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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Rodrigo Ramos R, Pinto Neto JM, Estevam Simonato L, Lozano AW, da Silva WR, Vicente Pereira LL, Garcia Regino DDS, Geraldo de Moraes CMZ. The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Medicinal Plants on Fungi Isolated From Toilet and Nursery Surfaces in a Daycare Center: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e34013. [PMID: 36811061 PMCID: PMC9939237 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brazil has the most extensive plant genetic biodiversity in the world. Knowledge regarding the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants obtained through popular medicine has been accrued over centuries. Such empirical knowledge often symbolizes the only therapeutic resource for various ethnic communities and groups. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of medicinal plants in controlling isolated fungi found in bathrooms and nurseries of a daycare center in the northwestern region of São Paulo state. Methodology This is an in vitro study carried out in the microbiology laboratory. The analyzed fungi were Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp., Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum, and Candida albicans. These fungi were exposed to the hydroalcoholic extracts of rosemary, citronella, rue, neem, and lemon. Results Rue extract was more effective against Candida albicans at a concentration of 12.5%. Citronella was effective against Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at a concentration of 6.25%. Lemon was effective against Fusarium spp. at a concentration of 6.25%. Conclusions The hydroalcoholic extracts showed antifungal activity. The in vitro evaluation of medicinal plants showed that the extracts of rue, citronella, and lemon showed a fungicide effect.
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Biswas P, Shahnaz M, Akhter M, Ripa AP, Ali T, Rafiq K. Effects of Azadirachta indica on neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury to sciatic nerve of Wistar rat. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9:359-368. [PMID: 36382046 PMCID: PMC9597922 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2022.i603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The research was designed to assess the consequences of Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract (AILE) on neuropathic pain in Wister rats and the role of the ATP-dependent potassium channel (KATP) as an underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experimental layout was conducted on Wistar rats (n = 120) having 150 to 200 gm of body weight. On the foundation of the experimental design, rats were divided into group I (normal saline, 5 ml/kg/body weight) and group II (sham surgery and treatment with NS), group III [chronic constriction injury (CCI) in the sciatic nerve; and treated with NS], group IV (CCI and treated with AILE 400 mg/kg body weight), Group V (CCI, pretreated with Glibenclamide 15 mg/kg followed by treated with AILE 400 mg/kg). All the treatments were given once daily for a consecutive 21 days via the oral route, except Glibenclamide. Glibenclamide was given once through the intraperitoneal route on the day of the experiment. RESULTS Based on the neuropathic pain evaluation test, all groups were again sub-divided into subgroup "a" (walking tract analysis), "b" (cold tail immersion test), "c" (Von Frey test), and "d" (hot plate test). AILE showed a significantly higher sciatic functional index (p < 0.05) in walking track analysis, tail flick latency (p ≤ 0.05) in the cold tail immersion test, and paw withdrawal threshold (p ≤ 0.05) in the Von Frey test compared to CCI control. In addition, a nonsignificant difference in all these above-mentioned variables between the rats with CCI plus AILE and the CCI plus AILE plus glibenclamide group indicated that the KATP channel was not involved in the beneficial analgesic effects of AILE. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of the present study indicates that AILE prevented worsening of neuropathic pain after chronic constriction injury in the sciatic nerve of Wistar rats in which the KATP channel was not involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Biswas
- Department of Physiology, Ashiyan Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monira Shahnaz
- Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Arifa Parvin Ripa
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Taskina Ali
- Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Rafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Tasanarong T, Patntirapong S, Aupaphong V. The inhibitory effect of a novel neem paste against cariogenic bacteria. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e1083-e1088. [PMID: 34824693 PMCID: PMC8601697 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a major oral health problem, which associates with cariogenic bacteria. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus are facultative anaerobic bacteria that are found in tooth decay. Accordingly, neem leaf extract was developed due to its great anti-microbial property against many bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine anti-cariogenic properties of neem leaf extract in a novel paste preparation.
Material and Methods The neem extract was derived from maceration of dry neem leaves in ethanol for 48 h. The ethanolic extract was subjected to chemical identification using GC-MS. Neem pastes were prepared from ethanolic extract mixed with polyethylene glycol paste with or without zinc oxide. S. mutans and L. acidophilus test were initiated at bacterial concentration of 108 CFU/ml. The antibacterial activity was then performed by disc diffusion method following by minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) technique.
