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Singh K, Kumar R, Umam F, Kapoor P, Sinha S, Aggarwal A. Distinct and shared B cell responses of tuberculosis patients and their household contacts. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276610. [PMID: 36282846 PMCID: PMC9595562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at identifying the B cell responses which could distinguish between 'latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)' and active TB disease. Study subjects were smear-positive TB patients (n = 54) and their disease-free household contacts (HHCs, n = 120). The sera were used for determination of antibody levels (ΔOD values) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane (MtM) antigens by ELISA and for visualisation of seroreactive MtM antigens by immunoblotting. B cell subsets in whole blood samples were determined by flow cytometry. In TB sera, levels of IgG antibodies were significantly higher than IgM and IgA whereas IgM and IgA antibody levels were comparable. Conversely, HHC sera had significantly higher IgM antibody levels than IgG and IgA. The ratio of IgM to IgG antibodies in HHCs were also significantly higher than in patients. Immunoblotting revealed that some of the MtM antigens (<10, ~12 and ~25 kDa) reacted with TB as well as HHC sera whereas some other antigens (~16, ~36, ~45 and ~60 kDa) reacted with most of TB and a subset of HHC sera. Frequencies of classical memory B cells (cMBCs, CD19+CD27+) were significantly higher, and of IgG+ cMBCs were significantly lower in HHCs than in patients. Frequencies of IgA+ cMBCs in HHCs and patients were comparable but both were significantly higher than the corresponding frequencies of IgG+ cMBCs. Frequencies of IgA+ atypical MBCs (aMBCs, CD19+CD27-) in HHCs and patients were also comparable and significantly higher than the IgG+ aMBCs. The plasmablast (CD19+CD27++CD38++) frequencies in HHCs and patients were comparable. These results suggest that the IgM/IgG antibody ratio, antibody binding to selected MtM antigens and relative frequencies of MBC subsets could indicate protective or pathogenic immune responses following the primary infection with Mtb. Responses that orchestrate protection leading to a 'quiescent' LTBI may provide clues to an effective vaccination strategy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Singh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Fareha Umam
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Prerna Kapoor
- DOTS Centre, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sudhir Sinha
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail: (AA); (SS)
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- * E-mail: (AA); (SS)
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Hamidon NH, Suraiya S, Sarmiento ME, Acosta A, Norazmi MN, Lim TS. Immune TB Antibody Phage Display Library as a Tool To Study B Cell Immunity in TB Infections. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:852-868. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cytokine and Antibody Based Diagnostic Algorithms for Sputum Culture-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144705. [PMID: 26674517 PMCID: PMC4682626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most serious infectious diseases globally and has high mortality rates. A variety of diagnostic tests are available, yet none are wholly reliable. Serum cytokines, although significantly and frequently induced by different diseases and thus good biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, are not sufficiently disease-specific. TB-specific antibody detection, on the other hand, has been reported to be highly specific but not sufficiently sensitive. In this study, our aim was to improve the sensitivity and specificity of TB diagnosis by combining detection of TB-related cytokines and TB-specific antibodies in peripheral blood samples. Methods TB-related serum cytokines were screened using a human cytokine array. TB-related cytokines and TB-specific antibodies were detected in parallel with microarray technology. The diagnostic performance of the new protocol for active TB was systematically compared with other traditional methods. Results Here, we show that cytokines I-309, IL-8 and MIG are capable of distinguishing patients with active TB from healthy controls, patients with latent TB infection, and those with a range of other pulmonary diseases, and that these cytokines, and their presence alongside antibodies for TB-specific antigens Ag14-16kDa, Ag32kDa, Ag38kDa and Ag85B, are specific markers for active TB. The diagnostic protocol for active TB developed here, which combines the detection of three TB-related cytokines and TB-specific antibodies, is highly sensitive (91.03%), specific (90.77%) and accurate (90.87%). Conclusions Our results show that combining detection of TB-related cytokines and TB-specific antibodies significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy for active TB, providing greater accuracy than conventional diagnostic methods such as interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), TB antibody Colloidal Gold Assays and microbiological culture, and suggest that this diagnostic protocol has potential for clinical application.
