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Meireles ACA, Rios FGF, Feitoza LHM, da Silva LR, Julião GR. Nondestructive Methods of Pathogen Detection: Importance of Mosquito Integrity in Studies of Disease Transmission and Control. Pathogens 2023; 12:816. [PMID: 37375506 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors of many pathogens, including viruses, protozoans, and helminths, spreading these pathogens to humans as well as to wild and domestic animals. As the identification of species and the biological characterization of mosquito vectors are cornerstones for understanding patterns of disease transmission, and the design of control strategies, we conducted a literature review on the current use of noninvasive and nondestructive techniques for pathogen detection in mosquitoes, highlighting the importance of their taxonomic status and systematics, and some gaps in the knowledge of their vectorial capacity. Here, we summarized the alternative techniques for pathogen detection in mosquitoes based on both laboratory and field studies. Parasite infection and dissemination by mosquitoes can also be obtained via analyses of saliva- and excreta-based techniques or of the whole mosquito body, using a near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) approach. Further research should be encouraged to seek strategies for detecting target pathogens while preserving mosquito morphology, especially in biodiversity hotspot regions, thus enabling the discovery of cryptic or new species, and the determination of more accurate taxonomic, parasitological, and epidemiological patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Caroline Alves Meireles
- Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Health, PhD in Sciences-Fiocruz Rondônia/Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
| | - Flávia Geovana Fontineles Rios
- Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology-PGBIOEXP, Fiocruz Rondônia-UNIR, BR-364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho 78900-550, RO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Maciel Feitoza
- Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology-PGBIOEXP, Fiocruz Rondônia-UNIR, BR-364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho 78900-550, RO, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rosendo da Silva
- Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology-PGBIOEXP, Fiocruz Rondônia-UNIR, BR-364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho 78900-550, RO, Brazil
| | - Genimar Rebouças Julião
- Laboratory of Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology-PGBIOEXP, Fiocruz Rondônia-UNIR, BR-364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho 78900-550, RO, Brazil
- National Institute of Epidemiology of Western Amazônia-INCT-EpiAmO, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil
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2
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McMillan JR, Harden CA, Burtis JC, Breban MI, Shepard JJ, Petruff TA, Misencik MJ, Bransfield AB, Poggi JD, Harrington LC, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM. The community-wide effectiveness of municipal larval control programs for West Nile virus risk reduction in Connecticut, USA. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5186-5201. [PMID: 34272800 PMCID: PMC9291174 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito larval control through the use of insecticides is the most common strategy for suppressing West Nile virus (WNV) vector populations in Connecticut (CT), USA. To evaluate the ability of larval control to reduce entomological risk metrics associated with WNV, we performed WNV surveillance and assessments of municipal larvicide application programs in Milford and Stratford, CT in 2019 and 2020. Each town treated catch basins and nonbasin habitats (Milford only) with biopesticide products during both WNV transmission seasons. Adult mosquitoes were collected weekly with gravid and CO2 -baited light traps and tested for WNV; larvae and pupae were sampled weekly from basins within 500 m of trapping sites, and Culex pipiens larval mortality was determined with laboratory bioassays of catch basin water samples. RESULTS Declines in 4th instar larvae and pupae were observed in catch basins up to 2-week post-treatment, and we detected a positive relationship between adult female C. pipiens collections in gravid traps and pupal abundance in basins. We also detected a significant difference in total light trap collections between the two towns. Despite these findings, C. pipiens adult collections and WNV mosquito infection prevalence in gravid traps were similar between towns. CONCLUSION Larvicide applications reduced pupal abundance and the prevalence of host-seeking adults with no detectable impact on entomological risk metrics for WNV. Further research is needed to better determine the level of mosquito larval control required to reduce WNV transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McMillan
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
- The Northeast Regional Center of Excellence in Vector‐borne DiseasesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - James C Burtis
- The Northeast Regional Center of Excellence in Vector‐borne DiseasesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Division of Vector‐borne DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | - John J Shepard
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Tanya A Petruff
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
| | | | | | - Joseph D Poggi
- The Northeast Regional Center of Excellence in Vector‐borne DiseasesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Cornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Laura C Harrington
- The Northeast Regional Center of Excellence in Vector‐borne DiseasesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Cornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Theodore G Andreadis
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
- The Northeast Regional Center of Excellence in Vector‐borne DiseasesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Philip M Armstrong
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
- The Northeast Regional Center of Excellence in Vector‐borne DiseasesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
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3
