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Lapa S, Kuzmin A, Сhernousova L, Mikhailovich V. Spoligotyping of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using on-Chip PCR. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 134:lxac046. [PMID: 36626798 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to develop a rapid PCR-based method for spoligotyping of Mycobacteria in the microarray format and to compare it to conventional spoligotyping by hybridization. METHODS AND RESULTS The method employs the on-Chip PCR technique with primers specific for 43 spacers that separate direct repeats (DRs) in the DR region of mycobacterial DNA. The primers were immobilized on gel-based microarrays, and PCR was performed directly on the chips. The PCR fluorescence images were acquired and processed using a portable fluorescence analyzer equipped with dedicated software. Analysis takes 1.5-2 hours and can be carried out on clinical samples without additional handling. The analytical sensitivity of the method was 103 copies of target DNA. The spoligotyping results of 51 samples produced by the proposed method and by conventional reverse hybridization approach were in full concordance. CONCLUSIONS High throughput capacity, computerized data analysis, compact equipment, and reliable results make the on-Chip PCR an attractive alternative to intra- and interspecific spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Fast microarray-based spoligotyping technique using on-Chip PCR was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Lapa
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey Kuzmin
- Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 107564, Russia
| | - Larisa Сhernousova
- Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 107564, Russia
| | - Vladimir Mikhailovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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2
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Spatial distribution of Mycobacterium bovis spoligotypes in cattle from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:238. [PMID: 35867201 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping methods have led to a better understanding of the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection, and its transmission dynamics, as well as the possible phylogenetic relationships between Mycobacterium strains, thus making bovine tuberculosis control programs more efficient. The goal of this study was to characterize the main spoligotypes of M. bovis isolated from cattle in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was carried out in 28 municipalities of "Triângulo Mineiro" and "Alto Paranaíba" regions of the state. Viscera samples were obtained from 58 bovines positive for tuberculosis according to comparative cervical tests, and from another 100 bovines with lesions suggestive of tuberculosis, which were donated by the National Agricultural Laboratory of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais. Microbiological isolation was performed in Stonebrink medium, and molecular identification of mycobacteria was performed by PCR. Genotyping was performed using the spoligotyping method at the Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Institute of National Agricultural Technology Institute-National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Among the 158 viscera samples, we obtained 40 (25%) isolates of M. bovis, and detected 11 spoligotype patterns, with a predominance of SB1142 (37.5%), SB0121 (25.0%), and SB1145 (10.0%). Other standards, SB0295, SB1050, SB0881, SB1144, SB1802, SB0140, SB0120, and SB0849, varied from 2.5 to 7.5%, heterogeneously distributed among the municipalities. The presence of spoligotypes shared with other Brazilian states and different countries indicates their possible exchange through epidemiological relationships, such as the transit of live animals and/or genetic similarity between strains that share a common ancestor.
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de Melo EH, Gomes HM, Suffys PN, Lopes MQP, de Figueiredo Teixeira RL, Dos Santos ÍR, Franco MMJ, Langoni H, Paes AC, Afonso JAB, de Mendonça CL. Genotypic Characterization of Mycobacterium bovis Isolates From Dairy Cattle Diagnosed With Clinical Tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:747226. [PMID: 34708105 PMCID: PMC8542897 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.747226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis plays an essential role in the epidemiological knowledge of the disease. Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis represents a risk to human health. This study aimed to perform the genotypic characterization of M. bovis isolated from bovines diagnosed as tuberculosis from dairy herds in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Granulomas from 30 bovines were sent for microbiological culture, and colonies compatible with Mycobacterium spp. were obtained in at least one culture from 17/30 granulomas. All isolates were confirmed to be M. bovis by spoligotyping and 24loci MIRU-VNTR typing. While spoligotyping characterized the isolates as SB0121, SB0295, SB0852, SB0120, and an unclassified genotype, 24loci MIRU-VNTR rendered two clusters of two isolates each and 13 unique profiles. Loci ETR-A showed higher discriminatory power, and loci (ETR-B, ETR-C, MIRU16, MIRU27, and QUB26) showed moderate allelic diversity. This is the first study on the genetic variability of the infectious agent cause of bovine TB in Pernambuco and demonstrates variability of strains in the state. Thus, it corroborates the importance of this microorganism as agent of bovine tuberculosis and its zoonotic potential, this epidemiological tool being a determinant in the rigor of the sanitary practices of disease control in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harrison Magdinier Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia Quinhones Pires Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Lima de Figueiredo Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marília Masello Junqueira Franco
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Helio Langoni
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Paes
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Lopes de Mendonça
- Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil
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4
