Sousa TN, de Brito CFA. Detection of Plasmodium in faeces of the New World primate Alouatta clamitans. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:570-6. [PMID: 27580347 PMCID: PMC5027868 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have evolved with host switches between non-human primates (NHPs) and humans. Studies on the infection dynamics of Plasmodium species in NHPs will improve our understanding of the evolution of these parasites; however, such studies are hampered by the difficulty of handling animals in the field. The aim of this study was to detect genomic DNA of Plasmodium species from the faeces of New World monkeys. Faecal samples from 23 Alouatta clamitans from the Centre for Biological Research of Indaial (Santa Catarina, Brazil) were collected. Extracted DNA from faecal samples was used for molecular diagnosis of malaria by nested polymerase chain reaction. One natural infection with Plasmodium simium was identified by amplification of DNA extracted from the faeces of A. clamitans. Extracted DNA from a captive NHP was also used for parasite genotyping. The detection limit of the technique was evaluated in vitro using an artificial mixture of cultured P. falciparum in NHP faeces and determined to be 6.5 parasites/µL. Faecal samples of New World primates can be used to detect malaria infections in field surveys and also to monitor the genetic variability of parasites and dynamics of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Camargos Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malária, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Júlio César de Souza
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, SC, Brasil
| | - Zelinda Maria Braga Hirano
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, SC, Brasil
| | - Flora Satiko Kano
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malária, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malária, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Aitken EH, Bueno MG, Dos Santos Ortolan L, Alvaréz JM, Pissinatti A, Kierulff MCM, Catão-Dias JL, Epiphanio S. Survey of Plasmodium in the golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) living in urban Atlantic forest in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Malar J 2016; 15:93. [PMID: 26883507 PMCID: PMC4756513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Communicating the presence of potential zoonotic pathogens such as Plasmodium spp. in wild animals is important for developing both animal and human health policies. Methods The translocation of an exotic and invasive population of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (golden-headed lion tamarins) required the screening of these animals for specific pathogens. This studies objective was to investigate Plasmodium spp. infection in the L. chrysomelas, both to know its prevalence in these animals in the local area and to minimize the risk of pathogens being translocated to the destination site. To investigate Plasmodium spp. infection, blood samples from 268 animals were assessed for the presence of Plasmodium spp. by genus-specific PCR and stained thick and thin blood smears were examined by light microscopy. Data of human malaria infection in the studied region was also assembled from SINAN (Diseases Information System Notification—Ministry of Health of Brazil). Results Results from the PCR and microscopy were all negative and suggested that no L. chrysomelas was infected with Plasmodium spp. Analysis of SINAN data showed that malaria transmission is present among the human population in the studied region. Conclusions This study is the first to provide information on Plasmodium spp. infection in L. chrysomelas.Plasmodium spp. infection of this species is rare or absent though malaria parasites circulate in the region. In addition, there is minimal risk of translocating Plasmodium spp. infected animals to the destination site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Helen Aitken
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Medicine, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Marina Galvão Bueno
- Instituto Pri-Matas para Conservação da Biodiversidade (Pri-Matas), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM/MCTI), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. .,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Programa Institucional Biodiversidade & Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Luana Dos Santos Ortolan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José M Alvaréz
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Cecília Martins Kierulff
- Instituto Pri-Matas para Conservação da Biodiversidade (Pri-Matas), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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de Alvarenga DAM, de Pina-Costa A, de Sousa TN, Pissinatti A, Zalis MG, Suaréz-Mutis MC, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Brasil P, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, de Brito CFA. Simian malaria in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: first description of natural infection of capuchin monkeys (Cebinae subfamily) by Plasmodium simium. Malar J 2015; 14:81. [PMID: 25889933 PMCID: PMC4342080 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Brazil, two species of Plasmodium have been described infecting non-human primates, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium. These species are morphologically, genetically and immunologically indistinguishable from the human Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax parasites, respectively. Plasmodium simium has been observed naturally infecting monkeys of the genera Alouatta and Brachyteles in a restricted area of the Atlantic Forest in the south and southeast regions of Brazil. However, its reported geographical distribution and the diversity of its vertebrate hosts may be underestimated, since available data were largely based on analyses by microscopic examination of peripheral blood, a method with limited sensitivity, considering the potential sub-patent feature of these infections. The present study describes, for the first time, the natural infection of P. simium in capuchin monkeys from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Methods Blood samples from 30 non-human primates belonging to nine species kept in the Primate Centre of Rio de Janeiro were collected. Fragments of spleen and liver from one dead monkey found in the neighborhoods of the Primate Centre were also analysed. Molecular diagnosis was performed by nested PCR (18SSU rRNA) and the amplified fragment was sequenced. Results Thirty per cent of the captive animals were infected with P. simium and/or P. brasilianum. The dead monkey tested positive for DNA of P. simium. For the first time, Cebinae primates (two specimens of genus Cebus and two of genus Sapajos) were found naturally infected by P. simium. The infection was confirmed by sequencing a small fragment of 18SSU rRNA. Conclusion The results highlight the possibility of infection by P. simium in other species of non-human primates whose impact could be significant for the malaria epidemiology among non-human primates and, if it becomes clear that this P. simium is able to infect monkeys and, eventually, man, also for the maintenance of transmission of human malaria in the context of a zoonosis in areas under influence of the Atlantic Forest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0606-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia (INI), Ambulatório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Laboratório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), MG, Brazil.