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Guissou E, Waite JL, Jones M, Bell AS, Suh E, Yameogo KB, Djègbè N, Da DF, Hien DFDS, Yerbanga RS, Ouedraogo AG, Dabiré KR, Cohuet A, Thomas MB, Lefèvre T. A non-destructive sugar-feeding assay for parasite detection and estimating the extrinsic incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum in individual mosquito vectors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9344. [PMID: 33927245 PMCID: PMC8085177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88659-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its epidemiological importance, the time Plasmodium parasites take to achieve development in the vector mosquito (the extrinsic incubation period, EIP) remains poorly characterized. A novel non-destructive assay designed to estimate EIP in single mosquitoes, and more broadly to study Plasmodium-Anopheles vectors interactions, is presented. The assay uses small pieces of cotton wool soaked in sugar solution to collect malaria sporozoites from individual mosquitoes during sugar feeding to monitor infection status over time. This technique has been tested across four natural malaria mosquito species of Africa and Asia, infected with Plasmodium falciparum (six field isolates from gametocyte-infected patients in Burkina Faso and the NF54 strain) and across a range of temperatures relevant to malaria transmission in field conditions. Monitoring individual infectious mosquitoes was feasible. The estimated median EIP of P. falciparum at 27 °C was 11 to 14 days depending on mosquito species and parasite isolate. Long-term individual tracking revealed that sporozoites transfer onto cotton wool can occur at least until day 40 post-infection. Short individual EIP were associated with short mosquito lifespan. Correlations between mosquito/parasite traits often reveal trade-offs and constraints and have important implications for understanding the evolution of parasite transmission strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Guissou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,MIVEGEC, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France. .,Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Université Nazi Boni, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jessica L Waite
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Green Mountain Antibodies, Inc. 1 Mill St. Suites 1-7, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Matthew Jones
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Eunho Suh
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Nicaise Djègbè
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dari F Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Domonbabele F D S Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rakiswende S Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Kounbobr Roch Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,York Environmental Sustainability Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,MIVEGEC, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre de Recherche en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé (CREES), Montpellier, France
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4
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Fourniol L, Madec Y, Mousson L, Vazeille M, Failloux AB. A laboratory-based study to explore the use of honey-impregnated cards to detect chikungunya virus in mosquito saliva. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249471. [PMID: 33793656 PMCID: PMC8016228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito control is implemented when arboviruses are detected in patients or in field-collected mosquitoes. However, mass screening of mosquitoes is usually laborious and expensive, requiring specialized expertise and equipment. Detection of virus in mosquito saliva using honey-impregnated filter papers seems to be a promising method as it is non-destructive and allows monitoring the viral excretion dynamics over time from the same mosquito. Here we test the use of filter papers to detect chikungunya virus in mosquito saliva in laboratory conditions, before proposing this method in large-scale mosquito surveillance programs. We found that 0.9 cm2 cards impregnated with a 50% honey solution could replace the forced salivation technique as they offered a viral RNA detection until 7 days after oral infection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes with CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fourniol
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Mousson
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vazeille
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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5
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Dormont L, Mulatier M, Carrasco D, Cohuet A. Mosquito Attractants. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:351-393. [PMID: 33725235 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector control and personal protection against anthropophilic mosquitoes mainly rely on the use of insecticides and repellents. The search for mosquito-attractive semiochemicals has been the subject of intense studies for decades, and new compounds or odor blends are regularly proposed as lures for odor-baited traps. We present a comprehensive and up-to-date review of all the studies that have evaluated the attractiveness of volatiles to mosquitoes, including individual chemical compounds, synthetic blends of compounds, or natural host or plant odors. A total of 388 studies were analysed, and our survey highlights the existence of 105 attractants (77 volatile compounds, 17 organism odors, and 11 synthetic blends) that have been proved effective in attracting one or several mosquito species. The exhaustive list of these attractants is presented in various tables, while the most common mosquito attractants - for which effective attractiveness has been demonstrated in numerous studies - are discussed throughout the text. The increasing knowledge on compounds attractive to mosquitoes may now serve as the basis for complementary vector control strategies, such as those involving lure-and-kill traps, or the development of mass trapping. This review also points out the necessity of further improving the search for new volatile attractants, such as new compound blends in specific ratios, considering that mosquito attraction to odors may vary over the life of the mosquito or among species. Finally, the use of mosquito attractants will undoubtedly have an increasingly important role to play in future integrated vector management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dormont
- CEFE, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Margaux Mulatier
- Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Laboratoire d'étude sur le contrôle des vecteurs (LeCOV), Lieu-Dit Morne Jolivièrex, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - David Carrasco
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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6