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Rodrigues RDA, Ribeiro Araújo F, Rivera Dávila AM, Etges RN, Parkhill J, van Tonder AJ. Genomic and temporal analyses of Mycobacterium bovis in southern Brazil. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34016251 PMCID: PMC8209730 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is a causal agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), one of the most important diseases currently facing the cattle industry worldwide. Tracing the source of M. bovis infections of livestock is an important tool for understanding the epidemiology of bTB and defining control/eradication strategies. In this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 74 M. bovis isolates sourced from naturally infected cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, was used to evaluate the population structure of M. bovis in the region, identify potential transmission events and date the introduction of clonal complex (CC) European 2 (Eu2). In silico spoligotyping identified 11 distinct patterns including four new profiles and two CCs, European 1 (Eu1) and Eu2. The analyses revealed a high level of genetic diversity in the majority of herds and identified putative transmission clusters that suggested that within- and between-herd transmission is occurring in RS. In addition, a comparison with other published M. bovis isolates from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay demonstrated some evidence for a possible cross-border transmission of CC Eu1 into RS from Uruguay or Argentina. An estimated date for the introduction of CC Eu2 into RS in the middle of the 19th century correlated with the historical introduction of cattle into RS to improve existing local breeds. These findings contribute to the understanding of the population structure of M. bovis in southern Brazil and highlight the potential of WGS in surveillance and helping to identify bTB transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudielle de Arruda Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto Martín Rivera Dávila
- Computational and Systems Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Health, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Sales ÉB, Fonseca AA, Gonçalves CM, Lage AP, Andrade GI, Suffys PN, Gomes HM, Dias NL, Ferreira Neto JS, Guimarães AMDS, Heinemann MB. Multispacer Sequence Typing for Mycobacterium bovis Genotyping. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666283. [PMID: 33981748 PMCID: PMC8107269 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis, can be accomplished by combining different polymorphic markers, contributing to its epidemiological investigation. Multispacer sequence typing (MST) is a sequencing-based method that employs intergenic regions susceptible to higher mutation rates given the low selection pressure. It has been applied to M. tuberculosis, but not to M. bovis. The aim of this study was to evaluate a MST for M. bovis. A total of 58 strains isolated from tissues with lesions suggestive of bovine tuberculosis, coming from cattle herds in six Brazilian states and four standard samples of M. bovis were typified employing the MST technique. Fourteen intergenic regions were used, and four types of genetic events were reported: single nucleotide mutation (SNP), insertion, deletion, and tandem repeat (TR). Seven loci were chosen for typing. Twenty-eight type sequences (ST) were identified, indicating type sequences (ST) were identified, indicating a 92.9% HGDI (Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index). The data were used to analyze the evolutionary patterns of these isolates and correlate them to phylogeographic lineages based on the formation of clonal complexes generated from eBURST software. Later, we associated the MST with spoligotyping technique, currently considered the gold standard for classification of M. bovis. The results support the MST as an alternative method for genotyping of M. bovis. The method has the advantage of sequencing and the availability of sequences analyzed in public databases, which can be used by professionals around the world as a tool for further analysis. This was the first study to identify the variability of isolates of M. bovis by the MST method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Bravo Sales
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Fonseca
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Ivo Andrade
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Natanael Lamas Dias
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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6
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Ordaz-Vázquez A, Soberanis-Ramos O, Cruz-Huerta E, Retis-Sanchez-de-la-Barquera S, Chávez-Mazari B, Gudiño-Enriquez T, Santacruz-Aguilar M, Ponce-De-León-Garduño A, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Bobadilla-Del-Valle M. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis evaluated by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR in an intensive dairy cattle breeding area in Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1144-1154. [PMID: 33725428 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. In Mexico, dairy cattle play an important role in the persistence and spread of the bacillus. In order to describe M. bovis genetic diversity, we genotyped a total of 132 strains isolated from slaughtered cattle with bTB suggestive lesions between 2009 and 2010 in Hidalgo, Mexico, using a panel of 9-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and spoligotyping. We found 21 spoligotypes, and 124 isolates were grouped in 13 clusters. The most frequent spoligotypes were SB0121 (49, 37.1%) and SB0673 (27, 20.5%); three new spoligotypes were reported SB02703, SB02704 and SB02705. We observed 37 MIRU-VNTR patterns, 107 isolates were grouped in 12 clusters and 25 isolates were unique. Spoligotypes SB0121, SB0673, SB0140, SB0145 and SB0120 showed marked subdivision applying MIRU-VNTR method; meanwhile, spoligotypes SB0971 and SB0327 showed single MIRU-VNTR profiles. The Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index (HGDI) was 0.88, 0.78 and 0.90 for 9-loci MIRU-VNTR, spoligotyping and both methods, respectively. Additionally, allelic diversity (h) analysis showed high diversity for QUB3232, QUB26 and QUB11b with h = 0.79, 0.66 and 0.63, respectively. Overall, high genetic variability was observed among M. bovis isolates. Thus, the use of 9-loci MIRU-VNTR panel is enough to describe genetic diversity, evolution and distribution of M. bovis. This study supports the use of these tools for subsequent epidemiological studies in high incidence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Ordaz-Vázquez
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Orbelin Soberanis-Ramos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Cruz-Huerta
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Retis-Sanchez-de-la-Barquera
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bárbara Chávez-Mazari
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tomasa Gudiño-Enriquez
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alfredo Ponce-De-León-Garduño
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-Del-Valle