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MDR-TB Antibody Response (Western Blot) to Fractions of Isoniazid and Rifampicin Resistant Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:638-42. [PMID: 26316231 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant TB poses a major threat to control of TB worldwide. Despite progress in the detection of Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases, a major diagnostic gap remains: 55% of reported TB patients estimated to have MDR-TB were not detected in 2013. MDR-TB antigens were conjugated to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Specific polyclonal antibodies against MDR-TB Ags were prepared in rabbits using two boosted injections of the MDR-TB antigen. The antibodies were purified and treated with susceptible TB to remove any non-specific and cross-reactive antibodies. In the present study, comparative analysis of electrophoretic pattern of different antigens of INH/RIF-resistant TB were studied for identifying protein profiles. A RIF-resistant TB antigen was shown here to have different protein profiles from INH-resistant TB isolate. The results of Western blotting analysis showed that in the RIF- and INH-resistant antigenic fractions some bands of 14.4 and 45 kDa as immunogenic were common. Moreover, four bands of RIF-resistant TB antigen fractions (16, 19, 21, and 45 KDa) and one band of INH-resistant TB (about 26 KDa) were detected as diagnostic antigens. This study suggests that the Western blot is an accurate test to survey INH- and RIF-resistant TB antigens of M. tuberculosis infection. These findings indicate that MDR-TB diagnosis (based on Ag detection) could be useful in the identification of disease stages that precede symptomatic and microbiologically positive TB, such as subclinical and incipient TB.
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Zhang L, Wang Q, Wang W, Liu Y, Wang J, Yue J, Xu Y, Xu W, Cui Z, Zhang X, Wang H. Identification of putative biomarkers for the serodiagnosis of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:12. [PMID: 22364187 PMCID: PMC3305424 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early diagnosis and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection can prevent most deaths resulting from this pathogen; however, multidrug-resistant strains present serious threats to global tuberculosis control and prevention efforts. In this study, we identified antigens that could be used for the serodiagnosis of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains, using a proteomics-based analysis. Results Serum from patients infected with drug-resistant or drug-susceptible M. tuberculosis strains and healthy controls was subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using a western blot approach. This procedure identified nine immunoreactive proteins, which were subjected to MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Six recombinant proteins, namely rRv2031c, rRv0444c, rRv2145c, rRv3692, rRv0859c, and rRv3040, were expressed and used to determine the immuno-reactivity of 100 serum samples. Antibody reactivity against rRv2031c, rRv3692, and rRv0444c was consistently observed. Among them, the best sensitivity and specificity of rRv3692 were 37% and 95% respectively. Furthermore, when rRv2031c and rRv3692 or rRv2031c, rRv3692, and rRv0444c were combined in 2:1 or equal amounts, the assay sensitivity and specificity were improved to 56.7% and 100% respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that Rv2031c, Rv3692, and Rv0444c are possible candidate biomarkers for effective use in the serodiagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis infections, and a combined formula of these antigens should be considered when designing a subunit assay kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
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Siddiqui KF, Amir M, Agrewala JN. Understanding the biology of 16 kDa antigen ofMycobacterium tuberculosis: Scope in diagnosis, vaccine design and therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 37:349-57. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.606425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wu L, Zhang M, Sun M, Jia B, Wang X. Humoural Immune Responses to a Recombinant 16-kDa–38-kDa—ESAT-6 Mycobacterial Antigen in Tuberculosis. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:514-21. [PMID: 21672355 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the diagnostic value of a recombinant 38-kDa–16-kDa—early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) fusion antigen in 105 patients with tuberculosis (TB), 25 non-TB pulmonary disease patients and 20 healthy individuals. Its diagnostic value was compared with the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, the TB-directly observed therapy (DOT) kit. In the controls, the rate of positive antibody response to the TB-DOT kit was significantly higher than that of the recombinant antigen. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.751, and the optimum sensitivity and specificity for detecting antibody responses to the recombinant antigen were 65.4% and 84.8%, respectively. The recombinant 38-kDa–16-kDa—ESAT-6 MTB antigen was more effective than the TB-DOT kit in distinguishing between TB patients and controls, and may be an optimal combination of antigens to provide a useful tool for the sensitive and specific diagnosis of patients with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - M Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - B Jia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Senol G, Ecevit C, Oztürk A. Humoral immune response against 38- and 16-kDa mycobacterial antigens in childhood tuberculosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:839-44. [PMID: 19670400 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on mycobacterial antigens have been tried for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, the value of the 16 and 38-kDa mycobacterial antigens in the diagnosis of TB was investigated in pediatric patients in Izmir, Turkey in whom they were found using clinical and/or bacteriological methods. A commercial ELISA kit was used for measuring IgG against 38 and 16-kDa recombinant antigens. The humoral immune response was analyzed in a group of 32 TB patients (24 pulmonary, 3 lymphadenitis and 2 pleuritis, 2 meningitis and a disseminated TB) and in control groups consisting of 20 healthy children and 20 pulmonary diseases other than TB cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and the negative predictive value of the test were found to be 25%, 90%, 66.7%, and 60%, respectively, in the TB cases. The ELISA test shows very good specificity, but low level of sensitivity and negative predict value. It was thought that it might be used in combination with other methods to increase diagnostic accuracy, especially for culture-negative TB pediatric cases, which are difficult to diagnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Senol
- Training and Research Hospital for Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery, Izmir, Turkey.