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Olson MF, Garcia-Luna S, Juarez JG, Martin E, Harrington LC, Eubanks MD, Badillo-Vargas IE, Hamer GL. Sugar Feeding Patterns for Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in South Texas. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1111-1119. [PMID: 32043525 PMCID: PMC7334892 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Effective mosquito surveillance and management depend on a thorough understanding of the biology and feeding patterns unique to species and sex. Given that a propensity to sugar feed is necessary for some mosquito surveillance and newer control strategies, we sought to document the amount of total sugar in wild Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) captured from five different locations in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of South Texas over 2 yr. We used Biogents Sentinel 2 (BGS2) traps in year 1 and aspirators, BGS2, and CDC resting traps in years 2 and 3 to collect adult mosquitoes. The hot anthrone test was used to quantify total sugar content in each mosquito. Additionally, the cold and hot anthrone tests were used to distinguish fructose content from total sugars for mosquitoes captured in 2019. Overall, Ae. aegypti females had significantly lower total sugar content than Ae. aegypti males as well as both sexes of Cx. quinquefasciatus. However, the percentage of Ae. aegypti positive for fructose consumption was four to eightfold higher than Ae. aegypti previously reported in other regions. The difference between locations was significant for males of both species, but not for females. Seasonality and trapping method also revealed significant differences in sugar content of captured mosquitoes. Our results reinforce that sugar feeding in female Ae. aegypti is less than Cx. quinquefasciatus, although not absent. This study provides necessary data to evaluate the potential effectiveness of sugar baits in surveillance and control of both Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Olson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Jose G Juarez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Estelle Martin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Micky D Eubanks
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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7
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Ramírez AL, Hall-Mendelin S, Hewitson GR, McMahon JL, Staunton KM, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF. Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1135-1138. [PMID: 30937448 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral RNA, which can be detected by molecular methods. Thereby, mosquito excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we evaluated if West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKUN) RNA in Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) excreta deposited on different substrates could be detected after storage for up to 2 wk at tropical conditions of high heat and humidity. No significant drop in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA (determined by comparison of Ct values) in excreta deposited on Flinders Associate Technologies (FTA) cards was observed over 14 d, suggesting that RNA was stable for that time. There was no significant difference in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA in excreta deposited on FTA cards or polycarbonate substrates after 24 h. However, after 7 and 14 d, there was a significant decline in the relative quantity of viral RNA in the excreta stored on polycarbonate substrates. For incorporation in arbovirus surveillance programs, we recommend the use of polycarbonate substrates for excreta collection in mosquito traps deployed overnight, and the integration of FTA cards in traps serviced weekly or fortnightly. Polycarbonate substrates facilitate the collection of the majority of excreta from a trap, and while FTA cards offer limited area coverage, they enable preservation of viral RNA in tropical conditions for extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Ramírez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Glen R Hewitson
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Jamie L McMahon
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Kyran M Staunton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
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8
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Danforth ME, Reisen WK, Barker CM. Detection of Arbovirus Transmission via Sugar Feeding in a Laboratory Setting. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1575-1579. [PMID: 29924335 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most species of mosquitoes consume sugar to survive and during sugar feeding can expectorate virus. Scientists have used this behavior to develop novel methods of mosquito control and arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we use sugar feeding and corresponding viral expectoration to develop an affordable method of monitoring individual mosquitoes for longitudinal data collection. Female Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) that consumed an infectious bloodmeal of West Nile virus were placed into separate containers and offered a sucrose-soaked cotton wick. Wicks were then collected daily and tested for virus with similar results to those from standard capillary tube method. This yielded a direct longitudinal estimate of the extrinsic incubation period, while using fewer mosquitoes. This approach could be used to further characterize variation in the amount and diversity of expectorated virus over the life span of individual mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Danforth
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - William K Reisen
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Christopher M Barker
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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9
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Steiner CD, Riemersma KK, Stuart JB, Singapuri A, Lothrop HD, Coffey LL. Scented Sugar Baits Enhance Detection of St. Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses in Mosquitoes in Suburban California. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1307-1318. [PMID: 29718284 PMCID: PMC6113650 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scented sugar baits deployed in California deserts detected early West Nile virus (WNV) transmission by mosquitoes, representing a potential improvement to conventional arbovirus surveillance that relies heavily on infection rates in mosquito pools. In this study, we expanded deployment of scented sugar baits into suburban Sacramento and Yolo (2015, 2016) and Riverside Counties (2016), California. The goal of the study was to determine whether scented sugar baits detect WNV and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) concurrent with mosquito infections in trapped pools in areas of high human density. Between 8 and 10% of sugar baits were WNV RNA positive in both study years across the three counties. In Riverside County, where SLEV re-emerged in 2015, 1% of sugar baits were SLEV positive in 2016. Rates of sugar bait positives were at least 100 times higher than infection rates in trapped mosquitoes in the same districts. The prevalence of sugar bait positives varied temporally and did not coincide with infections in mosquitoes collected at the same sites each week. WNV RNA positive sugar baits were detected up to 2 wk before and after concurrent surveillance detected infection in mosquito pools at the same sites. Sugar baits also detected WNV in Riverside County at locations where no WNV activity was detected in mosquito pools. Sugar baits generated between 0.8 and 1.2 WNV positives per $1,000 and can be more economical than carbon dioxide baited traps that produce 0.8 positives per $1,000. These results indicate that the sugar bait approach enhances conventional arbovirus surveillance in mosquitoes in suburban California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Steiner