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ/INEA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mariano G Zalis
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Patrícia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia (INI), Ambulatório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária (IOC), Fiocruz, RJ, Brazil.
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16
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de Pina-Costa A, Brasil P, Santi SMD, de Araujo MP, Suárez-Mutis MC, Santelli ACFES, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Malaria in Brazil: what happens outside the Amazonian endemic region. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:618-33. [PMID: 25185003 PMCID: PMC4156455 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil, a country of continental proportions, presents three profiles of malaria transmission. The first and most important numerically, occurs inside the Amazon. The Amazon accounts for approximately 60% of the nation's territory and approximately 13% of the Brazilian population. This region hosts 99.5% of the nation's malaria cases, which are predominantly caused by Plasmodium vivax (i.e., 82% of cases in 2013). The second involves imported malaria, which corresponds to malaria cases acquired outside the region where the individuals live or the diagnosis was made. These cases are imported from endemic regions of Brazil (i.e., the Amazon) or from other countries in South and Central America, Africa and Asia. Imported malaria comprised 89% of the cases found outside the area of active transmission in Brazil in 2013. These cases highlight an important question with respect to both therapeutic and epidemiological issues because patients, especially those with falciparum malaria, arriving in a region where the health professionals may not have experience with the clinical manifestations of malaria and its diagnosis could suffer dramatic consequences associated with a potential delay in treatment. Additionally, because the Anopheles vectors exist in most of the country, even a single case of malaria, if not diagnosed and treated immediately, may result in introduced cases, causing outbreaks and even introducing or reintroducing the disease to a non-endemic, receptive region. Cases introduced outside the Amazon usually occur in areas in which malaria was formerly endemic and are transmitted by competent vectors belonging to the subgenus Nyssorhynchus (i.e., Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles aquasalis and species of the Albitarsis complex). The third type of transmission accounts for only 0.05% of all cases and is caused by autochthonous malaria in the Atlantic Forest, located primarily along the southeastern Atlantic Coast. They are caused by parasites that seem to be (or to be very close to) P. vivax and, in a less extent, by Plasmodium malariae and it is transmitted by the bromeliad mosquito Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii. This paper deals mainly with the two profiles of malaria found outside the Amazon: the imported and ensuing introduced cases and the autochthonous cases. We also provide an update regarding the situation in Brazil and the Brazilian endemic Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Reference
Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of
Health
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto
Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Reference
Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of
Health
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto
Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas
| | - Sílvia Maria Di Santi
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias,
Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Araujo
- Programa Nacional de Controle da Malária, Secretaria de Vigilância em
Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, DF, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Reference
Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of
Health
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Reference
Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of
Health
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Araújo MS, Messias MR, Figueiró MR, Gil LHS, Probst CM, Vidal NM, Katsuragawa TH, Krieger MA, Silva LHPD, Ozaki LS. Natural Plasmodium infection in monkeys in the state of Rondônia (Brazilian Western Amazon). Malar J 2013; 12:180. [PMID: 23731624 PMCID: PMC3680335 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simian malaria is still an open question concerning the species of Plasmodium parasites and species of New World monkeys susceptible to the parasites. In addition, the lingering question as to whether these animals are reservoirs for human malaria might become important especially in a scenario of eradication of the disease. To aid in the answers to these questions, monkeys were surveyed for malaria parasite natural infection in the Amazonian state of Rondônia, Brazil, a state with intense environmental alterations due to human activities, which facilitated sampling of the animals. Methods Parasites were detected and identified in DNA from blood of