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Conceição EC, Salvato RS, Gomes KM, Guimarães AEDS, da Conceição ML, Souza e Guimarães RJDP, Sharma A, Furlaneto IP, Barcellos RB, Bollela VR, Anselmo LMP, Sisco MC, Niero CV, Ferrazoli L, Refrégier G, Lourenço MCDS, Gomes HM, de Brito AC, Catanho M, Duarte RS, Suffys PN, Lima KVB. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Brazil before the whole genome sequencing era: a literature review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200517. [PMID: 33729319 PMCID: PMC7976556 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-typing can help in unraveling epidemiological scenarios and improvement for disease control strategies. A literature review of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in Brazil through genotyping on 56 studies published from 1996-2019 was performed. The clustering rate for mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units - variable tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) of 1,613 isolates were: 73%, 33% and 28% based on 12, 15 and 24-loci, respectively; while for RFLP-IS6110 were: 84% among prison population in Rio de Janeiro, 69% among multidrug-resistant isolates in Rio Grande do Sul, and 56.2% in general population in São Paulo. These findings could improve tuberculosis (TB) surveillance and set up a solid basis to build a database of Mycobacterium genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilyn Costa Conceição
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia
Evandro Chagas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pesquisa Clínica e Doenças Infecciosas,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia
Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Bioensaios em Micobactérias, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Richard Steiner Salvato
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual
de Vigilância em Saúde, Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Porto
Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Karen Machado Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública
Sergio Arouca, Centro de Referência Professor Hélio Fraga, Laboratório de Referência
Nacional para Tuberculose e outras Micobacterioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Arthur Emil dos Santos Guimarães
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e
da Saúde, Pós-Graduação Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia,
Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Marília Lima da Conceição
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e
da Saúde, Pós-Graduação Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia,
Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Abhinav Sharma
- International Institute of Information Technology, Department of
Data Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Regina Bones Barcellos
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual
de Vigilância em Saúde, Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Porto
Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Valdes Roberto Bollela
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica da
Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Lívia Maria Pala Anselmo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica da
Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Carolina Sisco
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia
Paulo de Góes, Laboratório de Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cristina Viana Niero
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Microbiologia,
Imunologia e Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lucilaine Ferrazoli
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de
Tuberculose e Micobacterioses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Guislaine Refrégier
- Universit e Paris-Saclay, Ecologie Systematique Evolution, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Maria Cristina da Silva Lourenço
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia
Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Bioensaios em Micobactérias, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Harrison Magdinier Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Artemir Coelho de Brito
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância das Doenças de Transmissão
Respiratória de Condições Crônicas, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Marcos Catanho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rafael Silva Duarte
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia
Paulo de Góes, Laboratório de Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório
de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e
da Saúde, Pós-Graduação Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia,
Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
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8
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Figueiredo Rocha VC, de Souza-Filho AF, Ikuta CY, Hildebrand E Grisi Filho JH, de Azevedo Issa M, Coelho Mota PMP, de Juan Ferré L, Rodríguez LD, Martínez BR, Heinemann MB, Ferreira Neto JS. High discrimination of Mycobacterium bovis isolates in Brazilian herds by spoligotyping. Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:104976. [PMID: 32361639 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), that leads to economic losses in infected herds and it is also considered an important zoonosis. The molecular typing methods of M. bovis isolates are fundamental for the bovine tuberculosis surveillance system, and spoligotyping is the standard genotyping technique for this species. Thus, the aim of the present study is to analyze the spatial and cluster distribution of M. bovis strains from several regions of Brazil through molecular typing. Spoligotyping technique was applied on 422 isolates identified as M. bovis, and Ripley's K function was used to perform the spatial and cluster analysis of each identified profile. Forty-three (43) different profiles were identified and spoligotype SB0121 was the most frequent and showed a uniform pattern in the spatial distribution while spoligotypes SB0295, SB1380 and SB1050 formed clusters. In addition, three novel spoligotype profiles (SB2361, SB2362, SB2364) were identified in different herds. In this perspective, it is believed that molecular identification and typing can significantly improve the performance of surveillance systems for bovine tuberculosis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cassia Yumi Ikuta
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marina de Azevedo Issa
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Moacyr Pinto Coelho Mota
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lúcia de Juan Ferré