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
| | - Kasen K Riemersma
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
| | - Jackson B Stuart
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
| | - Anil Singapuri
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
| | - Hugh D Lothrop
- Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Riverside County, CA
| | - Lark L Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
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Ramírez AL, Hall-Mendelin S, Doggett SL, Hewitson GR, McMahon JL, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF. Mosquito excreta: A sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of Ross River virus and West Nile virus ecology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006771. [PMID: 30169512 PMCID: PMC6136815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause human and animal disease globally. Field and laboratory investigation of mosquito-borne arboviruses requires analysis of mosquito samples, either individually, in pools, or a body component, or secretion such as saliva. We assessed the applicability of mosquito excreta as a sample type that could be utilized during studies of Ross River and West Nile viruses, which could be applied to the study of other arboviruses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mosquitoes were fed separate blood meals spiked with Ross River virus and West Nile virus. Excreta was collected daily by swabbing the bottom of containers containing batches and individual mosquitoes at different time points. The samples were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR or cell culture enzyme immunoassay. Viral RNA in excreta from batches of mosquitoes was detected continuously from day 2 to day 15 post feeding. Viral RNA was detected in excreta from at least one individual mosquito at all timepoints, with 64% and 27% of samples positive for RRV and WNV, respectively. Excretion of viral RNA was correlated with viral dissemination in the mosquito. The proportion of positive excreta samples was higher than the proportion of positive saliva samples, suggesting that excreta offers an attractive sample for analysis and could be used as an indicator of potential transmission. Importantly, only low levels of infectious virus were detected by cell culture, suggesting a relatively low risk to personnel handling mosquito excreta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Mosquito excreta is easily collected and provides a simple and efficient method for assessing viral dissemination, with applications ranging from vector competence experiments to complementing sugar-based arbovirus surveillance in the field, or potentially as a sample system for virus discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Ramírez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glen R. Hewitson
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie L. McMahon
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott A. Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew F. van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Ramírez AL, van den Hurk AF, Meyer DB, Ritchie SA. Searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack: advances in mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:320. [PMID: 29843778 PMCID: PMC5975710 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance is critical for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne arboviruses. Detection of elevated or emergent virus activity serves as a warning system to implement appropriate actions to reduce outbreaks. Traditionally, surveillance of arboviruses has relied on the detection of specific antibodies in sentinel animals and/or detection of viruses in pools of mosquitoes collected using a variety of sampling methods. These methods, although immensely useful, have limitations, including the need for a cold chain for sample transport, cross-reactivity between related viruses in serological assays, the requirement for specialized equipment or infrastructure, and overall expense. Advances have recently been made on developing new strategies for arbovirus surveillance. These strategies include sugar-based surveillance, whereby mosquitoes are collected in purpose-built traps and allowed to expectorate on nucleic acid preservation cards which are submitted for virus detection. New diagnostic approaches, such as next-generation sequencing, have the potential to expand the genetic information obtained from samples and aid in virus discovery. Here, we review the advancement of arbovirus surveillance systems over the past decade. Some of the novel approaches presented here have already been validated and are currently being integrated into surveillance programs. Other strategies are still at the experimental stage, and their feasibility in the field is yet to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Ramírez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Dagmar B Meyer
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.,Astralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.,Astralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
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12
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Brugman VA, Kristan M, Gibbins MP, Angrisano F, Sala KA, Dessens JT, Blagborough AM, Walker T. Detection of malaria sporozoites expelled during mosquito sugar feeding. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7545. [PMID: 29765136 PMCID: PMC5954146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe disease of global importance transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. The ability to rapidly detect the presence of infectious mosquitoes able to transmit malaria is of vital importance for surveillance, control and elimination efforts. Current methods principally rely on large-scale mosquito collections followed by labour-intensive salivary gland dissections or enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) methods to detect sporozoites. Using forced salivation, we demonstrate here that Anopheles mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium expel sporozoites during sugar feeding. Expelled sporozoites can be detected on two sugar-soaked substrates, cotton wool and Whatman FTA cards, and sporozoite DNA is detectable using real-time PCR. These results demonstrate a simple and rapid methodology for detecting the presence of infectious mosquitoes with sporozoites and highlight potential laboratory applications for investigating mosquito-malaria interactions. Our results indicate that FTA cards could be used as a simple, effective and economical tool in enhancing field surveillance activities for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Brugman
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Evolution Biotechnologies, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, MK44 1LZ, UK.
