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Lampasona T, Rodriguez‐Saona C, Nielsen AL. Novel hosts can incur fitness costs to a frugivorous insect pest. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8841. [PMID: 35462977 PMCID: PMC9019138 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In phytophagous insects, adult attraction and oviposition preference for a host plant are often positively correlated with their immature fitness; however, little is known how this preference–performance relationship changes within insect populations utilizing different host plants. Here, we investigated differences in the preference and performance of two populations of a native North American frugivorous insect pest, the plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar)—one that utilizes peaches and another that utilizes blueberries as hosts—in the Mid‐Atlantic United States. We collected C. nenuphar adult populations from peach and blueberry farms and found that they exhibited a clear preference for the odors of, as well as an ovipositional preference for, the hosts they were collected from, laying 67%–83% of their eggs in their respective collected hosts. To measure C. nenuphar larval performance, a fitness index was calculated using data on larval weights, development, and survival rate from egg to 4th instars when reared on the parent's collected and novel hosts. Larvae of C. nenuphar adults collected from peach had high fitness on peach but low fitness when reared on blueberry. In contrast, larvae from C. nenuphar adults collected in blueberry had high fitness regardless of the host on which they were reared. In this study, we show that utilizing a novel host such as blueberry incurs a fitness cost for C. nenuphar from peaches, but this cost was not observed for C. nenuphar from blueberries, indicating that the preference–performance relationship is present in the case of insects reared on peach, but insects reared on blueberry were more flexible and able to utilize either host, despite preferring blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lampasona
- Department of Entomology Rutgers University Bridgeton New Jersey USA
| | | | - Anne L. Nielsen
- Department of Entomology Rutgers University Bridgeton New Jersey USA
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Olive fruit volatiles route intraspecific interactions and chemotaxis in Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) females. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1666. [PMID: 32015351 PMCID: PMC6997409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant nutritional quality and chemical characteristics may affect the fitness of phytophagous insects. Here, the olfactory preferences of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) females toward olives with different maturation and infestation status were evaluated in three cultivars: Ottobratica, Roggianella and Sinopolese. Volatile profiles from olives were identified by SPME/GC-MS. Choice tests were performed to determine the responses of B. oleae adult females toward fruits and pure chemicals linked to infestation degree. Cultivar was the main source of variability explaining the differences recorded in volatile emissions. Moreover, three VOCs [β-myrcene, limonene and (E)-β-ocimene] were associated to infestation status across all olive varieties. In choice-tests, B. oleae females always preferred the olfactory cues from low-infested over high-infested fruits. Therefore, choice-tests using synthetic VOCs, emitted in greater amount by high-infested fruit, were arranged in order to identify putative B. oleae kairomones. While females were indifferent to β-myrcene, the highest dosages of limonene and (E)-β-ocimene were unfavoured by the tested flies, which preferentially moved toward the empty arm of the Y-tube. Furthermore, females preferred the lowest concentration of β-ocimene compared to the highest one. These results supported our hypothesis that fruit VOCs may serve as kairomones for female flies.