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Romero Martínez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Furlaneto IP, da Conceição ML, Conceição EC, Lopes ML, Rodrigues YC, Macelino BR, Gomes HM, Suffys PN, Guimarães RJDPSE, da Silva MG, Duarte RS, da Costa Francez L, Casseb ADR, Câmara VDM, Pereira WLA, da Costa ARF, Lima KVB. Molecular epidemiology of mycobacteria among herds in Marajó Island, Brazil, reveals strains genetically related and potential zoonotic risk of clinical relevance. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104044. [PMID: 31634644 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the main causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) being among the animal-adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Herds can also be infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) causing a negative effect on the economy and on animal and human health through zoonotic infections. Molecular tools are required for mycobacteria identification; thus, it is laborious to determine the epidemiological information of mycobacteria among herds. We aimed to describe the mycobacterial pathogens associated with cases of suspected bTB lesions in cattle/buffaloes slaughtered for consumption and to investigate bTB transmission. We evaluated 74 lesion samples from 48 animals (27 bovine/21 buffaloes) from 16 mapped farms. Positives samples from nested-PCR were cultured in Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 2% pyruvate (LJ + P), and 2% glycerol (LJ + G) media, followed by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining technique and partial gene sequencing (hsp65, rpoB, and 16S-rRNA). Spoligotyping and 24-MIRU-VNTR were performed. The LJ + P increased the chance of obtaining bacilli. The respiratory tract and the oral cavity were the most important infection route. In addition, the calcified part of the lesions suggested chronic bTB. Spoligotypes of M. bovis (SIT986/SB0885) differed from others found in South America, and the MIRU-VNTR 24 loci suggested that bTB was associated to highly related strains. The NTM species found are of clinical importance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismari Perini Furlaneto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Rua do Una 156, Telégrafo, Belém, Pará, 66 050-540, Brazil.
| | - Marília Lima da Conceição
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Rua do Una 156, Telégrafo, Belém, Pará, 66 050-540, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Emilyn Costa Conceição
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Cidade Universitária - s/n bl I ss, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-970, Brazil; Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Bioensaios, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Luíza Lopes
- Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Yan Corrêa Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Rua do Una 156, Telégrafo, Belém, Pará, 66 050-540, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Reis Macelino
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Rua do Una 156, Telégrafo, Belém, Pará, 66 050-540, Brazil
| | - Harrison Magdinier Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Microbactéria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada à Microbactéria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marlei Gomes da Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Cidade Universitária - s/n bl I ss, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva Duarte
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Cidade Universitária - s/n bl I ss, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-970, Brazil
| | - Loreno da Costa Francez
- Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Estr. Principal da Ufra, Curió Utinga, Belém, PA 2150-2476, Brazil
| | - Alexandre do Rosário Casseb
- Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Estr. Principal da Ufra, Curió Utinga, Belém, PA 2150-2476, Brazil
| | - Volney de Magalhães Câmara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horacio Macedo, S/N, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro- RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira
- Programa Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Belém, Pará 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Ana Roberta Fusco da Costa
- Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Rua do Una 156, Telégrafo, Belém, Pará, 66 050-540, Brazil; Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000, Brazil.
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10
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Carneiro PAM, Pasquatti TN, Takatani H, Zumárraga MJ, Marfil MJ, Barnard C, Fitzgerald SD, Abramovitch RB, Araujo FR, Kaneene JB. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and buffalo in Amazon Region, Brazil. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:133-141. [PMID: 31571406 PMCID: PMC7036311 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize Mycobacterium bovis from cattle and buffalo tissue samples, from two Brazilian states, and to analyse their genetic diversity by spoligotyping. Tissue samples from tuberculosis suspect animals, 57 in Amazonas State (12 cattle and 45 buffaloes) and six from Pará State (5 cattle and one buffalo) from slaughterhouses under State Veterinary Inspection, were isolated in culture medium Stonebrink. The positive cultures were confirmed by PCR and analysed by the spoligotyping technique and the patterns (spoligotypes) were identified and compared at the Mycobacterium bovis Spoligotype Database (http://www.mbovis.org/). There was bacterial growth in 44 (69.8%) of the tissues of the 63 animals, of which PCR for region of differentiation 4 identified 35/44 (79.5%) as Mycobacterium bovis. Six different spoligotypes were identified among the 35 Mycobacterium bovis isolates, of which SB0295, SB1869, SB0121 and SB1800 had already been described in Brazil, and SB0822 and SB1608 had not been described. The most frequent spoligotype in this study (SB0822) had already been described in buffaloes in Colombia, a neighbouring country of Amazonas state. The other identified spoligotypes were also described in other South American countries, such as Argentina and Venezuela, and described in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás, indicating an active movement of Mycobacterium bovis strains within Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A M Carneiro
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Amazonas State Federal Institute, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Haruo Takatani
- Agencia de Defesa Agropecuaria do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Martin J Zumárraga
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Biotecnología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria J Marfil