monkeys, by PCR with primers for the 18S rRNA, CSP and MSP1 genes and sequencing of the amplified fragments. Multiplex PCR primers for the 18S rRNA genes were designed for the parasite species Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae/Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium. Results An overall infection rate of 10.9% was observed or 20 out 184 monkey specimens surveyed, mostly by P. brasilianum. However, four specimens of monkeys were found infected with P. falciparum, two of them doubly infected with P. brasilianum and P. falciparum. In addition, a species of monkey of the family Aotidae, Aotus nigriceps, is firstly reported here naturally infected with P. brasilianum. None of the monkeys surveyed was found infected with P. simium/P. vivax. Conclusion The rate of natural Plasmodium infection in monkeys in the Brazilian state of Rondônia is in line with previous surveys of simian malaria in the Amazon region. The fact that a monkey species was found that had not previously been described to harbour malaria parasites indicates that the list of monkey species susceptible to Plasmodium infection is yet to be completed. Furthermore, finding monkeys in the region infected with P. falciparum clearly indicates parasite transfer from humans to the animals. Whether this parasite can be transferred back to humans and how persistent the parasite is in monkeys in the wild so to be efficient reservoirs of the disease, is yet to be evaluated. Finding different species of monkeys infected with this parasite species suggests indeed that these animals can act as reservoirs of human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa S Araújo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia/Instituto de Pesquisa em Patologias Tropicais, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira 7671, Bairro Lagoa, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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18
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The Historical Ecology of Human and Wild Primate Malarias in the New World. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/d2020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kropf SP, Sá MR. The discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas disease (1908-1909): tropical medicine in Brazil. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2009; 16 Suppl 1:13-34. [PMID: 20027916 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702009000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article analyzes the discovery of Chagas disease and the parasite that causes it (Trypanosoma cruzi) by Carlos Chagas in 1908/1909, with a special focus on the scientific and social context in which this occurred. Its inclusion in the international debate on European tropical medicine--especially with researchers from the German school of protozoology--and its connection with discussions on the modernization of the recently established Brazilian Republic are also examined. The discovery of Chagas disease became a decisive aspect in the scientific project that Oswaldo Cruz sought to establish at the institute that bears his name. It was extolled as a symbol of Brazil's scientific ability t produce knowledge in line with the international scientific agenda, while simultaneously being attuned to the specific problems of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Petraglia Kropf
- Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Avenida Brasil, 4036/400 21040-361, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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Duarte AMRDC, Malafronte RDS, Cerutti C, Curado I, de Paiva BR, Maeda AY, Yamasaki T, Summa MEL, Neves DDVDDA, de Oliveira SG, Gomes ADC. Natural Plasmodium infections in Brazilian wild monkeys: reservoirs for human infections? Acta Trop 2008; 107:179-85. [PMID: 18620330 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four hundred and forty-eight samples of total blood from wild monkeys living in areas where human autochthonous malaria cases have been reported were screened for the presence of Plasmodium using microscopy and PCR analysis. Samples came from the following distinct ecological areas of Brazil: Atlantic forest (N=140), semideciduous Atlantic forest (N=257) and Cerrado (a savannah-like habitat) (N=51). Thick and thin blood smears of each specimen were examined and Plasmodium infection was screened by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR). The frequency of Plasmodium infections detected by PCR in Alouatta guariba clamitans in the São Paulo Atlantic forest was 11.3% or 8/71 (5.6% for Plasmodium malariae and 5.6% for Plasmodium vivax) and one specimen was positive for Plasmodium falciparum (1.4%); Callithrix sp. (N=30) and Cebus apella (N=39) specimens were negative by PCR tests. Microscopy analysis was negative for all specimens from the Atlantic forest. The positivity rate for Alouatta caraya from semideciduous Atlantic forest was 6.8% (16/235) in the PCR tests (5.5, 0.8 and 0.4% for P. malariae, P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively), while C. apella specimens were negative. Parasitological examination