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Silva VMC, Sardella IG, Luiz RR, Cunha AJLA, Cavalcanti AH, Mahavir S, Barreto MM, Rodrigues RS, Carvalho TF, Saad MHF. Immunoreactivity of five antigens ofMycobacterium tuberculosisin patients attending a public health care facility in an area with high endemicity for TB. Microbiol Immunol 2008; 52:544-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gray P, Saggese M, Phalen D, Tizard I. Humoral response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium in naturally infected ring-neck doves (Streptopelia risoria). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kumar G, Dagur PK, Singh M, Yadav VS, Dayal R, Singh HB, Katoch VM, Sengupta U, Joshi B. Diagnostic Potential of Ag85C in Comparison to Various Secretory Antigens for Childhood Tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:177-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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LEE JS, JO EK, NOH YK, SHIN AR, SHIN DM, SON JW, KIM HJ, SONG CH. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using MTB12 and 38-kDa antigens. Respirology 2008; 13:432-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Humoral immune responses of tuberculosis patients in Brazil indicate recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MPT-51 and GlcB. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:579-81. [PMID: 18199739 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00359-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The humoral responses to recombinant MPT-51 and GlcB was determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) against MPT-51 and IgG against GlcB were higher among tuberculosis (TB) patients than among control individuals. When the MPT-51 and GlcB assays were combined, 90.8% specificity and 75.5% sensitivity were observed. MPT-51 and GlcB were recognized in the humoral responses of Brazilian TB patients.
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Rabahi MF, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Dos Reis MCG, Oelemann W, Conde MB. Humoral response to HspX and GlcB to previous and recent infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7:148. [PMID: 18166139 PMCID: PMC2241823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major world health problem. Around 2 billions of people are infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agent of this disease. This fact accounts for a third of the total world population and it is expected that 9 million people will become infected each year. Only approximately 10% of the infected people will develop disease. However, health care workers (HCW) are continually exposed to the bacilli at endemic sites presenting increased chance of becoming sick. The objective of this work was to identify LTBI (latent tuberculosis infection) among all asymptomatic HCW of a Brazilian Central Hospital, in a three year follow up, and evaluate the humoral response among HCW with previous and recent LTBI to recombinant HspX and GlcB from M. tuberculosis. Methods Four hundred and thirty seven HCW were screened and classified into three different groups according to tuberculin skin test (TST) status: uninfected, previous LTBI and recent LTBI. ELISA test were performed to determine the humoral immune response to HspX and GlcB. Results The levels of IgG and IgM against the HspX and GlcB antigens were the same among HCW with recent and previous LTBI, as well as among non infected HCW. However, the IgM levels to HspX was significantly higher among HCW with recent LTBI (OD = 1.52 ± 0.40) than among the uninfected (OD = 1.09 ± 0.50) or subjects with previous LTBI (OD = 0.96 ± 0.51) (p < 0.001). Conclusion IgG and IgM humoral responses to GlcB antigens were similar amongst all studied groups; nevertheless IgM levels against HspX were higher among the recent LTBI/HCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Fouad Rabahi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania, Brazil.
