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Machado LFA, Fonseca RRDS, Queiroz MAF, Oliveira-Filho AB, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. The Epidemiological Impact of STIs among General and Vulnerable Populations of the Amazon Region of Brazil: 30 years of Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050855. [PMID: 34067165 PMCID: PMC8151421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a worldwide public health problem and, although many of them are curable, they continue to be neglected, especially in areas with a low human development index, such as in the northern region of Brazil. This review describes the results of 30 years of studies at the Virus Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará, including the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, HBV, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis among urban and non-urban populations, and also in vulnerable groups in the Brazilian Amazon. Control strategies and challenges in preventing STIs are discussed considering this immense geographic region, where essential health services are unable to reach the entire population, especially the most vulnerable, such as female sex workers, people who use illicit drugs, remnants of quilombolos and indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68.600-000, Brazil;
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
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Ishak R, Machado LFA, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Guimarães Ishak MDO, Vallinoto ACR. Infectious Agents As Markers of Human Migration toward the Amazon Region of Brazil. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1663. [PMID: 28912770 PMCID: PMC5583215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents are common companions of humans and since ancient times they follow human migration on their search for a better place to live. The study of paleomicrobiology was significantly improved in its accuracy of measurement with the constant development of better methods to detect and analyze nucleic acids. Human tissues are constantly used to trace ancient infections and the association of anthropological evidences are important to confirm the microbiological information. Infectious agents which establish human persistent infections are particularly useful to trace human migrations. In the present article, the evidence of infection by viral agents such as human T-lymphotropic virus 1, human T-lymphotropic virus 2, human herpes virus-8, JC virus, and a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, was described using different methodologies for their detection. Their presence was further used as biomarkers associated with anthropological and other relevant information to trace human migration into the Amazon region of Brazil. The approach also evidenced their microbiological origin, emergence, evolution, and spreading. The information obtained confirms much of the archeological information available tracing ancient and more recent human migration into this particular geographical region. In this article, the paleomicrobiological information on the subject was summarized and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
| | - Luiz F A Machado
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
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Hurtado AM, Lambourne CA, James P, Hill K, Cheman K, Baca K. HUMAN RIGHTS, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AMONG SOUTH AMERICAN INDIGENOUS GROUPS. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the efforts of international health agencies to reduce global health inequalities, indigenous populations around the world remain largely unaffected by such initiatives. This chapter reviews the biomedical literature indexed by the PubMed database published between 1963 and 2003 on South American indigenous populations, a total of 1864 studies that include 63,563 study participants. Some language family groupings are better represented than are others, and lowland groups are better represented than are highland groups. Very few studies focus on major health threats (e.g., tuberculosis, influenza), public health interventions, or mestizo-indigenous epidemiological comparisons. The prevalence rates of three frequently studied infections—parasitism, human T-cell lymphotropic viral infection (HTLV), and hepatitis—are extraordinarily high, but these facts have been overlooked by national and international health agencies. This review underscores the urgent need for interventions based on known disease prevalence rates to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Magdalena Hurtado
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Carol A. Lambourne
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Paul James
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Kim Hill
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Karen Cheman
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Keely Baca
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
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Braga WSM. [Hepatitis B and D virus infection within Amerindians ethnic groups in the Brazilian Amazon: epidemiological aspects]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2005; 37 Suppl 2:9-13. [PMID: 15586891 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822004000700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies describe very high prevalence rates of infection and disease of hepatitis B and D within Native American population. This is a review of what has been described among Amerindians of Brazilian Amazon. Some groups show low prevalence rates of HBsAg, whereas, others of the same region reveal high endemic pattern, even among individuals less then 10 years of age. HDV is only found in groups of Amazonas province. Transmission may occur by interfamilial dissemination or sexual contact among young adults. Socio-cultural, genetic, and ecological factors are described as determinants of this unique pattern. Nevertheless, the origin of these two viruses is yet to be disclosed. Amerindians population and their genetic memory are a live experiment, which demands a broad investigation, weighting with modern tools, as molecular biology, the influence of historical, genetic, medical and anthropological factors.
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Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR, Azevedo VN, Ishak MDOG. Epidemiological aspects of retrovirus (HTLV) infection among Indian populations in the Amazon Region of Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2003; 19:901-14. [PMID: 12973556 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2003000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV was initially described in association with a form of leukemia in Japan and a neurological disease in the Caribbean. It was soon shown that HTLV-II was endemic among Amerindians and particularly among Brazilian Indians. The Amazon Region of Brazil is presently the largest endemic area for this virus and has allowed several studies concerning virus biology, the search for overt disease, epidemiological data including detailed demographic data on infected individuals, clear-cut geographic distribution, definition of modes of transmission and maintenance within small, epidemiologically-closed groups, and advances in laboratory diagnosis of the infection. A new molecular subtype named HTLV-IIc was further described on the basis of genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This subtype is present in other areas of Brazil, indicating that the virus is additionally both a valuable marker for tracing past human migration routes in the Americas and a probable marker for social habits of the present human population. HIV, the other human retrovirus, is still not prevalent among indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon, but these groups are also easy targets for the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66040-970, Brasil.
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Ishak MO, Ishak R. [Chlamydia infection impact among native Indian groups of the Brazilian Amazon region]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2001; 17:385-96. [PMID: 11283769 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2001000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge is limited on the spread of bacteria from genus Chlamydia in Brazil. This study included a sero-epidemiological survey of 2,086 samples from native Indian populations of the Brazilian Amazon region. Sera were screened using indirect immunofluorescence assay for detection of antibodies to C. trachomatis serotype L2, followed by microimmunofluorescence assay using fifteen C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae serotypes as antigen substrates. Antibody prevalence was 48.6%, but there was a large prevalence range among the groups, including those that had never been challenged with the bacteria, as well as those in which almost all individuals had been infected. Titration of IgG antibodies and detection of specific IgM in high-titer samples showed the persistence of Chlamydia in 6.1% of the reactive individuals, who probably play an important role as reservoirs for dissemination of the bacteria. Specific seroreactivity to C. trachomatis showed the presence of serotypes A, B, Ba, D, E, G, H, I, and L1 in the geographic area surveyed. Furthermore, the survey showed that C. pneumoniae was also infecting these individuals. Both species may be involved in a significant human disease burden that merits further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66049-970, Brasil
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Ferrari JO, Ferreira MU, Tanaka A, Mizokami M. The seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in an Amerindian population in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1999; 32:299-302. [PMID: 10380571 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86821999000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among Karitiana Indians (n = 119) living in the State of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon. The prevalences of anti-HBs and anti-HBc were 16.1% and 35.3%, respectively, with HBsAg being found in only four (3.4%) subjects. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in two subjects (1.7%). Age-stratified prevalence data suggest that both vertical and horizontal (the last among adults) routes of HBV transmission are important in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Ferrari
- National Indian Foundation, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
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