of the samples using thick smears revealed Plasmodium sp. infections in only seven specimens, which had few parasites (3.0%). Monkeys from the Cerrado (a savannah-like habitat) (42 specimens of A. caraya, 5 of Callithrix jacchus and 4 of C. apella) were negative in both tests. The parasitological prevalence of P. vivax and P. malariae in wild monkeys from Atlantic forest and semideciduous Atlantic forest and the finding of a positive result for P. falciparum in Alouatta from both types of forest support the hypothesis that monkeys belonging to this genus could be a potential reservoir. Furthermore, these findings raise the question of the relationship between simian and autochthonous human malaria in extra-Amazonian regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro Duarte
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN), Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Rua Paula Souza 166, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Volney B, Pouliquen JF, De Thoisy B, Fandeur T. A sero-epidemiological study of malaria in human and monkey populations in French Guiana. Acta Trop 2002; 82:11-23. [PMID: 11904099 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a sero-epidemiological study of malaria prevalence in French Guiana. An immunofluorescence assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect antibodies against blood-stage antigens and synthetic peptides mimicking the repetitive epitope of the sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum, in 218 human sera and 113 non-human primate sera collected in French Guiana. Almost all the monkey sera tested had antibodies against malaria blood-stages (98%) and a large majority (73%) also tested positive with the P. malariae/brasilianum circumsporozoite peptide. A number of primate samples also reacted positively with P. falciparum NANP repeats in a very specific manner, suggesting that monkeys in the rainforest are bitten by mosquitoes infected with human malaria parasites. Seroprevalences were lower in the humans tested but Indian tribes on the borders with Suriname and Brazil were clearly more exposed to malaria than other ethnic groups, with a prevalence of nearly 70% seropositivity. P. vivax infections accounted for much of the observed pattern of reactivity, but there was also a high frequency of positive reactions to the P. brasilianum/malariae peptide. Similarly, a large proportion of the sera obtained from Bush Negro populations tested positive for P. malariae/brasilianum repeats. These data add to the emerging evidence that non-human primates might constitute a natural reservoir, not only for simian, but also for human malaria, and therefore suggest that they might be responsible for the maintenance of foci of P. malariae, and possibly of other malaria species, in isolated areas of the Amazonian rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Volney
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Guyane, 97306 Cedex, Cayenne, French Guiana
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de Thoisy B, Vogel I, Reynes JM, Pouliquen JF, Carme B, Kazanji M, Vié JC. Health evaluation of translocated free-ranging primates in French Guiana. Am J Primatol 2001; 54:1-16. [PMID: 11329164 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Among over 40 mammal species threatened by the filling of a hydroelectric dam reservoir in French Guiana, three species of primates have been translocated, comprising 124 red howler monkeys, six white-faced sakis, and 95 golden-handed tamarins. Health status of the animals was evaluated by direct physical examination and by hematological, biochemical, virological, and parasitological surveys of collected blood. The physical condition of the howlers was slightly worse toward the end of the capture period, but that of sakis and tamarins remained satisfactory. Several ectoparasites (ticks, larvae of dipterous insects, fleas, and lice) were collected, and various wounds, apparently nondebilitating, were recorded in howlers. Hematological and biochemical profiles determined for the three species revealed a slight anemia in howlers. Entamoeba, Strongyloides, and Trypanoxyurus were common in fecal samples of howlers. A survey of blood smears from the three species revealed infection by several types of microfilaria, Trypanosoma rangeli-like and Plasmodium brasilianum in all three, and Trypanosoma cruzi-like in howlers. These infections had no significant impact on the health status or the hematological profiles. Serologic investigations revealed occasional reactions against Toxoplasma gondii, a strong anti-Plasmodium response in the two Cebidae species, and a weaker one in tamarins. Attempts to isolate arbovirus failed, but antibody responses to Mayaro and yellow fever viruses were strong, especially in the howlers. A strong correlation between age and serological status led to a better understanding of the epidemic cycles. Our survey indicates French Guianan primates are reservoirs for several anthropozoonoses, including malaria, Chagas disease, and arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Thoisy
- Programme Faune Sauvage, EDF-CNEH, Savoie-Technolac, Le Bourget du Lac, France.