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Abebe F, Holm-Hansen C, Wiker HG, Bjune G. Progress in serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:176-91. [PMID: 17635795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One-third of the world population is estimated to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Accurate and timely identification of infected individuals is critical for treatment and control. The current diagnostic methods lack the desired sensitivity and specificity, require sophisticated equipment and skilled workforce or take weeks to yield results. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB, TB-HIV co-infection, childhood TB and sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB pose serious challenges. Interest in developing serodiagnostic methods is increasing because detection of antibody is rapid, simple and relatively inexpensive, and does not require a living cell for detection. Three types of tests, namely screening tests to overcome diagnostic delay, specific tests for diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB and other bacteriologically negative cases, and tests for vaccine-induced immunity need critical consideration. Several factors must be considered to develop serodiagnostic methods for TB. Antigen recognition by infected individuals is highly heterogeneous due to stage of disease, differences in HLA types, strain of the bacilli, health of the patient and bacillary load. With advances in molecular biological techniques, a number of novel antigens have been identified. Some of these antigens have proven valuable in detecting specific antibodies in some of the most challenging TB patients. The best example is a fusion protein containing several M. tuberculosis proteins (e.g. CFP-10, MTB8, MTB48, MTB81 and the 38-kDa protein) which showed encouraging results in detecting antibodies in sera of patients, including TB-HIV co-infection. This review presents progress made in the serodiagnosis of TB during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abebe
- Institute for General Practice and Community Medicine, Section for International Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Sireci G, Dieli F, Di Liberto D, Buccheri S, La Manna MP, Scarpa F, Macaluso P, Romano A, Titone L, Di Carlo P, Singh M, Ivanyi J, Salerno A. Anti-16-kilodalton mycobacterial protein immunoglobulin m levels in healthy but purified protein derivative-reactive children decrease after chemoprophylaxis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1231-4. [PMID: 17626158 PMCID: PMC2043321 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00057-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serum responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP16 were determined for children with tuberculosis (TB) and for healthy purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive and PPD-negative children. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM responses were higher for TB patients than for other groups. After chemotherapy, IgM and IgG responses decreased for TB patients and PPD-positive subjects. Monitoring of anti-M. tuberculosis HSP16 responses could assist in the management of pediatric TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Sireci
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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Cho D, Collins MT. Comparison of the proteosomes and antigenicities of secreted and cellular proteins produced by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 13:1155-61. [PMID: 17028217 PMCID: PMC1595327 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00058-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein expression profiles and antigenicities of both culture filtrates (CF) and cellular extracts (CE) of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) and 2-DE immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CF proteins were harvested from supernatants of stationary-phase liquid cultures and concentrated by size exclusion filtration. The CE proteins were extracted by mechanical disruption of cells using glass beads and a high-speed agitator. Analysis of SDS-PAGE gels showed that the majority of CF proteins had low molecular masses (<50 kDa), whereas CE protein mass ranged more evenly over a broader range up to 100 kDa. By 2-DE, CF proteins had a narrow array of pI values, with most being between pH 4.0 and 5.5; CE proteins spanned pI values from pH 4.0 to 7.0. The antigenicities of CF and CE proteins were first determined by 1-DE and 2-DE immunoblotting with serum from a cow naturally infected with M. paratuberculosis. The serum reacted strongly to more proteins in the CF than the CE. Sera from 444 infected and 412 uninfected cattle were tested by ELISA with CF and CE as solid-phase antigens. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis of the ELISA results showed a significantly greater area under the curve for CF compared to CE (P<0.05). A high degree of variability in protein binding patterns was shown with 1-DE immunoblot analysis with 31 sera from M. paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Collectively, these results indicate that serologic tests for bovine paratuberculosis may be improved by using proteins derived from CF instead of CE. To maximize the diagnostic sensitivity of serologic tests, multiple proteins will be required. Even so, a CF ELISA may not be able to detect all M. paratuberculosis-infected cattle, in particular those in the early stages of infection that have yet to mount an antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Cho
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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