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Biotecnología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Scott D Fitzgerald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Flábio R Araujo
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - John B Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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11
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Sales ÉB, de Alencar AP, Hodon MA, Soares Filho PM, de Souza-Filho AF, Lage AP, Heinemann MB, Fonseca Júnior AA. Identification of clonal complexes of Mycobacterium bovis in Brazil. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:1047-1051. [PMID: 31111186 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a disease that is widely distributed around the world. Its causative agent, Mycobacterium bovis, has characteristics of a microorganism with clonal multiplication in populations with no evidence of genetic exchange between strains, and, consequently, a group of strains can be identified as descending from a common ancestor. The aim of this study was to investigate the clonal complexes of M. bovis isolated from samples of lesions suggestive of bovine tuberculosis collected from slaughterhouses in various states of Brazil between 2006 and 2012. Ninety samples were analyzed, and it was found that 14.4% belonged to the clonal complex European1 and 81.1% to the clonal complex European2, while 4.65% were not identified as any of the four known complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Bravo Sales
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mikael Arrais Hodon
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Francisco de Souza-Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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The most common spoligotype of Mycobacterium bovis isolated in the world and the recommended loci for VNTR typing; A systematic review. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:310-315. [PMID: 29578066 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is a neglected zoonotic organism that epidemiological studies are of crucial importance in identifying its source, control it and prevent it from spreading. The aim of this study was to investigate the most common spoligotypes of Mycobacterium bovis circulating around the world and introduce the most and least strong determine powers of loci for VNTR. We have used different databases such as ISC, science direct, Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science, Scopus and Medline via PubMed. Searches were performed by key words including: Mycobacterium bovis, MIRU -VNTR, spoligotyping and discrimination power. Finally, thirty-one articles were selected after filtering out some titles, abstracts and full texts. Spoligotype SB0120 was the most common circulating type on several continents while SB0121 existed in Europe, Africa and America. SB0140 was also detected in Asia, Europe and America. QUB3232 and QUB11b were more appropriate loci among the loci with high discriminatory power. MIRU 10 and MIRU4 were among the loci with poor discriminatory power. Taking the published data into consideration, SB0120 and SB0121 are predominant spoligotypes of M. bovis circulating among animals around the world. Determining the most common spoligotype of M. bovis is the key to find source of infection, control and prevent the disease.
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13
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Abstract
Since its discovery by Theobald Smith, Mycobacterium bovis has been a human pathogen closely related to animal disease. At present, M. bovis tuberculosis is still a problem of importance in many countries and is considered the main cause of zoonotic tuberculosis throughout the world. Recent development of molecular epidemiological tools has helped us to improve our knowledge about transmission patterns of this organism, which causes a disease indistinguishable from that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diagnosis and treatment of this mycobacterium are similar to those for conventional tuberculosis, with the important exceptions of constitutive resistance to pyrazinamide and the fact that multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant M. bovis strains have been described. Among other members of this complex, Mycobacterium africanum is the cause of many cases of tuberculosis in West Africa and can be found in other areas mainly in association with immigration. M. bovis BCG is the currently available vaccine for tuberculosis, but it can cause disease in some patients. Other members of the M. tuberculosis complex are mainly animal pathogens with only exceptional cases of human disease, and there are even some strains, like "Mycobacterium canettii," which is a rare human pathogen that could have an important role in the knowledge of the evolution of tuberculosis in the history.
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14
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Carvalho RCT, Vasconcellos SEG, Issa MDA, Soares Filho PM, Mota PMPC, Araújo FRD, Carvalho ACDS, Gomes HM, Suffys PN, Figueiredo EEDS, Paschoalin VMF. Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium bovis from Cattle Reared in Midwest Brazil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162459. [PMID: 27631383 PMCID: PMC5024986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), the pathogen responsible for serious economic impact on the livestock sector. In order to obtain data on isolated M. bovis strains and assist in the control and eradication program for BTB, a cross sectional descriptive molecular epidemiology study in the Brazilian Midwest was conducted. Through spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTR methods, 37 clinical isolates of M. bovis circulating in the region were analyzed, 10 isolated from the state of Mato Grosso, 12 from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and 15 from the state of Goiás. The spoligotyping analysis identified 10 distinct M. bovis profiles (SB0121 n = 14, SB0295 n = 6, SB0140 n = 6, SB0881 n = 3, SB1144 n = 2, SB1145 n = 2, SB0134 n = 1, SB1050 n = 1, SB1055 n = 1, SB1136 n = 1) grouped in six clusters and four orphan patterns. The MIRU-VNTR 24-loci grouped the same isolates in six clusters and 22 unique orphan patterns, showing higher discriminatory power than spoligotyping. When associating the results of both techniques, the isolates were grouped in five clusters and 24 unique M. bovis profiles. Among the 24-loci MIRU-VNTR evaluated, two, ETR-A and QUB 11b loci, showed high discriminatory ability (h = ≥ 0.50), while MIRU 16, MIRU 27, ETR-B, ETR-C, Mtub21 and QUB 26 loci showed moderate ability (h = 0.33 or h = 0.49) and were the most effective in evaluating the genotypic similarities among the clinical M. bovis isolate samples. Herein, the 29 patterns found amongst the 37 isolates of M. bovis circulating in the Brazilian Midwest can be due to the animal movement between regions, municipalities and farms, thus causing the spread of various M. bovis strains in herds from Midwest Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo César Tavares Carvalho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá/MT, Brasil