| | - M Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M P Gibbins
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - F Angrisano
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - K A Sala
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J T Dessens
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - A M Blagborough
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - T Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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13
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Burkhalter KL, Wiggins K, Burkett-Cadena N, Alto BW. Laboratory Evaluation of Commercially Available Platforms to Detect West Nile and Zika Viruses From Honey Cards. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:717-722. [PMID: 29462341 PMCID: PMC7147935 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available assays utilizing antigen or nucleic acid detection chemistries provide options for mosquito control districts to screen their mosquito populations for arboviruses and make timely operational decisions regarding vector control. These assays may be utilized even more advantageously when combined with honey-soaked nucleic acid preservation substrate ('honey card') testing by reducing or replacing the time- and labor-intensive efforts of identifying and processing mosquito pools. We tested artificially inoculated honey cards and cards fed upon individually by West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected mosquitoes with three assays to compare detection rates and the limit of detection for each platform with respect to virus detection of a single infected mosquito and quantify the time interval of virus preservation on the cards. Assays evaluated included CDC protocols for real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for WNV and ZIKV, Pro-Lab Diagnostics ProAmpRT WNV loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) and ZIKV LAMP assays, and the Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP) WNV assay. Real-time RT-PCR was the most sensitive assay and the most robust to viral RNA degradation over time. To maximize the detection of virus, honey cards should be left in the traps ≤1 d if using LAMP assays and ≤3 d if using real-time RT-PCR to detect viruses from field samples. The WNV RAMP assay, although effective for pool screening, lacks sensitivity required for honey card surveillance. Future studies may determine the minimum number of infectious mosquitoes required to feed on a honey card that would be reliably detected by the LAMP or RAMP assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Burkhalter
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Keenan Wiggins
- University of Florida IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, SE, Vero Beach, FL
| | - Nathan Burkett-Cadena
- University of Florida IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, SE, Vero Beach, FL
| | - Barry W Alto
- University of Florida IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, SE, Vero Beach, FL
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14
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Fisher ML, Fowler FE, Denning SS, Watson DW. Survival of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) on Truvia and Other Sweeteners. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:999-1005. [PMID: 28399265 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a disease vector of mechanically transmitted pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. Opportunities for pathogen transmission can increase as fly longevity increases. Dietary preferences play an important role in insect longevity; therefore, we investigated house fly preferences, sucrose availability, and caloric constraints on house fly longevity. Experimental goals were: 1) to test the effects of calorie restriction on survival of house flies by manipulating concentrations of erythritol (low caloric content) and sucrose (high caloric content), and comparing commercial sweeteners of differing calorie content, 2) to identify house fly preferences for either erythritol or sucrose, and 3) to evaluate the insecticidal activity or toxicity of erythritol on house flies. Our data show that house flies may prefer high calorie options when given a choice and that house fly longevity likely increases as calorie content increases. Additionally, no significant differences in longevity were observed between the water only control (zero calories) and erythritol treatments. This suggests that decreased survival rates and death could be the result of starvation rather than insecticidal activity. This research furthers our understanding of house fly survival and sugar-feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Fisher
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Grinnells Laboratories, 3200 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695
- United States Navy Medical Service Corps, Navy Operational Support Center Raleigh 2725 Western Blvd Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Fallon E Fowler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Grinnells Laboratories, 3200 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Steven S Denning