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Baser N, Lo Verde G, Kaçar G, Lamaj F, Verrastro V, Lombardo A, Tortorici F, Caleca V. Influence of Distance from the Host on Parasitisation by Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100316. [PMID: 31557863 PMCID: PMC6835657 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is considered the main olive pest worldwide, and has been the target of biological control programmes through the release of the braconid parasitoid Psyttalia concolor. Laboratory tests were performed to evaluate the influence of distance from the host on parasitisation, placing larvae of the substitute host Ceratitis capitata at seven distances (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 mm) and four different time periods (7, 15, 30, 60 min). Moreover, field collected olives of Ogliarola Barese cultivar infested by B. oleae were exposed to P. concolor females to confirm its ability to parasitise B. oleae in small olives. Psyttalia concolor oviposition was inhibited at 2.5 and 3 mm due to the ovipositor length of the parasitoid females (2.7 mm). Hosts were easily parasitised at distances between 0 and 1.5 mm. The thin fruit pulp (up to 3.5 mm) of field collected olives allowed the parasitisation to occur also in mature fruits. At the best combination distance/time (0 mm, 30 min), tests performed with different larvae/parasitoid female ratio showed an increasing emergence of P. concolor (from 20% to 57%) with larvae/parasitoid ratio increasing from 0.11 to 0.74. The results of the present study might optimise the mass rearing of P. concolor, through a proper setting of its parameters, such as the host/parasitoid ratio, exposure distances, and interaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Baser
- CIHEAM-IAMB-International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, 70010 Bari, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Lo Verde
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gülay Kaçar
- Natural Science Faculty Gölköy, Bolu Abant Baysal University Agricultural, 14280 Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Flutura Lamaj
- CIHEAM-IAMB-International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, 70010 Bari, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM-IAMB-International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, 70010 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alberto Lombardo
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tortorici
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Virgilio Caleca
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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A new decision-support system for the historical analysis of integrated pest management activities on olive crops based on climatic data. COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Guillén L, Adaime R, Birke A, Velázquez O, Angeles G, Ortega F, Ruíz E, Aluja M. Effect of Resin Ducts and Sap Content on Infestation and Development of Immature Stages of Anastrepha obliqua and Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Four Mango (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) Cultivars. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:719-730. [PMID: 28073981 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We determined the influence of resin ducts, sap content, and fruit physicochemical features of four mango cultivars (Criollo, Manila, Ataulfo, and Tommy Atkins) on their susceptibility to the attack of the two most pestiferous fruit fly species infesting mangoes in Mexico: Anastrepha ludens (Loew) and Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart). We performed three studies: 1) analysis of resin ducts in mango fruit exocarp to determine the density and area occupied by resin ducts in each mango cultivar, 2) assessment of mango physicochemical features including fruit sap content, and 3) a forced infestation trial under field conditions using enclosed fruit-bearing branches to expose mangoes to gravid A. ludens or A. obliqua females. Infestation rates, development time from egg to prepupae and pupae, pupal weight, and percent of adult emergence, were assessed. 'Ataulfo' and 'Tommy Atkins' cultivars exhibited the highest resin duct density and sap content, the lowest infestation rate, and had a negative effect on immature development and pupal weight. In sharp contrast, 'Manila' and 'Criollo' cultivars, with the lowest resin duct density and sap content, were highly susceptible to A. ludens and A. obliqua attack. We conclude that sap content and the number, size, and distribution of resin ducts as well as firmness in mango fruit exocarp are all involved in the resistance of mango to A. ludens and A. obliqua attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Guillén
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Colonia El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México 91070 (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Ricardo Adaime
- Embrapa Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 5, N. 2600, 68903-419 Macapá, Amapá, Brasil
| | - Andrea Birke
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Colonia El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México 91070 (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Olinda Velázquez
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Colonia El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México 91070 (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Guillermo Angeles
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Colonia El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México 91070 (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Fernando Ortega
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Colonia El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México 91070 (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Eliel Ruíz
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Colonia El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México 91070 (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Martín Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Colonia El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México 91070 (; ; ; ; ; ; )
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Marchi S, Guidotti D, Ricciolini M, Petacchi R. Towards understanding temporal and spatial dynamics of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) infestations using decade-long agrometeorological time series. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:1681-1694. [PMID: 27044274 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insect dynamics depend on temperature patterns, and therefore, global warming may lead to increasing frequencies and intensities of insect outbreaks. The aim of this work was to analyze the dynamics of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), in Tuscany (Italy). We profited from long-term records of insect infestation and weather data available from the regional database and agrometeorological network. We tested whether the analysis of 13 years of monitoring campaigns can be used as basis for prediction models of B. oleae infestation. We related the percentage of infestation observed in the first part of the host-pest interaction and throughout the whole year to agrometeorological indices formulated for different time periods. A two-step approach was adopted to inspect the effect of weather on infestation: generalized linear model with a binomial error distribution and principal component regression to reduce the number of the agrometeorological factors and remove their collinearity. We found a consistent relationship between the degree of infestation and the temperature-based indices calculated for the previous period. The relationship was stronger with the minimum temperature of winter season. Higher infestation was observed in years following warmer winters. The temperature of the previous winter and spring explained 66 % of variance of early-season infestation. The temperature of previous winter and spring, and current summer, explained 72 % of variance of total annual infestation. These results highlight the importance of multiannual monitoring activity to fully understand the dynamics of B. oleae populations at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Marchi
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, I-56025, Pontedera, Italy.