| | - Sidra Ezidio Gonçalves Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicado a Micobactérias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
| | - Marina de Azevedo Issa
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (LANAGRO), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo/MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo Martins Soares Filho
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (LANAGRO), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo/MG, Brasil
| | - Pedro Moacyr Pinto Coelho Mota
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (LANAGRO), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo/MG, Brasil
| | | | - Ana Carolina da Silva Carvalho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Campus Macaé, Macaé/RJ, Brasil
| | - Harrison Magdinier Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicado a Micobactérias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicado a Micobactérias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Tropical Institute of Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Lee H, Kim JM, Jang Y, Lee K, Baek K, Lee B, Kim HY, Lee MH, Ryoo S, Bae YC, Choi EJ, So B. Bovine tuberculosis in an Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) in the Republic of Korea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:651-5. [PMID: 26289719 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715600198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis has a wide range of hosts including cattle and humans, but its incidence in otters is very rare. Our report describes a case of bovine tuberculosis in an Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea). A deceased female otter ~2-3 years of age that was raised in an aquarium was submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (Anyang, Republic of Korea) for autopsy in June 2013. Following gross pathological examination, many white nodules were observed in the lungs and mesentery. The nodules showed central necrosis infiltrated with lymphocytes and macrophages and surrounded by fibrous tissue. Acid-fast bacteria were detected in the necrotic foci, but no fungi were observed. Molecular analysis led to the detection of M. bovis, which is identified in otters in some European countries such as Spain and France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyoung Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myung Kim
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Jang
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghyun Baek
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoon Ryoo
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - ByungJae So
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory (H Lee, K Lee, Baek, B Lee, M-H Lee, Bae, Choi, So), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaBacterial Diagnostic Laboratory (H-Y Kim), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of KoreaAnimal Disease Diagnostic Division, and the Bovine Tuberculosis Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division (J-M Kim, Jang, Ryoo), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Sun Z, Li W, Xu S, Huang H. The discovery, function and development of the variable number tandem repeats in different Mycobacterium species. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:738-58. [PMID: 26089025 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1022506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The method of genotyping by variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) facilitates the epidemiological studies of different Mycobacterium species worldwide. Until now, the VNTR method is not fully understood, for example, its discovery, function and classification. The inconsistent nomenclature and terminology of VNTR is especially confusing. In this review, we first describe in detail the VNTRs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), as this pathogen resulted in more deaths than any other microbial pathogen as well as for which extensive studies of VNTRs were carried out, and then we outline the recent progress of the VNTR-related epidemiological research in several other Mycobacterium species, such as M. abscessus, M. africanum, M. avium, M. bovis, M. canettii, M. caprae, M. intracellulare, M. leprae, M. marinum, M. microti, M. pinnipedii and M. ulcerans from different countries and regions. This article is aimed mainly at the practical notes of VNTR to help the scientists in better understanding and performing this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Sun
- a Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research , Beijing , China and
| | - Weimin Li
- b Beijing Chest Hospital, National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Shaofa Xu
- b Beijing Chest Hospital, National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Hairong Huang
- b Beijing Chest Hospital, National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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Proposal of a Screening MIRU-VNTR Panel for the Preliminary Genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis in Mexico. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:416479. [PMID: 25945333 PMCID: PMC4402168 DOI: 10.1155/2015/416479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the major causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, one of the most relevant zoonoses in the world, and affects a wide range of wild and domesticated animals. Development of screening panels in mycobacterial genotyping, according to specific geographical regions, is strongly needed. The aim of this study is to select a panel, constituted by highly polymorphic MIRU-VNTR loci, to discriminate clinical isolates of M. bovis in Mexico. In this study, 65 isolates of M. bovis obtained from clinical bovine samples proceeding from different geographic regions of Mexico were identified by phenotypic and genotypic tests and subsequently genotyped by a 24-locus MIRU-VNTR panel. The most polymorphic loci were selected to build a panel with a high discriminatory power similar to the 24-locus panel results. A panel of seven elements (QUB 11a, MIRU 26, ETR-A, QUB 26, MIRU 16, MIRU 27, and MIRU 39) with the highest allelic diversity showed an appropriate differentiation. The selected MIRU-VNTR elements, according to the regional allelic variability, may be used in the preliminary genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis isolates in Mexico.