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de Thoisy B, Michel JC, Vogel I, Vié JC. A survey of hemoparasite infections in free-ranging mammals and reptiles in French Guiana. J Parasitol 2000; 86:1035-40. [PMID: 11128476 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1035:asohii]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood smears of 1,353 free-ranging mammals (35 species) and 112 reptiles (31 species) from French Guiana were examined for hemoparasites. Parasites from 3 major groups were recorded: Apicomplexa (including hemogregarines, piroplasms, and Plasmodium spp.), Trypanosomatidae, and Filaroidea. Fifty percent of the individuals (86% of the species) were infected by parasites from at least 1 group. Hemogregarines, identified as Hepatozoon sp., infected numerous snakes with high prevalences (30-100%); infection is reported for the first time in 5 host genera of snakes: Clelia, Oxybelis, Pseustes, Rhinobotryum, and Bothriopsis. Infections were also observed in 4 marsupial species and 1 rodent. Hepatozoon spp. recorded in Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia) and Coendou prehensilis (Rodentia) may be new species. Plasmodium sp. were observed in 2 snake species, Dipsas indica (Colubridae) and Bothrops atrox (Viperidae). Plasmodium brasilianum was recorded in all 5 primate species examined. Piroplasms were observed in all mammal orders except primates. Large terrestrial rodents were the main hosts of members of the Babesidae; 42% of Myoprocta acouchy, 36% of Dasyprocta agouti, and 44% of Agouti paca were infected. Trypanosomes were common in mammals and were recorded in 70% of the examined genera. Trypanosoma cruzi-like infections were reported in 21 mammal species, including sloths, rodents, carnivores, and primates. Microfilariae were also widespread, with higher prevalences in sloths, anteaters, and porcupines (>40% of the individuals infected) and in tamarins (95% infected). This survey highlights some potential anthropozoonotic risks due to the recent further evidence of Plasmodium brasilianum and P. malariae as a single species and to the increased diversity of hosts for Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Thoisy
- Service de Primatologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
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Ziccardi M, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. The infection rates of trypanosomes in squirrel monkeys at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1997; 92:465-70. [PMID: 9361738 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761997000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of natural infections by trypanosome species in squirrel monkeys: Saimiri sciureus (Linnaeus) and Saimiri ustus (Geoffroy) caught respectively near 2 hydroelectric plants: Balbina, in the State of Amazonas, and Samuel, in the State of Rondônia, Brazil. A total of 165 squirrel monkeys were examined by thick and thin blood smears (BS), haemocultures and xenodiagnosis: 112 monkeys, 67.9% (being 52.7% with mix infections) were positive to trypanosomes. Four species of trypanosomes were found in monkeys from the 2 areas: Trypanosoma (Tejeraia) rangeli Tejera or T. rangeli-like parasites in 58 squirrel monkeys (35.2%), Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) minasense Chagas in 55 (33.3%), Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) saimirii Rodhain or T. saimirii-like parasites in 53 (32.1%) and Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi Chagas in 17 (10.3%). As T. saimirii resembles T. minasense in blood-stream trypomastigotes and T. rangeli in cultural forms and in this survey almost all monkeys presenting trypanosomes morphologically indistinguishable from T. saimirii and/or T. minasense in BS were found through xenodiagnosis and/or haemoculture to be infected by T. rangeli, we suggest that the validity of T. saimirii needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ziccardi
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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25
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Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Luz SL. Simian malaria at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon--II. Vertical distribution and frequency of anopheline species inside and outside the forest. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996; 91:687-94. [PMID: 9283645 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761996000600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An anopheline survey was carried out in two simian malaria areas in the Brazilian Amazon, Balbina and Samuel, to determine the potential vectors of Plasmodium brasilianum. The most abundant and/or acrodendrophilic anophelines in the forest and the most likely vector were Anopheles mediopunctatus, An. nuneztovari, An. oswaldoi, An. triannulatus and An. shannoni. An. darlingi and An. marajoara were captured essentially in anthropic habitats outside the forest and are unlikely to be involved in the transmission of P. brasilianum among monkeys within the forests and from monkeys to man in their surroundings in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Luz SL, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Forest Culicinae mosquitoes in the environs of Samuel hydroeletric plant, State of Rondônia, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996; 91:427-32. [PMID: 9070404 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761996000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on frequency and seasonal distribution of culicinae were recorded in the forest near a recently constructed hydroelectric plant-Samuel, in the State of Rondônia, Brazilian Amazon. Collections were performed almost daily from August 1990 to July 1991, between 6 and 9 p.m., using human bait. A total of 3,769 mosquitoes was collected, representing 21 species, including seven new records for the State of Rondônia. The most frequently collected species were Aedes fulvus (25%) and Ae. pennai (12.3%). The highest density for the majority of mosquito species coincided with the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Luz
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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