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Grinnells Laboratories, 3200 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - David W Watson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Grinnells Laboratories, 3200 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695
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15
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Flies EJ, Toi C, Weinstein P, Doggett SL, Williams CR. Converting Mosquito Surveillance to Arbovirus Surveillance with Honey-Baited Nucleic Acid Preservation Cards. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 15:397-403. [PMID: 26186511 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially and temporally accurate information about infectious mosquito distribution allows for pre-emptive public health interventions that can reduce the burden of mosquito-borne infections on human populations. However, the labile nature of arboviruses, the low prevalence of infection in mosquitoes, the expensive labor costs for mosquito identification and sorting, and the specialized equipment required for arbovirus testing can obstruct arbovirus surveillance efforts. The recently developed techniques of testing mosquito expectorate using honey-baited nucleic acid preservation cards or sugar bait stations allows a sensitive method of testing for infectious, rather than infected, mosquito vectors. Here we report the results from the first large-scale incorporation of honey-baited cards into an existing mosquito surveillance program. During 4 months of the peak virus season (January-April, 2014) for a total of 577 trap nights, we set CO2-baited encephalitis vector survey (EVS) light traps at 88 locations in South Australia. The collection container for the EVS trap was modified to allow for the placement of a honey-baited nucleic acid preservation card (FTA™ card) inside. After collection, mosquitoes were maintained in a humid environment and allowed access to the cards for 1 week. Cards were then analyzed for common endemic Australian arboviruses using a nested RT-PCR. Eighteen virus detections, including 11 Ross River virus, four Barmah Forest virus, and three Stratford virus (not previously reported from South Australia) were obtained. Our findings suggest that adding FTA cards to an existing mosquito surveillance program is a rapid and efficient way of detecting infectious mosquitoes with high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Flies
- 1 Sansom Institute for Health Research, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cheryl Toi
- 2 Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Infectious Disease Microbiological Laboratory Services, Pathology West-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital , Westmead, Australia
| | - Philip Weinstein
- 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- 2 Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Infectious Disease Microbiological Laboratory Services, Pathology West-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital , Westmead, Australia
| | - Craig R Williams
- 1 Sansom Institute for Health Research, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Girod R, Guidez A, Carinci R, Issaly J, Gaborit P, Ferrero E, Ardillon V, Fontaine A, Dusfour I, Briolant S. Detection of Chikungunya Virus Circulation Using Sugar-Baited Traps during a Major Outbreak in French Guiana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004876. [PMID: 27606960 PMCID: PMC5015851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Girod
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- * E-mail:
| | - Amandine Guidez
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romuald Carinci
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean Issaly
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Emma Ferrero
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vanessa Ardillon
- Cellule de l’Institut de Veille Sanitaire en Région Antilles-Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Albin Fontaine
- Groupe Interactions Virus-Insectes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Equipe Résidente de Recherche d’Infectiologie Tropicale, Division Expertise, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Direction Interarmées du Service de Santé en Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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17
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Johnson BJ, Kerlin T, Hall-Mendelin S, van den Hurk AF, Cortis G, Doggett SL, Toi C, Fall K, McMahon JL, Townsend M, Ritchie SA. Development and field evaluation of the sentinel mosquito arbovirus capture kit (SMACK). Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:509. [PMID: 26444264 PMCID: PMC4595114 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although sentinel animals are used successfully throughout the world to monitor arbovirus activity, ethical considerations and cross-reactions in serological assays highlight the importance of developing viable alternatives. Here we outline the development of a passive sentinel mosquito arbovirus capture kit (SMACK) that allows for the detection of arboviruses on honey-baited nucleic acid preservation cards (Flinders Technology Associates; FTA®) and has a similar trap efficacy as standard light traps in our trials. Methods The trap efficacy of the SMACK was assessed against Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light traps (standard and ultraviolet) and the Encephalitis Vector