| | | | | | - Ruggero Petacchi
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, I-56025, Pontedera, Italy
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Birke A, Acosta E, Aluja M. Limits to the host range of the highly polyphagous tephritid fruit fly Anastrepha ludens in its natural habitat. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:743-753. [PMID: 26343267 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anastepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a highly polyphagous fruit fly that is able to develop in a wide range of hosts. Understanding the limits of this pest's host range could provide valuable information for pest management and plant breeding for pest resistance. Previous studies have shown that guavas (Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) L.), are not attacked under natural conditions by A. ludens. To understand this phenomenon, guavas were exposed to natural infestation by A. ludens and to other fruit fly species that infest guavas in nature (Anastrepha striata Schiner, Anastepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastepha obliqua (Macquart)). Once the susceptible phenological stage of guavas was determined, fruit infestation levels were compared between A. ludens and A. striata. Choice and non-choice tests were performed under field-cage conditions. Under field conditions, guavas were susceptible to A. striata and A. fraterculus attack all the way from when fruit was undeveloped to when fruit began to ripen. No infestation by A. ludens was recorded under natural conditions. Similar results were obtained when forced exposures were performed, indicating that unripe guavas were preferred by A. striata over ripe fruit, and that infestation rates were higher at early fruit maturity stages. Under forced oviposition conditions, A. ludens larvae were unable to develop in unripe guavas but did so in fully ripe fruit. However, A. ludens fitness parameters were dramatically affected, exhibiting reduced survival and reduced pupal weight compared to conspecifics that developed in a natural host, grapefruit. We confirm that P. guajava should not be treated as a natural host of this pestiferous species, and suggest that both behavioral aspects and the fact that larvae are unable to adequately develop in this fruit, indeed represent clear limits to A. ludens's broad host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Birke
- Instituto de Ecología A.C.,Apartado Postal 63,91070 Xalapa,Veracruz,Mexico
| | - E Acosta
- Instituto de Ecología A.C.,Apartado Postal 63,91070 Xalapa,Veracruz,Mexico
| | - M Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología A.C.,Apartado Postal 63,91070 Xalapa,Veracruz,Mexico
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Malheiro R, Casal S, Baptista P, Pereira JA. A review of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) impact in olive products: From the tree to the table. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Malheiro R, Casal S, Cunha SC, Baptista P, Pereira JA. Olive Volatiles from Portuguese Cultivars Cobrançosa, Madural and Verdeal Transmontana: Role in Oviposition Preference of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125070. [PMID: 25985460 PMCID: PMC4436013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), a serious threat to the olive crop worldwide, displays ovipositon preference for some olive cultivars but the causes are still unclear. In the present work, three Portuguese olive cultivars with different susceptibilities to olive fly (Cobrançosa, Madural, and Verdeal Transmontana) were studied, aiming to determine if the olive volatiles are implicated in this interaction. Olive volatiles were assessed by SPME-GC-MS in the three cultivars during maturation process to observe possible correlations with olive fly infestation levels. Overall, 34 volatiles were identified in the olives, from 7 chemical classes (alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, sesquiterpenes, and terpenes). Generally, total volatile amounts decrease during maturation but toluene, the main compound, increased in all cultivars, particularly in those with higher susceptibility to olive fly. Sesquiterpenes also raised, mainly α-copaene. Toluene and α-copaene, recognized oviposition promoters to olive fly, were correlated with the infestation level of cvs. Madural and Verdeal Trasnmontana (intermediate and highly susceptible cultivars respectively), while no correlations were established with cv. Cobrançosa (less susceptible). No volatiles with inverse correlation were observed. Volatile composition of olives may be a decisive factor in the olive fly choice to oviposit and this could be the basis for the development of new control strategies for this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Malheiro
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301–855, Bragança, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050–313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050–313, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (SC); (JAP)