Results GC-MS result displayed 35 compounds. Compounds found in the extract were n-Hexadecanoic acid (31.18%), Hentriacontane (18%), Phytol (16.79%). Disc diffusion showed that ethanolic extract and neem pastes inhibited growth of both bacteria. For MBC, neem paste with zinc oxide at concentration of neem 0.4 mg/ml was the most effective concentration on inhibiting S. mutans growth. Neem pastes and ethanolic extract at concentration of neem 6.25 mg/ml inhibited L. acidophilus growth.
Conclusions The ethanolic neem leaf extract and novel neem pastes had antimicrobial effect on both S. mutans and L. acidophilus. By this property, neem paste could be developed for the application in dental field, i.e. pulp capping. Key words:Neem, Azadirachta indica, antimicrobial, cariogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somying Patntirapong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Rangsit campus, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Visakha Aupaphong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Rangsit campus, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Sarkar S, Singh RP, Bhattacharya G. Exploring the role of Azadirachta indica (neem) and its active compounds in the regulation of biological pathways: an update on molecular approach. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:178. [PMID: 33927969 PMCID: PMC7981372 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In ethnomedicine, plant parts and compounds are used traditionally to treat different diseases. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is the most versatile and useful medicinal plant ever found. Its every part is rich in bioactive compounds, which have traditionally been used to treat different ailments including infectious diseases. Bioactive compounds such as nimbolide, azarirachtin, and gedunin of neem are reported to have a tremendous ability to regulate numerous biological processes in vitro and in vivo. The present review article aims to explore the importance of neem extracts and bioactive compounds in the regulation of different biological pathways. We have reviewed research articles up to March 2020 on the role of neem in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic activities. Studies on the concerned fields demonstrate that the bioactive compounds and extracts of neem have a regulatory effect on several biological mechanisms. It has been unveiled that extensive research is carried out on limonoids such as nimbolide and azarirachtin. It is evidenced by different studies that neem extracts are the potential to scavenge free radicals and reduce ROS-mediated damage to cells. Neem can be used to normalize lipid peroxidation and minimize ROS-mediated cell death. Besides, neem extracts can significantly reduce the release of proinflammatory cytokines and elevate the count of CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells. This review indicates the pivotal roles of A. indica in the regulation of different biological pathways. However, future investigations on other bioactive compounds of neem may reveal different therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subendu Sarkar
- Department of Surgery, University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Rajender Pal Singh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Gorachand Bhattacharya
- Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital, KP Mondal Road, Buita, Nishchintapur, Budge Budge, Kolkata 700137 India
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Development and characterization of microemulsion based topical gel of essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) for superficial fungal infections. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chemical and Antifungal Variability of Several Accessions of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. from Six Locations Across the Colombian Caribbean Coast: Identification of Antifungal Azadirone Limonoids. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120555. [PMID: 31795367 PMCID: PMC6963471 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant materials (i.e., leaves, fruits, and seeds) from 40 trees of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. were collected from six different locations across the Colombian Caribbean coast. Eighty-four ethanolic extracts were prepared and the total limonoid contents (TLiC) and the antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum conidia were measured. Their chemical profiles were also recorded via liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization interface-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis and the top-ranked features were then annotated after supervised multivariate statistics. Inter-location chemical variability within sample set was assessed by sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) and the chemical profiles and biological activity datasets were integrated through single-Y orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) to identify antifungal bioactives in test extracts. The TLiC and antifungal activity (IC50 values) of the A. indica-derived extracts were found to be ranging from 4.5 to 48.5 mg limonin equivalent per g dry extract and 0.08-44.8 μg/mL, respectively. The presence/abundance of particular limonoids between collected samples influenced the variability among locations. In addition, the integration of chemical and antifungal activity datasets showed five features as markers probably contributing to the bioactivity, annotated as compounds with an azadirone-like moiety. To validate the information provided by the single-Y OPLS model, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based microfractionation was then carried out on an active extract. The combined plot of chromatographic profile and microfraction bioactivity also evidenced five signals possessing the highest antifungal activity. The most active limonoid was identified as nimonol 1. Hence, this untargeted metabolite profiling was considered as a convenient tool for identifying metabolites as inter-location markers as well as antifungals against Fusarium oxysporum.