Survey (EVS) trap in a series of Latin square field trials conducted in North Queensland, Australia. The ability of the SMACK to serve as a sentinel arbovirus surveillance tool was assessed in comparison to Passive Box Traps (PBT) during the 2014 wet season in the Cairns, Australia region and individually in the remote Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) of Australia during the 2015 wet season. Results The SMACK caught comparable numbers of mosquitoes to both CDC light traps (mean capture ratio 0.86: 1) and consistently outperformed the EVS trap (mean capture ratio 2.28: 1) when CO2 was supplied by either a gas cylinder (500 ml/min) or dry ice (1 kg). During the 2014 arbovirus survey, the SMACK captured significantly (t6 = 2.1, P = 0.04) more mosquitoes than the PBT, and 2 and 1 FTA® cards were positive for Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus, respectively, while no arboviruses were detected from PBTs. Arbovirus activity was detected at all three surveillance sites during the NPA survey in 2015 and ca. 27 % of FTA® cards tested positive for either Murray Valley encephalitis virus (2 detections), West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype; 13 detections), or both viruses on two occasions. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the SMACK is a versatile, simple, and effective passive arbovirus surveillance tool that may also be used as a traditional overnight mosquito trap and has the potential to become a practical substitute for sentinel animal programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Johnson
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Cairns, 4878, QLD, Australia. .,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
| | - Tim Kerlin
- Department of Agriculture, 114 Catalina Crescent, Cairns International Airport, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, 4108, Australia
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, 4108, Australia
| | - Giles Cortis
- Private Contracting Engineer, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Cheryl Toi
- Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Ken Fall
- Bioquip Products, Inc., 2321 E Gladwick St., Rancho Dominguez, Compton, CA, 90220, USA
| | - Jamie L McMahon
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, 4108, Australia
| | - Michael Townsend
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Cairns, 4878, QLD, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Cairns, 4878, QLD, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
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18
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Philippe-Janon JCD, van den Hurk AF, Francis DP, Shivas MA, Jansen CC. Field Comparison of Cyclopentanone Versus Carbon Dioxide as an Attractant for Adult Mosquitoes in Southeast Queensland, Australia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:483-490. [PMID: 26334825 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopentanone is a saturated monoketone typically used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, biologicals, insecticides, and rubber chemicals. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cyclopentanone activates the cpA CO2 receptor neuron on the maxillary palp of mosquitoes, suggesting that it may be a viable alternative to CO2 as an attractant for mosquitoes. Furthermore, semifield experiments showed that traps baited with cyclopentanone attract Culex quinquefasciatus Say at a similar rate to those baited with CO2. We evaluated the field efficacy of cyclopentanone as an alternative to CO2 in Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and counterflow geometry (CFG) traps commonly used to collect mosquitoes in surveillance programs. Three pairwise trials and four Latin square trials were conducted across three peri-urban sites, comprising two saltwater sites and one freshwater site, in southeast Queensland, Australia. In all trials, CO2-baited traps outperformed traps baited with cyclopentanone. Carbon dioxide-baited CDC traps collected significantly more total mosquitoes, Aedes vigilax (Skuse), Culex sitiens Weidemann, and Culex annulirostris Skuse, than those baited with ≥99% cyclopentanone in pairwise trials. Similarly, in almost all Latin square trials, CO2-baited CDC and CFG traps collected significantly greater numbers of total mosquitoes, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris, Culex orbostiensis Dobrotworsky, and Cx. sitiens when compared with CFG traps baited with 20% cyclopentanone. Our trials indicate that cyclopentanone is not effective as a mosquito attractant in the field and cannot be used as a simple substitute for CO2 in commonly used mosquito surveillance traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C D Philippe-Janon
- Metro North Public Health Unit, Metro North Health and Hospital Service, Bryden St Windsor, QLD 4030, Australia
| | - A F van den Hurk
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - D P Francis
- Metro North Public Health Unit, Metro North Health and Hospital Service, Bryden St Windsor, QLD 4030, Australia
| | - M A Shivas
- Field Services Group, Brisbane City Council, Fortitude Valley, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - C C Jansen
- Metro North Public Health Unit, Metro North Health and Hospital Service, Bryden St Windsor, QLD 4030, Australia.