| | - Sara C. Cunha
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050–313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Baptista
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301–855, Bragança, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301–855, Bragança, Portugal
- * E-mail: (SC); (JAP)
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de Alfonso I, Vacas S, Primo J. Role of α-copaene in the susceptibility of olive fruits to Bactrocera oleae (Rossi). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11976-11979. [PMID: 25408316 DOI: 10.1021/jf504821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of α-copaene as a fruit volatile in the susceptibility of Olea europaea L. to the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) has been investigated. By studies on the relative area of volatile components from different cultivars, a positive correlation was found between the abundance of α-copaene in the samples and the corresponding degree of fruit infestation. SPME-GC-MS analysis of volatiles from uninfested fruits of O. europaea L. cv. Serrana were performed over two years to determine the variation of α-copaene throughout the different phenological stages. The results suggested that this sesquiterpene has a significant effect on cultivar susceptibility and may act as an oviposition promoter. Further analysis by chiral GC showed that olive fruits release both α-copaene enantiomers. Bioassays on each enantiomer revealed that fruits with increased amounts of (+)-α-copaene favor oviposition of B. oleae females, whereas the increase of (-)-α-copaene affords no statistically significant differences in host preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio de Alfonso
- Ecologı́a y Protección Agrı́cola, S.L., Apartado de Correos no. 50, 46240 Carlet, Spain
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Canale A, Benelli G, Conti B, Lenzi G, Flamini G, Francini A, Cioni PL. Ingestion toxicity of three Lamiaceae essential oils incorporated in protein baits against the olive fruit fly,Bactrocera oleae(Rossi) (Diptera Tephritidae). Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:2091-9. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.784871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang XG, Levy K, Nadel H, Johnson MW, Blanchet A, Argov Y, Pickett CH, Daane KM. Overwintering survival of olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and two introduced parasitoids in California. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:467-476. [PMID: 23726056 DOI: 10.1603/en12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The overwintering survival and development of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), and the endoparasitoids, Psyttalia humilis Silvestri and P. lounsburyi (Silvestri), were investigated at sites in California's interior valley and coastal region. In the interior valley, adult flies survived up to 4-6 mo during the winter when food was provided. Adult female flies could oviposit in late fall and early winter on nonharvested fruit and, although egg survival was low (0.23-8.50%), a portion of the overwintered cohort developed into adults the following spring; percentage of survival was negatively correlated to daily minimum temperature. P. humilis and P. lounsburyi successfully oviposited into host larvae in late fall, and their progeny developed into adults the following spring, although with a low percentage (0-11.9%) survivorship. Overwintering survival of puparia of the olive fruit fly and immature larvae of P. humilis and P. lounsburyi (inside host puparia), buried in the soil, were tested at an interior valley and coastal site. Survival of olive fruit fly ranged from 0 to 60% and was affected by the trial date and soil moisture. Overwintering survival of both the fruit fly and tested parasitoids was lower at the colder interior valley than the coastal site; P. humilis immature stages had the highest mortality levels while B. oleae pupae had the lowest mortality levels. The spring emergence pattern of the tested insects was well predicted by a degree-day model. We discuss factors potentially impeding establishment of introduced olive fruit fly parasitoids in California and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Geng Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