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Duangjai A, Ontawong A, Srimaroeng C. Siamese neem flower extract suppresses cholesterol absorption by interfering NPC1L1 and micellar property in vitro and in intestinal Caco-2 cells. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:190-200. [PMID: 31160896 PMCID: PMC6540922 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.258485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Siamese neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss var. siamensis Valeton) (A. indica) leaf extract, a traditional ayurvedic medicine, has been reported to exhibit antipyretic, antibacterial, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemia effects. This study investigated the mechanism of hypocholesterolemic effect of methanolic extract of Siamese neem flowers in in vitro studies and in Caco-2 cells. Pancreatic cholesterol esterase and 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activities were assessed. Cholesterol micelle formation was prepared for in vitro cholesterol physicochemical property analyses, micelle size and solubility, and transport of cholesterol into the Caco-2 cells. The expression of niemann-pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1), and its major regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ), were determined by western blot and real time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. A. indica flower extract inhibited pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity and increased cholesterol micelles size. Uptake of cholesterol into Caco-2 cells was inhibited by A. indica flower extract in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, A. indica extract inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity, resulting in low level of intracellular cholesterol accumulation, together with increased cytosolic NPC1L1 protein expression and decreased PPARδ gene expression. In conclusion, A. indica flower extract has cholesterol-lowering effects by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption, interfering micellar cholesterol formation, and attenuating cholesterol synthesis. As such, A. indica flower extract has potential for developing into nutraceutical product for prevention of hypocholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharaporn Duangjai
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Atcharaporn Ontawong
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chutima Srimaroeng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Ahdy AM, Younis EE, El-Khodery SA, Baraka HN. Comparative effectiveness of Sumaq and Neem extract cream, Eniloconazole and glycerine iodine on dermatophytosis in Arabian horses: a randomized clinical trial. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:905-910. [PMID: 30554365 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a contagious fungal disease among animal communities. The major concerns of dermatophytosis are cost of treatment, difficulty of control, and the public health consequences. The objective of the present study was to compare the clinical efficacy of Sumaq and Neem extract cream with that of traditional treatments, eniloconazole and glycerine iodine, on dermatophytosis in Arabian horses. For this purpose, 37 Arabian horses with dermatophytosis had been used. Fungal isolation and identification for each horse were carried out by standard microbiological procedures. Sumaq (Rhus coriaria Linn.) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts were selected based on in vitro effectiveness. Horses were randomly allocated into four groups. The first group (n = 8) was treated with glycerine iodine 10% daily for 7 days. The second group (n = 10) was treated using eniloconazole 10% emulsified concentrate four times with 2 days interval. The third group (n = 11) was treated with Neem seeds extract (20% cream) daily for 10 days, and the fourth group (n = 8) was treated with Sumaq extract (5% cream) daily for 10 days. Clinical and mycological evaluations were assessed at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-treatment. The Sumaq and eniloconazole were more effective on clinical index score after 7 days of treatment followed by Neem seed 20% cream. At 28 days post-treatment, a complete healing was obtained by Sumaq 5% cream and eniloconazole (median clinical sum score = zero) followed by Neem (median clinical sum score = 1.5). Moreover, Dermatophytes spp. was isolated only from two horses, one from Neem group and the other from glycerin iodine group. The present results indicate that Sumaq 5% and Neem seed extract are effective alternative treatment for dermatophytosis in Arabian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed M Ahdy
- Veterinarian at Elzahraa State stud, Giza, Egypt
| | - Emad E Younis
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Sabry A El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Hany N Baraka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Simhadri Vsdna N, Muniappan M, Kannan I, Viswanathan S. Phytochemical analysis and docking study of compounds present in a polyherbal preparation used in the treatment of dermatophytosis. Curr Med Mycol 2017; 3:6-14. [PMID: 29707673 PMCID: PMC5917095 DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Soleshine is a polyherbal preparation established in the market for the treatment of cracks and tinea pedis, which is applied externally. This preparation is composed of the extracts of indigenous plants, namely Azadirachta indica, Lawsonia alba, and Shorea robusta, mixed with castor oil and sesame oil. In the present study, an attempt was made to identify the constituents of soleshine and identify some potential drug-like molecules that can inhibit important drug targets of the dermatophytes using molecular docking method. Materials and Methods The active ingredients of polyherbal preparation were identified with the aid of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Two major compounds were selected based on the retention time and percentage of the area covered in the graph for docking study. The three-dimensional structures of 1,3-β-glucan synthase, chitinase, fungalysin, and lumazine synthase were derived by homology modelling using MODELLER software, version 9.0. The docking of the ligand and receptor was performed using iGEMDOCK and AutodockVina software. The physicochemical properties, lipophilicity, hydrophilicity, and drug likeness properties