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19
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Kaufmann C, Mathis A, Vorburger C. Sugar-feeding behaviour and longevity of European Culicoides biting midges. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 29:17-25. [PMID: 25155520 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Most haematophagous insect vectors can also use sugar as an energy source; thus their sugar-feeding behaviour influences their longevity and blood-feeding rate and hence their vectorial capacity. Scant information is available on the sugar-feeding behaviour of Culicoides Latreille biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), which are vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses. The longevity of laboratory-reared Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) under fluctuating temperatures (16 and 28 °C) and with access to water or water and blood was on average 6.4 days and 8.9 days, respectively, which was around one third of the lifespan of siblings with access to sugar or sugar and blood (22.2 days and 27.1 days, respectively). Access to honeydew significantly increased the midge's longevity, whereas the provision of extrafloral nectaries had no impact. Females with access to sugar produced a significantly higher number of eggs (65.5 ± 5.2) than their starved sisters (45.4 ± 8.4). More than 80% of field-caught female Culicoides from the two most abundant European groups, Obsoletus (n = 2243) and Pulicaris (n = 805), were fructose-positive. Fructose-positivity was high in all physiological stages and no seasonal variability was noted. The high rate of natural sugar feeding of Culicoides offers opportunities for the development of novel control strategies using toxic sugar baits and for the monitoring of vector-borne diseases using sugar-treated FTA (nucleic acid preservation) cards in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kaufmann
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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van den Hurk AF, Hall-Mendelin S, Townsend M, Kurucz N, Edwards J, Ehlers G, Rodwell C, Moore FA, McMahon JL, Northill JA, Simmons RJ, Cortis G, Melville L, Whelan PI, Ritchie SA. Applications of a sugar-based surveillance system to track arboviruses in wild mosquito populations. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 14:66-73. [PMID: 24359415 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective arbovirus surveillance is essential to ensure the implementation of control strategies, such as mosquito suppression, vaccination, or dissemination of public warnings. Traditional strategies employed for arbovirus surveillance, such as detection of virus or virus-specific antibodies in sentinel animals, or detection of virus in hematophagous arthropods, have limitations as an early-warning system. A system was recently developed that involves collecting mosquitoes in CO2-baited traps, where the insects expectorate virus on sugar-baited nucleic acid preservation cards. The cards are then submitted for virus detection using molecular assays. We report the application of this system for detecting flaviviruses and alphaviruses in wild mosquito populations in northern Australia. This study was the first to employ nonpowered passive box traps (PBTs) that were designed to house cards baited with honey as the sugar source. Overall, 20/144 (13.9%) of PBTs from different weeks contained at least one virus-positive card. West Nile virus Kunjin subtype (WNVKUN), Ross River virus (RRV), and Barmah Forest virus (BFV) were detected, being identified in 13/20, 5/20, and 2/20 of positive PBTs, respectively. Importantly, sentinel chickens deployed to detect flavivirus activity did not seroconvert at two Northern Territory sites where four PBTs yielded WNVKUN. Sufficient WNVKUN and RRV RNA was expectorated onto some of the honey-soaked cards to provide a template for gene sequencing, enhancing the utility of the sugar-bait surveillance system for investigating the ecology, emergence, and movement of arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F van den Hurk
- 1 Public Health Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Sorensen A, van Beest FM, Brook RK. Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease transmission risk: a synthesis of knowledge. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:356-63. [PMID: 24365654 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Baiting and supplemental feeding of wildlife are widespread, yet highly controversial management practices, with important implications for ecosystems, livestock production, and potentially human health. An often underappreciated threat of such feeding practices is the potential to facilitate intra- and inter-specific disease transmission. We provide a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence of baiting and supplemental feeding on disease transmission risk in wildlife, with an emphasis on large herbivores in North America. While the objectives of supplemental feeding and baiting typically differ, the effects on disease transmission of these practices are largely the same. Both feeding and baiting provide wildlife with natural or non-natural food at specific locations in the environment, which can result in large congregations of individuals and species in a small area and increased local densities. Feeding can lead to increased potential for disease transmission either directly (via direct animal contact) or indirectly (via feed functioning as a fomite, spreading disease into the adjacent environment and to other animals). We identified numerous diseases that currently pose a significant concern to the health of individuals and species of large wild mammals across North America, the spread of which are either clearly facilitated or most likely facilitated by the application of supplemental feeding or baiting. Wildlife diseases also have important threats to human and livestock health. Although the risk of intra- and inter-species disease transmission likely increases when animals concentrate at feeding stations, only in a few cases was disease prevalence and transmission measured and compared between populations. Mostly these were experimental situations under controlled conditions, limiting direct scientific evidence that feeding practices exacerbates disease occurrence, exposure, transmission, and spread in the environment. Vaccination programs utilizing baits have received variable levels of success. Although important gaps in the scientific literature exist, current information is sufficient to conclude that providing food to wildlife through supplemental feeding or baiting has great potential to negatively impact species health and represents a non-natural arena for disease transmission and preservation. Ultimately, this undermines the initial purpose of feeding practices and represents a serious risk to the maintenance of biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, human health, and livestock production. Managers should consider disease transmission as a real and serious concern in their decision to implement or eliminate feeding programs. Disease surveillance should be a crucial element within the long-term monitoring of any feeding program in combination with other available preventive measures to limit disease transmission and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Sorensen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science & Indigenous Land Management Institute, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Floris M van Beest
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science & Indigenous Land Management Institute, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; Department of Bioscience, Arctic Environment, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ryan K Brook
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science & Indigenous Land Management Institute, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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