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Yokoyama VY. Olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in California: longevity, oviposition, and development in canning olives in the laboratory and greenhouse. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:186-195. [PMID: 22420271 DOI: 10.1603/ec11255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biology of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), was studied in the laboratory, greenhouse, and in canning olives, Olea europaea L., in relation to California regional climates. Adults survived in laboratory tests at constant temperatures and relative humidities of 5 degrees C and 83%; 15 degrees C and 59%; 25 degrees C and 30%; and 35 degrees C and 29% for 15, 6, 3, and 2 d without provisions of food and water and for 37, 63, 25, and 4 d with provisions, respectively. In a divided greenhouse, adults survived for 8-11 d in the warm side (36 degrees C and 31% RH daytime); and in the cool side (26 degrees C and 63% RH daytime) 10 d without provisions and 203 d with provisions. A significantly greater number of adults survived in the cool side than the warm side, and with provisions than without. First and last eggs were oviposited in olive fruit when females were 6 and 90 d old, respectively. The highest number of eggs was 55 per day in 10 olive fruit oviposited by 10 28 d-old females, with maximum egg production by 13-37 d-old females. A significantly greater number of ovipositional sites occurred in all sizes of immature green fruit when exposed to adults in cages for 5 d than 2 d. Adults emerged from fruit with a height of > or = 1.0 cm or a volume of > or = 0.2 cm3. More than seven adults per 15 fruit emerged from field infested fruit with a height of 1.1 cm and volume of 0.1 cm3. Larval length was significantly different among the first, second, and third instars and ranged from 0.7 to 1.6, 2.4-4.3, and 4.8-5.6 mm at 14 degrees C; 0.8-1.1, 1.9-2.9, and 3.9-4.4 mm at 21 degrees C, and 0.7-1.3, 2.4-2.9, and 4.4-4.8 mm at 26 degrees C, respectively. Survival of pupae to the adult stage was significantly lower at 26 degrees C than 14 degrees C or 21 degrees C. The period of adult emergence began at 38, 14, and 11 d over a period of 8, 5, and 1 d at 14, 21, and 26 degrees C, respectively. Findings were related to the occurrence and control of California olive fruit fly infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Y Yokoyama
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
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Vargas RI, Piñero JC, Jang EB, Mau RFL, Stark JD, Gomez L, Stoltman L, Mafra-Neto A. Response of melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to weathered SPLAT-Spinosad-Cue-Lure. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:1594-1602. [PMID: 21061958 DOI: 10.1603/ec09406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted in Hawaii to measure attraction of male melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to SPLAT-Cue-Lure (C-L) and SPLAT-Melo-Lure (M-L) (raspberry ketone formate). Direct field comparisons of SPLAT-C-L and SPLAT-M-L at low (5%) and high (20%) concentrations indicated few differences in attraction over a 15-wk period. Subsequently, only SPLAT-Spinosad-C-L (5%) was compared with Min-U-Gel C-L with naled (standard used in California) in weathering studies. Treatments were weathered for 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk in Riverside, CA, and shipped to Hawaii for attraction/toxicity tests under field and semifield conditions by using released males of controlled ages, and for feeding tests in the laboratory. In terms of attraction, SPLAT-Spinosad-C-L compared favorably to, or outperformed the current standard of Min-U-Gel-C-L with naled. In terms of toxicity, the cumulative 24-h mortality did not differ between the two insecticide-containing C-L treatments in field cage studies after 8 wk. However, in feeding studies in which individual males were exposed for 5 min to the different C-L treatments after 4 wk of weathering, SPLAT-Spinosad-C-L demonstrated reduced mortality compared with the Min-U-Gel-C-L with naled, suggesting reduced persistence of the spinosad material. Spinosad has low contact toxicity and when mixed with SPLAT and C-L offers a reduced risk alternative for control of B. cucurbitae and related C-L-responding species, without many of the negative effects to humans and nontargets of broad-spectrum contact poisons such as naled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Vargas
- U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
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Daane KM, Johnson MW. Olive fruit fly: managing an ancient pest in modern times. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 55:151-169. [PMID: 19961328 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the major pest of commercial olives worldwide. Various aspects of its biology, ecology, management, and impact on olive production are highlighted. With the discovery of insecticidal resistance in some populations frequently treated with organophosphates, old and new control options are being investigated. The potential of biological control is examined. Surveys suggest that a small group of braconids in the Opiinae subfamily best represent the primary parasitoids attacking olive fruit fly in its native range. These species include Psyttalia lounsburyi, P. dacicida, P. concolor, P. ponerophaga, and Utetes africanus. Bracon celer, another braconid but in the Braconinae subfamily, is also reared from the fruit fly in its native range. The potential of these and other natural enemies is discussed with respect to olive fruit fly biology, commercial olive production, and biological constraints that may limit their success. We suggest that numerous species exist that should be further investigated as control agents for olive fruit fly in the many climatic regimes where the pest is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent M Daane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