were obtained from the Swiss ADME online server tool. Results The GC-MS analysis demonstrated the presence of different phytochemical compounds in the extract of polyherbal preparation. A total of 20 compounds were identified, among which 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienaland 2-pentene-2-methyl were the major compounds. Regarding 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, the covered area and height were 40.15% and 46.17%, respectively. These values were 31.90% and 23.33% for 2-pentene-2-methyl, respectively. These two major compounds had an excellent binding affinity and obeyed the rules for the drug likeness and lead likeness. Conclusion As the findings indicated, the two major ingredients present in soleshine showed a good antifungal activity as they inhibited the enzymes responsible for the survival of fungal organism; furthermore, they were appropriate for the lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muthuchamy Muniappan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Iyanar Kannan
- Department of Microbiology, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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Effects of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Photosensitization on Aflatoxin Producing Aspergillus flavus (Raper and Fennell). Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:5273893. [PMID: 28539938 PMCID: PMC5433414 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5273893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken with an aim of exploring the effectiveness of medicinal plant extracts in the control of aflatoxin production. Antifungal properties, photosensitization, and phytochemical composition of aqueous and organic extracts of fruits from Solanum aculeastrum, bark from Syzygium cordatum, and leaves from Prunus africana, Ocimum lamiifolium, Lippia kituiensis, and Spinacia oleracea were tested. Spores from four-day-old cultures of previously identified toxigenic fungi, UONV017 and UONV003, were used. Disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to test the antifungal activity. The spores were suspended in 2 ml of each extract separately and treated with visible light (420 nm) for varying periods. Organic extracts displayed species and concentration dependent antifungal activity. Solanum aculeastrum had the highest zones of inhibition diameters in both strains: UONV017 (mean = 18.50 ± 0.71 mm) and UONV003 (mean = 11.92 ± 0.94 mm) at 600 mg/ml. Aqueous extracts had no antifungal activity because all diameters were below 8 mm. Solanum aculeastrum had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration at 25 mg/ml against A. flavus UONV017. All the plant extracts in combination with light reduced the viability of fungal conidia compared with the controls without light, without extracts, and without both extracts and light. Six bioactive compounds were analyzed in the plant extracts. Medicinal plant extracts in this study can control conidia viability and hence with further development can control toxigenic fungal spread.
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Venkateshbabu N, Anand S, Abarajithan M, Sheriff SO, Jacob PS, Sonia N. Natural Therapeutic Options in Endodontics - A Review. Open Dent J 2016; 10:214-26. [PMID: 27386007 PMCID: PMC4911752 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete eradication of microbial biofilms and elimination of the smear layer are the key factors during endodontic treatment. Various chemical irrigants have been proposed in the literature for the same. The major setback with these chemical irrigants is that they are not bio-friendly to the dental and peri-radicular tissues. In the recent years, research to use natural products for root canal disinfection has gained importance. The aim of this article is to compile various herbal products that have been used as an irrigants and intracanal medicaments in the field of Endodontics to eradicate the biofilm and remove smear layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Anand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Penang International Dental College, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Sultan O Sheriff
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pulikkotil S Jacob
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nath Sonia
- Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, Garhwa, India
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Bracarense AAP, Takahashi JA. Modulation of antimicrobial metabolites production by the fungus Aspergillus parasiticus. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:313-21. [PMID: 24948950 PMCID: PMC4059316 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of active secondary metabolites by fungi occurs as a specific response to the different growing environments. Changes in this environment alter the chemical and biological profiles leading to metabolites diversification and consequently to novel pharmacological applications. In this work, it was studied the influence of three parameters (fermentation length, medium composition and aeration) in the biosyntheses of antimicrobial metabolites by the fungus Aspergillus parasiticus in 10 distinct fermentation periods. Metabolism modulation in two culturing media, CYA and YES was evaluated by a 2(2) full factorial planning (ANOVA) and on a 2(3) factorial planning, role of aeration, medium composition and carbohydrate concentration were also evaluated. In overall, 120 different extracts were prepared, their HPLC profiles were obtained and the antimicrobial activity against A. flavus, C. albicans, E. coli and S. aureus of all extracts was evaluated by microdilution bioassay. Yield of kojic acid, a fine chemical produced by the fungus A. parasiticus was determined in all extracts. Statistical analyses pointed thirteen conditions able to modulate the production of bioactive metabolites by A. parasiticus. Effect of carbon source in metabolites diversification was significant as shown by the changes in the HPLC profiles of the extracts. Most of the extracts presented inhibition rates higher than that of kojic acid as for the extract obtained after 6 days of fermentation in YES medium under stirring. Kojic acid was not the only metabolite responsible for the activity since some highly active extracts showed to possess low amounts of this compound, as determined by HPLC.
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