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Cazola DDO, Jorge KDS, Zumárraga MJ, Souza-Filho AF, Araújo FR, Osório ALA. Identificação e genotipagem de Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos positivos no teste intradérmico para tuberculose em Mato Grosso do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neste estudo, realizou-se genotipagem de isolados de Mycobacterium bovis, provenientes de amostras de tecidos de bovinos positivos no teste cervical comparativo (TCC) para tuberculose em Mato Grosso do Sul, por meio da técnica de spoligotyping. Tecidos de 13 bovinos positivos, oriundos de diferentes municípios do estado, foram cultivados em meio de Stonebrink. As colônias resultantes foram submetidas à coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen e todos os isolados apresentaram características tintoriais de BAAR. Os 13 isolados de BAAR foram identificados por PCR multiplex (mPCR). O gene hsp65 foi alvo para identificação de Mycobacterium spp, a sequência de inserção IS6110 foi alvo para identificação de complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMT) e a região rvd1rv2031c foi explorada para detecção de M. bovis. Os isolados micobacterianos foram genotipados pela técnica de spoligotyping. Dos 13 bovinos, sete tinham pelo menos uma lesão sugestiva de tuberculose em linfonodos retrofaríngeos, parotídeos e pulmonares ou no pulmão, e em seis não foram encontradas lesões visíveis sugestivas da doença. Na mPCR, 11/13 (84,6%) isolados foram positivos para Mycobacterium spp; 8/13 (61,5%) positivos para CMT e 7/13 (53,8%) positivos para M. bovis. Com base no spoligotyping, oito isolados de BAAR foram agrupados dentro de três diferentes agrupamentos de genótipos e uma amostra remanescente apresentou perfil único, sendo quatro isolados com padrão de espoligotipo SB0121, dois SB1145, dois SB0881 e um SB0140. A técnica de spoligotyping demonstrou que há diversidade genética entre os espoligotipos presentes no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, embora predomine o perfil SB0121
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Ramos DF, Tavares L, da Silva PEA, Dellagostin OA. Molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolates: a review. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:365-72. [PMID: 25242917 PMCID: PMC4166258 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014005000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the main causative agent of animal tuberculosis (TB) and it may cause TB in humans. Molecular typing of M. bovis isolates provides precise epidemiological data on issues of inter- or intra-herd transmission and wildlife reservoirs. Techniques used for typing M. bovis have evolved over the last 2 decades, and PCR-based methods such as spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) have been extensively used. These techniques can provide epidemiological information about isolates of M. Bovis that may help control bovine TB by indicating possible links between diseased animals, detecting and sampling outbreaks, and even demonstrating cases of laboratory cross-contamination between samples. This review will focus on techniques used for the molecular typing of M. bovis and discuss their general aspects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fernandes Ramos
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Pelotas PelotasRS Brazil Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tavares
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Pelotas PelotasRS Brazil Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Almeida da Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Rio Grande Rio GrandeRS Brazil Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Pelotas PelotasRS Brazil Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Characterization of Mycobacterium bovis from Humans and Cattle in Namwala District, Zambia. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:187842. [PMID: 24847441 PMCID: PMC4009325 DOI: 10.1155/2014/187842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in Zambia. While human to human transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of major importance in driving the tuberculosis epidemic, the impact of Mycobacterium bovis transmission from infected cattle is largely unknown. This cross-sectional study aimed at molecular characterization of M. bovis in humans and cattle. A total of 100 human sputum samples and 67 bovine tissues were collected and analyzed for the presence of mycobacteria. Of 65 human samples that harbored acid fast bacteria (AFB), 55 isolates were obtained of which 34 were identified as M. tuberculosis and 2 as M. bovis. AFB-positive bovine samples (n = 67) yielded 47 mycobacterial isolates among which 25 were identified as M. bovis and no M. tuberculosis was found. Among the M. bovis isolates, spoligotyping revealed a high homogeneity in genotypes circulating in Namwala district. Human and cattle isolates shared identical MIRU-VNTR genotypes, suggesting that transmission between the two hosts may occur. Therefore, this study has documented zoonotic TB in human patients in Namwala district of Zambia. However, further molecular epidemiological studies in the study area are recommended.
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Shimizu E, Macías A, Paolicchi F, Magnano G, Zapata L, Fernández A, Canal A, Garbaccio S, Cataldi A, Caimi K, Zumárraga M. Genotyping Mycobacterium bovis from cattle in the Central Pampas of Argentina: temporal and regional trends. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:236-45. [PMID: 24676658 PMCID: PMC4015263 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis
(TB), a disease that affects approximately 5% of Argentinean cattle. Among the
molecular methods for genotyping, the most convenient are spoligotyping and variable
number of tandem repeats (VNTR). A total of 378 samples from bovines with visible
lesions consistent with TB were collected at slaughterhouses in three provinces,
yielding 265 M. bovis spoligotyped isolates, which were distributed
into 35 spoligotypes. In addition, 197 isolates were also typed by the VNTR method
and 54 combined VNTR types were detected. There were 24 clusters and 27 orphan types.