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Estes AM, Hearn DJ, Bronstein JL, Pierson EA. The olive fly endosymbiont, "Candidatus Erwinia dacicola," switches from an intracellular existence to an extracellular existence during host insect development. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7097-106. [PMID: 19767463 PMCID: PMC2786516 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00778-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As polyphagous, holometabolous insects, tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) provide a unique habitat for endosymbiotic bacteria, especially those microbes associated with the digestive system. Here we examine the endosymbiont of the olive fly [Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae)], a tephritid of great economic importance. "Candidatus Erwinia dacicola" was found in the digestive systems of all life stages of wild olive flies from the southwestern United States. PCR and microscopy demonstrated that "Ca. Erwinia dacicola" resided intracellularly in the gastric ceca of the larval midgut but extracellularly in the lumen of the foregut and ovipositor diverticulum of adult flies. "Ca. Erwinia dacicola" is one of the few nonpathogenic endosymbionts that transitions between intracellular and extracellular lifestyles during specific stages of the host's life cycle. Another unique feature of the olive fly endosymbiont is that unlike obligate endosymbionts of monophagous insects, "Ca. Erwinia dacicola" has a G+C nucleotide composition similar to those of closely related plant-pathogenic and free-living bacteria. These two characteristics of "Ca. Erwinia dacicola," the ability to transition between intracellular and extracellular lifestyles and a G+C nucleotide composition similar to those of free-living relatives, may facilitate survival in a changing environment during the development of a polyphagous, holometabolous host. We propose that insect-bacterial symbioses should be classified based on the environment that the host provides to the endosymbiont (the endosymbiont environment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Estes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 310 BioSciences West, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, usa.
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Burrack HJ, Fornell AM, Connell JH, O'Connell NV, Phillips PA, Vossen PM, Zalom FG. Intraspecific larval competition in the olive fruit fly (Diptera: tephritidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:1400-1410. [PMID: 19825295 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Olive fruit flies [Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)] occur at densities in California that can result in intraspecific larval competition within infested fruit. Larval B. oleae densities tracked in the field at six location were found to be highly variable and related to the proportion of fruit infested and adult densities. Egg and larval distribution within the field was generally aggregated early in the season and trended toward random and uniform as the season progressed. To determine whether B. oleae experienced fitness consequences at a range of larval densities observed in the field, olive fruits were infested with one, two, four, and six eggs, and larval and pupal developmental time, pupal weight, and pupal yield were compared. At the highest egg density, all measures of performance were negatively impacted, resulting in fewer and lighter pupae that took longer to pupate and emerge as adults, and even when only two larvae was present per olive, resulting pupae were significantly smaller. Density did not impact the sex ratio of the resulting flies or survive to adults. As field surveys showed, larval densities ranged from 1 to 11 B. oleae per fruit at some sites, and our results suggest that, at high densities, B. oleae do experience competition for larval resources. The impact of intraspecific larval competition North American in field populations of B. oleae is unknown, but the potential for competition is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Joy Burrack