When both typing methods were combined, 98 spoligotypes and VNTR types were observed
with 27 clusters and 71 orphan types. By performing a meta-analysis with previous
spoligotyping results, we identified regional and temporal trends in the population
structure of M. bovis. For SB0140, the most predominant spoligotype
in Argentina, the prevalence percentage remained high during different periods,
varying from 25.5-57.8% (1994-2011). By contrast, the second and third most prevalent
spoligotypes exhibited important fluctuations. This study shows that there has been
an expansion in ancestral lineages as demonstrated by spoligotyping. However, exact
tandem repeat typing suggests dynamic changes in the clonal population of this
microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Shimizu
- Bacteriology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Macías
- School of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando Paolicchi
- Bacteriology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Magnano
- School of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Zapata
- School of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Analía Fernández
- General Direction of Animal Production, Secretary of Production, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Ana Canal
- Department of Basic Pathology, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio Garbaccio
- Pathobiology Institute, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Cataldi
- Biotechnology Institute, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Caimi
- Biotechnology Institute, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Zumárraga
- Biotechnology Institute, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Alzamora Filho F, Vasconcellos SE, Gomes HM, Cavalcante MP, Suffys PN, Costa JN. Múltiplas estirpes de isolados de Mycobacteriumbovis identificados por tipagem molecular em bovinos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi utilizar métodos bacteriológicos e moleculares para a identificação do Mycobacteriumbovis em lesões observadas em carcaças de bovinos durante a inspeção postmortem de rotina em matadouros-frigoríficos com serviço de inspeção oficial. Foi acompanhado o abate e a inspeção de 825.394 bovinos, sadios ao exame ante mortem pelo serviço de inspeção oficial em dez matadouros-frigoríficos do estado da Bahia. Carcaça de 180 bovinos apresentaram lesões sugestivas de tuberculose e por outras linfadenites. No isolamento bacteriano, 25 amostras apresentaram crescimento disgônico de colônias de coloração creme-amareladas em meio de cultura Stonebrink-Leslie. Desses isolados, 14 foram identificados como M. bovis PCR multiplex e pela técnica do spoligotyping foram discriminados oito diferentes espoligotipos do M. bovis, sendo sete descritos na literatura e um novo spoligotipo sem descrição anterior. O espoligotipo majoritário foi o SB0121, com cinco amostras, sendo descrito no Brasil e em outros países, seguidos por dois clusters, SB295 e SB1055, com dois isolados cada. O espoligotipo SB1145 e SB1648 foram referidos apenas no Brasil e Dinamarca, respectivamente. O espoligotipo SB140 já foi encontrado no Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai. Estes resultados demonstram que os espoligotipos obtidos são compartilhados, até o momento, entre estados brasileiros e entre países da América Latina e Europa. Sendo assim, a discriminação molecular de isolados de M. bovis através do Spoligotyping constitui-se numa ferramenta para estudos epidemiológicos da tuberculose bovina no Estado da Bahia.
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Rocha VCF, de Figueiredo SC, Rosales CAR, de Hildebrand e Grisi Filho JH, Keid LB, Soares RM, Ferreira Neto JS. Molecular discrimination of Mycobacterium bovis in São Paulo, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012. [PMID: 23199273 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is the most common agent of cattle tuberculosis, a zoonosis that causes losses in meat and milk production in several countries. In order to support epidemiological studies aimed at controlling the disease, several methods for molecular discrimination of M. bovis isolates have recently been developed. The most frequently used are spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping), mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU), and exact tandem repeat (ETR), but they all have different discriminatory power. In the present study, allelic diversity was calculated for each MIRU and ETR locus, and the Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index (HGI) was calculated for spoligotyping, 10 MIRUs, and 3 ETRs, in 116 isolates of M. bovis obtained from cattle. The analysis of allelic diversity indicated that MIRUs 16, 26, and 27, and ETRs A, B, and C, showed the greatest diversity between the assayed loci. The HGIs for each of the techniques were: spoligotyping=0.738381; MIRU=0.829835; and ETR=0.825337. The associations of the methods' improved discriminatory power were: spoligotyping+MIRU=0.930585; spoligotyping+ETR=0.931034; and MIRU+ETR=0.953373. The greatest discriminatory power was obtained when the three techniques were associated (HGI=0.98051). Considering the analyses of the present study, spoligotyping should be the first method to be used because it differentiates M. bovis from the other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. As the associations of MIRU and ETR with spoligotyping resulted in nearly identical HGIs, ETR seems to be the best choice after spoligotyping, because it is faster and more economical than MIRU. Finally, MIRU should be the last method used. In spite of this finding, the choice of the method used should be based on the discriminatory power necessary for the objective at hand.
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