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Wang XG, Johnson MW, Daane KM, Nadel H. High summer temperatures affect the survival and reproduction of olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:1496-1504. [PMID: 19825305 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an invasive pest in California. Identifying environmental constraints that affect the geographic distribution and abundance of any invasive insect pest is fundamental to its effective management. California's Central Valley, where most commercial olives are grown, is extremely hot during the summer, with maximum daily temperatures consistently >35.0 degrees C. This study examined the effects of two diurnal temperature regimens (low 18.3 degrees C, high 35.0 or 37.8 degrees C) reflecting summer conditions in the valley, and one control temperature regimen (low 18.3 degrees C, high 23.9 degrees C) on the fly's survival and reproductive success in the laboratory. The temperature regimen of 18.3-35.0 degrees C resulted in delayed egg maturation and reduced production of mature eggs compared with the control temperature regimen. Egg maturation was possible at the higher temperature regimen when females were provided with water and food, and egg-laying occurred during the cold phase of the temperature cycle. Access to olive fruit and oviposition itself further promoted egg maturation. Under exposure to the 18.3-35.0 degrees C temperature regimen, approximately 50% of eggs died, and the remainder that hatched died as first instars. No egg hatch occurred at the temperature treatment of 18.3-37.8 degrees C. We confirmed these laboratory results through field cage studies with adult B. oleae, conducted in the summer of 2007 and 2008. Under ambient summer temperatures, adult B. oleae survived for 1-2 wk, and females readily laid eggs when provided water and food. No offspring developed in midsummer of 2007, and <2% of the offspring developed to adults in summer 2008 trials. These results suggest that high summer temperatures limit the fly's abundance in California's Central Valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Geng Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Bruno L, Chiappetta A, Muzzalupo I, Gagliardi C, Iaria D, Bruno A, Greco M, Giannino D, Perri E, Bitonti MB. Role of geranylgeranyl reductase gene in organ development and stress response in olive (Olea europaea) plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:370-381. [PMID: 32688654 DOI: 10.1071/fp08219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent geranylgeranyl reductase gene (OeCHLP) was characterised in olive (Olea europaea L.). OeCHLP catalyses the formation of carbon double bonds in the phytolic side chain of chlorophyll, tocopherols and plastoquinones and, therefore, is involved in metabolic pathways related to plant productivity and stress response, besides to nutritional value of its products. The nuclear OeCHLP encodes a deduced product of 51 kDa, which harbours a transit peptide for cytoplasm-to-chloroplast transport and a nicotinamide binding domain. Two estimated identical copies of gene are harboured per haploid genome of the cv. 'Carolea' used in the present study. Levels and cytological pattern of OeCHLP transcription were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridisation. In line with the presence of ubiquitous tocopherols and/or chlorophyll, OeCHLP transcripts were present in various organs of plants. In leaves and fruits at different developmental stages, OeCHLP was differentially expressed in relation to their morpho-physiological features. An early and transient enhancement of gene transcription was detected in leaves of different age exposed to cold treatment (4°C), as well as in fruits mechanically wounded. Moreover, OeCHLP transcripts locally increased in specific cell domains of fruits severely damaged by the pathogen Bactrocera olea. Combined, these data show that OeCHLP expression early responds to biotic and abiotic stressful factors. Levels of tocopherols also increased in leaves exposed to cold conditions and fruits severely damaged by pathogen. We suggest that gene activity under stress condition could be related to tocopherol action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bruno
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Adriana Chiappetta
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Muzzalupo
- CRA - Centro di Ricerca per l'Olivicoltura e l'Industria Olearia (CRA-OLI), C.da Li Rocchi, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Cinzia Gagliardi
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Domenico Iaria
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruno
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Maria Greco
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Donato Giannino
- Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Salaria km 29300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Perri
- CRA - Centro di Ricerca per l'Olivicoltura e l'Industria Olearia (CRA-OLI), C.da Li Rocchi, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Bitonti
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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